149:
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1215:. Eventually, streams and rivers form and flooding becomes possible. There are several reasons for the poor soil quality. First is that the soil is highly acidic. The roots of plants rely on an acidity difference between the roots and the soil in order to absorb nutrients. When the soil is acidic, there is little difference, and therefore little absorption of nutrients from the soil. Second, the type of clay particles present in tropical rainforest soil has a poor ability to trap nutrients and stop them from washing away. Even if humans artificially add nutrients to the soil, the nutrients mostly wash away and are not absorbed by the plants. Finally, these soils are poor due to the high volume of rain in tropical rainforests washes nutrients out of the soil more quickly than in other climates.
937:
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713:, and obtain water and minerals from rain and debris that collects on the supporting plants. The fauna is similar to that found in the emergent layer but more diverse. A quarter of all insect species are believed to exist in the rainforest canopy. Scientists have long suspected the richness of the canopy as a habitat, but have only recently developed practical methods of exploring it. As long ago as 1917,
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1353:". There are many tribes in the rainforests of the Malaysian state of Sarawak. Sarawak is part of Borneo, the third largest island in the world. Some of the other tribes in Sarawak are: the Kayan, Kenyah, Kejaman, Kelabit, Punan Bah, Tanjong, Sekapan, and the Lahanan. Collectively, they are referred to as Dayaks or Orangulu which means "people of the interior".
1239:
plays a significant role in causing rainforests to release carbon dioxide, as do other factors, whether human-induced or natural, which result in tree death, such as burning and drought. Some climate models operating with interactive vegetation predict a large loss of
Amazonian rainforest around 2050
1094:
Some species of fauna show a trend towards declining populations in rainforests, for example, reptiles that feed on amphibians and reptiles. This trend requires close monitoring. The seasonality of rainforests affects the reproductive patterns of amphibians, and this in turn can directly affect the
255:
Rainforests are characterized by a closed and continuous tree canopy, high humidity, the presence of moisture-dependent vegetation, a moist layer of leaf litter, the presence of epiphytes and lianas and the absence of wildfire. The largest areas of rainforest are tropical or temperate rainforests,
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declared that "another continent of life remains to be discovered, not upon the Earth, but one to two hundred feet above it, extending over thousands of square miles." A true exploration of this habitat only began in the 1980s, when scientists developed methods to reach the canopy, such as firing
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in regions that were formerly primary forest. Also, plant-derived medicines are commonly used for fever, fungal infections, burns, gastrointestinal problems, pain, respiratory problems, and wound treatment. At the same time, rainforests are usually not used
2467:; Baker, T. R.; Lloyd, J.; Malhi, Y.; Almeida, S.; Higuchi, N.; Laurance, W. F.; Neill, D. A.; Silva, J. N. M.; Terborgh, J.; Torres Lezama, A.; Vásquez Martinez, R.; Brown, S.; Chave, J.; Kuebler, C.; Núñez Vargas, P.; Vinceti, B. (29 March 2004).
1758:
1207:. Most trees have roots near the surface because there are insufficient nutrients below the surface; most of the trees' minerals come from the top layer of decomposing leaves and animals. On younger substrates, especially of
1227:. On a global scale, long-term fluxes are approximately in balance, so that an undisturbed rainforest would have a small net impact on atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, though they may have other climatic effects (on
648:, reaching heights of 45–55 m, although on occasion a few species will grow to 70–80 m tall. They need to be able to withstand the hot temperatures and strong winds that occur above the canopy in some areas.
2551:
Cramer, Wolfgang; Bondeau, Alberte; Schaphoff, Sibyll; Lucht, Wolfgang; Smith, Ben; Sitch, Stephen (2005). "Twenty-first century atmospheric change and deforestation: Potential impacts on tropical forests".
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to float above the highest branches and the building of cranes and walkways planted on the forest floor. The science of accessing tropical forest canopy using airships or similar aerial platforms is called
1341:, one of the hunter-gatherer peoples living in equatorial rainforests characterised by their short height (below one and a half metres, or 59 inches, on average). They were the subject of a study by
598:
Dry rainforests have a more open canopy layer than other rainforests, and are found in areas of lower rainfall (630–1,100 mm (25–43 in)). They generally have two layers of trees.
1356:
About half of
Sarawak's 1.5 million people are Dayaks. Most Dayaks, it is believed by anthropologists, came originally from the South-East Asian mainland. Their mythologies support this.
2652:
Cox, P. M.; Betts, R. A.; Collins, M.; Harris, P. P.; Huntingford, C.; Jones, C. D. (June 2004). "Amazonian forest dieback under climate-carbon cycle projections for the 21st century".
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926:, i.e. places in which plants are inaccessible to many herbivores, or in which animals can hide from predators. Having numerous refuges available also results in much higher total
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that will grow to the canopy level are present in the understory. Only about 5% of the sunlight shining on the rainforest canopy reaches the understory. This layer can be called a
701:
are found in the forest canopy, a more or less continuous cover of foliage formed by adjacent treetops. The canopy, by some estimates, is home to 50 percent of all plant species.
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Feng, Yu; Zeng, Zhenzhong; Searchinger, Timothy D.; Ziegler, Alan D.; Wu, Jie; Wang, Dashan; He, Xinyue; Elsen, Paul R.; Ciais, Philippe; Xu, Rongrong; Guo, Zhilin (2022-02-28).
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origin, tropical soils may be quite fertile. If rainforest trees are cleared, rain can accumulate on the exposed soil surfaces, creating run-off, and beginning a process of soil
1824:
Newman, Arnold. The
Tropical Rainforest : A World Survey of Our Most Valuable Endangered Habitat : With a Blueprint for Its Survival. New York: Checkmark, 2002. Print.
1518:, have declared their deforestation a national emergency. Amazon deforestation jumped by 69% in 2008 compared to 2007's twelve months, according to official government data.
1429:) throughout the 20th century and the area covered by rainforests around the world is shrinking. Biologists have estimated that large numbers of species are being driven to
298:
is no less than 168 cm (66 in) and can exceed 1,000 cm (390 in) although it typically lies between 175 cm (69 in) and 200 cm (79 in).
