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conservative and conciliatory policy, and announced that they would reverse it on the very day the Cortes met. Warnings came in plenty, and no less a personage than the man he had made captain-general of Madrid, General Pavia, suggested that, if a conflict arose between
Castelar and the majority of the Cortes, not only the garrison of Madrid and its chief, but all the armies in the field and their generals, were disposed to stand by the president. Castelar knew too well what such offers meant in the classic land of
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505:, Pavia. This resignation was not an unfortunate event for the country, as the federal Cortes not only made Castelar chief of the executive, though his partisans were in a minority in the Parliament, but they gave him much liberty to act, as they decided to suspend the sittings of the house until 2 January 1874. This was the turning-point of the Spanish revolution, as from that day the tide set in towards the successive developments that led to the restoration of the
306:, but soon elected to compete for admission to the School of Philosophy and Letters, where he earned a doctorate in 1853. He was an obscure republican student during the Spanish revolutionary movement of 1854, and the young liberals and democrats of that era decided to hold a meeting in the largest theatre of the capital. On that occasion Castelar delivered his maiden speech, which at once placed him in the political vanguard of the reign of
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677:. During that period he became even more estranged from the majority of the republicans. Bitter experience had shown him that their federal doctrines and revolutionary methods could lead to nothing in harmony with the aspirations of the majority of Spaniards. He was elected, to use his own words, "to defend and to seek the realization of the substance of the program of the
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remainder of his life to those literary, historical, philosophical, and economic studies which he had never neglected even in the busiest days of his political career. Indeed, it was his extraordinary activity and power of assimilation in such directions that allowed him to keep his fellow-countrymen so well informed of what was going on in the outer world.
586:, and remained to the end a close friend of Castelar. He put a stop to all persecutions of the Church and religious orders, and enforced respect of Church property. He attempted to restore some order in the treasury and administration of finance, with a view to obtain ways and means to cover the expense of the three civil wars, Carlist, cantonal and
406:, and Castelar. The short-lived federal republic from 11 February 1873 to 3 January 1874 was the culmination of the career of Castelar, and his conduct during those eleven months was much praised by the wiser part of his countrymen, though it alienated from him the sympathies of the majority of his sometime friends in the republican ranks.
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In this latter period
Castelar acted as a sort of independent auxiliary of Sagasta and of the Liberal party. As soon as Castelar saw universal suffrage re-established he solemnly declared in the Cortes that his task was accomplished, his political mission at an end, and that he proposed to devote the
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On becoming the ruler of Spain at the beginning of
September 1873, Castelar at once devoted his attention to the reorganization of the army, whose numbers had dwindled down to about 70,000 men. This force, though aided by considerable bodies of local militia and volunteers in the northern and western
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At first
Castelar did his best to work with the other republican members of the first government of the federal republic. He accepted the post of minister for foreign affairs. Castelar even went so far as to side with his colleagues, when serious difficulties arose between the new government and the
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This was the darkest period of the annals of the
Spanish revolution of 1873–1874. Matters got to such a climax of disorder, disturbance and confusion from the highest to the lowest strata of Spanish society, that the president of the executive, Figueras, deserted his post and fled the country. Pi y
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in order to avert the triumph of the republicans. The adversaries of the executive were prompted by the captain-general of Madrid, Pavia, who promised the co-operation of the garrison of the capital. The president, Salmeron, and
Marshal Serrano himself lacked decision at the last moment, and lost
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constitution to keep in touch with the regionalist and provincialist inclinations of many parts of the
Peninsula. He would have placed at the head of his commonwealth a president and Cortes freely elected by the people, ruling the country in a liberal spirit and with due respect for conservative
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The battalions and the militia that had assembled in the bullring near
Marshal Serrano's house to assist the anti-democratic movement were disarmed, and their leaders, the politicians and generals, were allowed to escape to France or Portugal. The Cortes were dissolved, and the federal and
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and even from many of the political elements of the
Spanish revolution that were not republican. On the other hand, on the eve of the meeting of the federal Cortes, he could indulge in no illusions as to what he had to expect from the bulk of the republicans, who openly dissented from his
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and Prim, who had never cherished the idea of establishing an advanced democracy, and who each had his own scheme for re-establishing the monarchy with certain constitutional restrictions. Hence arose
Castelar's constant and vigorous criticisms of the successive plans mooted to place a
491:, Sanchez, Bregna, and Moriones, to assume the command of the armies in the south and in the north of Spain. Fortunately these officers responded to the call of the executive. In less than five weeks a few thousand men properly handled sufficed to quell the cantonal risings in
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king, which had suspended its sittings shortly after proclaiming the federal republic. A sharp struggle was carried on for weeks between the executive and this commission, at first presided over by Martos, and, when he resigned, by Salmeron. In the background
627:, and he refused so flatly that Pavia did not renew his advice. The Cortes met on 2 January 1874. The intransigent majority refused to listen to a last eloquent appeal that Castelar made to their patriotism and common sense, and they passed a vote of
631:. Castelar resigned. The Cortes went on wrangling for a day and night until, at daybreak on 3 January 1874, General Pavia forcibly ejected the deputies, closed and dissolved the Cortes, and called up Marshal Serrano to form a provisional government.
