402:
572:– It is made of animal-derived gelatin and is shaped into a sponge-like form. It can be made into a paste applied over a surface or made into small particles that can be injected via syringe. Gelfoam sheets can be cut into 1–3 mm pledgets, mixed with contrast materials for embolization. Gelfoam temporarily occludes blood vessels for 3 to 6 weeks. Each particle sized from 10 to 100 micrometers. Gelfoam use is associated with small risk of infection due to trapped air bubbles.
138:
537:– This permanent agent is very good for treating AVM. The alcohol does need some time to denature proteins of the endothelium and activate the coagulation system to cause a blood clot. Therefore, some surgeons will use a balloon occlusion catheter to stop the blood flow and allow time for ethanol to work. Ethanol is toxic to the system in large quantities and may cause compartment syndrome. In addition, the injections are painful.
27:
119:
629:– Treats AVF and aneurysms. These balloons are simply implanted in a target vessel, then filled with saline through a one-way valve. The blood stops and endothelium grows around the balloon until the vessel fibroses. The balloon may be hypertonic relative to blood and hence rupture and fail, or it may be hypotonic and shrink, migrating to a new location.
578:(PVA) – These are permanent agents. They are tiny balls 50–1200 um in size. The particles are not meant to mechanically occlude a vessel. Instead they cause an inflammatory reaction. Unfortunately, they have a tendency to clump together since the balls are not perfectly round. The clump can separate a few days later, failing as an embolic agent.
560:– These are only used for precapillary arterioles or small arteries. These are also very good for AVM deep within the body. The disadvantage is that they are not easily targeted in the vessel. None of these are radioopaque, so they are difficult to view with radiologic imaging unless they are soaked in contrast prior to injection.
622:
wool tails around the wire. The coil itself will not cause mechanical occlusion. Since it is made of metal, it is easily seen in radiographic images. The disadvantage is that large coils can disrupt the radiographic image. The coil may also lose its shape if the catheter is kinked. Also, there is a
486:
such as blood or water, it polymerises quickly. Catheters should be flushed with dextrose 5% to prevent premature polymerisation within the catheter. NBCA completely occludes vessels and is permanent. However, the polymerisation can spread distally or proximally of the intended
420:
in an interventional suite. It is common for most patients to have the treatment carried out with little or no sedation, although this depends largely on the organ to be embolized. Patients who undergo cerebral embolization or portal vein embolization are usually given a
428:
Access to the organ in question is acquired by means of a guidewire and catheter(s). Depending on the organ this can be very difficult and time-consuming. The position of the correct artery or vein supplying the pathology in question is located by
553:– This agent is used for superficial lower extremity varicose veins. It has been around for a very long time and is a proven remedy. However, it does cause hyperpigmentation of the region in 30% of patients. It is less painful than ethanol.
584:– These are superior permanent or resorbable particulate embolic agents available in different well-calibrated size ranges for precise occlusion. Embolization microspheres may comprise additional functionality such as
501:
oil, this is a highly viscous agent. It is usually used for chemoembolizations, especially for hepatomas, since these tumors absorb iodine. The half life is five days, so it only temporarily embolizes vessels.
670:
Risk of emboli reaching healthy tissue potentially causing gastric, stomach or duodenal ulcers. There are methods, techniques and devices that decrease the occurrence of this type of adverse side effect.
1232:
Arepally A, Chomas J, Kraitchman D, Hong K (April 2013). "Quantification and reduction of reflux during embolotherapy using an antireflux catheter and tantalum microspheres: ex vivo analysis".
256:
Embolization is commonly used to treat active arterial bleeding. Embolization is rarely used to treat venous bleeding as venous bleeding can stop on its own or with packing or compression.
413:
in 1968, embolization is a minimally invasive surgical technique. The purpose is to prevent blood flow to an area of the body, which can effectively shrink a tumor or block an aneurysm.
530:– These will harden the endothelial lining of vessels. They require more time to react than the liquid embolic agents. Therefore, they cannot be used for large or high-flow vessels.
