38:
2078:
246:
379:
1967:
393:
264:
265:
330:
Much to everyone's relief, when the institutions reopened for business on March 13, 1933, depositors stood in line to return their stashed cash to neighborhood banks. Within two weeks, Americans had redeposited more than half of the currency that they had legally withdrawn before the bank suspension.
300:, was introduced on March 9, 1933, to a joint session of Congress, and was passed the same evening amid an atmosphere of chaos and uncertainty as over 100 new Democratic members of Congress swept into power determined to take radical steps to address banking failures and other economic malaise.
314:
According to
William L. Silber: "The Emergency Banking Act of 1933, passed by Congress on March 9, 1933, three days after FDR declared a nationwide bank holiday, combined with the Federal Reserve's commitment to supply unlimited amounts of currency to reopened banks, created 100 percent deposit
334:
The stock market registered its approval as well. On March 15, 1933, the first day of stock trading after the extended closure of Wall Street, the Dow Jones
Industrial Average gaining 8.26 points to close at 62.10; a gain of 15.34%. As of October 2020, the gain still stands as the
233:
banking holiday that kept all banks shut until
Congress could act. During this time, the federal government would inspect all banks, re-open those that were sufficiently solvent, re-organize those that could be saved, and close those that were beyond repair.
210:, declared an eight-day bank holiday. Fears of other bank closures spread from state to state as people rushed to withdraw their deposits while they still could do so. Within weeks, all other states held their own bank holidays in an attempt to stem the
262:
307:. The sense of urgency was such that the act was passed with only a single copy available on the floor of the House of Representatives and legislators voted on it after the bill was read aloud to them by Chairman of the House Banking Committee
263:
322:, a national radio address explaining the alterations made by the federal government on the banking industry. Due to confidence in FDR and the proposed alterations, Americans returned $ 1 billion to bank vaults in the following week.
255:
2455:
2365:
1184:
2414:
1726:
336:
2438:
2371:
2331:
1122:
859:
854:
1194:
1068:
864:
1276:
1127:
1179:
296:
to issue additional currency on good assets so that banks that reopened would be able to meet every legitimate call. The
Emergency Banking Act, an amendment to the
2432:
304:
351:
criminalizing the possession of monetary gold by any individual, partnership, association or corporation and
Congress passed a similar resolution in June 1933.
339:. In hindsight, the nationwide Bank Holiday and the Emergency Banking Act of March 1933 are seen to have ended the bank runs that plagued the Great Depression.
884:
1641:
1583:
1375:
1343:
2338:
3205:
2383:
2265:
2004:
828:
819:
443:
2815:
2162:
751:
1132:
2822:
2389:
1719:
1593:
849:
839:
229:
set out to rebuild confidence in the nation's banking system and to stabilize
America's banking system. On March 6, he declared a four-day
2421:
1769:
844:
834:
222:
2426:
1835:
1605:
1480:
1261:
2319:
1685:
1673:
1636:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1533:
1528:
1137:
936:
3065:
2969:
1600:
1310:
1142:
1117:
989:
970:
896:
772:
470:
1503:
2102:
1934:
1011:
2974:
2964:
2763:
2395:
2253:
2157:
1631:
1460:
1209:
364:
207:
17:
3210:
3079:
3055:
2810:
2673:
1997:
1658:
1286:
931:
2743:
2733:
2097:
1817:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1498:
814:
744:
723:
311:. Copies were made available to senators as the bill was being proposed in the Senate, after it had passed in the House.
