Emmett Till - Knowledge

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it?" Bryant said she freed herself, and Till said, "You needn't be afraid of me, baby", used "one 'unprintable' word" and said "I've been with white women before." Bryant also alleged that one of Till's companions came into the store, grabbed him by the arm, and ordered him to leave. According to historian Timothy Tyson, Bryant admitted to him in a 2008 interview that her testimony during the trial that Till had made verbal and physical advances was false. Bryant had testified Till grabbed her waist and uttered obscenities but later told Tyson, "that part's not true." As for the rest of what happened, the 72-year-old stated she could not remember. Bryant is quoted by Tyson as saying, "Nothing that boy did could ever justify what happened to him." However, the tape recordings that Tyson made of the interviews with Bryant do not contain Bryant saying this. In addition, Bryant's daughter-in-law, who was present during Tyson's interviews, says that Bryant never said it.

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obscenities, saying "that part's not true". The jury did not hear Bryant's testimony at the trial as the judge had ruled it inadmissible, but the court spectators heard. The defense wanted Bryant's testimony as evidence for a possible appeal in case of a conviction. In the 2007 interview, the 72-year-old Bryant said she could not remember the rest of the events that occurred between her and Till in the grocery store. Tyson also reported her as saying: "nothing that boy did could ever justify what happened to him." Tyson said that Roy Bryant had been abusive toward Carolyn, and "it was clear she was frightened of her husband." Tyson believed Bryant embellished her testimony under coercive circumstances. Bryant described Milam as "domineering and brutal and not a kind man". An editorial in

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total of eight people in the cabin. Milam asked Wright to take them to "the nigger who did the talking." Till's great-aunt offered the men money, but Milam refused as he rushed Emmett to put on his clothes. Mose Wright informed the men that Till was from up north and did not know any better. Milam reportedly then asked, "How old are you, preacher?" to which Wright responded, "64." Milam threatened that if Wright told anybody, he would not live to see 65. The men marched Till out to the truck. Wright said he heard them ask someone in the car if this was the boy, and heard someone say "yes." When asked if the voice was that of a man or a woman Wright said that "it seemed like it was a lighter voice than a man's." In a 1956 interview with

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released him that night. The defense attorneys attempted to prove that Mose Wright—who was addressed as "Uncle Mose" by the prosecution and "Mose" by the defense—could not identify Bryant and Milam as the men who took Till from his cabin. They noted that only Milam's flashlight had been in use that night, and no other lights in the house were turned on. Milam and Bryant had identified themselves to Wright the evening they took Till; Wright said he had only seen Milam clearly. Wright's testimony was considered remarkably courageous. It may have been the first time in the South that a black man had testified to the guilt of a white man in court—and lived.

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having to be dragged unwillingly out of the store by another boy. Anderson further notes that many remarks prior to Till's kidnapping made by those involved indicate that it was his remarks to Bryant that angered his killers, rather than any alleged physical harassment. For instance, Mose Wright (a witness to the kidnapping) said that the kidnappers mentioned only "talk" at the store, and Sheriff George Smith only spoke of the arrested killers accusing Till of "ugly remarks." Anderson suggests that this evidence taken together implies that the more extreme details of Bryant's story were invented after the fact as part of the defense's legal strategy.

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Whitaker noted that this had been a mistake, as those who knew the defendants usually disliked them. One juror voted twice to convict, but on the third discussion, voted with the rest of the jury to acquit. In later interviews, the jurors acknowledged that they knew Bryant and Milam were guilty, but simply did not believe that life imprisonment or the death penalty were fit punishment for whites who had killed a black man. However, two jurors said as late as 2005 that they believed the defense's case. They also said that the prosecution had not proved that Till had died, nor that it was his body that was removed from the river.

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local boys then dared Till to speak to Bryant. However, in his 2009 book, Till's cousin Simeon Wright, who was present, disputed the accounts of Huie and Jones. According to Wright, Till did not have a photo of a white girl, and nobody dared him to flirt with Bryant. Speaking in 2015, Wright said: "We didn't dare him to go to the store—the white folk said that. They said that he had pictures of his white girlfriend. There were no pictures. They never talked to me. They never interviewed me." The FBI report completed in 2006 notes: " Jones recanted his 1955 statements prior to his death and apologized to Mamie Till-Mobley".

2618: 1114:, deplored the murder, asserting that local authorities should pursue a "vigorous prosecution." He sent a telegram to the national offices of the NAACP, promising a full investigation and assuring them "Mississippi does not condone such conduct." Delta residents, both black and white, also distanced themselves from Till's murder, finding the circumstances abhorrent. Local newspaper editorials denounced the murderers without question. Leflore County Deputy Sheriff John Cothran stated, "The white people around here feel pretty mad about the way that poor little boy was treated, and they won't stand for this." 989:

Niggers ain't gonna vote where I live. If they did, they'd control the government. They ain't gonna go to school with my kids. And when a nigger gets close to mentioning sex with a white woman, he's tired o' livin'. I'm likely to kill him. Me and my folks fought for this country, and we got some rights. I stood there in that shed and listened to that nigger throw that poison at me, and I just made up my mind. 'Chicago boy,' I said, 'I'm tired of 'em sending your kind down here to stir up trouble. Goddam you, I'm going to make an example of you—just so everybody can know how me and my folks stand.'

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grand jury. After the trial, T. R. M. Howard paid the costs of relocating to Chicago for Wright, Reed, and another black witness who testified against Milam and Bryant, in order to protect the three witnesses from reprisals for having testified. Reed, who later changed his name to Willie Louis to avoid being found, continued to live in the Chicago area until his death on July 18, 2013. He avoided publicity and even kept his history secret from his wife until she was told by a relative. Reed began to speak publicly about the case in the

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meaning that vandals had to go out of the way to get to it. Its replacement was soon also shot up, as was the replacement sign after that. In October 2019, a new bulletproof sign costing over $ 10,000, and weighing over 500 pounds (230 kg) was installed. In November 2019, a group of white supremacists was caught making a propaganda video in front of the sign raising new concerns that more vandalism was being planned. The group was carrying a white flag with a black St. Andrews cross, a flag commonly used by a racist

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of a pickup truck, and took him to be identified by a companion of Carolyn's who had witnessed the episode with Till. Friends or parents vouched for the boy in Bryant's store, and Carolyn's companion denied that the boy Bryant and Washington seized was the one who had accosted her. Somehow, Bryant learned that the boy in the incident was from Chicago and was staying with Mose Wright. Several witnesses overheard Bryant and his 36-year-old half-brother, John William "J. W." Milam, discussing taking Till from his house.

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testified that they heard someone being beaten, blows, and cries. One testified so quietly the judge ordered him several times to speak louder; he said he heard the victim call out: "Mama, Lord have mercy. Lord have mercy." Sheriff Strider testified for the defense of his theory that Till was alive and that the body retrieved from the river was white. A doctor from Greenwood stated on the stand that the body was too decomposed to identify, and therefore had been in the water too long for it to be Till.

1888: 15855: 2681: 1534:. In a 1985 interview, Bryant denied killing Till despite having admitted to it in 1956, but said: "if Emmett Till hadn't got out of line, it probably wouldn't have happened to him." Fearing economic boycotts and retaliation, Bryant lived a private life and refused to be photographed or reveal the exact location of his store, explaining: "this new generation is different and I don't want to worry about a bullet some dark night". He died of cancer on September 1, 1994, at the age of 63. 1545:, who was greatly moved by Till's open-casket photograph, started background research for a feature film he planned to make about Till's murder. He asserted that as many as 14 people may have been involved, including Carolyn Bryant Donham (who by this point had remarried). Mose Wright heard someone with "a lighter voice" affirm that Till was the one in his front yard immediately before Bryant and Milam drove away with the boy. Beauchamp spent the next nine years producing 2874:

what would have been 164 miles (264 km) looking for a place to dispose of Till's body, to the cotton gin to obtain the fan, and back again, which the FBI noted would have been impossible in the time available before they were seen to have returned. Several witnesses recalled that they saw Bryant, Milam, and two or more black men with Till's beaten body in the back of the pickup truck in Glendora, yet they did not tell Huie they were in Glendora. (FBI, , pp. 86–96.)

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Stephen Whitfield writes that the lack of attention paid to identifying or finding Till is "strange" compared to the amount of published discourse about his father. According to historians Davis Houck and Matthew Grindy, "Louis Till became a most important rhetorical pawn in the high-stakes game of north versus south, black versus white, NAACP versus White Citizens' Councils." In 2016, reviewing the facts of the rapes and murder for which Louis Till had been executed,

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years old, Till, with a butcher knife in hand, told Bradley he would kill him if the man did not leave. Till was typically happy, however. He and his cousins and friends pulled pranks on each other (Till once took advantage of an extended car ride when his friend fell asleep and placed the friend's underwear on his head), and they also spent their free time in pickup baseball games. Till was a smart dresser, and was often the center of attention among his peers.

1927:. His mother Mamie Till-Mobley attended and later wrote in her memoirs: "I realized that Emmett had achieved the significant impact in death that he had been denied in life. Even so, I had never wanted Emmett to be a martyr. I only wanted him to be a good son. Although I realized all the great things that had been accomplished largely because of the sacrifices made by so many people, I found myself wishing that somehow we could have done it another way." 1052:

the back and the hips, and his body weighted by a fan blade fastened around his neck with barbed wire. Till was nude, but wearing a silver ring with the initials "L. T." and "May 25, 1943" carved in it. His face was unrecognizable due to trauma and having been submerged in water. Mose Wright was called to the river to identify Till. The silver ring that Till was wearing was removed, returned to Wright, and passed on to the district attorney as evidence.

1313: 1099:, editorials and letters to the editor were printed expressing shame at the people who had caused Till's death. One read, "Now is the time for every citizen who loves the state of Mississippi to 'Stand up and be counted' before hoodlum white trash brings us to destruction." The letter said that Negroes were not the downfall of Mississippi society, but whites like those in White Citizens' Councils that condoned violence. 11392: 11061: 457:

sympathy across the United States. Intense scrutiny was brought to bear on the lack of black civil rights in Mississippi, with newspapers around the U.S. critical of the state. Although local newspapers and law enforcement officials initially decried the violence against Till and called for justice, they responded to national criticism by defending Mississippians, giving support to the killers.

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reporters were required to sit in the segregated black section and away from the white press, farther from the jury. Sheriff Strider welcomed black spectators coming back from lunch with a cheerful, "Hello, Niggers!" Some visitors from the North found the court to be run with surprising informality. Jury members were allowed to drink beer on duty, and many white male spectators wore handguns.

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sharecroppers and had been picking cotton all day. The market mostly served the local sharecropper population and was owned by a white couple, 24-year-old Roy Bryant and his 21-year-old wife Carolyn. Carolyn was alone in the front of the store that day; her sister-in-law Juanita Milam was in the rear of the store watching children. A number of other local youths were playing or watching a

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killed, the number of registered voters in those three counties dropped to 90. By the end of 1955, 14 Mississippi counties had no registered black voters. The Mississippi Freedom Summer of 1964 registered 63,000 black voters in a simplified process administered by the project; they formed their own political party because they were closed out of the Democratic Regulars in Mississippi.

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They put Till in the back of their truck, and drove to a cotton gin to take a 70-pound (32 kg) fan—the only time they admitted to being worried, thinking that by this time in early daylight they would be spotted and accused of stealing—and drove for several miles along the river looking for a place to dispose of Till. They shot him by the river and weighted his body with the fan.