599:
557:
581:
515:
Depending on the desired character of the liquid, the concentration can be varied: For example, 6% EVOH (trade name Onyx 18) or 8% EVOH (trade name Onyx 34). Micronized
1179:
Carretero C, Munoz-Navas M, Betes M, Angos R, Subtil JC, Fernandez-Urien I, et al. (June 2007). "Gastroduodenal injury after radioembolization of hepatic tumors".
1033:
Hilal SK and
Michelsen JW. "Therapeutic percutaneous embolization for extra-axial vascular lesions of the head, neck, and spine." J Neurosurg. 1975 Sep;43(3):275-87.
1144:
Medsinge A, Zajko A, Orons P, Amesur N, Santos E (October 2014). "A case-based approach to common embolization agents used in vascular interventional radiology".
472:
253:, in other words deliberately blocking a blood vessel. Embolization is used to treat a wide variety of conditions affecting different organs of the human body.
928:
626:
475:– Used for AVM, these agents can flow through complex vascular structures so the surgeon does not need to target the catheter to every single vessel.
482:(NBCA) – This material is approved by FDA in 2000 for embolisation of cerebral arteriovenous malformation. When exposed to an enivornment containing
37:
209:
application, the embolus, besides blocking the blood supply to the tumor, also often includes an ingredient to attack the tumor chemically or with
405:
Post-embolization arteriogram showing coiled aneurysm (indicated by yellow arrows) of the posterior cerebral artery with a residual aneurysmal sac
330:
547:. It contains 2% benzyl alcohol, so it is less painful than ethanol. However it does cause hemolysis and kidney failure in large doses.
464:
Once the artificial emboli have been successfully introduced, another set of DSA images are taken to confirm a successful deployment.
602:– These fit in all vessels. They also have the advantage of accuracy of location; they are deployed exactly where the catheter ends.
914:
338:
218:
433:(DSA). These images are then used as a map for the radiologist to gain access to the correct vessel by selecting an appropriate
230:
98:
70:
854:"Serious primary post-partum hemorrhage, arterial embolization and future fertility: a retrospective study of 46 cases"
198:
treatment for bleeding or as a treatment for some types of cancer by deliberately blocking blood vessels to starve the
1284:
77:
56:
512:
430:
84:
610:. They are very good for fast-flowing vessels because they immediately clot the vessel. They are made from
226:
764:
Anchala PR, Resnick SA (December 2010). "Treatment of postoperative hemorrhage with venous embolization".
361:
66:
417:
349:
691:
445:
440:
Once in place, the treatment can begin. The artificial embolus used is usually one of the following:
279:
45:
944:"Renal artery embolization for managing uncontrolled hypertension in a kidney transplant candidate"
895:"Persistent haemarthrosis following total knee arthroplasty caused by unrecognised arterial injury"
696:
389:
334:
222:
41:
585:
373:
922:
355:
145:
of embolic material in the artery of a kidney. The kidney was surgically removed because of
1011:
995:"Transhepatic portal vein embolization: anatomy, indications, and technical considerations"
994:
993:
Madoff DC, Hicks ME, Vauthey JN, Charnsangavej C, Morello FA, Ahrar K, et al. (2002).
686:
401:
295:
206:
91:
8:
1269:
540:
479:
321:
The treatment is used to slow or stop blood supply thus reducing the size of the tumour:
1214:
1118:
1093:
1069:
1044:
970:
943:
829:
804:
741:
716:
544:
508:
422:
242:
187:
894:
52:
1249:
1206:
1192:
1161:
1123:
1074:
1016:
975:
875:
834:
800:
781:
746:
575:
527:
300:
274:
1289:
1241:
1196:
1188:
1153:
1113:
1105:
1064:
1056:
1006:
965:
955:
906:
865:
824:
816:
773:
736:
728:
1218:
615:
607:
589:
344:
310:
306:
910:
1245:
777:
377:
325:
1278:
960:
146:
870:
853:
820:
1253:
1210:
1165:
1127:
1078:
1060:
1020:
979:
879:
838:
785:
750:
732:
246:
214:
179:
150:
852:
Chauleur C, Fanget C, Tourne G, Levy R, Larchez C, Seffert P (July 2008).
