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conservative and conciliatory policy, and announced that they would reverse it on the very day the Cortes met. Warnings came in plenty, and no less a personage than the man he had made captain-general of Madrid, General Pavia, suggested that, if a conflict arose between
Castelar and the majority of the Cortes, not only the garrison of Madrid and its chief, but all the armies in the field and their generals, were disposed to stand by the president. Castelar knew too well what such offers meant in the classic land of
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516:, Pavia. This resignation was not an unfortunate event for the country, as the federal Cortes not only made Castelar chief of the executive, though his partisans were in a minority in the Parliament, but they gave him much liberty to act, as they decided to suspend the sittings of the house until 2 January 1874. This was the turning-point of the Spanish revolution, as from that day the tide set in towards the successive developments that led to the restoration of the
317:, but soon elected to compete for admission to the School of Philosophy and Letters, where he earned a doctorate in 1853. He was an obscure republican student during the Spanish revolutionary movement of 1854, and the young liberals and democrats of that era decided to hold a meeting in the largest theatre of the capital. On that occasion Castelar delivered his maiden speech, which at once placed him in the political vanguard of the reign of
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912:
688:. During that period he became even more estranged from the majority of the republicans. Bitter experience had shown him that their federal doctrines and revolutionary methods could lead to nothing in harmony with the aspirations of the majority of Spaniards. He was elected, to use his own words, "to defend and to seek the realization of the substance of the program of the
713:
remainder of his life to those literary, historical, philosophical, and economic studies which he had never neglected even in the busiest days of his political career. Indeed, it was his extraordinary activity and power of assimilation in such directions that allowed him to keep his fellow-countrymen so well informed of what was going on in the outer world.
597:, and remained to the end a close friend of Castelar. He put a stop to all persecutions of the Church and religious orders, and enforced respect of Church property. He attempted to restore some order in the treasury and administration of finance, with a view to obtain ways and means to cover the expense of the three civil wars, Carlist, cantonal and
417:, and Castelar. The short-lived federal republic from 11 February 1873 to 3 January 1874 was the culmination of the career of Castelar, and his conduct during those eleven months was much praised by the wiser part of his countrymen, though it alienated from him the sympathies of the majority of his sometime friends in the republican ranks.
712:
In this latter period
Castelar acted as a sort of independent auxiliary of Sagasta and of the Liberal party. As soon as Castelar saw universal suffrage re-established he solemnly declared in the Cortes that his task was accomplished, his political mission at an end, and that he proposed to devote the
528:
On becoming the ruler of Spain at the beginning of
September 1873, Castelar at once devoted his attention to the reorganization of the army, whose numbers had dwindled down to about 70,000 men. This force, though aided by considerable bodies of local militia and volunteers in the northern and western
465:
At first
Castelar did his best to work with the other republican members of the first government of the federal republic. He accepted the post of minister for foreign affairs. Castelar even went so far as to side with his colleagues, when serious difficulties arose between the new government and the
497:
This was the darkest period of the annals of the
Spanish revolution of 1873–1874. Matters got to such a climax of disorder, disturbance and confusion from the highest to the lowest strata of Spanish society, that the president of the executive, Figueras, deserted his post and fled the country. Pi y
483:
in order to avert the triumph of the republicans. The adversaries of the executive were prompted by the captain-general of Madrid, Pavia, who promised the co-operation of the garrison of the capital. The president, Salmeron, and
Marshal Serrano himself lacked decision at the last moment, and lost
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constitution to keep in touch with the regionalist and provincialist inclinations of many parts of the
Peninsula. He would have placed at the head of his commonwealth a president and Cortes freely elected by the people, ruling the country in a liberal spirit and with due respect for conservative
493:
The battalions and the militia that had assembled in the bullring near
Marshal Serrano's house to assist the anti-democratic movement were disarmed, and their leaders, the politicians and generals, were allowed to escape to France or Portugal. The Cortes were dissolved, and the federal and
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and even from many of the political elements of the
Spanish revolution that were not republican. On the other hand, on the eve of the meeting of the federal Cortes, he could indulge in no illusions as to what he had to expect from the bulk of the republicans, who openly dissented from his
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and Prim, who had never cherished the idea of establishing an advanced democracy, and who each had his own scheme for re-establishing the monarchy with certain constitutional restrictions. Hence arose
Castelar's constant and vigorous criticisms of the successive plans mooted to place a
502:, Sanchez, Bregna, and Moriones, to assume the command of the armies in the south and in the north of Spain. Fortunately these officers responded to the call of the executive. In less than five weeks a few thousand men properly handled sufficed to quell the cantonal risings in
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king, which had suspended its sittings shortly after proclaiming the federal republic. A sharp struggle was carried on for weeks between the executive and this commission, at first presided over by Martos, and, when he resigned, by Salmeron. In the background
638:, and he refused so flatly that Pavia did not renew his advice. The Cortes met on 2 January 1874. The intransigent majority refused to listen to a last eloquent appeal that Castelar made to their patriotism and common sense, and they passed a vote of
642:. Castelar resigned. The Cortes went on wrangling for a day and night until, at daybreak on 3 January 1874, General Pavia forcibly ejected the deputies, closed and dissolved the Cortes, and called up Marshal Serrano to form a provisional government.