1538:
2860:
2576:
2307:
2034:
1663:
1651:
1174:
1021:
921:
297:
1325:
3215:
2723:
2683:
2610:
2600:
2448:
2401:
2325:
2029:
1763:
1690:
1450:
1353:
1214:
982:
2994:
2984:
2785:
2693:
2663:
2606:
2359:
1046:
946:
3100:
3095:
2903:
2713:
2703:
1990:
1785:
1434:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1154:
1056:
916:
802:
794:
637:
113:
105:
3075:
2979:
2753:
2653:
2407:
2377:
1970:
1455:
1281:
1051:
775:
737:
406:
140:
3200:
3045:
2999:
2044:
1916:
1777:
1588:
1298:
1169:
1149:
958:
953:
783:
3060:
2989:
2659:
2649:
2590:
2467:
2313:
2295:
2289:
2177:
2024:
1571:
1493:
1488:
191:
1164:
3009:
3004:
2934:
2929:
1880:
1809:
1470:
941:
906:
901:
74:
598:
3050:
3029:
2959:
2954:
2944:
2939:
2301:
1231:
977:
926:
495:
89:
3179:
3085:
2487:
2067:
1910:
1886:
1348:
1303:
1251:
1028:
658:
612:
3105:
2523:
2499:
2259:
2171:
1892:
1711:
1041:
690:
Taylor, Jason E., and Todd C. Neumann. "Recovery spring, faltering fall: March to
November 1933."
556:
363:
passed later that year presented elements of longer-term response, including the formation of the
3090:
3019:
2898:
1107:
1078:
685:
525:
3024:
2853:
2248:
1868:
1736:
1698:
1398:
1094:
187:
65:
An Act to provide relief in the existing national emergency in banking, and for other purposes.
3121:
3014:
2919:
2805:
2481:
2475:
2283:
2213:
1755:
1429:
1226:
911:
760:
293:
166:
359:
This act was a temporary response to a major problem and remains in effect to this day. The
37:
3141:
2949:
2271:
2242:
2062:
2039:
1370:
1365:
1291:
1221:
1036:
1033:
1016:
1004:
994:
786:
411:
348:
8:
2505:
2346:
2237:
2183:
1801:
1793:
1747:
1706:
1646:
965:
2888:
2621:
2511:
2207:
2201:
2135:
1615:
1241:
1112:
1063:
879:
668:
585:
226:
3174:
2846:
2679:
2669:
2535:
1922:
1898:
1862:
1392:
874:
471:"The 1933 Banking Crisis – from Detroit's Collapse to Roosevelt's Bank Holiday"
423:
417:
136:
3161:
3156:
2883:
2596:
2517:
2442:
2231:
2225:
1848:
1825:
1668:
1315:
1271:
999:
718:
360:
3131:
3126:
3070:
2719:
2709:
2616:
2529:
2118:
2013:
1956:
1874:
889:
98:
704:
Wigmore, Barrie. âWas the Bank
Holiday of 1933 Caused by a Run on the Dollar?â
3151:
2749:
2739:
2699:
2631:
2547:
2147:
2140:
1949:
1904:
1731:
1680:
1386:
1380:
1246:
1159:
319:
308:
292:'s administration, was passed on March 9, 1933. The new law allowed the twelve
289:
3194:
3136:
2729:
2689:
2586:
2565:
2353:
2130:
1853:
1576:
1465:
1424:
1359:
1102:
1088:
444:"Eight-Day Banking Holiday in Michigan Proclaimed by Governor in "Emergency""
2780:
2759:
2626:
2559:
2553:
2541:
2493:
2219:
1320:
1083:
653:
Dighe, Ranjit S. "Saving private capitalism: The US bank holiday of 1933."
398:
384:
318:
On March 12, the evening before banks began to reopen, FDR gave his first
2924:
2893:
2277:
2189:
1982:
1610:
1204:
186:), Public Law 73-1, 48 Stat. 1 (March 9, 1933), was an act passed by the
729:
2092:
1928:
1256:
280:
271:
Roosevelt's first fireside chat on the
Banking Crisis (March 12, 1933)
3146:
2827:
2790:
2123:
1266:
1236:
1073:
117:
27:
Great
Depression-era U.S. legislation to stabilize the banking system
2869:
2795:
2195:
2054:
869:
215:
211:
203:
2800:
206:, an industrial state that had been hit particularly hard by the
144:
218:
becoming the 48th and last state to close its banks on March 4.
303:
The EBA was one of President Roosevelt's first projects in the
640:, 48 Stat. 112, Chapter 48, H.J.Res. 192, enacted June 5, 1933
347:
One month later, on April 5, 1933, President Roosevelt signed
342:
663:
Edwards, Sebastian. "Gold, the Brains Trust, and Roosevelt."