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probably still alive. Strider suggested that the recovered body had been planted by the NAACP: a corpse stolen by T. R. M. Howard, who colluded to place Till's ring on it. Strider changed his account after comments were published in the press denigrating the people of Mississippi, later saying: "The last thing I wanted to do was to defend those

1519:, but their infamy followed them; they continued to generate animosity from locals. In 1961, while in Texas, when Bryant recognized the license plate of a Tallahatchie County resident, he called out a greeting and identified himself. The resident, upon hearing the name, drove away without speaking to Bryant. After several years, they returned to Mississippi. 1638:. The grand jury failed to find sufficient cause for charges against Carolyn Bryant Donham. Neither the FBI nor the grand jury found any credible evidence that Henry Lee Loggins, identified by Beauchamp as a suspect who could be charged, had any role in the crime. Other than Loggins, Beauchamp refused to name any of the people he alleged were involved. 1361:

very impressed with his summation. The defense stated that the prosecution's theory of the events the night Till was murdered was improbable, and said the jury's "forefathers would turn over in their graves" if they convicted Bryant and Milam. Only three outcomes were possible in Mississippi for capital murder: life imprisonment, the

1671:. As stated by reporter Jerry Mitchell, "It is not clear whether the fraternity students shot the sign or are simply posing before it." In 2019, a fourth sign was erected. It is made of steel, weighs 500 pounds (230 kg), is over 1 inch (2.5 cm) thick, and is said by its manufacturer to be indestructible. 584:. Mamie and Emmett moved to Detroit, where she met and married "Pink" Bradley in 1951. Emmett preferred living in Chicago, so he returned there to live with his grandmother; his mother and stepfather rejoined him later that year. After the marriage dissolved in 1952, "Pink" Bradley returned alone to Detroit. 2605: 3825:

Some claimed that Till had made 'indecent advances' and wolf-whistled at a white woman, Carolyn Bryant, whose family owned the store. Emmett Till's mother, Mamie Till-Mobley, however, rejected this assertion, saying that her son sometimes whistled when he got stuck pronouncing a word (she gave, as an

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Accounts are unclear; Till had just completed the seventh grade at the all-black McCosh Elementary School in Chicago. In 2018, a Chicago woman reported that she had been one of a small number of white students in Till's class. According to Mamie Till Mobley, Till had purchased a wallet which included

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conducted an autopsy in 2005. Using DNA from Till's relatives, dental comparisons to images taken of Till, and anthropological analysis, the exhumed body was positively identified as that of Till. It had extensive cranial damage, a broken left femur, and two broken wrists. Metallic fragments found in

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Till's murder increased fears in the local black community that they would be subjected to violence and the law would not protect them. According to Deloris Melton Gresham, whose father was killed a few months after Till, "At that time, they used to say that 'it's open season on n*****s.' Kill'em and

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magazine in 1956 to tell their story to journalist William Bradford Huie for between $ 3,600 and $ 4,000. The interview took place in the law firm of the attorneys who had defended Bryant and Milam. Huie did not ask the questions; Bryant and Milam's own attorneys did. Neither attorney had heard their

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posited that, given the timing of the publicity about Emmett's father, although the defendants had already confessed to taking Emmett from his uncle's house, the post-murder trial grand jury refused to even indict them for kidnapping. Wideman also suggested that the conviction and punishment of Louis

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When Roy Bryant was informed of what had happened, he aggressively questioned several young black men who entered the store. That evening, Bryant, with a black man named J. W. Washington, approached a black teenager walking along a road. Bryant ordered Washington to seize the boy, put him in the back

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and night riders were part of our daily lives". Following his disappearance, a newspaper account stated that Till sometimes whistled to alleviate his stuttering. His speech was sometimes unclear; Mamie said he had particular difficulty with pronouncing "b" sounds, and he may have whistled to overcome

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at Bryant. Wright said, "I think wanted to get a laugh out of us or something," adding, "He was always joking around, and it was hard to tell when he was serious." Wright stated that following the whistle, he became immediately alarmed. "Well, it scared us half to death," Wright recalled. "You know,

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reported that Till showed the youths outside the store a photograph of a white girl in his wallet, and bragged that she was his girlfriend. Till's cousin Curtis Jones said the photograph was of an integrated class at the school Till attended in Chicago. According to Huie and Jones, one or more of the

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In 1955, Mamie Till-Bradley's uncle, 64-year-old Mose Wright, visited her and Emmett in Chicago during the summer and told him stories about living in the Mississippi Delta. Emmett wanted to see for himself. Wright planned to accompany Till with a cousin, Wheeler Parker; another cousin, Curtis Jones,

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Several major inconsistencies between what Bryant and Milam told interviewer William Bradford Huie and what they had told others were noted by the FBI in 2006. The pair of men told Huie they were sober, yet reported years later that they had been drinking. In the interview, they said they had driven

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while in Mississippi. Mamie Till-Bradley demanded that the body be sent to Chicago; she later said that she worked to halt an immediate burial in Mississippi and called several local and state authorities in Illinois and Mississippi to make sure that her son was returned to Chicago. A doctor did not

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Three days after his abduction and murder, Till's swollen and disfigured body was found by two boys who were fishing in the Tallahatchie River. His head was very badly mutilated: he had been shot above the right ear, an eye was dislodged from the socket, there was evidence that he had been beaten on

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and the barbarism of lynching but also the limitations and vulnerabilities of American democracy." Tens of thousands attended his funeral or viewed his open casket, and images of Till's mutilated body were published in black-oriented magazines and newspapers, rallying popular black support and white

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Many years later, there were allegations that Till had been castrated. (Mitchell, 2007) John Cothran, the deputy sheriff who was at the scene where Till was removed from the river testified, however, that apart from the decomposition typical of a body being submerged in water, his genitals had been

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The story of Emmett Till is one of the most important of the last half of the 20th century. And an important element was the casket ... It is an object that allows us to tell the story, to feel the pain and understand loss. I want people to feel like I did. I want people to feel the complexity

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In June 2022, an unserved arrest warrant for Carolyn Bryant (now known as Carolyn Bryant Donham), dated August 29, 1955, and signed by the Leflore County Clerk, was discovered in a courthouse basement by members of the Emmett Till Legacy Foundation. Following the discovery, Till's family called for

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A 1991 book written by Stephen J. Whitfield, another by Christopher Metress in 2002, and Mamie Till-Mobley's memoirs the next year all posed questions as to who was involved in the murder and cover-up. Federal authorities in the 21st century worked to resolve the questions about the identity of the

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closed, and banks refused to grant them loans to plant crops. After struggling to secure a loan and find someone who would rent to him, Milam managed to secure 217 acres (88 ha) and a $ 4,000 loan to plant cotton, but blacks refused to work for him. Milam was forced to pay whites higher wages.

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magazine account of the Till affair are correct, this remains: two adults, armed, in the dark, kidnap a fourteen-year-old boy and take him away to frighten him. Instead of which, the fourteen-year-old boy not only refuses to be frightened, but unarmed, alone, in the dark, so frightens the two armed

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publications reported outrage about the verdict and strong criticism of American society, while Southern newspapers, particularly in Mississippi, wrote that the court system had done its job. Till's story continued to make the news for weeks following the trial, sparking debate in newspapers, among

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In post-trial analyses, the blame for the outcome varied. Mamie Till-Bradley was criticized for not crying enough on the stand. The jury was noted to have been picked almost exclusively from the hill country section of Tallahatchie County, which, due to its poorer economic make-up, found whites and

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In the concluding statements, one prosecuting attorney said that what Till did was wrong, but that his action warranted a spanking, not murder. Gerald Chatham passionately called for justice and mocked the sheriff and doctor's statements that alluded to a conspiracy. Mamie Bradley indicated she was

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Carolyn Bryant was allowed to testify in court, but because Judge Curtis Swango ruled in favor of the prosecution's objection that her testimony was irrelevant to Till's abduction and murder, the jury was not present. In the event that the defendants were convicted, the defense wanted her testimony

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Mamie Till-Bradley testified that she had instructed her son to watch his manners in Mississippi and that should a situation ever come to his being asked to get on his knees to ask forgiveness of a white person, he should do it without a thought. The defense questioned her identification of her son

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The trial was held in September 1955 and lasted for five days; attendees remembered that the weather was very hot. The courtroom was filled to capacity with 280 spectators; black attendees sat in segregated sections. Press from major national newspapers attended, including black publications; black

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in the South was particularly strong in Mississippi. Whites were urged to reject the influence of Northern opinion and agitation. This independent attitude was profound enough in Tallahatchie County that it earned the nickname "The Freestate of Tallahatchie", according to a former sheriff, "because

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Mose Wright stayed on his front porch for 20 minutes waiting for Till to return. He did not go back to bed. Wright and another man went into Money, got gasoline, and drove around trying to find Till. Unsuccessful, they returned home by 8:00 a.m. After hearing from Wright that he would not call

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magazine in 1956, Bryant and Milam said that they intended to beat Till and throw him off an embankment into the river to frighten him. They told Huie that while they were beating Till, he called them bastards, declared he was as good as they and said that he had sexual encounters with white women.

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Willie Reed said that while walking home, he heard the beating and crying from the barn. Reed told a neighbor and they both walked back up the road to a water well near the barn, where they were approached by Milam. Milam asked if they heard anything. Reed responded, "No." Others passed by the shed

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Decades later, Simeon Wright also challenged the account given by Carolyn Bryant at the trial. Wright claims he entered the store "less than a minute" after Till was left inside alone with Bryant, and he saw no inappropriate behavior and heard "no lecherous conversation." Wright said Till "paid for

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to end segregation in public education, which it ruled unconstitutional. Many segregationists believed the ruling would lead to interracial dating and marriage. Whites strongly resisted the court's ruling; one Virginia county closed all its public schools to prevent integration. Other jurisdictions

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for a better salary. She recalled that Till was industrious enough to help with chores at home, although he sometimes got distracted. Till's mother remembered that he did not know his own limitations at times. Following the couple's separation, Bradley visited Mamie and began threatening her. At 11

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During a renewed investigation of the crime in 2005, the Department of Justice exhumed Till's remains to conduct an autopsy and DNA analysis which confirmed the identification of his body. As required by state reburial law, Till was reinterred in a new casket later that year. In 2009, his original

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in the Delta region, and volunteers worked on Freedom Summer throughout the state. Before 1954, 265 black people were registered to vote in three Delta counties, where they were a majority of the population. At this time, blacks made up 41% of the total state population. The summer Emmett Till was

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Soon after, she refused to give up her seat on a segregated bus to a white passenger. The incident sparked a year-long well-organized grassroots boycott of the public bus system. The boycott was designed to force the city to change its segregation policies. Parks later said when she did not get up

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Mississippi became in the eyes of the nation the epitome of racism and the citadel of white supremacy. From this time on, the slightest racial incident anywhere in the state was spotlighted and magnified. To the Negro race throughout the South and to some extent in other parts of the country, this

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released details of a 2008 interview with Carolyn Bryant, during which, he alleged, she had disclosed that Bryant had fabricated parts of her testimony at the trial. According to Tyson's account of the interview, Bryant retracted her testimony that Till had grabbed her around her waist and uttered

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probed Army records and revealed Louis Till's crimes. Although Emmett Till's murder trial was over, news about his father was carried on the front pages of Mississippi newspapers for weeks in October and November 1955. This renewed debate about Emmett Till's actions and Carolyn Bryant's integrity.

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also became involved, urging Mississippi Governor White to see that justice was done. The tone in Mississippi newspapers changed dramatically. They falsely reported riots in the funeral home in Chicago. Bryant and Milam appeared in photos smiling and wearing military uniforms, and Carolyn Bryant's

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photographs showing Mamie Till over the mutilated body of her dead son, as one of the 100 "most influential images of all time": "For almost a century, African Americans were lynched with regularity and impunity. Now, thanks to a mother's determination to expose the barbarousness of the crime, the

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During the murder trial, Bryant testified that Till grabbed her hand while she was stocking candy and said, "How about a date, baby?" Bryant said that after she freed herself from his grasp, Till followed her to the cash register, grabbed her waist and said, "What's the matter baby, can't you take

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Till arrived at the home of Mose and Elizabeth Wright in Money, Mississippi, on August 21, 1955. On the evening of August 24, Till and several young relatives and neighbors were driven by his cousin Maurice Wright to Bryant's Grocery and Meat Market to buy candy. Till's companions were children of

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The memoir had been prepared by Donham's daughter-in-law Marsha Bryant, who had shared the material with Timothy Tyson, with the understanding that Tyson would edit the memoir. However, Tyson said there had been no such agreement, and placed the memoir at the Southern Historical Collection at the

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quoted Wheeler Parker, a cousin of Till's, who said: "I was hoping that one day she would admit it, so it matters to me that she did, and it gives me some satisfaction. It's important to people understanding how the word of a white person against a black person was law, and a lot of black people

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For 50 years nobody talked about Emmett Till. I think we just have to be resilient and know there are folks out there that don't want to know this history or who want to erase the history. We are just going to be resilient in continuing to put them back up and be truthful in making make sure that

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In November 1955, a grand jury declined to indict Bryant and Milam for kidnapping, despite their own admissions of having taken Till. Mose Wright and a young man named Willie Reed, who testified to seeing Milam enter the shed from which screams and blows were heard, both testified in front of the

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outlook toward blacks, according to historian Stephen Whitaker, those in the eastern part of the county were virulent in their racism. The prosecution was criticized for dismissing any potential juror who knew Milam or Bryant personally, for fear that such a juror would vote to acquit. Afterward,

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Bryant and Milam were indicted for murder. The state's prosecuting attorney, Hamilton Caldwell, was not confident that he could get a conviction in a case of white violence against a black male accused of insulting a white woman. A local black paper was surprised at the indictment and praised the

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Well, what else could we do? He was hopeless. I'm no bully; I never hurt a nigger in my life. I like niggers—in their place—I know how to work 'em. But I just decided it was time a few people got put on notice. As long as I live and can do anything about it, niggers are gonna stay in their place.