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of rainforest cut down each year, more than 50 acres of new forest are growing in the tropics." The new forest includes secondary forest on former farmland and so-called
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A tropical rainforest typically has a number of layers, each with different plants and animals adapted for life in that particular area. Examples include the emergent,
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Tropical forests cover a large part of the globe, but temperate rainforests only occur in a few regions around the world. Temperate rainforests are rainforests in
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in the island of New Guinea is home to an estimated 44 uncontacted tribal groups. The tribes are in danger because of the deforestation, especially in Brazil.
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and clearings, where dense undergrowth is found, the forest floor is relatively clear of vegetation because of the low sunlight penetration. It also contains
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Tropical rainforests are characterized by a warm and wet climate with no substantial dry season: typically found within 10 degrees north and south of the
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species of reptiles that feed on these groups, particularly species with specialized feeding, since these are less likely to use alternative resources.
3019:
1441:, a quarter or more of all species on Earth could be exterminated within 50 years) due to the removal of habitat with destruction of the rainforests.
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959:
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2356:(2020). Are tropical reptiles really declining? A six-year survey of snakes in a tropical coastal rainforest: role of prey and environment.
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1908:
Link, Timothy E.; Unsworth, Mike; Marks, Danny (August 2004). "The dynamics of rainfall interception by a seasonal temperate rainforest".
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layer contains the majority of the largest trees, typically 30 metres (98 ft) to 45 metres (148 ft) tall. The densest areas of
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Oliveira, M.E., & Martins, M. (2001). When and where to find a pitviper: activity patterns and habitat use of the lancehead,
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More than half of the world's species of plants and animals are found in rainforests. Rainforests support a very broad array of
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1945:"Do temperate rainforest trees have a greater ability to acclimate to changing temperatures than tropical rainforest trees?"
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plant and animal matter, which disappears quickly, because the warm, humid conditions promote rapid decay. Many forms of
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still undiscovered in tropical rainforests. Tropical rainforests have been called the "jewels of the Earth" and the "
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2009:
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2469:"Concerted changes in tropical forest structure and dynamics: evidence from 50 South American long-term plots"
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are also very common in rainforest areas as they can feed on the decomposing remains of plants and animals.
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294:. Mean monthly temperatures exceed 18 °C (64 °F) during all months of the year. Average annual
108:
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Baccini, A.; Walker, W.; Carvalho, L.; Farina, M.; Sulla-Menashe, D.; Houghton, R. A. (13 October 2017).
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The great diversity in rainforest species is in large part the result of diverse and numerous physical
821:
402:
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3834:
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3223:
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1383:
2318:
McNair, James N. (1986). "The effects of refuges on predator-prey interactions: A reconsideration".
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3447:
3412:
2137:
Bourgeron, Patrick S. (1983). "Spatial
Aspects of Vegetation Structure". In Frank B. Golley (ed.).
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Malhi, Yadvinder; Grace, John (August 2000). "Tropical forests and atmospheric carbon dioxide".
2102:(3). British Ecological Society : Journal of Ecology Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 551-570: 551–570.
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2888:"Doubling of annual forest carbon loss over the tropics during the early twenty-first century"
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as the country having the largest number of uncontacted tribes. The province of Irian Jaya or
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2733:
2587:"Tropical forests are a net carbon source based on aboveground measurements of gain and loss"
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989:
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3883:
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3452:
3020:"Science: Satellite monitors Madagascar's shrinking rainforest, 19 May 1990, New Scientist"
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has lost two thirds of its original rainforest. At present rates, tropical rainforests in
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provided. Many foods originally came from tropical forests, and are still mostly grown on
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8:
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2713:"Final Paper: The Medicinal Value of the Rainforest May 15, 2003. Amanda Haidet May 2003"
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Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
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Denslow, J S (November 1987). "Tropical
Rainforest Gaps and Tree Species Diversity".
1976:
1971:
1961:
1944:
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1761:. Tasmanian Government Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment
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1966:
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1349:, in 1962. Pygmies who live in Southeast Asia are, amongst others, referred to as "
923:
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as well as animal products such as meat and hides. Rainforests also have value as
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Rainforests as well as endemic rainforest species are rapidly disappearing due to
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3849:
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to the rainforests. There may be many millions of species of plants, insects and
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2141:. Ecosystems of the World (14A ed.). Elsevier Scientific. pp. 29–47.
1873:
Moran, Emilio F. (1993). "Deforestation and land use in the
Brazilian Amazon".
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1523:
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layer lies between the canopy and the forest floor. It is home to a number of
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1786:. New South Wales Government Department of Planning, Industry and Environment
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792:. The leaves are much larger at this level and insect life is abundant. Many
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2269:
2224:"Predator interactions, mesopredator release and biodiversity conservation"
1980:
1692:
1671:
1625:
1575:
1434:
1426:
1235:). No rainforest today can be considered to be undisturbed. Human-induced
1232:
1166:
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943:
884:
811:
698:
621:
527:
441:
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2339:
2094:(1 Oct 1959). "A Physiognomic Classification of Australian Rain Forests".
44:
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and the absence of wildfire. Rainforests can be generally classified as
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1511:, the island nation produces about 85 percent of the world's palm oil.
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1162:
1133: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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836:
835:, the bottom-most layer, receives only 2% of the sunlight. Only plants
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87:
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346:
3053:"Palm oil – deforestation for everyday products - Rainforest Rescue"
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1108:
802:, although the shrub layer may also be considered a separate layer.
163:
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4019:
4009:
3929:
3317:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1189:
1170:
793:
722:
702:
567:
515:
421:", although it is now known that rainforests contribute little net
362:
342:
229:
191:
3175:
3172:
A Place Out of Time: Tropical
Rainforests and the Perils They Face
2394:
Terborgh, J., & Winter, B. (1980). Some causes of extinction.