557:"Professor Emeritus of History University of North Carolina"
2838:
680:
Silber, William L. âWhy Did FDRâs Bank Holiday Succeed?â
1277:
Military history of the United States during World War II
682:
Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review,
530:
Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review
237:
374:
2433:
PublicâPrivate Investment Program for Legacy Assets
288:A draft law, prepared by the Treasury staff during
90:
3192:
337:largest one-day percentage price increase ever
2854:
2823:Personal consumption expenditures price index
1998:
745:
190:in March 1933 in an attempt to stabilize the
2965:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
554:
496:"Uncurrent Events: The Bank Holiday of 1933"
2422:2009 Supervisory Capital Assessment Program
2339:Federal Reserve v. Investment Co. Institute
343:Possession of monetary gold becomes a crime
2861:
2847:
2427:Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility
2012:
2005:
1991:
1584:Springwood birthplace, home, and gravesite
752:
738:
724:Documents on the Banking Emergency of 1933
699:The Banking Panics of the Great Depression
3206:United States federal banking legislation
3071:National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act
1616:Little White House, Warm Springs, Georgia
759:
655:Essays in Economic & Business History
1686:Roosevelt Institute for American Studies
1529:1920 United States presidential election
1138:Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination
937:National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933
555:Leuchtenburg, William (4 October 2016).
519:
517:
2970:Federal Emergency Relief Administration
1210:U.S. occupation of Nicaragua, 1912â1933
1143:Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination
971:Aid to Families with Dependent Children
897:Federal Emergency Relief Administration
14:
3193:
2103:Monetary Policy Report to the Congress
719:Full Text of the Emergency Banking Act
523:
153:on March 9, 1933 (Passed (435-0))
2842:
2396:Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices
1986:
733:
526:"Why Did FDR's Bank Holiday Succeed?"
514:
365:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
256:Fireside Chat 1 On the Banking Crisis
208:Great Depression in the United States
182:(the official title of which was the
159:on March 9, 1933 (Passed (96-0))
3091:Rural Electrification Administration
3056:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
2811:Monetary policy of the United States
2390:Emergency Economic Stabilization Act
2347:Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve
2320:HumphreyâHawkins Full Employment Act
1659:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Foundation
1499:Democratic National Convention, 1920
1299:Declaration by United Nations (1942)
1287:Combined Munitions Assignments Board
932:National Labor Relations Act of 1935
238:Passage of the Emergency Banking Act
54:Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933
3046:Works Progress Administration (WPA)
2098:Federal Reserve Statistical Release
1215:U.S. occupation of Haiti, 1915â1934
1017:Defense industry non-discrimination
354:
24:
2384:Subprime mortgage crisis responses
1664:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial
1652:Roosevelt Institute Campus Network
1022:Fair Employment Practice Committee
990:Securities and Exchange Commission
922:Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act
647:
325:
298:Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917
244:
135:in the House as H.R. 1491 by
95:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
25:
3227:
3005:Public Works Administration (PWA)
2975:FrazierâLemke Farm Bankruptcy Act
2935:Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
2449:Commercial Paper Funding Facility
2402:Commercial Paper Funding Facility
1232:Second London Naval Treaty (1936)
1069:Executive Office of the President
983:Federal Communications Commission
712:
468:
3030:Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
2995:National Recovery Administration
2985:National Industrial Recovery Act
2786:Criticism of the Federal Reserve
2360:Expedited Funds Availability Act
2076:
1966:
1965:
1405:State of the Union Address (1934
1222:Good Neighbor Policy (1933â1945)
947:National Recovery Administration
692:Explorations in Economic History
524:Silber, William L. (July 2009).
391:
377:
305:first 100 days of his presidency
279:Problems playing this file? See
260:
202:Beginning on February 14, 1933,
36:
3101:United States Housing Authority
2254:U.S. Treasury Department Accord
1787:World War II: When Lions Roared
1642:Presidential Library and Museum
917:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944
795:Assistant Secretary of the Navy
197:
3076:National Labor Relations Board
3066:Judicial Procedures Reform Act
2456:Corner Post v. Federal Reserve
2408:Primary Dealer Credit Facility
1282:Home front during World War II
776:President of the United States
631:
605:
570:
548:
488:
462:
436:
407:Causes of the Great Depression
13:
1:
3000:National Youth Administration
2045:Federal Open Market Committee
1887:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr.