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In the early morning hours of August 28, 1955, sometime between 2:00 and 3:30 a.m., Bryant and Milam drove to Mose Wright's house. Armed with a pistol and a flashlight, he asked Wright if he had three boys in the house from Chicago. Till was sharing a bed with another cousin and there were a

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Carolyn's husband, Roy Bryant, was on an extended trip hauling shrimp to Texas and did not return home until August 27. Historian Timothy Tyson said an investigation by civil rights activists concluded Carolyn Bryant did not initially tell her husband Roy Bryant about the encounter with Till, and

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Mamie largely raised Emmett with her mother; she and Louis Till separated in 1942 after Mamie discovered that he had been unfaithful. Louis later assaulted Mamie, choking her to unconsciousness, to which she responded by throwing scalding water at him. For violating court orders to stay away from

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Some recollections of this part of the story relate that news of the incident traveled in both black and white communities very quickly. Others say that Carolyn Bryant refused to tell her husband about it. According to some accounts, Till's eldest cousin Maurice Wright, perhaps put off by Till's

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In 2008, a memorial plaque that was erected in Tallahatchie County, next to the Tallahatchie River at Graball Landing where Till's body was retrieved, was stolen and never recovered. The plaque was a "frequent target for racist vandalism". The location is in a remote area and down a gravel road,

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However, the 'recanting' claim made by Tyson was not on his tape-recording of the interview. "It is true that that part is not on tape because I was setting up the tape recorder" Tyson said. The support Tyson provided to back up his claim, was a handwritten note that he said had been made at the

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Tallahatchie County Sheriff Clarence Strider, who initially positively identified Till's body and stated that the case against Milam and Bryant was "pretty good", on September 3 announced his doubts that the body pulled from the Tallahatchie River was that of Till. He speculated that the boy was

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characterized the incident as a lynching and said that Mississippi was trying to maintain white supremacy through murder. He said, "there is in the entire state no restraining influence of decency, not in the state capital, among the daily newspapers, the clergy, nor any segment of the so-called

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said, regarding Bryant's admission that portions of her testimony were false: "This admission is a reminder of how black lives were sacrificed to white lies in places like Mississippi. It also raises anew the question of why no one was brought to justice in the most notorious racially motivated

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In 2007, eight markers were erected at sites associated with Till's lynching. The marker at the "River Spot" where Till's body was found was torn down in 2008, presumably thrown in the river. A replacement sign received more than 100 bullet holes over the next few years. Another replacement was

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While the trial progressed, Leflore County Sheriff George Smith, Howard, and several reporters, both black and white, attempted to locate Collins and Loggins. They could not, but found three witnesses who had seen Collins and Loggins with Milam and Bryant on Leslie Milam's property. Two of them

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Author Devery Anderson writes that in an interview with the defense's attorneys, Bryant told a version of the initial encounter that included Till grabbing her hand and asking her for a date, but not Till approaching her and grabbing her waist, mentioning past relationships with white women, or

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We the citizens of Tallahatchie County recognize that the Emmett Till case was a terrible miscarriage of justice. We state candidly and with deep regret the failure to effectively pursue justice. We wish to say to the family of Emmett Till that we are profoundly sorry for what was done in this

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After Bryant and Milam admitted to Huie that they had killed Till, the support base of the two men eroded in Mississippi. Many of their former friends and supporters, including those who had contributed to their defense funds, cut them off. Blacks boycotted their shops, which went bankrupt and

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to intervene in local law enforcement issues when individual civil rights were being compromised. Huie's interview, in which Milam and Bryant said they had acted alone, overshadowed inconsistencies in earlier versions of the stories. As a consequence, details about others who had possibly been

1300:

The day before the start of the trial, a young black man named Frank Young arrived to tell Howard he knew of two witnesses to the crime. Levi "Too Tight" Collins and Henry Lee Loggins were black employees of Leslie Milam, J. W.'s brother, in whose shed Till was beaten. Collins and Loggins were

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began to be collected in 1882. Since that time, more than 500 African Americans have been killed by extrajudicial violence in Mississippi alone, and more than 3,000 across the South. Most of the incidents took place between 1876 and 1930; though far less common by the mid-1950s, these racially

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The defense sought to cast doubt on the identity of the body pulled from the river. They said it could not be positively identified, and they questioned whether Till was dead at all. The defense also asserted that although Bryant and Milam had taken Till from his great-uncle's house, they had

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Although lynchings and racially motivated murders had occurred throughout the South for decades, the circumstances surrounding Till's murder and the timing acted as a catalyst to attract national attention to the case of a 14-year-old boy who had allegedly been killed for breaching a social

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After Wright and Till left the store, Bryant went outside to retrieve a pistol from underneath the seat of a car. Till and his companions saw her do this and left immediately. It was acknowledged that Till whistled while Bryant was going to her car. However, one witness, Roosevelt Crawford,

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Mamie Till married Gene Mobley, became a teacher, and changed her surname to Till-Mobley. She continued to educate people about her son's murder. In 1992, Till-Mobley had the opportunity to listen while Bryant was interviewed about his involvement in Till's murder. With Bryant unaware that

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acknowledges Till's death to be the start of what he terms the "Negro revolt", and scholar Clenora Hudson-Weems characterizes Till as a "sacrificial lamb" for civil rights. NAACP operative Amzie Moore considers Till the start of the Civil Rights Movement, at the very least in Mississippi.

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In February 2007, a Leflore County grand jury, composed primarily of black jurors and empaneled by Joyce Chiles, a black prosecutor, found no credible basis for Beauchamp's claim that 14 people took part in Till's abduction and murder. Beauchamp was angry with the finding. David Beito and

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better citizens." Mamie Till-Bradley told a reporter that she would seek legal aid to help law enforcement find her son's killers and that the State of Mississippi should share the financial responsibility. She was misquoted; it was reported as "Mississippi is going to pay for this."

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Milam found work as a heavy equipment operator, but ill health forced him into retirement. Over the years, Milam was tried for offenses including assault and battery, writing bad checks, and using a stolen credit card. He died of spinal cancer on December 31, 1980, at the age of 61.

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Till's uncle, Mose Wright, identifying J. W. Milam during Milam's trial, an act that "signified intimidation of Delta blacks was no longer as effective as the past". Wright had "crossed a line that no one could remember a black man ever crossing in Mississippi". Photojournalist

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of rural black families out of the South to the North to escape violence, lack of opportunity and unequal treatment under the law. Argo received so many Southern migrants that it was named "Little Mississippi"; Carthan's mother's home was often used by other recent migrants as a

2176:(1986), which follows Till's life and the aftermath of his death. The play is a feminist look at the roles of men and women in black society, which she was inspired to write while considering "time through the eyes of one person who could come back to life and seek vengeance". 1485:

Reaction to Huie's interview with Bryant and Milam was explosive. Their brazen admission that they had murdered Till caused prominent civil rights leaders to push the federal government harder to investigate the case. Till's murder contributed to congressional passage of the

548:, where the average income per white household in 1949 was $ 690 (equivalent to $ 8,800 in 2023). For black families, the figure was $ 462 (equivalent to $ 5,900 in 2023). In the rural areas, economic opportunities for blacks were almost nonexistent. They were mostly 1262:; he worried that his office would not be able to secure a guilty verdict, despite the compelling evidence. Having limited funds, Bryant and Milam initially had difficulty finding attorneys to represent them, but five attorneys at a Sumner law firm offered their services 655:

simply ignored the ruling. In other ways, whites used stronger measures to keep blacks politically disenfranchised, which they had been since the turn of the century. Segregation in the South was used to constrain blacks forcefully from any semblance of social equality.

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Emmett, she said, had a speech impediment. She'd taught him to whistle softly to himself before pronouncing his words, in order to help with his articulation. He'd been ordering bubble gum in the store. Till-Mobley was convinced he'd merely been trying to do so with

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The trial transcript says "There he is", although witnesses recall variations of "Dar he", "Thar he", or "Thar's the one". Wright's family protested that Mose Wright was made to sound illiterate by newspaper accounts and insisted he said "There he is." (Mitchell,

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Simeon Wright, Mamie Till Mobley, Wheeler Parker, and historian Devery Anderson (2015) stated that Jones exaggerated his role as an eyewitness: he was in the Wright home the night Till was abducted, but had not yet arrived in Mississippi at the time of the store

433:. Several nights after the encounter, Bryant's husband Roy and his half-brother J. W. Milam, who were armed, went to Till's great-uncle's house and abducted Till, age 14. They beat and mutilated him before shooting him in the head and sinking his body in the 1470:

clients' accounts of the murder before. According to Huie, the older Milam was more articulate and sure of himself than the younger Bryant. Milam admitted to shooting Till and neither of them believed they were guilty or that they had done anything wrong.

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magazine, in which they confessed to the killing, Bryant and Milam said they would have brought Till by the store in order to have Carolyn identify him, but stated they did not do so because they said Till admitted to being the one who had talked to her.

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reported facts about Till's father that had been suppressed by the U.S. military. While serving in Italy, Louis Till was court-martialed for the rape of two women and the killing of a third. He was found guilty and executed by hanging by the Army near

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Bryant and Milam were questioned by Leflore County sheriff George Smith. They admitted they had taken the boy from his great-uncle's yard, but claimed they had released him the same night in front of Bryant's store. Bryant and Milam were arrested for

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An Emmett Till Memorial Commission was established in the early 21st century. The Sumner County Courthouse was restored and includes the Emmett Till Interpretive Center. 51 sites in the Mississippi Delta are memorialized as associated with Till. The

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his items and we left the store together." In their 2006 investigation of the cold case, the FBI noted that a second anonymous source, who was confirmed to have been in the store at the same time as Till and his cousin, supported Wright's account.

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magazine that they had tortured and murdered Till, selling the story of how they did it for $ 4,000 (equivalent to $ 45,000 in 2023). Till's murder was seen as a catalyst for the next phase of the civil rights movement. In December 1955, the

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In a report to Congress in March 2018, the U.S. Department of Justice stated that it was reopening the investigation into Till's death due to new information. In December 2021, the DOJ announced that it had closed its investigation in the case.

1984:

The Emmett Till Memorial Project is an associated website and smartphone app to commemorate Till's death and his life. It identifies 51 sites in the Mississippi Delta associated with him. On August 29, 2015, the Center held a 60th-anniversary

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verdict indicated an end to the system of noblesse oblige. The faith in the white power structure waned rapidly. Negro faith in legalism declined, and the revolt officially began on December 1, 1955, with the Montgomery, Alabama, bus boycott.

1654:—Patrick Weems, executive director of the Emmett Till Memorial Commission, speaking in October 2019 at the unveiling of a bulletproof historical marker (the previous three markers at the site having been shot up) near the Tallahatchie River. 2073:

glass-topped casket was found, rusting in a dilapidated storage shed at the cemetery. The casket was discolored and the interior fabric torn. It bore evidence that animals had been living in it, although its glass top was still intact. The

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The trial was held in the county courthouse in Sumner, the western seat of Tallahatchie County, because Till's body was found in this area. Sumner had one boarding house; the small town was besieged by reporters from all over the country.