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king of Spain. Castelar then went into voluntary exile for fifteen months, at the end of which he was elected deputy for Barcelona. He sat in all subsequent parliaments, and just a month before his death he was elected as representative of
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time and many opportunities by which the republican ministers profited. The federal republicans became masters of the situation in the last fortnight of April 1873, and turned the tables on their adversaries by making a peaceful bloodless
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by evolution, and legal, peaceful means." Hence the contrast between his attitude from 1876 to 1886, during the reign of Alphonso, when he stood in the front rank of the opposition, to defend the reforms of that revolution against Señor
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constituent Cortes of the republic convened, but they only sat during the summer of 1873, long enough to show their absolute incapacity, and to convince the executive that the safest policy was to suspend the session for several months.
404:
Amadeus' abdication led to the proclamation of the Federal Republic. The Senate and Congress, very largely composed of monarchists, permitted themselves to be dragged along into democracy by the republican minority headed by
498:
Margall and Salmeron, in successive attempts to govern, found no support in the really important and influential elements of Spanish society. Salmeron had even to appeal to such well-known reactionary generals as
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Before the Revolution of 1868, Castelar had begun to dissent from the doctrines of the more advanced republicans, and particularly as to the means to be employed for their success. He abhorred bloodshed, disliked
616:, whom he peremptorily instructed to crush the mutinous spirit of the Cuban militia, and not allow them to drag Spain into a conflict with the U.S. Acting upon the instructions of Castelar, Jovellar gave up the
506:, Seville, Cádiz and Málaga, and the whole of the south might have been soon pacified, if the federal republican ministers had not once more given way to the pressure of the majority of the Cortes, composed of
782:, and some historical novels. Castelar died near Murcia on 25 May 1899, at the age of sixty-six. His funeral at Madrid was an imposing demonstration of the sympathy and respect of all classes and parties.
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From that moment on, he took an active part in politics, radical journalism, and literary and historical pursuits. Castelar was involved in the First Uprising of June 1866, which was organized by
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At the end of 1873 Castelar had reason to be satisfied with the results of his efforts, with the military operations in the peninsula, with the assistance he was getting from the
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president of the Cortes, Señor Martos, who was backed by a very imposing commission composed of the most influential conservative members of the last parliament of the
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and radical republicans. The president, Salmeron, after showing much indecision, resigned, but not until he had recalled the general in command in
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His literary and journalistic labors occupied much of his time, and were his chief means of subsistence. He established a daily newspaper,
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to death by garrote, and he had to hide at a friend's house until he could escape to France. There he lived two years until the successful
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367:. Castelar soon became famous for his speeches in the Constituent Cortes of 1869, where he led the republican minority in advocating a
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17:
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727:, in Madrid in 1875. He left unfinished a history of Europe in the 19th century. The most conspicuous of his earlier works were:
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545:, who joined the colors in less than six weeks. He selected his generals without respect of politics, sending Moriones to the
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Castelar kept apart from active politics during the twelve months that Serrano acted as president of the republic. Another
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on the throne. He attacked with relentless vigour the short-lived monarchy of Amadeus, and contributed to its downfall.
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At the age of seven he lost his father, who had taken an active part in the progressive agitations during the reign of
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624:. Castelar always prided himself on having terminated this incident without too much damage to the prestige of Spain.
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267:(7 September 1832 – 25 May 1899) was a Spanish republican politician, and a president of the
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278:. He was an eloquent orator and a writer. Appointed as Head of State in 1873 in the midst of the
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as the logical outcome of the recent revolution. He thus gave much trouble to men like Serrano,
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612:. Castelar sent out to Cuba all the reinforcements he could spare, and a new governor-general,
433:. His idea would have been a parliamentary republic on American lines, with some traits of the
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vessels, and those of the crew and passengers who had not been summarily shot by General
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Castelar next turned his attention to the Church. He renewed direct relations with the
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finally put an end to it in the last week of December 1874, when Generals Campos at
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and Cartagena. To supply the deficiencies Castelar called out more than 100,000
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937:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 469–471.
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313:. He attended a grammar school at Sax. In 1848 he began to study law in
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601:. The Cuban insurgents gave him much trouble and anxiety, the famous
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946: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
363:. At the same time he resumed the professorship of history at the
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and having been given full powers by the Parliament, he ruled by
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333:, and crushed, after much bloodshed, in the streets by Marshals
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Presidents of the Executive Power of the First Spanish Republic
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565:, where the crews of Spain's only fleet had joined the revolt.