1157:
1109:
593:
520:
410:
210:
161:
1201:
550:
289:
269:
195:
142:
55:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
137:
498:
284:
1094:"Imaging appearance of topical haemostatic agents: pictorial review"
611:
516:
490:
434:
199:
183:
892:
437:
and or wire, depending on the 'shape' of the surrounding anatomy.
534:
250:
191:
175:
416:
The procedure is carried out as an endovascular procedure by an
992:
619:
494:
1178:
886:
805:"Cerebral aneurysm treatment: modern neurovascular techniques"
483:
1231:
1092:
Heller HT, Walker BS, Sadow CA, Frates MC (February 2017).
504:
893:
Whittingham-Jones P, Baloch I, Miles J, Ferris B (2010).
1143:
851:
16:
Passage and lodging of an embolus within the bloodstream
1091:
178:
within the bloodstream. It may be of natural origin (
941:
623:
small risk of dislodging from the deployed location.
717:"Embolization in trauma: principles and techniques"
221:(TACE) is the usual form. When the embolus bears a
798:
927:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1276:
1234:Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology
942:Alhamid N, Alterky H, Othman MI (January 2013).
766:Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology
337:(HCC). Treated either by particle infarction or
1139:
1137:
1042:
217:drug, the process is called chemoembolization.
763:
654:High success rate compared to other procedures
606:coils – These are used for AVF, aneurysms, or
543:– This permanent agent is used for sclerosing
51:Please review the contents of the article and
1043:Vaidya S, Tozer KR, Chen J (September 2008).
229:, the process is called radioembolization or
1225:
1172:
1134:
1085:
657:Preserves fertility and anatomical integrity
588:capability, specific mechanical properties,
986:
935:
845:
792:
757:
708:
136:
1200:
1117:
1068:
1010:
969:
959:
869:
828:
740:
367:
1181:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
400:
339:transcatheter arterial chemoembolization
219:Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization
174:refers to the passage and lodging of an
1277:
1146:AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology
1012:10.1148/radiographics.22.5.g02se161063
917:from the original on October 24, 2010.
714:
519:powder is added in order to maintain
190:; or it may be artificially induced (
1049:Seminars in Interventional Radiology
721:Seminars in Interventional Radiology
648:No or rare use of general anesthetic
241:Embolization involves the selective
231:selective internal radiation therapy
182:), in which sense it is also called
20:
13:
264:The treatment is used to occlude:
14:
1301:
1263:
1193:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01172.x
1098:The British Journal of Radiology
661:
505:Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer
372:It could be useful for managing
117:
25:
1045:"An overview of embolic agents"
913:(inactive September 12, 2024).
618:. They induce clots due to the
431:digital subtraction angiography
1036:
1027:
53:add the appropriate references
1:
809:Stroke and Vascular Neurology
702:
633:
948:Avicenna Journal of Medicine
600:Mechanical occlusion devices
511:(DMSO) under the trade name
396:
227:unsealed source radiotherapy
7:
911:10.1102/1470-5206.2010.0010
803:, Lin LM (September 2016).
799:Jiang B, Paff M, Colby GP,
680:
667:User dependent success rate
362:Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma
350:Arteriovenous malformations
305:Traumatic bleeding such as
259:
38:reliable medical references
10:
1306:
1246:10.1016/j.jvir.2012.12.018
778:10.1016/j.jvir.2010.09.012
558:Particulate embolic agents
418:interventional radiologist
316:
692:Gastrointestinal bleeding
673:Not suitable for everyone
645:Minimal risk of infection
582:Embolization microspheres
467:
446:Guglielmi Detachable Coil
392:prior to liver resection.
280:Gastrointestinal bleeding
249:by purposely introducing
158:
135:
130:
44:or relies too heavily on
1285:Interventional radiology
961:10.4103/2231-0770.112791
715:Lopera JE (March 2010).