1723:, canceled its annual Christmas parade scheduled for December 3, 2022, due to threats of violence against groups who planned to protest outside Donham's home, an apartment at Shive Lane, Bowling Green. The protests took place peacefully. 556:

and excluded from voting and the political system since 1890 when the white-dominated legislature passed a new constitution that raised barriers to voter registration. Whites had also passed ordinances establishing racial segregation and

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The A. A. Rayner Funeral Home in Chicago received Till's body. Upon arrival, Bradley insisted on viewing it to make a positive identification, later stating that the stench from it was noticeable two blocks away. She decided to have an

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Milam and Bryant tied up Till in the back of a green pickup truck and drove toward Money, Mississippi. According to some witnesses, they took Till back to Bryant's Groceries and recruited two black men. The men then drove to a barn in

2119:. He was fascinated by how quickly Mississippi whites supported Bryant and Milam. Although the script was rewritten to avoid mention of Till, and did not say that the murder victim was black, White Citizens' Councils vowed to boycott 1090:

and quickly picked up by other Mississippi newspapers. They reported on his death when the body was found. The next day, when a picture of him his mother had taken the previous Christmas showing them smiling together appeared in the

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in 1957 were especially profound for younger blacks: "It was out of this festering discontent and an awareness of earlier isolated protests that the sit-ins of the 1960s were born."After seeing pictures of Till's mutilated body, in

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began in Alabama and lasted more than a year, resulting eventually in a U.S. Supreme Court ruling that segregated buses were unconstitutional. According to historians, events surrounding Till's life and death continue to resonate.

2633: 625:. Before Till departed for the Delta, his mother cautioned him that Chicago and Mississippi were two different worlds, and he should know how to behave in front of white people in the South. Till assured her that he understood. 2043:, and will preserve three areas related to Emmett Till's life and death: Graball Landing in Mississippi, Roberts Temple Church of God in Christ in Chicago, and the Tallahatchie County Second District Courthouse in Mississippi. 972:

and heard yelling. A local neighbor also spotted "Too Tight" (Leroy Collins) at the back of the barn washing blood off the truck and noticed Till's boot. Milam explained he had killed a deer and that the boot belonged to him.

2100:, a prominent white Mississippi native who often focused on racial issues, wrote two essays on Till: one before the trial in which he pleaded for American unity and one after, a piece titled "On Fear" that was published in 1333:), was present in the courtroom; he was especially impressed that Wright stood to identify Milam, pointing to him and saying "There he is", calling it a historic moment and one filled with "electricity". A writer for the 8347: 7457: 2617: 2553:(2021), a novel set predominantly in the small town of Money, Mississippi, follows a series of modern-day murders that seem to follow identical patterns and have links to the families of the murderers of Emmett Till. 2581: 736:

that Roy was told by a person who frequented their store. Roy was reportedly angry at his wife for not telling him. Carolyn Bryant told the FBI she did not tell her husband because she feared he would assault Till.

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region. Till spoke to 21-year-old Carolyn Bryant, the white, married proprietor of a local grocery store. Although what happened at the store is a matter of dispute, Till was accused of flirting with, touching, or

2611:

Clinton Melton was the victim of a racially motivated killing a few months after Till. Despite eyewitness testimony, his killer, a friend of Milam's, was acquitted by an all-white jury at the same courthouse.

6623: 1369:, all-male jury (both women and blacks had been banned) acquitted both Milam and Bryant after a 67-minute deliberation; one juror said, "If we hadn't stopped to drink pop, it wouldn't have taken that long." 1809:(for the second time period), exhaustively explore the major figures and events of the Civil Rights Movement. Stephen Whitaker states that, as a result of the attention Till's death and the trial received, 711:

we were almost in shock. We couldn't get out of there fast enough, because we had never heard of anything like that before. A black boy whistling at a white woman? In Mississippi? No." Wright stated "The

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noted that following his identification, Wright sat "with a lurch which told better than anything else the cost in strength to him of the thing he had done". A reporter who covered the trial for the

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remarked that this was the most publicity for any trial he had ever seen. No hotels were open to black visitors. Mamie Till-Bradley arrived to testify, and the trial also attracted black congressman

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Bryant worked as a welder while in Texas, until increasing blindness forced him to give up this employment. At some point, he and Carolyn divorced; he remarried in 1980. Bryant opened a store in

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Following the trial, Strider told a television reporter that should anyone who had sent him hate mail arrive in Mississippi, "the same thing's gonna happen to them that happened to Emmett Till".

637:. Even the suggestion of sexual contact between black men and white women could carry severe penalties for black men. A resurgence of the enforcement of such Jim Crow laws was evident following 15234: 3987: 1981:

in Sumner, site of the 1955 trial of Till's killers, was restored and re-opened in 2012. The Emmett Till Interpretive Center opened across the street and is also serving as a community center.

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system. Till's murder aroused feelings about segregation, law enforcement, relations between the North and South, the social status quo in Mississippi, the activities of the NAACP and the

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which features a fictionalized version of Till, portrayed by Rhyan Hill, as a recurring character who appears in 2 episodes. The episode "Jig-A-Bobo" recreates Till's funeral in Chicago.

1228:, a local businessman, surgeon, and civil rights proponent and one of the wealthiest black people in the state, warned of a "second civil war" if "slaughtering of Negroes" were allowed. 1224:

beauty and virtue were extolled. Rumors of an invasion of outraged blacks and northern whites were printed throughout the state, and were taken seriously by the Leflore County Sheriff.

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blacks competing for land and other agrarian opportunities. Unlike the population living closer to the river (and thus closer to Bryant and Milam in Leflore County), who possessed a

8236: 7692: 5950: 1937:; this was the route his body was taken to the train station, to be returned to his mother for burial in Chicago. It intersects with the H. C. "Clarence" Strider Memorial Highway. 296: 3553: 7446: 5416: 15965: 14910: 1473: 3019: 13397: 6126: 2593: 2541:(2018), a juvenile novel by Jewell Parker Rhodes which follows the murder of a young black boy and who returns as a ghost, with Till also being another ghost who appears. 8587: 4712: 3581: 306: 1137:

Till's mother looks over his mutilated corpse. With her is her fiancé Gene Mobley. Mamie Till had insisted on an open-casket funeral. Images of Till's body, printed in

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Till-Mobley was listening, he asserted that Till had ruined his life, expressed no remorse, and said: "Emmett Till is dead. I don't know why he can't just stay dead."

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in July 1945. Mamie Till-Bradley and her family knew none of this, having been told only that Louis had been killed for "willful misconduct." Mississippi senators

1268:. Their supporters placed collection jars in stores and other public places in the Delta, eventually gathering $ 10,000 for the defense (about $ 114,500 in 2023). 10799: 4216: 2952:

to publish a version of the events that agreed more with the testimony at the trial and what Howard had been told by Frank Young. It appeared as a booklet titled

13614: 11430: 2375: 2210:", invokes the names of African-American people—including Emmett Till—who died as a result of encounters with law enforcement or racial violence. In 2016 artist 2065: 401:

woman, Carolyn Bryant, in her family's grocery store. The brutality of his murder and the acquittal of his killers drew attention to the long history of violent

7973: 5044: 1605:". The DOJ had undertaken to investigate numerous cold cases dating to the civil rights movement, in the hope of finding new evidence in other murders as well. 425:

at Bryant. Till's interaction with Bryant, perhaps unwittingly, violated the unwritten code of behavior for a black male interacting with a white female in the

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problems asking for bubble gum. She said that, to help with his articulation, Mamie taught Till how to whistle softly to himself before pronouncing his words.

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chapter, became involved. They disguised themselves as cotton pickers and went into the cotton fields in search of any information that might help find Till.

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In 2004, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) announced that it was reopening the case to determine whether anyone other than Milam and Bryant was involved.

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died in 2005, people who remembered his career considered his decision to publish Till's open-casket photograph his greatest moment. Michigan congressman

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Mississippi was the poorest state in the U.S. in the 1950s, and the Delta counties were some of the poorest in Mississippi. Mamie Carthan was born in

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Notes later obtained from the defense give a different story, with Bryant earlier claiming she was "insulted" but not mentioning him touching her. (

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spotted with J. W. Milam, Bryant, and Till. The prosecution team was unaware of Collins and Loggins. Sheriff Strider, however, booked them into the

15900: 15217: 286: 6473: 2962:. Dixon wrote a series of articles implicating three black men, and Leslie Milam, whom he reported had participated in Till's murder in some way. 2905:

recalled that for the emotion the image stimulated, it was "probably one of the greatest media products in the last 40 or 50 years". (Dewan, 2005)

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sheriff, and another to his mother in Chicago. Distraught, she called Emmett's mother Mamie Till-Bradley. Wright and his wife Elizabeth drove to

4094: 2509:(2012), a fiction novel by Bernice L. McFadden which depicts Till as a spirit which returns to the town of Money to reunite with his first love. 15834: 15809: 10896: 6970: 6182: 5742: 3519: 3084: 1125:

policies were to provide for blacks' safety and that their efforts were being neutralized by the NAACP. In response, NAACP executive secretary

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In 2005, James McCosh Elementary School in Chicago, where Till had been a student, was renamed the Emmett Louis Till Math And Science Academy.

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that haunts the white people of Mississippi, causing them to question their involvement in evil, or silence about injustice. The 2021 novel

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intact. (FBI : Appendix Court transcript, p. 176.) Mamie Till-Mobley also confirmed this in her memoirs. (Till-Bradley and Benson, p. 135.)

2422:(2022), a film based on the life of Emmett's mother Mamie Till-Bradley, featuring her life as educator and later activist after his murder. 191: 3765: 15935: 15577: 15349: 13488: 11423: 10774: 10769: 10557: 10539: 9271: 9180: 7880: 7678: 7599: 5954: 3134: 2152:'s poem "Afterimages" (1981) focuses on the perspective of a black woman thinking of Carolyn Bryant 24 years after the murder and trial. 1959: 1756: 1659:

The first highway marker remembering Emmett Till, erected in 2006, was defaced with "KKK", and then completely covered with black paint.

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to create the film which debuted at the museum's opening on September 24, 2016. Events depicted include (among others) Till's lynching.

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students were suspended from their fraternity after posing in front of the bullet-riddled marker, with guns, and uploading the photo to

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Glendora Gin history sign. Here Milam and Bryant got the fan they used to weigh down Till's body, to sink it in the Tallahatchie River.

1713:

Donham's arrest. However, the district attorney declined to charge Donham, and said that there was no new evidence to reopen the case.

7736: 5642: 1924: 771: 15970: 15945: 15925: 15456: 14960: 14069: 13377: 13286: 10876: 9427: 9129: 5743:"University of Mississippi Students Face Possible Civil Rights Investigation After Posing With Guns in Front of Emmett Till Memorial" 4390: 1330: 553: 336: 4927: 3287: 15804: 15434: 14955: 14177: 14009: 13228: 11791: 10911: 10866: 10534: 9417: 9345: 9071: 8951: 6766: 6050: 5815: 4441: 1996: 1943:

In 2007, the Emmett Till Memorial Commission issued a formal apology to Till's family at an event attended by 400 people. It reads:

1909:

In 1984, a section of 71st Street in Chicago was named Emmett Till Road and in 2005, the 71st street bridge was named in his honor.

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Note: Blacks were generally excluded from juries because they were disenfranchised; jurors were drawn only from registered voters.

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Bryant's Grocery (2018). By 2018, the store was described as "not much left" and given owner's demands, no preservation occurred.

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Journalist James Hicks, who worked for the black news wire service, the National Negro Publishers Association (later renamed the

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and Dixon's articles had no lasting effect in the shaping of public opinion. Huie's article in the far more widely circulated

1999:

named Roberts Temple Church of God in Christ, the site of Till's funeral, as one of America's most endangered historic places.

15955: 15905: 15787: 15745: 15557: 14105: 13971: 13966: 13851: 13158: 10562: 8682: 8390: 8324: 8275: 8214: 8145: 8114: 8067: 8011: 4041: 3967: 3811: 3637: 3118: 2258: 2220:, a work based on photographs of Till in his coffin as well as on an account by Till's mother of seeing him after his death. 1547: 732:

maintained that Till's whistle was directed not at Bryant, but at the checkers game that was taking place outside the store.