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is already cultivated on nine million hectares and, together with
4138:
4034:
4004:
3999:
3987:
3977:
3962:
3515:
3250:
2970:"Papua New Guinea's rainforests disappearing faster than thought"
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1500:
1406:
1391:
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reported also that it had confirmed the presence of 67 different
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1241:
1212:
1208:
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888:
872:
789:
734:
523:
511:
318:
291:
213:
155:
51:
4318:
2291:
Sih, Andrew (1987). "Prey refuges and predator-prey stability".
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plantations to meet growing demand for cheap vegetable fats and
1256:
915:. Dozens of families of invertebrates are found in rainforests.
3972:
3710:
3547:
3495:
3394:
3256:
Dave Kimble's
Rainforest Photo Catalog (Wet Tropics, Australia)
3163:
1739:. New South Wales Government Office of Environment and heritage
1595:
1515:
1475:'s rainforest has been destroyed. Since the arrival of humans,
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55:
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is still in its infancy, but other methods include the use of
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1335:
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1086:
974:
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334:
195:
119:
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2222:
Ritchie, Euan G.; Johnson, Christopher N. (September 2009).
2187:
268:, vine thicket and even dry rainforest have been described.
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4058:
3732:
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Forests are being destroyed at a rapid pace. Almost 90% of
1444:
Another factor causing the loss of rainforest is expanding
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637:
418:
295:
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A natural rainforest emits and absorbs vast quantities of
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and other families; while birds include such families as
657:
2462:
2352:
Barquero-González, J.P., Stice, T.L., Gómez, G., &
2139:
Tropical Rain Forest
Ecosystems. Structure and Function
2416:"What makes the soil in tropical rainforests so rich?"
1433:(possibly more than 50,000 a year; at that rate, says
3228:
2651:
1856:
Broeker, Wallace S. (2006). "Breathing easy: Et tu, O
2810:
Rainforest Information Centre Educational Supplement
1806:
Tropical broadleaf Evergreen Forest: The rainforest.
1542:
855:
growing here help decay the animal and plant waste.
2734:"Brazil sees traces of more isolated Amazon tribes"
1818:
1495:rate, especially in Indonesia, is the expansion of
1319:in Brazil, up from 40 in 2005. With this addition,
1248:and the subsequent release of more carbon dioxide.
2953:Brazil: Amazon Forest Destruction Rate Has Tripled
2830:Entire rainforests set to disappear in next decade
2215:
417:). Tropical forests have been called the "Earth's
1907:
190:, moisture-dependent vegetation, the presence of
4357:
3116:"Brazil admits Amazon deforestation on the rise"
2635:"Drought may turn forests into carbon producers"
1649:. Animalcorner.co.uk. 2004-01-01. Archived from
839:to low light can grow in this region. Away from
2007:
2554:Tropical Forests and Global Atmospheric Change
2221:
1942:
186:characterized by a closed and continuous tree
3302:
3135:"New Jungles Prompt a Debate on Rain Forests"
114:A paranomic view of the Tropical rainforest,
2848:"Talks Seek to Prevent Huge Loss of Species"
1943:Cunningham, S. C.; Read, J. (January 2003).
1835:Global Pattern of Surface Pressure and Wind.
1527:article stated, "By one estimate, for every
280:Worldwide tropical rainforest climate zones.
256:but other vegetation associations including
3040:China is black hole of Asia's deforestation
2866:"Littoral Rainforest-Why is it threatened?"
2556:. Oxford University Press. pp. 17–30.
2036:"Identification of Rainforest: Field Guide"
1270:Tropical rainforest § Human dimensions
1218:
1196:a bright red colour and sometimes produces
3309:
3295:
3070:Amazon deforestation rises sharply in 2007
2755:"BBC: First contact with isolated tribes?"
2515:
2043:Department of Environment and Conservation
1334:Central African rainforest is home of the
3132:
2921:
2911:
2610:
2562:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567066.003.0002
2492:
2420:Science Questions with Surprising Answers
2259:
2249:
2136:
1970:
1960:
1491:, an important reason for the increasing
1149:Learn how and when to remove this message
3199:An introduction to tropical rain forests
3153:
3133:Rosenthal, Elisabeth (30 January 2009).
2066:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
1614:
1377:
1255:
815:
677:
451:
440:
305:are associated with the location of the
275:
3122:. The Associated Press. 30 August 2008.
2845:
2063:
436:
228:", because over one quarter of natural
206:, but other types have been described.
14:
4358:
3236:: Investigations into illegal logging.
2317:
1672:"Impact of Deforestation – Extinction"
1622:"Rainforests.net – Variables and Math"
1374:Deforestation of the Amazon Rainforest
895:and other families. Reptiles include
636:contains a small number of very large
271:
209:Estimates vary from 40% to 75% of all
3290:
3158:View of the temperate rain forest in
3085:
2806:"Indigenous People of the Rainforest"
2544:
2509:
2456:
1872:
1751:
1231:formation, for example, by recycling
3246:The Coalition for Rainforest Nations
2846:Stevens, William K. (3 March 1992).
2090:
1483:would be logged out in 10 years and
1295:by non-native peoples but are being
1131:adding citations to reliable sources
1102:
4234:
2972:. News.mongabay.com. Archived from
2654:Theoretical and Applied Climatology
2290:
2078:10.1146/annurev.es.18.110187.002243
1910:Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
1707:
1685:
1173:decay prevents the accumulation of
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24:
3149:
2868:. Pittwater.nsw.gov.au. 2012-08-09
1773:
1729:
1695:. Wet Tropics Management Authority
930:than would otherwise be possible.