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king of Spain. Castelar then went into voluntary exile for fifteen months, at the end of which he was elected deputy for Barcelona. He sat in all subsequent parliaments, and just a month before his death he was elected as representative of
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time and many opportunities by which the republican ministers profited. The federal republicans became masters of the situation in the last fortnight of April 1873, and turned the tables on their adversaries by making a peaceful bloodless
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by evolution, and legal, peaceful means." Hence the contrast between his attitude from 1876 to 1886, during the reign of Alphonso, when he stood in the front rank of the opposition, to defend the reforms of that revolution against Señor
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constituent Cortes of the republic convened, but they only sat during the summer of 1873, long enough to show their absolute incapacity, and to convince the executive that the safest policy was to suspend the session for several months.
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Amadeus' abdication led to the proclamation of the Federal Republic. The Senate and Congress, very largely composed of monarchists, permitted themselves to be dragged along into democracy by the republican minority headed by
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Margall and Salmeron, in successive attempts to govern, found no support in the really important and influential elements of Spanish society. Salmeron had even to appeal to such well-known reactionary generals as
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Before the Revolution of 1868, Castelar had begun to dissent from the doctrines of the more advanced republicans, and particularly as to the means to be employed for their success. He abhorred bloodshed, disliked
605:, whom he peremptorily instructed to crush the mutinous spirit of the Cuban militia, and not allow them to drag Spain into a conflict with the U.S. Acting upon the instructions of Castelar, Jovellar gave up the
495:, Seville, Cádiz and Málaga, and the whole of the south might have been soon pacified, if the federal republican ministers had not once more given way to the pressure of the majority of the Cortes, composed of
771:, and some historical novels. Castelar died near Murcia on 25 May 1899, at the age of sixty-six. His funeral at Madrid was an imposing demonstration of the sympathy and respect of all classes and parties.
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From that moment on, he took an active part in politics, radical journalism, and literary and historical pursuits. Castelar was involved in the First Uprising of June 1866, which was organized by
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At the end of 1873 Castelar had reason to be satisfied with the results of his efforts, with the military operations in the peninsula, with the assistance he was getting from the
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president of the Cortes, Señor Martos, who was backed by a very imposing commission composed of the most influential conservative members of the last parliament of the
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and radical republicans. The president, Salmeron, after showing much indecision, resigned, but not until he had recalled the general in command in
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His literary and journalistic labors occupied much of his time, and were his chief means of subsistence. He established a daily newspaper,
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to death by garrote, and he had to hide at a friend's house until he could escape to France. There he lived two years until the successful
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356:. Castelar soon became famous for his speeches in the Constituent Cortes of 1869, where he led the republican minority in advocating a
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Castelar kept apart from active politics during the twelve months that Serrano acted as president of the republic. Another
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on the throne. He attacked with relentless vigour the short-lived monarchy of Amadeus, and contributed to its downfall.
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At the age of seven he lost his father, who had taken an active part in the progressive agitations during the reign of
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613:. Castelar always prided himself on having terminated this incident without too much damage to the prestige of Spain.
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256:(7 September 1832 – 25 May 1899) was a Spanish republican politician, and a president of the
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267:. He was an eloquent orator and a writer. Appointed as Head of State in 1873 in the midst of the
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as the logical outcome of the recent revolution. He thus gave much trouble to men like Serrano,
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Castelar next turned his attention to the Church. He renewed direct relations with the
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finally put an end to it in the last week of December 1874, when Generals Campos at
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and Cartagena. To supply the deficiencies Castelar called out more than 100,000
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926:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 469–471.
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935: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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and having been given full powers by the Parliament, he ruled by
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Presidents of the Executive Power of the First Spanish Republic
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to approve his selection of two dignitaries to occupy vacant
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and many politicians and military men steadily advocated a
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An aging Castelar, with some friends in Murcia (including
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A History of Civilization in the First Five Centuries of
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Government ministers during the First Spanish Republic
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principles, religious traditions, and national unity.
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provinces, was insufficient to cope with the 60,000
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1027:7 September 1873 – 4 January 1874
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1023:President of the Provisional Government of Spain
736:The History of the Republican Movement in Europe
981:11 February 1873 – 11 June 1873
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31: and the second or maternal family name is
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954:. London and New York: Frederick Warne.
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769:History of the Discovery of America
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277:a coup led by General Pavía
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189:Emilio Castelar y Ripoll
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1014:The Duke of la Torre
869:. Hemeroteca Digital
758:The Eastern Question
513:Ruler of Spain, 1873
440:Monument to Castelar
389:The Federal Republic
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1081:Estanislao Figueras
1064:Presidents of Spain
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1383:1899 deaths
1378:1832 births
1178:(1939–1977)
1118:(1931–1939)
1074:(1873–1874)
942:Wood, James
753:Middle Ages
468:coup d'etat
212:25 May 1899
166: [
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139:Preceded by
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1372:Categories
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775:References
731:Lord Byron
607:filibuster
532:conscripts
371:Portuguese
290:Early life
195:1832-09-07
987:José Muro
788:Wood 1907
593:Virginius
544:Catalonia
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462:Serrano
328:Serrano
300:England
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346:Cortes
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273:decree
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1257:seat
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489:Pavia
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265:Cádiz
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