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Eyes on the Prize: Civil Rights Reader Documents, Speeches, and Firsthand Accounts from the Black Freedom Struggle 1954–1990

6575: 6519: 682: 15735: 15720: 15584: 15493: 15488: 15422: 13883: 11363: 10948: 9412: 9360: 9306: 8708: 5456: 1258:. The high-profile comments published in Northern newspapers and by the NAACP were of concern to the prosecuting attorney, 220: 7368: 6901:"All Info – H.R.2252 – 117th Congress (2021–2022): Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley Congressional Gold Medal Act of 2021" 2390:(2017), a short film which dramatizes Till's uncle Mose Wright waiting for Till's killers. The film was nominated for the 613:

would join them soon after. Wright was a sharecropper and part-time minister who was often called "Preacher". He lived in

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in the casket in Chicago and a $ 400 life insurance policy she had taken out on him (equivalent to $ 4,500 in 2023).

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motivated murders still occurred. Throughout the South, interracial relationships were prohibited as a means to maintain

452:

exposed the world to more than her son Emmett Till's bloated, mutilated body. Her decision focused attention on not only

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sponsored a bill to provide a plan for investigating and prosecuting unsolved (cold case) Civil Rights-era murders. The

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In 1989, Till was included among the 40 names of people who had died in the Civil Rights Movement; they are listed as

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called the trial "the first great media event of the civil rights movement". A reporter who had covered the trials of

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lost their lives because of it. It really speaks to history, it shows what black people went through in those days."

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Till was born and raised in Chicago, Illinois. During summer vacation in August 1955, he was visiting relatives near

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the NAACP and various high-profile segregationists about justice for blacks and the propriety of Jim Crow society.

1390: 750: 402: 184: 6029: 2077:'s National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, D.C. acquired the casket a month later. 1863:) and a friend took out their frustration by vandalizing a local railyard, causing a locomotive engine to derail. 15782: 15705: 15500: 15344: 15075: 14940: 14645: 14284: 13780: 13434: 13076: 12693: 12621: 10933: 10921: 9397: 9335: 8085: 7041: 6220: 2518: 2245: 12298: 11783: 5786: 4917:

Although "uncle" was a demeaning form of address for any older black man, Wright was in fact Till's great uncle.

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The reconstructed Ben Roy Service Station that stood next to the grocery store where Till encountered Bryant in

520:. The Delta region encompasses the large, multi-county area of northwestern Mississippi in the watershed of the 15552: 15446: 15361: 14965: 13105: 12916: 12813: 12018: 11938: 11874: 11719: 11162: 11083: 8647: 7773: 4241: 3404: 1978: 896: 12058: 8514: 7341: 4261: 3662: 1102:

Till's body was clothed, packed in lime, placed into a pine coffin, and prepared for burial. It may have been

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A Few Days Full of Trouble: revelations on the journey to justice for my cousin and best friend, Emmett Till

15910: 15412: 15388: 15383: 15366: 15334: 15277: 14390: 14339: 14172: 13710: 13641: 13493: 13407: 13234: 13222: 12951: 12922: 12875: 12154: 12146: 12066: 11970: 11823: 11775: 11727: 11471: 11396: 11222: 11065: 11031: 10938: 10794: 10779: 10403: 9923: 9447: 9248: 9155: 9044: 8418:"A Wallet, a White Woman, and a Whistle: Fact and Fiction in Emmett Till's Encounter in Money, Mississippi" 6164: 2144: 2111: 2018: 1789:

Mamie Till toured the country in one of the NAACP's most successful fundraising campaigns ever. Journalist

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report investigating the Till murder, part of which showed him tracking down Carolyn Bryant at her home in

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magazine, made international news and directed attention to the lack of rights of blacks in the U.S. South.

587: 485: 13280: 2956:. Howard also acted as a source for an as-yet-unidentified reporter using the pseudonym Amos Dixon in the 1634:

documentary, were critical of Beauchamp for trying to revise history and taking attention away from other

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This section includes creative works inspired by Till. For non-fiction books on Till, see Bibliography,

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The Chicago two-flat at 6427 S. St. Lawrence Avenue where Emmett Till lived with his mother in mid-1955

358: 12378: 6787: 5694: 5112: 4120: 1786:... touched off a world-wide clamor and cast the glare of a world spotlight on Mississippi's racism." 15604: 15417: 15249: 14810: 14309: 14147: 13954: 13359: 13294: 13264: 13046: 13034: 12881: 12490: 12426: 12226: 11962: 11831: 11751: 11703: 11599: 11503: 11207: 11157: 11152: 10582: 10413: 10383: 10318: 9803: 9442: 9422: 9392: 9301: 9235: 9208: 9174: 8917: 8698: 5538: 4986: 4090: 3902:"What the Director of the African American History Museum Says About the New Emmett Till Revelations" 2864:

bragging and smart clothes, told Roy Bryant at his store about Till's interaction with Bryant's wife.

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In 2006, the Emmett Till Memorial Commission was established by the Tallahatchie Board of Supervisors

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public could no longer pretend to ignore what they couldn't see." On September 6, Till was buried at

1193:, Chicago's black community was "aroused as it has not been over any similar act in recent history". 1121:, executive secretary of the segregationist White Citizens' Council, used Till's death to claim that 353: 12506: 8058:

Carson, Clayborne; Garrow, David; Gill, Gerald; Harding, Vincent; Hine, Darlene Clark, eds. (1991).

5331: 2414:(2022), a television series which dramatizes Till's life and his mother's activism after his murder. 15294: 14858: 14771: 14415: 14204: 14019: 13959: 13949: 13875: 12969: 12887: 12805: 12757: 12685: 12645: 12554: 12522: 12514: 12482: 12402: 12362: 12346: 12170: 12034: 11906: 11197: 10483: 10443: 9968: 9873: 9281: 9230: 9223: 9196: 9136: 9017: 8927: 8851: 8300: 3487: 2364: 2316: 2132: 2007: 1989: 1487: 1294: 983:. The group drove back to Roy Bryant's home in Money, where they reportedly burned Till's clothes. 947: 470: 440:

Till's body was returned to Chicago, where his mother insisted on a public funeral service with an

437:. Three days later, Till's mutilated and bloated body was discovered and retrieved from the river. 157: 20: 15627: 15177: 14831: 14800: 14580: 14520: 14385: 14128: 13652: 13647: 13635: 13468: 13176: 12821: 12797: 12773: 12749: 12613: 12562: 12410: 12394: 12322: 12258: 12194: 12178: 11914: 11882: 11655: 11639: 11575: 11262: 10833: 10248: 10018: 9683: 9663: 9578: 9533: 9109: 9066: 9049: 8887: 8856: 8808: 8729: 7578: 7527:

Freedom Summer: The Savage Season of 1964 That Made Mississippi Burn and Made America a Democracy

6183:"Christmas parade canceled due to threats against protesters calling for justice for Emmett Till" 5893: 3051: 2788:, Carolyn Bryant's testimony was taken outside the presence of the jury and ruled inadmissible. ( 2166: 2136:

on the Till case. He later divulged that Till's murder had been bothering him for several years.

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Voices of Freedom: An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s through the 1980s

2747:, using her second husband's surname. In 1957, she married Gene Mobley and then became known as 2035:

On July 25, 2023 (Till's 82nd birthday), President Biden signed a proclamation establishing the

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in 1956. In it he questioned why the tenets of segregation were based on irrational reasoning.

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from Michigan. Bradley, Diggs, and several black reporters stayed at T. R. M. Howard's home in

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A demonstration for Till was held in 2000 in Selma, Alabama, on the 35th anniversary of the

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was jailed and beaten for attempting to register to vote. The next year, she led a massive

1856: 1297:. Located on a large lot and surrounded by Howard's armed guards, it resembled a compound. 1232: 1177: 1169:

Photographs of Till's mutilated corpse circulated around the country, notably appearing in

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for political organizing. Three white suspects were arrested, but they were soon released.

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Mamie, Louis Till was forced by a judge in 1943 to choose between jail or enlisting in the

321: 7579:"Why Is August 28 So Special To Black People? Ava DuVernay Reveals All In New NMAAHC Film" 7416: 6604: 5159: 4819: 3988:"New details in book about Emmett Till's death prompted officials to reopen investigation" 2186:. According to scholar Christopher Metress, Till is often reconfigured in literature as a 1838:

In Montgomery a few months after the murder, Rosa Parks attended a rally for Till, led by

8: 15642: 15000: 14915: 14395: 14184: 14074: 14004: 13800: 13717: 13697: 13548: 13204: 11978: 11711: 11583: 11312: 11282: 11277: 11267: 11257: 10664: 10625: 10173: 10133: 10083: 9993: 9953: 9928: 9883: 9688: 9643: 9488: 9468: 9437: 9432: 9375: 9286: 9081: 9034: 8984: 8945: 8557: 7807: 7315:"Percival Everett's The Trees imagines a world where the horrors of lynching are avenged" 7075: 6628: 6055: 5604: 5117: 4933: 3554:"Eyewitness Account: Emmett Till's cousin Simeon Wright seeks to set the record straight" 3024: 2250: 2153: 1971: 1843:

and move to the rear of the bus, "I thought of Emmett Till and I just couldn't go back."

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In August 2022, a grand jury concluded there was insufficient evidence to indict Donham.

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people here do what they damn well please", making the county often difficult to govern.

1155: 1118: 1021: 545: 15647: 7262:"'Coming of Age in Mississippi' still speaks to nation's racial discord, 50 years later" 6221:"Woman whose accusation led to the lynching of Emmett Till has died at 88, coroner says" 3627: 1801:, begins with the murder of Emmett Till. Accompanying written materials for the series, 15715: 15652: 15395: 14853: 14620: 14600: 14505: 14430: 14257: 14162: 14152: 14140: 14031: 13928: 13903: 13731: 13543: 13387: 13334: 13164: 13016: 12957: 12677: 12218: 12210: 11898: 11217: 11187: 10981: 10749: 10733: 10726: 10705: 10697: 10691: 10654: 10488: 10398: 10378: 10303: 10283: 10273: 10253: 10168: 10053: 9998: 9943: 9848: 9628: 9543: 9202: 9186: 9166: 8932: 8897: 8824: 8463: 7687: 7583: 7487: 7230: 7176: 7168: 6771: 6583: 5491: 4824: 4302: 3558: 2672: 2624: 1429: 1254: 1122: 980: 617:, a small town in the Delta that consisted of three stores, a school, a post office, a 614: 566: 449: 434: 413: 235: 169: 8500:

Shastri, Veda; Burch, Audra D. S.; Chaffee, Tim; Fineman, Nicole (February 21, 2019).

8004:

Emmett Till: The Murder That Shocked the World and Propelled the Civil Rights Movement

1231:

Following Roy Wilkins' comments, white opinion began to shift. According to historian

15162: 14883: 14545: 14515: 14110: 13867: 13691: 13604: 13573: 13513: 13392: 13298: 13216: 11342: 11332: 11307: 11172: 10849: 10764: 10759: 10719: 10592: 10363: 10348: 10313: 10093: 10013: 9958: 9743: 8907: 8902: 8774: 8760: 8753: 8714: 8467: 8396: 8386: 8363: 8330: 8320: 8281: 8271: 8254: 8244: 8220: 8210: 8180: 8170: 8151: 8141: 8120: 8110: 8073: 8063: 8046: 8036: 8017: 8007: 7714: 7531: 7376: 7180: 6874: 6481: 6254: 6068: 6060: 5868: 5417:"Clinton Melton: A Man Who Was Killed In Mississippi Just 3 Months After Emmett Till" 4395: 4326: 4294: 3963: 3807: 3681: 3633: 3114: 2818: 2269: 2207: 1630: 1205: 1060: 957: 792: 777: 573:

and executed in Italy for the murder of an Italian woman and the rape of two others.

525: 517: 513: 417: 117: 86: 8639: 8593: 1974:. The group quickly scattered when they set off alarms designed to protect the sign. 1321:

defied the judge's orders banning photography during the trial to capture this shot.