858:
684:Forest Research Institute Malaysia
236:
25:
4387:
3583:Global Forest Information Service
3216:
2518:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
2413:
2377:Herpetological Natural History, 8
627:
593:
534:and coastal areas of the eastern
458:Pacific Rim National Park Reserve
171:Pacific Rim National Park Reserve
154:Primitive tropical rainforest in
36:Type of forest with high rainfall
4339:
4330:
4329:
4317:
4303:
4289:
4275:
4261:
4247:
4233:
3276:National Geographic: Rain forest
3266:Tropical rainforest for children
2251:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01347.x
1962:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00652.x
1559:
1545:
1487:in 13 to 16 years. According to
1359:
1323:has now overtaken the island of
1306:
1107:
1078:
1059:
1041:
1022:
1004:
981:
958:
935:
329:. Tropical rainforests exist in
162:
147:
126:
107:
86:
64:
43:
4340:
3251:United Nations Forum on Forests
3126:
3108:
3088:"Rainforest loss shocks Brazil"
3079:
3063:
3045:
3033:
3012:
2997:. Csupomona.edu. Archived from
2995:"Rainforests & Agriculture"
2987:
2962:
2946:
2879:
2858:
2839:
2823:
2798:
2776:
2747:
2726:
2705:
2688:
2645:
2627:
2578:
2433:
2407:
2388:
2375:, in central Amazonia, Brazil.
2365:
2346:
2311:
2284:
2194:
2176:
2155:
2130:
2084:
2057:
2028:
2008:Coleby-Williams, Jerry (2020).
2001:
1987:
1936:
1930:10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.01.010
1901:
1866:
1850:
1827:
1781:"Western Sydney Dry Rainforest"
1366:Deforestation in Southeast Asia
1118:needs additional citations for
805:
667:
644:, which grow above the general
3160:Mount Revelstoke National Park
3022:. Newscientist.com. 1990-05-19
2320:Theoretical Population Biology
2293:Theoretical Population Biology
1798:
1664:
1647:"Rainforests at Animal Center"
1639:
1464:to accommodate the demand for
311:Intertropical Convergence Zone
13:
1:
2530:10.1016/s0169-5347(00)01906-6
2165:. Eastern Native Tree Society
1607:
1405:have been subjected to heavy
1274:Tropical rainforests provide
1251:
510:such as the coastal areas of
250:
3316:
3042:, AsiaNews.it, 24 March 2008
2761:. 2007-01-25. Archived from
2359:Revista de Biología Tropical
2332:10.1016/0040-5809(86)90004-3
2305:10.1016/0040-5809(87)90019-0
1521:However, a January 30, 2009
1382:Satellite photograph of the
232:have been discovered there.
7:
3086:Vidal, John (20 May 2005).
2010:"Kumbartcho Dry Rainforest"
1601:Stratification (vegetation)
1538:
1514:Several countries, notably
1370:Deforestation in Madagascar
1169:is often quite poor. Rapid
1071:Silent Valley National Park
721:ropes into the trees using
608:Stratification (vegetation)
313:. The broader category of
245:pollution of the atmosphere
29:Rainforest (disambiguation)
10:
4392:
3694:Growth and yield modelling
3186:Cambridge University Press
2913:10.1038/s41893-022-00854-3
2715:. Jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu
2700:W. W. Norton & Company
1995:"The Temperate Rainforest"
1847:. Retrieved on 2009-03-08.
1674:. Rainforests.mongabay.com
1363:
1267:
1165:in a tropical rainforest,
809:
749:
671:
605:
463:
283:
95:Mount Palung National Park
26:
4268:Earth sciences portal
4254:Climate change portal
4229:
4106:
3938:
3835:Great Green Wall (Africa)
3780:
3471:
3381:
3324:
3229:Rainforest Action Network
3057:www.rainforest-rescue.org
2759:SurvivalInternational.org
2736:. Reuters.com. 2007-01-17
2674:10.1007/s00704-004-0049-4
1717:. The State of Queensland
1452:rainforest growing along
1282:destinations and for the
727:Exploration of the canopy
601:
3840:Great Green Wall (China)
3413:Close to nature forestry
3182:The tropical rain forest
3180:Richards, P. W. (1996).
3176:Rainforests.mongabay.com
2702:, New York, pp. 189–193.
2641:. Melbourne. 2004-03-06.
1815:Retrieved on 2008-03-14.
1394:, 24 September 2015
1219:Effect on global climate
1098:
1089:in the Amazon rainforest
456:Temperate rainforest in
445:General distribution of
226:world's largest pharmacy
3874:Million Tree Initiative
3224:Animals in a rainforest
3203:Oxford University Press
3197:Whitmore, T. C. (1998)
2612:10.1126/science.aam5962
2396:Conservation Biology, 2
1860:." Columbia University
1591:Intact forest landscape
1177:. The concentration of
1012:Western lowland gorilla
971:Mudumalai National Park
887:. Mammals may include
522:, parts of the western
474:regions. They occur in
4296:Environment portal
3728:Sustainable management
3623:Trillion Tree Campaign
3166:
2485:10.1098/rstb.2003.1431
2045:. NSW Government. 2004
1395:
1265:
1161:Despite the growth of
828:
690:
461:
449:
315:tropical moist forests
281:
258:subtropical rainforest
50:A thick rainforest in
4221:Wood process engineer
3925:Urban forest inequity
3170:Butler, R. A. (2005)
3157:
2892:Nature Sustainability
2261:10536/DRO/DU:30039763
1972:10536/DRO/DU:30080507
1845:Ohio State University
1403:temperate rainforests
1381:
1364:Further information:
1311:On January 18, 2007,
1301:agricultural purposes
1268:Further information:
1264:, taken from a plane.
1259:
948:Great Bear Rainforest
819:
681:
530:coast, as well as in
455:
447:temperate rainforests
444:
279:
204:temperate rainforests
3884:Shifting cultivation
3825:Forest fragmentation
3795:Carbon sequestration
3665:Woodland Carbon Code
3630:Forest certification
3538:Even-aged management
3453:Sustainable forestry
3281:Tropical rainforests
3271:What is a rainforest
3174:. Published online:
3162:, British Columbia,
2959:, September 29, 2008
2414:Baird, Dr. Chris S.
1127:improve this article
664:inhabit this layer.