697:Interventional radiology
586:drug loading and elution
390:Portal vein embolization
383:
335:hepatocellular carcinoma
1270:eMedicine: Embolization
821:10.1136/svn-2016-000027
236:
1061:10.1055/s-0028-1085930
733:10.1055/s-0030-1247885
676:Recurrence more likely
406:
374:malignant hypertension
368:Malignant hypertension
871:10.1093/humrep/den122
473:Liquid embolic agents
460:Microspheres or Beads
404:
356:Arteriovenous fistula
1158:10.2214/AJR.14.12480
1110:10.1259/bjr.20160664
687:Endovascular surgery
651:Faster recovery time
296:post-partum bleeding
270:coughing up of blood
541:ethanolamine oleate
480:Butyl cyanoacrylate
409:First developed by
223:radiopharmaceutical
1104:(1070): 20160664.
858:Human Reproduction
639:Minimally invasive
627:detachable balloon
545:esophageal varices
509:Dimethyl-Sulfoxide
423:general anesthetic
407:
213:. When it bears a
188:pulmonary embolism
576:polyvinyl alcohol
528:Sclerosing agents
376:due to end stage
301:Surgical bleeding
275:Cerebral aneurysm
207:cancer management
169:
168:
126:
125:
102:
1297:
1258:
1257:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1204:
1187:(6): 1216–1220.
1176:
1170:
1169:
1141:
1132:
1131:
1121:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1072:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1014:
1005:(5): 1063–1076.
990:
984:
983:
973:
963:
939:
933:
932:
926:
918:
890:
884:
883:
873:
864:(7): 1553–1559.
849:
843:
842:
832:
796:
790:
789:
761:
755:
754:
744:
712:
569:
568:
345:Uterine fibroids
186:, for example a
162:edit on Wikidata
140:
128:
127:
121:
120:
112:
109:
103:
101:
60:
29:
28:
21:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1275:
1274:
1266:
1261:
1230:
1226:
1177:
1173:
1142:
1135:
1090:
1086:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1028:
991:
987:
940:
936:
920:
919:
891:
887:
850:
846:
797:
793:
762:
758:
713:
709:
705:
683:
664:
636:
616:stainless steel
566:
565:
470:
399:
386:
370:
319:
311:pelvic fracture
307:splenic rupture
262:
239:
165:
154:
122:
118:
113:
107:
104:
61:
50:
46:primary sources
30:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1303:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1264:External links
1262:
1260:
1259:
1240:(4): 575–580.
1224:
1171:
1152:(4): 699–708.
1133:
1084:
1055:(3): 204–215.
1035:
1026:
985:
934:
885:
844:
791:
772:(12): 1915–7.
756:
706:
704:
701:
700:
699:
694:
689:
682:
679:
678:
677:
674:
671:
668:
663:
660:
659:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
635:
632:
631:
630:
624:
597:
596:
579:
573:
555:
554:
548:
538:
525:
524:
502:
488:
469:
466:
462:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
398:
395:
394:
393:
385:
382:
378:kidney failure
369:
366:
365:
364:
358:
353:
347:
342:
328:
326:Kidney lesions
318:
315:
314:
313:
303:
298:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
261:
258:
238:
235:
167:
166:
159:
156:
155:
141:
133:
132:
124:
123:
116:
114:
67:"Embolization"
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1302:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1138:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:Radiographics
996:
989:
981:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
953:
949:
945:
938:
930:
924:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
889:
881:
877:
872:
867:
863:
859:
855:
848:
840:
836:
831:
826:
822:
818:
815:(3): 93–100.
814:
810:
806:
802:
795:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
760:
752:
748:
743:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
711:
707:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
684:
675:
672:
669:
666:
665:
662:Disadvantages
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
637:
628:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
604:
603:
601:
595:
594:radioactivity
591:
587:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
563:
562:
561:
559:
552:
549:
546:
542:
539:
536:
533:
532:
531:
529:
522:
518:
514:
510:
507:, soluted in
506:
503:
500:
496:
492:
489:
485:
481:
478:
477:
476:
474:
465:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
443:
442:
441:
438:
436:
432:
426:
424:
419:
414:
412:
403:
391:
388:
387:
381:
379:
375:
363:
359:
357:
354:
351:
348:
346:
343:
340:
336:
332:
331:Liver lesions
329:
327:
324:
323:
322:
312:
308:
304:
302:
299:
297:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
267:
266:
265:
257:
254:
252:
248:
247:blood vessels
244:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
163:
157:
152:
151:H&E stain
148:
144:
139:
134:
129:
115:
111:
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69: –
68:
64:
63:Find sources:
58:
54:
48:
47:
43:
39:
34:This article
32:
23:
22:
19:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1149:
1145:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1029:
1002:
998:
988:
954:(1): 23–25.