15318: 15289: 15284: 15182: 15150: 15123: 14848: 14465: 14435: 14425: 14420: 13987: 13723: 13685: 13676: 13578: 13568: 13533: 13192: 13170: 13022: 13010: 12933: 12781: 12637: 12290: 11954: 11551: 11347: 11302: 11237: 11182: 11026: 11011: 11001: 10971: 10712: 10659: 10508: 10493: 10458: 10323: 10268: 10258: 10153: 10028: 9963: 9838: 9753: 9713: 9703: 9693: 9678: 9673: 9648: 9538: 8922: 8837: 8800: 8455: 7798: 7627: 7553:"Eric Bibb pays tribute to Emmett Till in stripped-back new single, Emmett's Ghost" 7222: 7160: 6741:"White nationalists caught trying to record video in front of Emmett Till memorial" 2958: 2948: 2658: 2550: 2386: 2302: 2195: 2097: 2061: 1900: 1871: 1851: 1847: 1531: 1453: 1278: 1220: 1216: 866: 386: 161: 7402: 7211:""No Justice, No Peace": The Figure of Emmett till in African American Literature" 6142:"Emmett Till's family urges for woman's arrest after discovery of a warrant found" 6087:"Emmett Till's family wants woman arrested after warrant unearthed 67 years later" 5622: 2203: 15313: 15140: 15050: 15045: 14976:

Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)

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Carolyn Bryant Donham, interview with the author, Raleigh, NC, September 8, 2008.

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At the time of Emmett's murder in 1955, Emmett's mother was often referred to as

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adults that they must destroy him ... What are we Mississippians afraid of?

1424: 1375: 1282: 1225: 1209: 1195: 1133: 961: 641:, when African-American veterans started pressing for equal rights in the South. 634: 398: 281: 11408: 8624: 8605: 6660:"Emmett Till memorial sign in Mississippi is now protected by bulletproof glass" 5078:"How Author Timothy Tyson Found the Woman at the Center of the Emmett Till Case" 4899: 4594: 4552: 4489: 4370: 4346: 4014:"How Author Timothy Tyson Found the Woman at the Center of the Emmett Till Case" 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3606: 3604: 3602: 15750: 15155: 15118: 15108: 14868: 14863: 14805: 14640: 14570: 14500: 14495: 13999: 13923: 13563: 13553: 13523: 13518: 13402: 13270: 13258: 13198: 12892: 12605: 12274: 12266: 12234: 11487: 11391: 11337: 11060: 11041: 10630: 10478: 10463: 10393: 10343: 10308: 10293: 10278: 10238: 10218: 10208: 10163: 10148: 10128: 9898: 9868: 9858: 9828: 9818: 9728: 9698: 9498: 9124: 9076: 8966: 5215:"Willie Louis, Who Named the Killers of Emmett Till at Their Trial, Dies at 76" 3056:"Woman Linked to 1955 Emmett Till Murder Tells Historian Her Claims Were False" 2842: 2714: 2500: 2492: 2467: 2340: 2254:: website links to program transcript and additional materials for the PBS film 2177: 1887: 1875: 1759:

library archives, with access restricted for 20 years or until Donham's death.

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Some have claimed that Till was shot and tossed over the Black Bayou Bridge in

846: 707: 600: 529: 461: 422: 230: 6072: 3020:"Emmett Till's mother opened his casket and sparked the civil rights movement" 2854:

Bryant and Milam admitted to the murder in an interview after their acquittal.

1933:

In 2006, the Emmett Till Memorial Highway was dedicated between Greenwood and

1689:

murder of the 20th century, despite an extensive investigation by the F.B.I."

15874: 14708: 14690: 14680: 14650: 14595: 14550: 14535: 14480: 14470: 14455: 14405: 14400: 14370: 14167: 14095: 13918: 13746: 13445: 13417: 13339: 13122: 13004: 12904: 12733: 12661: 12202: 11866: 11511: 11495: 11242: 11177: 11036: 10966: 10814: 10680: 10503: 10433: 10338: 10188: 10123: 10108: 10098: 10058: 9983: 9973: 9933: 9918: 9808: 9798: 9758: 9708: 9583: 9508: 9478: 8400: 8285: 8184: 8050: 8021: 7380: 6878: 6485: 6330: 6258: 6127:"Black Mississippi Leaders Must Demand Justice for the Murder of Emmett till" 6064: 6003:"Federal Officials Close Cold Case Re-Investigation of Murder of Emmett Till" 5872: 4525: 4298: 4246: 4172: 3955: 3831: 3599: 3438: 3288:"Group pushes landmark status for Emmett Till's Woodlawn home, nearby school" 2902: 2724: 2433: 2309: 2298: 2161: 1680: 1625: 1335: 1290: 1111: 1016:

the police because he feared for his life, Curtis Jones placed a call to the

746: 570: 558: 426: 341: 266: 102: 8484: 8334: 8258: 8224: 8155: 8124: 8077: 7679:"Danielle Deadwyler & Whoopi Goldberg Join Chinonye Chukwu's Orion Film 7016:"Biden to designate a national monument honoring Emmett Till and his mother" 6247:"Carolyn Bryant, elusive accuser in the lynching of Emmett Till, dies at 88" 6165:"Mississippi Grand Jury Declines to Indict Woman in Emmett till Murder Case" 5930:"Emmett Till: US reopens investigation into killing, citing new information" 3927:"Emmett Till accuser admits to giving false testimony at murder trial: book" 3701: 3348: 2791:"Emmett Till: US reopens investigation into killing, citing new information" 1181:, both black publications, generating intense public reaction. According to 512:

on July 25, 1941, in Chicago. Emmett's mother, Mamie, was born in the small

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Black Maverick: T. R. M. Howard's Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Power

6403: 5934: 5210: 4042:"Woman at center of Emmett Till case tells author she fabricated testimony" 2996: 2795: 2719: 2443: 2379: 1860: 1779: 1620:

the skull were consistent with bullets being fired from a .45 caliber gun.

1033: 965: 851: 712: 638: 549: 326: 225: 8459: 8089: 7042:"Biden designates a national monument honoring Emmett Till and his mother" 6715:"White Supremacists Caught at Emmett Till Memorial Making Propaganda Film" 6499: 6051:"Emmett Till's family calls for woman's arrest after finding 1955 warrant" 5899:"Woman Linked to Emmett Till Murder Tells Historian Her Claims Were False" 5695:"Emmett Till Sign Is Hit With Bullets Again, 35 Days After Being Replaced" 1770:

Till's case became emblematic of the injustices suffered by blacks in the

15040: 15025: 14873: 14836: 14675: 14615: 14380: 14375: 14222: 13558: 13423: 12863: 12701: 12629: 11519: 11147: 11016: 10986: 10613: 10577: 10518: 10513: 10473: 10423: 10358: 10353: 10263: 10213: 10143: 10138: 10078: 10063: 9913: 9908: 9773: 9653: 9623: 9563: 9528: 7922:"Welcome to The Emmett Till Historic Intrepid Center (E.T.H.I.C. Museum)" 7510: 7241: 6272: 3162:"Lynching is now a federal hate crime after a century of blocked efforts" 2762: 2704: 2530: 2525: 2418: 2372: 2216: 2211: 2149: 2148:, in which she states she first learned to hate during the fall of 1955. 2116: 2102: 2074: 2003: 1790: 1126: 1041: 698:

The facts of what took place in the store are still disputed. Journalist

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from the original on February 2, 2018 – via www.kirkusreviews.com.

6474:"The 40 Who Fell in the Turbulence Of the U.S. Battles for Civil Rights" 4306: 4282: 1663:

installed in June 2018, and in July it was vandalized by bullets. Three

569:. In 1945, a few weeks before his son's fourth birthday, Louis Till was 14575: 14560: 14530: 14525: 14274: 14242: 14081: 14049: 13736: 13186: 12939: 12725: 12597: 12338: 12306: 11647: 11535: 11292: 10640: 10298: 10228: 10198: 10068: 10043: 9988: 9888: 9503: 9473: 8232: 7234: 7210: 7172: 7148: 6358: 5294:"The Eerie Tragedy of Emmett Till's Father, Told by John Edgar Wideman" 4887: 4713:"Emmett Till's Open Casket Funeral Reignited the Civil Rights Movement" 4095:"Carolyn Bryant lied about Emmett Till. Did author Tim Tyson lie, too?" 3881:"A Case Study in Southern Justice: The Murder and Trial of Emmett Till" 3799:

Of War and Men: World War II in the Lives of Fathers and Their Families

2694: 2537: 2496: 2346:"Emmett's Ghost" (2021), written and recorded by American blues singer 2232:(1985) by Rich Samuel and produced by Anna Vasser (originally aired on 2139: 2120: 1955: 1826: 1743:, the 99-page memoir of Carolyn Bryant Donham, was copied and given to 1609: 1578: 1573: 1245: 1236: 1183: 1029: 861: 841: 836: 618: 595:

Mamie Till-Bradley and Emmett lived together in a busy neighborhood in

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Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)

8515:"A Grocery, a Barn, a Bridge: Returning to the Scenes of a Hate Crime" 8443: 8383:

Simeon's Story: An Eyewitness Account of the Kidnapping of Emmett Till

6927:"Emmett Till and his mother honored with the Congressional Gold Medal" 3629:

Simeon's Story: An Eyewitness Account of the Kidnapping of Emmett Till

2039:

which honors Till and his mother. The monument will be managed by the

599:

near distant relatives. She began working as a civilian clerk for the

464:

found Bryant and Milam not guilty of Till's murder. Protected against

19:"Death of Emmett Till" redirects here. For the song by Bob Dylan, see 15189: 15035: 14540: 14324: 14262: 14157: 13088: 12992: 12927: 12130: 10618: 10088: 10073: 8431:"Emmett Till's Murder, and How America Remembers Its Darkest Moments" 8429:

Burch, Audra D. S.; Shastri, Veda; Chaffee, Tim (February 20, 2019).

8378: 7651:"Women of the Movement: ABC Sets Premiere for Emmett Till Miniseries" 6869: 6299: 5788:

Full Interview with Timothy Tyson, Author of The Blood of Emmett Till

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Full Interview with Timothy Tyson, Author of The Blood of Emmett Till

2571:

Emmett Till Historic Intrepid Center housed in the old cotton gin of

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Death of Innocence: The Story of the Hate Crime That Changed America

8241:

Death of Innocence: The Story of the Hate Crime That Changed America

7226: 7164: 1782:, said years later that the case "struck a spark of indignation that 1433:

Till may have been racially motivated, referring to his trial as a "

15662: 15657: 15167: 13329: 11131: 9978: 8634: 8629: 7314: 6953:"Mississippi city of Greenwood unveils Emmett Till memorial statue" 6786:

Chavez, Nicole; Savidge, Martin; Sayers, Devon M. (July 27, 2019).

3372: 2946:, T. R. M. Howard worked with Olive Arnold Adams of 2230:

The Murder and the Movement: The Story of the Murder of Emmett Till

2180:

includes a song called "My Name is Emmett Till" on her 2011 album,

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

8570:

Testimony of Carolyn Bryant at trial of Roy Bryant and J. W. Milam

6767:"Till Interpretive Center Seeks to Rewrite Civil Rights Narrative" 6689:"Emmett Till Memorial Has a New Sign. This Time, It's Bulletproof" 5978:"Justice Department closes investigation into Emmett Till killing" 5835:"Emmett Till case reinvestigated, but what does that really mean?" 5816:"Historian Recalls Moment Emmett Till's Accuser Admitted She Lied" 5769:"Emmett Till Memorial Has a New Sign. This Time, It's Bulletproof" 5045:"Unique defense helped Emmett Till's killers get away with murder" 3336: 3305: 3267: 3255: 3219: 3111:

Freedom on My Mind: A History of African Americans, with Documents

2517:(2012), a painting by Lisa Whittington which is on display at the 1402:

Newspapers in major international cities as well as religious and

658:

A week before Till arrived in Mississippi, a black activist named

14279: 11451: 10567: 8581: 7600:"Reviewed: This Year's 5 Oscar-Nominated Live-Action Short Films" 7417:"The Murder of Emmett Till | American Experience | PBS" 6838: 5518: 5396: 5394: 5014: 5012: 4987:"Re-examining Emmett Till case could help separate fact, fiction" 2233: 2123:. The eventual episode bore little resemblance to the Till case. 2109:

Till's murder was the focus of a 1957 television episode for the

2032:'s Rail Spike Park, partially funded by the State of Mississippi. 1891:

Emmett Till Memorial Highway, US 49E, Tutwiler, Mississippi, 2019

1616: 1499:, were forgotten, according to historians David and Linda Beito. 1117:

However, discourse about Till's murder soon became more complex.