466:Temperate rainforest
437:Temperate rainforest
309:, also known as the
301:Many of the world's
200:tropical rainforests
27:For other uses, see
3689:Formally designated
3533:Ecological thinning
3443:Plantation forestry
3351:Research institutes
2904:2022NatSu...5..444F
2666:2004ThApC..78..137C
2603:2017Sci...358..230B
2242:2009EcolL..12..982R
2108:1959JEcol..47..551W
2014:Gardening Australia
1922:2004AgFM..124..171L
1460:is now rare due to
1413:for their valuable
1260:Aerial view of the
1067:Lion-tailed macaque
327:Tropic of Capricorn
317:are located in the
286:Tropical rainforest
272:Tropical rainforest
262:littoral rainforest
140:tropical rainforest
4282:Ecology portal
3815:Forest degradation
3810:Ecosystem services
3418:Community forestry
3234:EIA forest reports
3167:
3139:The New York Times
3076:, January 24, 2008
2852:The New York Times
2788:2012-10-20 at the
2783:The Tribal Peoples
2696:The primary source
2694:Myers, N. (1985).
2202:"Rainforest Facts"
2096:Journal of Ecology
1887:10.1007/BF00890069
1840:2009-03-18 at the
1811:2008-02-25 at the
1553:Environment portal
1462:ribbon development
1439:Harvard University
1396:
1317:uncontacted tribes
1284:ecosystem services
1266:
1192:process gives the
1016:African rainforest
829:
820:Rainforest in the
691:
682:The canopy at the
462:
450:
359:Sub-Saharan Africa
282:
72:Olympic rainforest
4353:
4352:
4310:Plants portal
4096:green woodworking
3261:Rainforest Plants
3242:Reports and info.
2597:(6360): 230–234.
2571:978-0-19-856706-6
2479:(1443): 421–436.
2362:, 68(1), 336-343.
2190:on June 14, 2006.
1586:Inland rainforest
1489:Rainforest Rescue
1456:areas of eastern
1347:The Forest People
1262:Amazon rainforest
1159:
1158:
1151:
994:Amazon Rainforest
570:and the adjacent
480:Pacific Northwest
391:Yucatán Peninsula
379:Amazon rainforest
116:Nilgiri mountains
76:Olympic Peninsula
16:(Redirected from
4383:
4343:
4342:
4333:
4332:
4324:Trees portal
4322:
4321:
4308:
4307:
4294:
4293:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4237:
4236:
3958:Forest gardening
3915:Timber recycling
3862:Invasive species
3750:Tree measurement
3311:
3304:
3297:
3288:
3287:
3143:
3142:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3083:
3077:
3067:
3061:
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3049:
3043:
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3031:
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3028:
3027:
3016:
3010:
3009:
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3006:
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2985:
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2944:
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2925:
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2883:
2877:
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2874:
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2862:
2856:
2855:
2843:
2837:
2827:
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2818:
2816:
2802:
2796:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2730:
2724:
2723:
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2720:
2709:
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2692:
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2631:
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2431:
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2426:
2411:
2405:
2392:
2386:
2369:
2363:
2354:Monge-Nájera, J.
2350:
2344:
2343:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2263:
2253:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2186:. Archived from
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2088:
2082:
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2040:
2032:
2026:
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2023:
2021:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1974:
1964:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1916:(3–4): 171–191.
1905:
1899:
1898:
1870:
1864:
1854:
1848:
1833:Hobgood (2008).
1831:
1825:
1822:
1816:
1804:Susan Woodward.
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1785:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1759:"Dry Rainforest"
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1624:. Archived from
1618:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1503:. In Indonesia,
1485:Papua New Guinea
1154:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1134:
1111:
1103:
1082:
1063:
1049:Yellow anacondas
1045:
1026:
1008:
985:
962:
939:
786:boa constrictors
746:Understory layer
703:Epiphytic plants
674:Canopy (biology)
572:Russian Far East
488:British Columbia
425:addition to the
371:Congo Rainforest
351:Papua New Guinea
323:Tropic of Cancer
303:tropical forests
239:, the resulting
166:
151:
130:
111:
90:
80:Washington state
68:
47:
21:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4349:
4316:
4302:
4288:
4276:
4274:
4262:
4260:
4248:
4246:
4225:
4102:
4079:spruce-pine-fir
4052:Christmas trees
3934:
3850:Illegal logging
3782:
3776:
3491:Controlled burn
3476:
3467:
3448:Social forestry
3428:Energy forestry
3408:Bamboo forestry
3403:Analog forestry
3377:
3320:
3315:
3285:
3219:
3152:
3150:Further reading
3147:
3146:
3131:
3127:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3097:
3084:
3080:
3068:
3064:
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2988:
2979:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2951:
2947:
2884:
2880:
2871:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2844:
2840:
2834:The Independent
2828:
2824:
2814:
2812:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2790:Wayback Machine
2781:
2777:
2768:
2766:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2739:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2718:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2693:
2689:
2650:
2646:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2549:
2545:
2514:
2510:
2465:Phillips, O. L.
2461:
2457:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2422:
2412:
2408:
2393:
2389:
2370:
2366:
2351:
2347:
2316:
2312:
2289:
2285:
2229:Ecology Letters
2220:
2216:
2207:
2205:
2204:. Rain-tree.com
2200:
2199:
2195:
2184:"dendronautics"
2182:
2181:
2177:
2168:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2135:
2131:
2116:10.2307/2257290
2089:
2085:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2006:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1949:New Phytologist
1941:
1937:
1906:
1902:
1871:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1842:Wayback Machine
1832:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1813:Wayback Machine
1803:
1799:
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1783:
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1615:
1610:
1605:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1541:
1533:degraded forest
1411:illegal logging
1376:
1362:
1309:
1299:or removed for
1272:
1254:
1221:
1155:
1144:
1138:
1135:
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1000:
986:
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861:
859:Flora and fauna
814:
808:
754:
748:
676:
670:
630:
610:
604:
596:
568:Sakhalin Island
554:, Highlands of
520:southern Norway
468:
439:
411:Pacific Islands
389:, the southern
383:Central America
335:Myanmar (Burma)
319:equatorial zone
288:
274:
253:
177:
176:
175:
174:
173:
169:Rainforests in
167:
159:
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152:
143:
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131:
123:
122:
112:
103:
102:
101:
91:
83:
82:
69:
60:
59:
58:
48:
37:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4389:
4379:
4378:
4376:Forest ecology
4373:
4368:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4337:
4327:
4313:
4299:
4285:
4271:
4257:
4243:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4211:Timber cruiser
4208:
4206:Shingle weaver
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
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4167:
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4156:
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4088:
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4054:
4044:
4042:Rail transport
4039:
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4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3983:pulp and paper
3980:
3975:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3953:Forest farming
3950:
3944:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3903:
3901:slash-and-char
3898:
3896:slash-and-burn
3893:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3820:Forest dieback
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3513:
3508:
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3493:
3488:
3482:
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3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3463:Urban forestry
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3398:
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3347:
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3333:
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3299:
3291:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3240:EIA in the USA
3237:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3217:External links
3215:
3214:
3213:
3195:
3178:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3125:
3107:
3093:guardian.co.uk
3078:
3062:
3044:
3032:
3011:
2986:
2961:
2945:
2898:(5): 444–451.