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to approve his selection of two dignitaries to occupy vacant
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and many politicians and military men steadily advocated a
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An aging Castelar, with some friends in Murcia (including
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729:
A History of Civilization in the First Five Centuries of
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Government ministers during the First Spanish Republic
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principles, religious traditions, and national unity.
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provinces, was insufficient to cope with the 60,000
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608:nearly leading to a rupture between Spain and the
533:in arms, and with the still formidable nucleus of
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1038:7 September 1873 – 4 January 1874
1019:7 September 1873 – 3 January 1874
1380:
1034:President of the Provisional Government of Spain
747:The History of the Republican Movement in Europe
992:11 February 1873 – 11 June 1873
792:
42: and the second or maternal family name is
1419:Presidents of the Congress of Deputies (Spain)
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1059:
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355:allowed him to return and take a seat in the
309:, and had spent several years as an exile in
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97:7 September 1873 – 3 January 1874
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1015:President of the Executive Power of Spain
297:among other works of political interest.
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1404:Complutense University of Madrid alumni
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965:. London and New York: Frederick Warne.
549:and Navarre at the head of 20,000 men,
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14:
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697:, and his attitude from 1886 to 1891.
585:as well as his nominee for the vacant
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1409:Members of the Royal Spanish Academy
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593:who afterwards became archbishop of
144:25 April 1880 – 25 May 1899
780:History of the Discovery of America
24:
425:, and did not approve of military
25:
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1222:^President of the Executive Power
442:First Federal Republic Government
359:for the first time as deputy for
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878:"Title: El Globo (Madrid. 1875)"
704:Funeral ceremony passing by the
365:Complutense University of Madrid
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85:President of the Executive Power
1290:Antonio Ventura de Prado (1743)
27:19th-century Spanish politician
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13:
1:
1306:Martín Fernández de Navarrete
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300:
295:Republican Movement in Europe
1360:Alonso Zamora Vicente (1967)
1331:Jacinto Octavio Picón (1900)
34:, the first or paternal
7:
557:with several thousand, and
288:a coup led by General Pavía
10:
1450:
1318:Pedro Felipe Monlau (1859)
1313:Manuel López Cepero (1847)
690:Spanish revolution of 1868
293:He wrote a history of the
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1353:Melchor Fernández Almagro
1283:Andrés González de Barcia
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1187:Spanish Republic in exile
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1104:Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso
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925:Castelar y Ripoll, Emilio
923:Houghton, A. E. (1911). "
762:Historical Essays on the
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1414:Prime ministers of Spain
1295:Fernando Magallón (1754)
1226:^^^Interim head of state
1110:Emilio Castelar y Ripoll
962:The Nuttall Encyclopædia
758:The Religious Revolution
667:, Jovellar at Valencia,
265:Emilio Castelar y Ripoll
200:Emilio Castelar y Ripoll
18:Emilio Castelar y Ripoll
1212:José Maldonado González
934:Encyclopædia Britannica
716:
569:Castelar and the Church
325:Start of political life
286:. He left office after
1399:Politicians from Cádiz
1337:José Francos Rodríguez
1265:Real Academia Española
1224:^^Acting head of state
736:Recollections of Italy
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653:and José García Vaso).
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577:, and at last induced
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269:First Spanish Republic
241:Saint Isidore Cemetery
132:Real Academia Española
1202:Diego Martínez Barrio
1164:Diego Martínez Barrio
1153:Diego Martínez Barrio
1098:Francesc Pi i Margall
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415:Francesc Pi i Margall
274:Castelar was born in
230:San Pedro del Pinatar
174:Jacinto Octavio Picón
1345:Niceto Alcalá-Zamora
1300:Enrique Ramos (1782)
1207:Luis Jiménez de Asúa
1148:Niceto Alcalá-Zamora
1136:Niceto Alcalá-Zamora
1025:The Duke of la Torre
880:. Hemeroteca Digital
769:The Eastern Question
524:Ruler of Spain, 1873
451:Monument to Castelar
400:The Federal Republic
290:the following year.
1424:Spanish republicans
1092:Estanislao Figueras
1075:Presidents of Spain
867:, pp. 470–471.
832:, pp. 469–470.
563:Canton of Cartagena
386:Duke of Montpensier
155:Pedro Felipe Monlau
1196:Álvaro de Albornoz
973:Political offices
751:The Redemption of
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353:Revolution of 1868
54:The Most Excellent
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1170:Segismundo Casado
1116:Francisco Serrano
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1022:Succeeded by
995:Succeeded by
988:Minister of State
280:Third Carlist War
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120:Francisco Serrano
16:(Redirected from
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1189:(1939–1977)
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953:Wood, James
764:Middle Ages
479:coup d'etat
223:25 May 1899
177: [
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1383:Categories
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786:References
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618:filibuster
543:conscripts
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301:Early life
206:1832-09-07
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799:Wood 1907
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311:England
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357:Cortes
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284:decree
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539:Alcoy
500:Pavia
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