951:
947:
937:
923:cite journal
902:
899:Grand Rounds
898:
888:
861:
857:
847:
812:
808:
794:
769:
765:
759:
727:(1): 14–28.
724:
720:
710:
598:
590:imageability
564:
556:
526:
493:– Made from
471:
463:
448:or Hydrocoil
439:
427:
415:
408:
371:
333:, typically
320:
263:
255:
240:
215:chemotherapy
204:
180:pathological
172:Embolization
171:
170:
131:Embolization
105:
95:
88:
81:
74:
62:
42:verification
35:
18:
1202:10171/27487
642:No scarring
521:Radiopacity
411:Sadek Hilal
211:irradiation
192:therapeutic
108:August 2016
36:needs more
1279:Categories
703:References
634:Advantages
570:hemostasis
551:sotradecol
290:Varicocele
268:Recurrent
196:hemostatic
143:Micrograph
78:newspapers
905:: 51–54.
499:poppyseed
487:location.
451:Particles
397:Technique
360:Juvenile
285:Nosebleed
243:occlusion
1254:23462064
1211:17355414
1166:25247933
1128:27936887
1079:21326511
1021:12235336
980:23984264
915:Archived
880:18460450
839:28959469
786:21035357
751:21359011
681:See also
612:platinum
517:tantalum
491:ethiodol
435:catheter
294:Primary
260:Bleeding
233:(SIRT).
194:), as a
184:embolism
1290:Surgery
1119:5685128
1070:3036437
971:3752858
830:5435202
801:Coon AL
742:3036510
567:Gelfoam
535:ethanol
444:Coils:
341:(TACE).
317:Growths
205:In the
202:cells.
176:embolus
92:scholar
57:removed
1252:
1219:121385
1217:
1209:
1164:
1126:
1116:
1077:
1067:
1019:
978:
968:
878:
837:
827:
784:
749:
739:
620:Dacron
608:trauma
495:iodine
484:anions
468:Agents
352:(AVMs)
251:emboli
147:cancer
94:
87:
80:
73:
65:
1215:S2CID
513:Onyx.
384:Other
200:tumor
160:[
99:JSTOR
85:books
1250:PMID
1207:PMID
1162:PMID
1124:PMID
1075:PMID
1017:PMID
976:PMID
929:link
876:PMID
835:PMID
782:PMID
747:PMID
497:and
457:Plug
454:Foam
237:Uses
225:for
71:news
40:for
1242:doi
1197:hdl
1189:doi
1185:102
1154:doi
1150:203
1114:PMC
1106:doi
1065:PMC
1057:doi
1007:doi
966:PMC
956:doi
907:doi
866:doi
825:PMC
817:doi
774:doi
737:PMC
729:doi
614:or
592:or
309:or
245:of
1281::
1248:.
1238:24
1236:.
1213:.
1205:.
1195:.
1183:.
1160:.
1148:.
1136:^
1122:.
1112:.
1102:90
1100:.
1096:.
1073:.
1063:.
1053:25
1051:.
1047:.
1015:.
1003:22
1001:.
997:.
974:.
964:.
950:.
946:.
925:}}
921:{{
903:10
901:.
897:.
874:.
862:23
860:.
856:.
833:.
823:.
811:.
807:.
780:.
770:21
768:.
745:.
735:.
725:27
723:.
719:.
425:.
380:.
149:.
59:.
1256:.
1244::
1221:.
1199::
1191::
1168:.
1156::
1130:.
1108::
1081:.
1059::
1023:.
1009::
982:.
958::
952:3
931:)
909::
882:.
868::
841:.
819::
813:1
788:.
776::
753:.
731::
523:.
164:]
153:.
110:)
106:(
96:·
89:·
82:·
75:·
49:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