2878:
2857:
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2797:
2775:
2746:
2725:
2704:
2687:
2644:
2626:
2577:
2570:
2543:
2524:(8): 332–337.
2508:
2463:Lewis, S. L.;
2455:
2432:
2406:
2387:
2373:Bothrops atrox
2364:
2345:
2310:
2283:
2236:(9): 982–998.
2214:
2193:
2175:
2154:
2147:
2129:
2083:
2072:(1): 431–451.
2056:
2027:
2000:
1986:
1935:
1900:
1865:
1857:
1849:
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1797:
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1578:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1567:Ecology portal
1556:
1540:
1537:
1524:New York Times
1423:slash-and-burn
1361:
1358:
1343:Colin Turnbull
1308:
1305:
1253:
1250:
1246:forest dieback
1225:carbon dioxide
1220:
1217:
1157:
1156:
1115:
1113:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1065:
1058:
1056:
1051:reside in the
1047:
1040:
1038:
1034:Tanjung Puting
1028:
1021:
1019:
1010:
1003:
1001:
987:
980:
978:
964:
957:
955:
941:
934:
860:
857:
822:Blue Mountains
810:Main article:
807:
804:
750:Main article:
747:
744:
672:Main article:
669:
666:
634:emergent layer
629:
628:Emergent layer
626:
606:Main article:
603:
600:
595:
594:Dry rainforest
592:
582:) and also in
552:southern China
506:(parts of the
464:Main article:
438:
435:
431:photosynthesis
331:Southeast Asia
307:monsoon trough
284:Main article:
273:
270:
252:
249:
222:microorganisms
168:
161:
160:
153:
146:
145:
144:
132:
125:
124:
113:
106:
105:
104:
93:Rainforest at
92:
85:
84:
70:
63:
62:
61:
49:
42:
41:
40:
39:
38:
35:
18:Emergent layer
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4388:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4346:
4338:
4336:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4201:Rubber tapper
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4129:Choker setter
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3968:Manufacturing
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3902:
3899:
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3892:
3891:
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3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3805:Deforestation
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3781:Environmental
3779:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3682:reforestation
3680:
3678:
3677:afforestation
3675:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3486:Arboriculture
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3438:Permaforestry
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3307:
3305:
3300:
3298:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3212:
3211:0-19-850147-1
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3194:
3193:0-521-42194-2
3190:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3041:
3036:
3021:
3015:
3001:on 2012-09-30
3000:
2996:
2990:
2976:on 2008-06-08
2975:
2971:
2965:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2867:
2861:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2779:
2765:on 2008-02-06
2764:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2735:
2729:
2714:
2708:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2573:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2547:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2442:
2436:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2218:
2203:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2164:
2158:
2150:
2148:0-444-41986-1
2144:
2140:
2133:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2044:
2037:
2031:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1996:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1875:Human Ecology
1869:
1863:
1853:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1830:
1821:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1782:
1776:
1760:
1754:
1738:
1737:"Rainforests"
1732:
1716:
1715:"Rainforests"
1710:
1694:
1693:"Rainforests"
1688:
1673:
1667:
1653:on 2012-07-08
1652:
1648:
1642:
1628:on 2008-12-05
1627:
1623:
1617:
1613:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1557:
1554:
1548:
1543:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1493:deforestation
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1360:Deforestation
1357:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1307:Native people
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1263:
1258:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1237:deforestation
1234:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1153:
1150:
1142:
1139:February 2020
1132:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1116:This section
1114:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1096:
1088:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1002:
999:
998:South America
995:
991:
984:
979:
976:
972:
968:
961:
956:
953:
949:
945:
938:
933:
932:
931:
929:
925:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
885:invertebrates
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
827:
823:
818:
813:
803:
801:
800:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
776:, as well as
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
753:
743:
741:
740:dendronautics
736:
732:
728:
724:
719:
718:William Beebe
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
689:
688:crown shyness
685:
680:
675:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
625:
623:
619:
615:
609:
599:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
576:South America
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
508:British Isles
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
476:North America
473:
467:
459:
454:
448:
443:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
375:South America
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
287:
278:
269:
267:
263:
259:
248:
246:
242:
238:
237:deforestation
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
212:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
172:
165:
157:
150:
139:
135:
129:
121:
117:
110:
100:
96:
89:
81:
77:
73:
67:
57:
53:
46:
34:
30:
19:
4371:Biodiversity
4315:
4301:
4287:
4273:
4259:
4245:
4238:
4216:Tree planter
4196:Resin tapper
4176:Truck driver
4171:River driver
3920:Tree hugging
3905:
3888:
3855:timber mafia
3845:High grading
3830:Ghost forest
3800:Clearcutting
3723:Silviculture
3699:Horticulture
3543:Fire ecology
3458:Urban forest
3433:Mycoforestry
3393:
3389:Agroforestry
3370:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3337:Forest areas
3335:
3328:
3198:
3181:
3171:
3138:
3128:
3119:
3110:
3098:. Retrieved
3091:
3081:
3074:Usatoday.com
3065:
3056:
3047:
3035:
3024:. Retrieved
3014:
3003:. Retrieved
2999:the original
2989:
2978:. Retrieved
2974:the original
2964:
2948:
2895:
2891:
2881:
2870:. Retrieved
2860:
2851:
2841:
2825:
2813:. Retrieved
2809:
2800:
2778:
2767:. Retrieved
2763:the original
2758:
2749:
2738:. Retrieved
2728:
2717:. Retrieved
2707:
2695:
2690:
2660:(1–3): 137.