1779:Backstairs at the White House
1451:Early life, education, career
1128:Federal Judicial appointments
959:National Youth Administration
954:Works Progress Administration
429:
51:Bank Conservation Act of 1933
3061:Farm Security Administration
2868:
2415:Bloomberg v. Federal Reserve
2314:Electronic Fund Transfer Act
2296:Home Mortgage Disclosure Act
2290:Equal Credit Opportunity Act
2178:National Monetary Commission
1489:1928 New York state election
1430:1944 (Second Bill of Rights)
1354:Madison Square Garden speech
1227:Montevideo Convention (1933)
1108:Jefferson's Birthday holiday
1047:Japanese American internment
677:(U Press of Kentucky, 1973).
665:History of Political Economy
638:Gold Repeal Joint Resolution
225:on March 4, 1933, President
184:Emergency Banking Relief Act
7:
3211:73rd United States Congress
3010:Public Works of Art Project
2930:Agricultural Adjustment Act
1893:John Aspinwall Roosevelt II
1118:Judicial Court-Packing Bill
1057:Italian-American internment
942:Public Works Administration
907:Agricultural Adjustment Act
902:Civilian Conservation Corps
706:Journal of Economic History
619:. April 6, 1933. p. 16
370:
180:Emergency Banking Act (EBA)
75:73rd United States Congress
10:
3232:
3051:Federal Project Number One
2960:Farm Credit Administration
2955:Homeowners Refinancing Act
2940:Civil Works Administration
2611:Vice Chair for Supervision
2308:Federal Reserve Reform Act
2302:Community Reinvestment Act
1681:White House Roosevelt Room
1262:1940 Selective Service Act
1185:Presidential Proclamations
1052:German-American internment
978:Communications Act of 1934
927:Tennessee Valley Authority
675:The Banking Crisis of 1933
673:Kennedy, Susan Estabrook.
3170:
3114:
3086:Rural Electrification Act
3038:
2912:
2876:
2773:
2640:
2575:
2466:
2326:International Banking Act
2156:
2111:
2085:
2074:
2068:Federal Reserve Bank Note
2053:
2020:
1944:
1911:James Roosevelt Roosevelt
1844:
1624:
1564:
1479:
1443:
1349:Commonwealth Club Address
1334:
1304:Dumbarton Oaks Conference
1252:Destroyers-for-bases deal
1193:
1029:Indian Reorganization Act
813:
767:
578:Christian Science Monitor
128:
123:
104:
85:
80:
69:
61:
44:
35:
3216:1933 in economic history
3106:Fair Labor Standards Act
2260:Bank Holding Company Act
1572:Early life and education
1461:Governorship of New York
1311:World War II conferences
1042:War Relocation Authority
3020:Railroad Retirement Act
2899:American Liberty League
1326:Morgenthau Plan support
1272:Atlantic Charter (1941)
995:Monetary gold ownership
450:. AP. February 14, 1933
2378:GrammâLeachâBliley Act
2249:Employment Act of 1946
2014:Federal Reserve System
1869:Anna Roosevelt Halsted
1456:Warm Springs Institute
1399:The More Abundant Life
1344:1932 Acceptance speech
1095:Four Freedoms Monument
1034:Executive Orders 9066,
1012:Record on civil rights
860:Third and fourth terms
855:First and second terms
803:New York State Senator
684:(July 2009), pp 19â30
249:
188:United States Congress
3122:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3015:Reciprocal Tariff Act
2920:Emergency Banking Act
2806:Lender of last resort
2482:William P. G. Harding
2284:Smithsonian Agreement
2214:Emergency Banking Act
2040:Federal Reserve Banks
1771:The White House Years
1757:Sunrise at Campobello
1693:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1471:Assassination attempt
912:Emergency Banking Act
761:Franklin D. Roosevelt
708:47#3 (1987): 739â755.