2657:
2653:
2647:
2638:
2629:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2553:
2546:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2476:
2472:
2458:
2447:. Retrieved
2435:
2423:. Retrieved
2419:
2409:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2357:
2348:
2326:(1): 38–63.
2323:
2319:
2313:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2233:
2227:
2217:
2206:. Retrieved
2196:
2188:the original
2178:
2167:. Retrieved
2157:
2138:
2132:
2099:
2095:
2086:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2047:. Retrieved
2042:
2030:
2018:. Retrieved
2013:
2003:
1989:
1955:(1): 55–64.
1952:
1948:
1938:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1862:Columbia.edu
1852:
1829:
1820:
1800:
1788:. Retrieved
1775:
1763:. Retrieved
1753:
1741:. Retrieved
1731:
1719:. Retrieved
1709:
1697:. Retrieved
1687:
1676:. Retrieved
1666:
1655:. Retrieved
1651:the original
1641:
1630:. Retrieved
1626:the original
1616:
1576:Cloud forest
1522:
1520:
1513:
1470:
1468:lifestyles.
1443:
1435:E. O. Wilson
1427:clearcutting
1419:agricultural
1397:
1355:
1346:
1333:
1310:
1273:
1233:water vapour
1222:
1190:laterization
1167:soil quality
1160:
1145:
1136:
1125:Please help
1120:verification
1117:
1093:
1053:Amazon basin
967:Bengal tiger
944:Kermode bear
921:
867:, including
862:
833:forest floor
832:
830:
812:Forest floor
806:Forest floor
797:
761:
757:
755:
699:biodiversity
694:
692:
668:Canopy layer
660:and certain
641:
633:
631:
622:forest floor
611:
597:
542:and coastal
538:, including
469:
321:between the
300:
289:
266:cloud forest
254:
241:habitat loss
234:
208:
179:
178:
33:
4366:Rainforests
4240:WikiProject
4164:smokejumper
4144:Firefighter
4107:Occupations
4091:Woodworking
3672:Forestation
3603:restoration
3558:informatics
3423:Ecoforestry
2957:FoxNews.com
2836:5 July 2003
1473:West Africa
1446:urban areas
1421:clearance (
1293:sustainably
1288:plantations
1036:, Indonesia
799:shrub layer
762:understorey
654:butterflies
588:New Zealand
574:coast), in
339:Philippines
180:Rainforests
74:located at
4360:Categories
4186:Lumberjack
4181:Log scaler
4064:engineered
4015:non-timber
3988:sawmilling
3940:Industries
3907:svedjebruk
3618:transition
3598:protection
3588:old-growth
3573:governance
3528:Dendrology
3478:management
3344:Ministries
3201:. 2nd ed.
3184:. 2nd ed.
3026:2012-08-26
3005:2012-08-26
2980:2012-08-26
2923:2346/92751
2872:2012-08-26
2794:ThinkQuest
2769:2020-05-13
2740:2012-08-26
2719:2012-08-26
2449:2012-08-26
2441:"Grida.no"
2208:2012-08-26
2169:2007-11-14
1678:2012-08-26
1657:2012-08-26
1632:2009-01-04
1608:References
1477:Madagascar
1431:extinction
1329:West Papua
1325:New Guinea
1252:Human uses
1163:vegetation
1030:Orangutans
905:chameleons
877:amphibians
841:riverbanks
758:understory
752:Understory
715:naturalist
705:attach to
618:understory
578:(southern
558:, much of
526:along the
500:California
492:Washington
427:atmosphere
377:(e.g. the
357:; also in
251:Definition
218:indigenous
4134:Ecologist
4047:Tree farm
3948:Coppicing
3890:chitemene
3790:Acid rain
3738:allometry
3660:SmartWood
3608:secondary
3593:pathology
3568:inventory
3506:driftwood
3372:Arbor Day
2940:247160560
2932:2398-9629
2092:Webb, Len
1895:153481315
1481:Indonesia
1466:seachange
1458:Australia
1415:hardwoods
1297:exploited
1183:aluminium
1171:bacterial
946:from the
913:Cuculidae
826:Australia
794:seedlings
778:predators
723:crossbows
642:emergents
584:Australia
566:, and on
548:East Asia
536:Black Sea
472:temperate
460:in Canada
413:(such as
409:, and on
407:Australia
361:from the
355:Sri Lanka
347:Indonesia
337:) to the
230:medicines
192:epiphytes
4335:Category
4149:handcrew
4119:Arborist
4114:Forester
4074:mahogany
4020:palm oil
4010:charcoal
3995:Products
3930:Wildfire
3743:breeding
3704:GM trees
3553:dynamics
3365:Journals
3358:Colleges
3318:Forestry
3120:NBC News
3096:. London
2815:11 April
2786:Archived
2621:28971966
2538:10884705
2503:15212094
2425:11 April
2379:(2), 101
2299:: 1–12.
2278:11744558
2270:19614756
1981:33873691
1881:: 1–21.
1838:Archived
1809:Archived
1539:See also
1509:Malaysia
1505:palm oil
1501:biofuels
1497:oil palm
1450:Littoral
1399:Tropical
1209:volcanic
1203:such as
1201:deposits
909:vangidae
889:primates
873:reptiles
849:decaying
790:leopards
780:such as
735:airships
731:balloons
711:branches
686:showing
624:layers.
528:Adriatic
516:Scotland
478:(in the
429:through
403:Calakmul
395:El Peten
363:Cameroon
343:Malaysia
296:rainfall
138:Khao Sok
4345:Outline
4159:lookout
4154:hotshot
4035:tanbark
4005:biomass
4000:biochar
3978:plywood
3963:Logging
3867:wilding
3516:log jam
3473:Ecology
2900:Bibcode
2682:5122043
2662:Bibcode
2639:The Age
2599:Bibcode
2591:Science
2494:1693337
2340:3961711
2238:Bibcode
2163:"Sabah"
2124:2257290
2104:Bibcode
1918:Bibcode
1581:Ecology
1454:coastal
1392:Sumatra
1351:Negrito
1339:pygmies
1280:tourism
1242:drought
1240:due to
1213:erosion
1205:bauxite
1198:mineral
1194:oxisols
1188:by the
1073:, India
1014:in the
992:in the
928:biomass
924:refuges
901:turtles
869:mammals
837:adapted
782:jaguars
774:lizards
662:monkeys
640:called
540:Georgia
532:Galicia
524:Balkans
512:Ireland
415:Hawaiʻi
387:Bosawás
365:to the
292:equator
214:species
184:forests
156:Palawan
52:Chiapas
4191:Ranger
4139:Feller
4124:Bucker
4030:rubber
3973:lumber
3783:topics
3770:volume
3765:height
3711:i-Tree
3548:Forest
3501:coarse
3496:Debris
3395:dehesa
3209:
3191:
3164:Canada
3100:7 July
2938:
2930:
2680:
2619:
2568:
2536:
2501:
2491:
2338:
2276:
2268:
2145:
2122:
1979:
1893:
1790:9 July
1765:9 July
1743:9 July
1721:9 July
1699:9 July
1596:Jungle
1516:Brazil
1388:Borneo
1386:above
1372:, and
1321:Brazil
1276:timber
1186:oxides
990:jaguar
952:Canada
897:snakes
893:felids
845:swamps
770:snakes
707:trunks
695:canopy
650:Eagles
646:canopy
614:canopy
602:Layers
556:Taiwan
546:), in
544:Turkey
504:Europe
502:), in
496:Oregon
484:Alaska
423:oxygen
399:Belize
385:(e.g.
333:(from
216:being
211:biotic
196:lianas
188:canopy
134:Canopy
99:Borneo
56:Mexico
4025:rayon
3760:girth
3755:crown
3716:urban
3613:stand
3521:slash
3511:large
3382:Types
3330:Index
2936:S2CID
2678:S2CID
2444:(PDF)
2398:, 119
2385:110.
2274:S2CID
2120:JSTOR
2049:6 May
2039:(PDF)
2020:6 May
2016:. ABC
1891:S2CID
1784:(PDF)
1407:legal
1336:Mbuti
1313:FUNAI
1229:cloud
1175:humus
1099:Soils
1087:Macaw
975:India
917:Fungi
881:birds
865:fauna
853:fungi
766:birds
638:trees
580:Chile
564:Korea
560:Japan
419:lungs
367:Congo
120:India
4084:teak
4069:fuel
4059:Wood
3879:REDD
3733:Tree
3650:PEFC
3635:ATFS
3207:ISBN
3189:ISBN
3102:2010
2928:ISSN
2817:2019
2617:PMID
2566:ISBN
2534:PMID
2499:PMID
2427:2019
2404:133.
2336:PMID
2266:PMID
2143:ISBN
2051:2022
2022:2022
1977:PMID
1792:2021
1767:2021
1745:2021
1723:2021
1701:2021
1529:acre
1417:and
1409:and
1401:and
1390:and
1384:haze
1181:and
1179:iron
911:and
883:and
831:The
788:and
772:and
756:The
733:and
709:and
693:The
658:bats
632:The
620:and
586:and
562:and
550:(in
514:and
498:and
353:and
325:and
243:and
194:and
182:are
3655:SFI
3645:FSC
3640:CFS
3578:law
3563:IPM
3475:and
2918:hdl
2908:doi
2670:doi
2607:doi
2595:358
2558:doi
2526:doi
2489:PMC
2481:doi
2477:359
2328:doi
2301:doi
2256:hdl
2246:doi
2112:doi
2074:doi
1967:hdl
1957:doi
1953:157
1926:doi
1914:124
1883:doi
1437:of
1129:by
1069:in
1032:in
969:in
760:or
482:in
405:),
381:),
373:),
202:or
136:of
4362::
3205:.
3137:.
3118:.
3090:.
3072:,
3055:.
2955:,
2934:.
2926:.
2916:.
2906:.
2894:.
2890:.
2850:.
2832:,
2808:.
2792:,
2757:.
2698:.
2676:.
2668:.
2658:78
2656:.
2637:.
2615:.
2605:.
2593:.
2589:.
2564:.
2532:.
2522:15
2520:.
2497:.
2487:.
2475:.
2471:.
2418:.
2334:.
2324:29
2322:.
2297:31
2295:.
2272:.
2264:.
2254:.
2244:.
2234:12
2232:.
2226:.
2118:.
2110:.
2100:47
2098:.
2070:18
2068:.
2041:.
2012:.
1975:.
1965:.
1951:.
1947:.
1924:.
1912:.
1889:.
1879:21
1877:.
1535:.
1448:.
1425:,
1368:,
1345:,
1303:.
1244:,
1085:A
996:,
988:A
973:,
965:A
950:,
942:A
903:,
899:,
891:,
879:,
875:,
871:,
843:,
824:,
784:,
768:,
742:.
725:.
656:,
652:,
616:,
590:.
518:,
494:,
490:,
486:,
433:.
349:,
345:,
341:,
264:,
260:,
247:.
118:,
97:,
78:,
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3310:e
3303:t
3296:v
3141:.
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3059:.
3029:.
3008:.
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2920::
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2896:5
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2854:.
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2401:-
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2307:.
2303::
2280:.
2258::
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2240::
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2080:.
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2053:.
2024:.
1997:.
1983:.
1969::
1959::
1932:.
1928::
1920::
1897:.
1885::
1858:2
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1152:)
1146:(
1141:)
1137:(
1123:.
401:-
397:-
393:-
369:(
31:.
20:)
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