701:(Cambridge UP, 1996).
294:Federal Reserve Banks
248:
167:Franklin D. Roosevelt
31:Emergency Banking Act
18:Emergency Banking Act
3201:1933 in American law
3142:Henry Morgenthau Jr.
2990:National Housing Act
2950:Executive Order 6102
2488:Daniel R. Crissinger
2372:FDIC Improvement Act
2272:Truth in Lending Act
2243:Bretton Woods system
2172:AldrichâVreeland Act
2063:Federal Reserve Note
1765:Eleanor and Franklin
1425:1941 (Four Freedoms)
1371:Arsenal of Democracy
1366:Day of Infamy speech
1292:War Production Board
787:Governor of New York
475:American History USA
412:Executive Order 6102
349:Executive Order 6102
2238:Banking Act of 1935
2184:Federal Reserve Act
1803:Hyde Park on Hudson
1749:The Roosevelt Story
1738:I'd Rather Be Right
1727:U.S. Postage stamps
1721:Unfinished portrait
1707:Four Freedoms Award
1647:Roosevelt Institute
1376:"...is fear itself"
1079:CullenâHarrison Act
1074:G.I. Bill of Rights
966:Social Security Act
726:available on FRASER
694:61#1 (2016): 54â67.
667:49.1 (2017): 1â30.
124:Legislative history
32:
2980:GlassâSteagall Act
2945:Communications Act
2889:New Deal Coalition
2641:Current presidents
2622:Christopher Waller
2512:Marriner S. Eccles
2226:GlassâSteagall Act
2136:Federal funds rate
1875:James Roosevelt II
1852: •
1674:Four Freedoms Park
1242:Export Control Act
1165:Modern Oval Office
1113:Jefferson Memorial
1064:Brownlow Committee
880:New Deal coalition
657:29 (2011). 42â57.
613:"Hoarding of Gold"
500:Inside FRASER Blog
448:The New York Times
250:
227:Franklin Roosevelt
147:) on March 9, 1933
45:Other short titles
30:
3188:
3187:
2877:Causes and legacy
2836:
2835:
2680:Loretta J. Mester
2670:Patrick T. Harker
2536:G. William Miller
2524:William M. Martin
2476:Charles S. Hamlin
1980:
1979:
1957:Harry S. Truman â
1923:Warren Delano Jr.
1899:James Roosevelt I
1881:Elliott Roosevelt
1863:Eleanor Roosevelt
1606:Paralytic illness
1393:Quarantine Speech
593:Missing or empty
424:Great Contraction
418:Gold Clause Cases
266:
176:
175:
157:Passed the Senate
137:Henry B. Steagall
107:Statutes at Large
16:(Redirected from
3223:
3162:Robert F. Wagner
3157:Francis Townsend
2884:Great Depression
2863:
2856:
2849:
2840:
2839:
2597:Philip Jefferson
2518:Thomas B. McCabe
2443:Durbin amendment
2232:Gold Reserve Act
2080:
2079:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1969:
1968:
1950:â Herbert Hoover
1813:2014 documentary
1669:Roosevelt Island
1316:Quebec Agreement
1237:ABCD line (1940)
1180:Executive Orders
1000:Gold Reserve Act
806:
798:
790:
779:
754:
747:
740:
731:
730:
641:
635:
629:
628:
626:
624:
609:
603:
602:
596:
591:
589:
581:
580:. April 5, 1933.
574:
568:
567:
565:
563:
552:
546:
545:
543:
541:
521:
512:
511:
509:
507:
492:
486:
485:
483:
481:
466:
460:
459:
457:
455:
440:
401:
396:
395:
394:
387:
382:
381:
380:
361:1933 Banking Act
355:1933 Banking Act
268:
267:
247:
169:on March 9, 1933
151:Passed the House
108:
96:
92:
40:
33:
29:
21:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3166:
3132:Frances Perkins
3127:Harold L. Ickes
3110:
3096:Social Security
3039:Second New Deal
3034:
2908:
2872:
2867:
2837:
2832:
2769:
2720:Alberto Musalem
2710:Austan Goolsbee
2642:
2636:
2617:Michelle Bowman
2578:
2571:
2530:Arthur F. Burns
2506:Eugene R. Black
2462:
2160:
2152:
2119:Discount window
2107:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2049:
2016:
2011:
1981:
1976:
1940:
1917:Isaac Roosevelt
1905:Sara Ann Delano
1851:
1846:
1840:
1836:Other namesakes
1829:2023 miniseries
1821:2022 miniseries
1789:1997 miniseries
1781:1979 miniseries
1620:
1601:Campobello home
1560:
1475:
1439:
1336:
1330:
1196:
1189:
1123:Cannabis policy
890:Second New Deal
833:Inaugurations (
817:
809:
801:
793:
782:
771:
763:
758:
715:
697:Wicker, Elmus.
650:
648:Further reading
645:
644:
636:
632:
622:
620:
611:
610:
606:
594:
592:
583:
582:
576:
575:
571:
561:
559:
553:
549:
539:
537:
522:
515:
505:
503:
494:
493:
489:
479:
477:
467:
463:
453:
451:
442:
441:
437:
432:
397:
392:
390:
383:
378:
376:
373:
357:
345:
328:
326:Public reaction
286:
285:
277:
275:
274:
273:
272:
269:
261:
258:
251:
245:
240:
200:
172:
163:Signed into law
106:
94:
70:Enacted by
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3229:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3152:Herbert Hoover
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3025:Securities Act
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2866:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2843:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2757:
2747:
2737:
2727:
2717:
2707:
2700:Raphael Bostic
2697:
2687:
2677:
2667:
2657:
2646:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2632:Adriana Kugler
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2604:
2594:
2583:
2581:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2568:(2018âpresent)
2563:
2557:
2551:
2548:Alan Greenspan
2545:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2472:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2452:
2446:
2439:DoddâFrank Act
2436:
2430:
2424:
2419:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2343:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2268:(1961âpresent)
2263:
2257:
2251:
2246:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2168:
2166:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2148:Primary dealer
2145:
2144:
2143:
2141:Overnight rate
2133:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2010:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1913:(half-brother)
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1859:
1857:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1823:
1819:The First Lady
1815:
1811:The Roosevelts
1807:
1799:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1761:
1753:
1742:
1734:
1732:Roosevelt dime
1729:
1724:
1717:
1709:
1704:
1696:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1639:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1568:
1566:
1565:Life and homes
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1485:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1395:
1390:
1387:Look to Norway
1383:
1381:Fireside chats
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1247:Four Policemen
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1201:
1199:
1197:foreign policy
1191:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1160:March of Dimes
1157:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1005:Silver seizure
1002:
992:
987:
986:
985:
975:
974:
973:
963:
962:
961:
951:
950:
949:
944:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
893:
892:
887:
885:First 100 days
882:
877:
867:
865:Foreign policy
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
831:
825:
823:
811:
810:
808:
807:
799:
791:
780:
768:
765:
764:
757:
756:
749:
742:
734:
728:
727:
721:
714:
713:External links
711:
710:
709:
702:
695:
688:
678:
671:
661:
649:
646:
643:
642:
630:
617:New York Times
604:
569:
547:
513:
502:. May 12, 2021
487:
461:
434:
433:
431:
428:
427:
426:
421:
414:
409:
403:
402:
388:
372:
369:
356:
353:
344:
341:
327:
324:
309:Henry Steagall
290:Herbert Hoover
276:
270:
259:
254:
253:
252:
243:
242:
241:
239:
236:
221:Following his
199:
196:
192:banking system
174:
173:
171:
170:
160:
154:
148:
129:
126:
125:
121:
120:
110:
102:
101:
87:
83:
82:
78:
77:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
56:
55:
52:
48:
46:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3228:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3137:Harry Hopkins
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2859:
2857:
2852:
2850:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2764:San Francisco
2761:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2730:Neel Kashkari
2728:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2690:Thomas Barkin
2688:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2660:John Williams
2658:
2655:
2651:
2650:Susan Collins
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:(by district)
2639:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2587:Jerome Powell
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2574:
2567:
2566:Jerome Powell
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2354:Greenspan put
2352:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2131:Federal funds
2129:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:Federal funds
2110:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1973:
1972:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1925:(grandfather)
1924:
1921:
1919:(grandfather)
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1850:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1713:Four Freedoms
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1577:Groton School
1575:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1466:Business Plot
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1360:Four Freedoms
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1155:"Brain Trust"
1153:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1133:Supreme Court
1131:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1103:Black Cabinet
1101:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1089:Four Freedoms
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
996:
993:
991:
988:
984:
981:
980:
979:
976:
972:
969:
968:
967:
964:
960:
957:
956:
955:
952:
948:
945:
943:
940:
939:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
872:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
832:
830:
827:
826:
824:
821:
816:
812:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
785:
781:
777:
774:
770:
769:
766:
762:
755:
750:
748:
743:
741:
736:
735:
732:
725:
722:
720:
717:
716:
707:
703:
700:
696:
693:
689:
687:
683:
679:
676:
672:
670:
666:
662:
660:
656:
652:
651:
639:
634:
618:
614:
608:
600:
587:
579:
573:
558:
551:
535:
531:
527:
520:
518:
501:
497:
491:
476:
472:
465:
449:
445:
439:
435:
425:
422:
420:
419:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
404:
400:
389:
386:
375:
368:
366:
362:
352:
350:
340:
338:
332:
323:
321:
320:fireside chat
316:
312:
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
284:
282:
257:
235:
232:
228:
224:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
168:
165:by President
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
142:
138:
134:
131:
130:
127:
122:
119:
115:
111:
109:
103:
100:
93:
88:
84:
79:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
53:
50:
49:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
2781:Central bank
2760:Mary C. Daly
2674:Philadelphia
2627:Lisa D. Cook
2607:Michael Barr
2560:Janet Yellen
2554:Ben Bernanke
2542:Paul Volcker
2500:Eugene Meyer
2494:Roy A. Young
2454:
2413:
2345:
2337:
2266:FOMC actions
2220:Regulation Q
2208:Regulation D
1964:
1955:
1948:
1937:(family dog)
1931:(family dog)
1826:
1818:
1810:
1802:
1795:Warm Springs
1794:
1786:
1778:
1770:
1764:
1756:
1748:
1740:1937 musical
1737:
1720:
1712:
1700:
1692:
1632:Bibliography
1444:Other events
1335:Presidential
1321:Europe first
1195:Presidential
1170:Official car
1093:
1084:Roerich Pact
705:
698:
691:
681:
674:
664:
654:
633:
621:. Retrieved
616:
607:
595:|title=
577:
572:
560:. Retrieved
550:
538:. Retrieved
533:
529:
504:. Retrieved
499:
490:
478:. Retrieved
474:
469:Bryan, Dan.
464:
452:. Retrieved
447:
438:
416:
399:Money portal
385:Banks portal
358:
346:
333:
329:
317:
315:insurance".
313:
302:
287:
278:
230:
223:inauguration
220:
201:
198:Bank holiday
183:
179:
177:
162:
156:
150:
132:
3115:Individuals
2925:Economy Act
2894:Brain Trust
2750:Lorie Logan
2744:Kansas City
2740:Jeff Schmid
2734:Minneapolis
2562:(2014â2018)
2556:(2006â2014)
2550:(1987â2006)
2544:(1979â1987)
2538:(1978â1979)
2532:(1970â1978)
2526:(1951â1970)
2520:(1948â1951)
2514:(1934â1948)
2508:(1933â1934)
2502:(1930â1933)
2496:(1927â1930)
2490:(1923â1927)
2484:(1916â1922)
2478:(1914â1916)
2451:(2020â2021)
2429:(2009â2010)
2410:(2008â2010)
2404:(2008â2010)
2386:(2007â2010)
2278:Nixon shock
2245:(1944â1971)
2190:Pittman Act
2180:(1909â1912)
2163:Antecedents
1611:Top Cottage
1589:Adams House
1205:Banana Wars
805:(1911â1913)
797:(1913â1920)
789:(1929â1932)
778:(1933â1945)
540:22 February
3195:Categories
2601:Vice Chair
2202:Phelan Act
2093:Beige Book
2030:Vice Chair
1871:(daughter)
1539:theme song
1257:Lend-Lease
829:Transition
815:Presidency
623:October 9,
536:(1): 19â30
506:January 5,
480:5 December
454:January 5,
430:References
281:media help
133:Introduced
86:Public law
62:Long title
3147:Huey Long
2904:Criticism
2828:Sahm rule
2791:Fed model
2724:St. Louis
2684:Cleveland
2579:governors
2366:FIRRE Act
2332:DIDMC Act
2210:(c. 1930)
2124:Bank rate
2055:Banknotes
2035:Governors
1849:Roosevelt
1715:paintings
1701:Roosevelt
1594:FDR Suite
1481:Elections
1267:Hull note
1175:Criticism
586:cite news
212:bank runs
81:Citations
3175:Category
2913:New Deal
2870:New Deal
2796:Fedspeak
2694:Richmond
2664:New York
2196:Edge Act
1971:Category
1907:(mother)
1901:(father)
1337:speeches
875:overview
870:New Deal
820:timeline
371:See also
367:(FDIC).
231:national
216:Delaware
204:Michigan
112:48
3180:Commons
2816:History
2801:Fed put
2774:Related
2714:Chicago
2704:Atlanta
2577:Current
2441:(2010;
2435:(2009â)
2158:History
2086:Reports
1637:Statues
1150:Cabinet
562:3 March
214:, with
91:Pub. L.
2754:Dallas
2654:Boston
2468:Chairs
2459:(2024)
2418:(2009)
2398:(2008)
2392:(2008)
2380:(1999)
2374:(1991)
2368:(1989)
2362:(1987)
2356:(1987)
2350:(1985)
2342:(1981)
2334:(1980)
2328:(1978)
2322:(1978)
2316:(1978)
2310:(1977)
2304:(1977)
2298:(1975)
2292:(1974)
2286:(1971)
2280:(1971)
2274:(1968)
2262:(1956)
2256:(1951)
2234:(1934)
2228:(1933)
2222:(1933)
2216:(1933)
2204:(1920)
2198:(1919)
2192:(1918)
2186:(1913)
2174:(1908)
1865:(wife)
1854:Delano
1845:Family
1744:Films
1625:Legacy
686:online
669:online
659:online
116:
97:
2591:Chair
2025:Chair
1935:Major
1895:(son)
1889:(son)
1883:(son)
1877:(son)
1767:1976,
1435:1945)
114:Stat.
1929:Fala
1805:2012
1797:2005
1773:1977
1759:1960
1751:1947
1699:USS
1691:USS
1556:1944
1551:1940
1546:1936
1534:1932
1524:1944
1519:1940
1514:1936
1509:1932
1504:1924
1494:1930
1420:1940
1415:1939
1410:1938
1037:9102
850:4th)
784:44th
773:32nd
625:2020
599:help
564:2021
542:2020
508:2024
482:2014
456:2024
178:The
99:73â1
73:the
3080:Act
1827:FDR
845:3rd
840:2nd
835:1st
3197::
615:.
590::
588:}}
584:{{
534:15
532:.
528:.
516:^
498:.
473:.
446:.
194:.
145:AL
3082:)
3078:(
2862:e
2855:t
2848:v
2766:)
2762:(
2756:)
2752:(
2746:)
2742:(
2736:)
2732:(
2726:)
2722:(
2716:)
2712:(
2706:)
2702:(
2696:)
2692:(
2686:)
2682:(
2676:)
2672:(
2666:)
2662:(
2656:)
2652:(
2613:)
2609:(
2603:)
2599:(
2593:)
2589:(
2445:)
2165:)
2161:(
2006:e
1999:t
1992:v
1856:)
1847:(
1401:"
1397:"
1389:"
1385:"
1362:"
1358:"
822:)
818:(
753:e
746:t
739:v
627:.
601:)
597:(
566:.
544:.
510:.
484:.
458:.
283:.
143:-
141:D
139:(
118:1
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)