67: 4648: 4391:"Willie Louis dies at 76; witness to 1955 murder of Emmett Till" 4358: 3248: 3246: 3085:"Eleven historic places in America that desperately need saving" 2954:

Time Bomb: Mississippi Exposed and the Full Story of Emmett Till

2308:"The Ballad of Emmett Till" (1956), recorded by Red River Dave ( 1084:

After Till went missing, a three-paragraph story was printed in

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2006 FBI investigation and transcript of 1955 trial (464 pages)

8529: 8084: 7834:"Education policies fail brilliant young multi-instrumentalist" 7655: 5628: 5512: 4600: 4558: 4531: 4495: 4376: 4352: 4178: 3850: 3610: 3444: 3354: 3231: 2814:"Emmett Till eyewitness dies; saw 1955 abduction of his cousin" 1913: 1829:, on her refusal to move to the back of the bus, launching the 44:

Till in a photograph taken by his mother on Christmas Day, 1954

8619: 7099:"Emmett Till's Casket Discarded By Chicago-Area Grave Workers" 6557: 5391: 5009: 4839: 4753: 4751: 3655:"Emmett Till Isn't Just a Symbol of the Civil Rights Movement" 2599:

Sign identifying the site of Milam's house, near Glendora Gin.

2363:(2016), an anthology film depicting six significant events in 1601:, states that Till's murder "has this mythic quality like the 405:

in the United States. Till posthumously became an icon of the

39: 14925: 13429: 9370: 8192:

Kolin, Philip C. (Summer 2008). "The Legacy of Emmett Till".

7294: 6605:

H.R. 923: Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act of 2007

6105:"Mississippi AG: No prosecution plan in Emmett Till lynching" 5951:"Government probing "new information" in Emmett Till slaying" 5791:. Matter of Fact TV. February 11, 2017. Event occurs at 3:10 5095: 5093: 5091: 4196:. Matter of Fact TV. February 11, 2017. Event occurs at 8:40 3530: 3243: 2202:

is a fictionalized account of Till's death. The 2015 song by

2187: 1516: 1070: 621:, and a few hundred residents, 8 miles (13 km) north of 577: 13398:

Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching

8090:

Prosecutive Report of Investigation Concerning (Emmett Till)

6048: 6028:

Sidner, Sara; Burnside, Tina; Andone, Dakin (July 1, 2022).

4283:"Crosby Smith: Forgotten Witness to a Mississippi Nightmare" 3766:"'Ballad of Emmett Till' comes to stage at a momentous time" 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3109:

White, Deborah Gray; Bay, Mia; Martin, Waldo E. Jr. (2013).

2533:

which sparked protests and controversy when it was unveiled.

1899:

was unveiled in Denver in 1976 (and has since been moved to

1215:

News about Emmett Till spread to both coasts. Chicago Mayor

669: 528:

rivers. When Carthan was two years old, her family moved to

14970: 7187: 6289: 6287: 5669:"Emmett Till: new memorial to murdered teen is bulletproof" 5605:"Justice Department to Investigate 1955 Emmett Till Murder" 5580:. Vol. 276, no. 4. pp. 37–40. Archived from 5369: 5367: 5232: 5191: 5136: 4748: 4467:"Black Bayou Bridge, Glendora – Emmett Till Memory Project" 4150:"'She lied. He died.' Not so fast, says Emmett Till expert" 3708:. September 3, 1955. p. 11 – via Newspapers.com. 2006:

voted to award Till and his mother, Mamie Till-Mobley, the

1495:

involved in Till's abduction and murder, or the subsequent

1416: 8499: 7921: 6607:, govtrack.us (2007–2008). Retrieved on September 8, 2009. 6311: 5602: 5550: 5179: 5088: 4863: 4772: 4618: 3520:"Emmett Till mystery: Who is the white girl in his photo?" 1726: 1345:

said it was "the most dramatic thing I saw in my career".

1038:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

695:

game on a board the Bryants had set up outside the store.

607: 552:

who lived on land owned by whites. Blacks had essentially

448:. It was later said that "The open-coffin funeral held by 7128: 6664: 6034: 5431: 5244: 5122: 4875: 4606: 4266: 3191: 2403: 1477:

Quote from Milam on why he killed Till. Displayed at the

1385: 706:

According to both Simeon Wright and Wheeler Parker, Till

662:

was shot and killed in front of the county courthouse in

468:, the two men publicly admitted in a 1956 interview with 6391: 6284: 5379: 5364: 5024: 4961: 4851: 4796: 4784: 4242:"The Lesson of Emmett Till Has Been Ignored for Decades" 3405:"A Case Study in Southern Justice: The Emmett Till Case" 2319:" (1962), also known as "The Ballad of Emmett Till", by 964:

Till on the way and reportedly knocked him unconscious.

199: 13615:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

10820:

Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam

10598:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)" 8057: 7947:"Gas Station Will Be Restored In Memory Of Emmett Till" 7403:"'The Murder and the Movement': The Emmett Tilll Story" 7247: 6409: 6370: 6364: 6278: 5457:"Widow of Emmett Till killer dies quietly, notoriously" 4660: 4542: 4540: 4513: 4442:"Son thinks dad needs to clear conscience in Till case" 4334: 3742: 3499: 3483:"The Shocking Story of Approved Killing in Mississippi" 3455: 3453: 2376:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

2088:

dedicated an untitled poem (eventually to be known as "

2066:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

1747:

by an anonymous source. The text had been given to the

1707: 686:

Bryant's Grocery Mississippi Freedom Trail Marker, 2018

678:

The remains of Bryant's Grocery and Meat Market in 2009

10844:

African American founding fathers of the United States

9197:

Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement

9062:

John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights

8296:

A Case Study in Southern Justice: The Emmett Till Case

4949: 3384: 3179: 2514:

Emmett Till: How She Sent Him and How She Got Him Back

2010:, forwarding the measure for concurrent action in the 1820:

I thought of Emmett Till and I just couldn't go back.

492:, was signed into law on March 29, 2022, by President 15966:

Racially motivated violence against African Americans

8669: 7124:"Authorities discover original casket of Emmett Till" 5572:

Segall, Rebecca; Holmberg, David (February 3, 2003).

8207:

The Lynching of Emmett Till: A Documentary Narrative

7803:"Courtland Milloy on the Debut of 'Anne and Emmett'" 6971:"A statue of Emmett Till is unveiled in Mississippi" 6027: 4582: 4537: 4501: 3450: 3360: 3078: 3076: 2970:

became the most commonly accepted version of events.

2648: 2457:

The State of Mississippi and the Face of Emmett Till

2014:. The House passed the measure on December 21, 2022. 1852:

students integrating Little Rock Central High School

10892:

Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument

8502:"Remembering Emmett Till: The Legacy of a Lynching" 8428: 6785: 6668:. Nicole Chavez, Martin Savidge and Devon M. Sayers 6580:

Emmett Till Memorial Committee -Tallahatchie County

5938:. Associated Press. Event occurs at July 12, 2018. 5858: 5714:"Emmett Till memorial sign scarred by bullet holes" 4217:"Could lies about Emmett Till lead to prosecution?" 2799:. Associated Press. Event occurs at July 12, 2018. 2037:

Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument

1024:, where Elizabeth's brother contacted the sheriff. 895:Retaliation for allegedly offending a white woman, 8348:William Winter Institute for Racial Reconciliation 5897: 1850:, Till's death and the widespread coverage of the 11438: 8231: 8209:. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. 7071:"Emmett Till's Casket Donated to the Smithsonian" 6653: 6651: 6505: 6305: 6219:Gallagher, Dianne; Smart, Sara (April 27, 2023). 5736: 5734: 5524: 4905: 4820:"How Photos Became Icon of Civil Rights Movement" 4654: 4364: 4330:. pp. 24–32 – via FSU Digital Library. 3536: 3378: 3342: 3311: 3273: 3261: 3237: 3225: 3073: 3046: 3044: 3042: 1762:Donham died on April 25, 2023, at the age of 88. 541:while they were trying to find jobs and housing. 488:, an American law which makes lynching a federal 15872: 14961:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 13059:Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN) 9428:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 8606:Treading the Tightrope of Jim Crow: Emmett Till. 8350:. Archived from the original on October 21, 2019 8006:. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi. 7797: 7676: 7204: 7202: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6049:Timothy Bella; DeNeen L. Brown (June 30, 2022). 2452:(2003), a juvenile fiction novel by Chris Crowe. 1675:Claim that Carolyn Bryant recanted her testimony 15006:Black players in professional American football 14956:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 9418:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 9351:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights 9242:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County 7483:"Ballad of Emmett Till Released by Record Firm" 7040:Sprunt, Barbara; Kim, Juliana (July 25, 2023). 3962:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 221. 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3160:McDaniel, Eric; Moore, Elena (March 29, 2022). 2402:(2020), a science-fiction television series by 1797:The 1987 Emmy award-winning documentary series 1032:. Word got out that Till was missing, and soon 10897:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument 8317:A Death in the Delta: The story of Emmett Till 6648: 6576:"Resolution Presented to Emmett Till's Family" 6218: 5731: 5571: 5547:George Mason University's History News Network 4099:Mississippi Center for Investigative Reporting 3108: 3039: 2297:"The Death of Emmett Till" (1955), written by 2142:mentioned the Till case in her autobiography, 1628:, who worked on the reading materials for the 371:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument 13852: 11453:List of lynching victims in the United States 11424: 11091: 10805:List of lynching victims in the United States 9143:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States 8655: 8477:"What's Happened to the Emmett Till Killers?" 8319:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 7881:"Abstracting the savaged body of Emmett Till" 7199: 7064: 7062: 6610: 3950: 3948: 3159: 3113:. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 637. 2495:. An imaginary conversation between Till and 2092:") to Till in his October 1, 1955, column in 365:Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education 185: 14719:Historically black colleges and universities 7511:"Red River Dave – The Ballad Of Emmitt Till" 5640: 5543:Story on Emmett Till Targets Carolyn Bryant" 5450: 5448: 5446: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4439: 3856: 3675: 2080: 1765: 1036:, Mississippi state field secretary for the 16:African American lynching victim (1941–1955) 13489:Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act 9272:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights 8162: 7831: 7670: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6546: 5603:U.S. Department of Justice (May 10, 2004). 5287: 5285: 4710: 4143: 4141: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 1992:Libraries created the Emmett Till archives. 1960:Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act 397:in 1955 after being accused of offending a 13859: 13845: 13460: 13305:Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore 13035:Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken 11431: 11417: 11098: 11084: 9321:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership 8662: 8648: 8376: 8028: 7059: 6317: 5892: 5411: 5409: 5400: 5185: 5099: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5018: 4869: 4845: 4778: 4612: 4121:"The Emmett Till Murder Trial: An Account" 3945: 3204: 3050: 1515:Eventually, Milam and Bryant relocated to 192: 178: 38: 14936:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC) 13781:"The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain) 13241:Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes 12019:William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner 11105: 10877:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument 8590:Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library 8314: 7300: 7193: 7039: 6520:"South Side School Named for Emmett Till" 6421: 6397: 6293: 5861:"Black Lives, White Lies and Emmett Till" 5443: 5385: 5373: 5292:Buckley, Gail Lumet (December 14, 2016). 5250: 5238: 5197: 5153: 5151: 5142: 5030: 4973: 4967: 4893: 4857: 4813: 4811: 4802: 4790: 4757: 4666: 4624: 4519: 4340: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 3899: 3748: 3621: 3619: 3552:Benson, Christopher (December 18, 2009). 3547: 3545: 3505: 3390: 3185: 2942:A month after Huie's article appeared in 2277: 1590:body pulled from the Tallahatchie River. 1331:National Newspaper Publishers Association 670:Encounter between Till and Carolyn Bryant 385:(July 25, 1941 – August 28, 1955) was an 337:Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner 15931:History of African-American civil rights 10912:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change 8952:University of Georgia desegregation riot 8588:Documents regarding the Emmett Till Case 8539:magazine with Emmett Till's murder story 8415: 8292: 8109:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 8001: 7971: 7737:"Mississippi Trial, 1955 by Chris Crowe" 7648: 7642: 7369:"Should Art That Infuriates Be Removed?" 7069:Trescott, Jacqueline (August 27, 2009). 7068: 6950: 6814:"The Creation Of An Emmett Till Archive" 6657: 6543: 6139: 5859:The Editorial Board (February 6, 2017). 5832: 5740: 5454: 5282: 4984: 4711:Nodjimbadem, Katie (September 2, 2015). 4214: 4147: 4138: 4089: 4070: 3985: 3759: 3757: 3702:"Kin Tell How Murdered Boy Was Abducted" 3517: 3465: 2989: 2811: 2361:August 28: A Day in the Life of a People 2312:), in the TNT label's True Story Series. 1997:National Trust for Historic Preservation 1886: 1859:, young Cassius Clay (later famed boxer 1757:University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill 1472: 1311: 1160: 1132: 1059: 681: 673: 586: 15901:African-American history of Mississippi 13610:National Memorial for Peace and Justice 10826:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence 10563:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus" 10558:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round" 8512: 8475:Huie, William Bradford (January 1957). 8341: 8204: 8131: 7878: 7677:D'Alessandro, Anthony (July 23, 2021). 7620: 7342:"Percival Everett's "The Trees" Review" 7312: 7259: 7208: 7146: 6924: 6865:"US honours Emmett Till and his mother" 6862: 6839:"LibGuides: Emmett Till Archives: Home" 6621: 6424:"Need to heal marks brutal anniversary" 6376: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5643:"End of Till case draws mixed response" 5536: 5437: 5406: 5329: 5291: 5262: 5062: 4955: 4881: 4588: 4546: 4507: 4322:"Killed for Whistling at a White Woman" 4280: 4274: 4039: 3676:Parker, Wheeler; Benson, Chris (2023). 3481:Huie, William Bradford (January 1956). 3459: 3366: 3285: 2160:centers on the events of Till's death. 1727:Release of Carolyn Bryant Donham memoir 1530:. He was convicted in 1984 and 1988 of 1357:on record to aid in a possible appeal. 1055: 608:Plans to visit relatives in Mississippi 15921:Deaths by beating in the United States 15873: 15835:Topics related to the African diaspora 14941:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) 10740:African-American women in the movement 9192:White House Conference on Civil Rights 9023:"Segregation now, segregation forever" 8609:The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks 8594:Video interview with Mamie Till-Mobley 8344:"Revisiting the Murder of Emmett Till" 8163:Houck, Davis; Grindy, Matthew (2008). 7649:Iannucci, Rebecca (October 21, 2021). 7597: 7577:Davis, Rachaell (September 22, 2016). 7523: 7499:– via North Carolina Newspapers. 7313:Wachtel, Eleanor (February 25, 2022). 7260:Wheeler, Leigh Ann (October 5, 2018). 7013: 6764: 6738: 6712: 6331:"Who, what, why: Who was Emmett Till?" 6244: 5948: 5711: 5455:Anderson, Devery (February 27, 2014). 5148: 5075: 4808: 4118: 4105: 4011: 3669: 3625: 3616: 3551: 3542: 3323: 2460:(2005), a dramatic play by David Barr. 2333:"My Name is Emmett Till" (2013), from 1465:, Bryant and Milam struck a deal with 1248:. But I just had no choice about it." 446:Roberts Temple Church of God in Christ 15815:Landmark African-American legislation 13866: 13840: 13247:Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels 13153:Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA 12844: 11450: 11412: 11079: 9181:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections 8643: 8630:Mamie Till Mobley Memorial Foundation 8561:interview with Christopher Benson on 8441: 8265: 8191: 8166:Emmett Till and the Mississippi Press 7771: 7576: 7463:from the original on October 21, 2019 7366: 7340:Bell, Carol V. (September 22, 2021). 7096: 6951:Alvarado, Briana (October 22, 2022). 6925:Heyward, Giulia (December 24, 2022). 6811: 6686: 6517: 6162: 5975: 5910:from the original on February 9, 2023 5766: 5484: 5263:McGowan, Amanda (November 16, 2016). 5157: 5113:"Timeline: The Murder of Emmett Till" 5042: 4985:Mitchell, Jerry (February 19, 2007). 4817: 4419:"Counting on Time to Break a Silence" 4416: 4319: 4313: 4066: 4064: 4062: 3954: 3795: 3763: 3754: 3652: 3286:Vivanco, Leonor (November 13, 2017). 3017: 2812:Mitchell, Jerry (September 4, 2017). 2259:The Untold Story of Emmett Louis Till 2115:titled "Noon on Doomsday" written by 1641: 1548:The Untold Story of Emmett Louis Till 1305:, jail to keep them from testifying. 576:At the age of six, Emmett contracted 173: 14946:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) 13822:Lynching deaths in the United States 12952:Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman 12845: 11364:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore 10949:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument 9413:Regional Council of Negro Leadership 9361:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 9307:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights 8784:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company 8709:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore 8625:Emmett Till Historic Intrepid Center 8553:NPR pieces on the Emmett Till murder 8474: 8104: 7926:Emmett Till Historic Intrepid Center 7550: 7339: 7285: 6898: 6863:Goddard, Jacqui (January 13, 2022). 6422:Francisco, Jamie (August 29, 2005). 5803: 5712:Preuss, Andreas (October 22, 2016). 5692: 5629:Federal Bureau of Investigation 2006 5513:Federal Bureau of Investigation 2006 4601:Federal Bureau of Investigation 2006 4559:Federal Bureau of Investigation 2006 4532:Federal Bureau of Investigation 2006 4496:Federal Bureau of Investigation 2006 4377:Federal Bureau of Investigation 2006 4353:Federal Bureau of Investigation 2006 4215:Mitchell, Jerry (February 6, 2017). 4179:Federal Bureau of Investigation 2006 4148:Anderson, Devery (August 29, 2018). 3986:Phillips, Kristine (July 12, 2018). 3900:Blakemore, Erin (February 3, 2017). 3851:Federal Bureau of Investigation 2006 3611:Federal Bureau of Investigation 2006 3480: 3445:Federal Bureau of Investigation 2006 3402: 3355:Federal Bureau of Investigation 2006 2273:: Transcript of 2006 PBS documentary 1882: 1708:Discovery of unserved arrest warrant 1365:, or acquittal. On September 23 the 644:Racial tensions increased after the 317:Burglund High School student walkout 221:Regional Council of Negro Leadership 15916:Congressional Gold Medal recipients 15300:African-American Vernacular English 13483:Justice for Victims of Lynching Act 13259:O'Day Short, wife, and two children 13041:T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey 9356:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 9292:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters 8962:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address 8543:Emmett Till's Legacy 50 Years Later 8513:Shastri, Veda (February 22, 2019). 8169:. University Press of Mississippi. 8029:Beito, David; Beito, Linda (2009). 7972:Mitchell, Jerry (August 29, 2018). 7400: 6713:Pitton, Ashton (November 2, 2019). 6658:Levenson, Eric (October 19, 2019). 6622:Epstein, Kayla (October 19, 2019). 6518:Lynch, La Risa R. (March 1, 2006). 6140:Franklin, Jonathan (July 9, 2022). 5976:Laura, Jarrett (December 6, 2021). 5355: 5314: 5076:Weller, Sheila (January 26, 2017). 4388: 4071:Mitchell, Jerry (August 21, 2018). 4012:Weller, Shelia (January 26, 2017). 3719:Timeline: The Murder of Emmett Till 3579: 3518:Mitchell, Jerry (August 28, 2018). 3082: 2339:, the twenty-sixth studio album by 2164:mentions Till's death in the novel 2017:In March 2022, Congress passed the 1954:The same year, Georgia congressman 1925:march over the Edmund Pettus Bridge 580:, which left him with a persistent 13: 15936:Incidents of violence against boys 15218:U.S. cities with large populations 14921:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 11117:Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) 10800:African-American churches attacked 9366:Montgomery Improvement Association 9341:Georgia Council on Human Relations 9326:Council of Federated Organizations 9297:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 9055:16th Street Baptist Church bombing 9013:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot 8819:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom 8723:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents 8409: 8270:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 7755:"The Sacred Place by Daniel Black" 7695:from the original on July 26, 2021 7598:Taylor, Ella (February 12, 2018). 6203: 5953:. Associated Press. Archived from 5330:Wideman, John (October 19, 2016). 4125:University of Missouri-Kansas City 4059: 4040:Carroll, Rory (January 27, 2017). 3653:Jones, Chris (September 9, 1999). 3018:Brown, DeNeen L. (July 12, 2018). 2990:Thompson, Wright (July 22, 2021). 1397: 499: 14: 15992: 15951:Child murder in the United States 15896:1955 murders in the United States 14091:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013 14087:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 13894:African American founding fathers 13383:American Crusade Against Lynching 13029:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer 10872:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute 10745:Jews in the civil rights movement 8620:Emmett Till Interpretative Center 8575: 8416:Anderson, Devery S. (July 2008). 7868:– via www.akashicbooks.com. 7621:Specter, Emma (August 31, 2020). 7367:Smith, Roberta (March 27, 2017). 6899:Rush, Bobby L. (March 26, 2021). 6812:Weeks, Linton (August 24, 2015). 6739:Madani, Doha (November 3, 2019). 6687:Ortiz, Aimee (October 20, 2019). 6582:. October 2, 2007. Archived from 6558:"Emmett Till Interpretive Center" 6009:(Press release). December 6, 2021 5833:Mitchell, Jerry (July 12, 2018). 5767:Ortiz, Aimee (October 20, 2019). 5741:Mitchell, Jerry (July 25, 2019). 5487:"Emmett Till: More Than A Murder" 4818:Dewan, Shaila (August 28, 2005). 3879:Whitaker, Stephen (Summer 2005). 3721:, PBS, accessed January 27, 2014. 2367:which happened on the same date, 2284: 1165:Till's grave at Burr Oak Cemetery 887:Roy Bryant and John William Milam 15971:Tallahatchie County, Mississippi 15946:Murdered African-American people 15926:Deaths by firearm in Mississippi 15853: 14971:United Negro College Fund (UNCF) 14116:Nadir of American race relations 13595:America's Black Holocaust Museum 13378:American anti-lynching activists 13350:Nadir of American race relations 12940:Steve Long and two half-brothers 12876:Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX 11397:Civil rights movement portal 11390: 11066:Civil rights movement portal 11059: 10907:Freedom Riders National Monument 10649:The Kingdom of God Is Within You 9161:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches 9120:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests 9007:Second Emancipation Proclamation 8385:. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books. 8107:Muhammad Ali, The People's Champ 8035:. University of Illinois Press. 7965: 7939: 7914: 7898: 7872: 7856: 7825: 7791: 7765: 7747: 7729: 7707: 7614: 7591: 7570: 7544: 7517: 7503: 7475: 7439: 7427: 7409: 7394: 7360: 7333: 7306: 7279: 7253: 7140: 7116: 7090: 7033: 7007: 6981: 6963: 6944: 6918: 6892: 6856: 6831: 6805: 6779: 6765:Miller, Maya (August 26, 2015). 6758: 6732: 6706: 6680: 6598: 6568: 6534: 6511: 6466: 6441: 6415: 6382: 6349: 6323: 6245:Langer, Emily (April 27, 2023). 6238: 6212: 6197: 6175: 6156: 6133: 6119: 6097: 6079: 6042: 6021: 5995: 5969: 5942: 5922: 5886: 5852: 5826: 5779: 5760: 5705: 5693:Haag, Matthew (August 6, 2018). 5686: 5661: 5634: 5596: 5565: 5530: 5478: 5469: 5349: 5323: 5308: 5256: 5203: 5158:Rubin, Richard (July 21, 2005). 5105: 5043:Houck, Davis (August 29, 2018). 5036: 4920: 4911: 4763: 4739: 4730: 4704: 4672: 4440:Barry, Ellen (August 19, 2005). 4320:Curry, George E. (August 1995). 3632:. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books. 3580:Kim, Michelle (April 27, 2015). 2936: 2927: 2917: 2908: 2887: 2679: 2665: 2651: 2632: 2616: 2604: 2592: 2580: 2564: 2432:"Emmett Till" (1991), a poem by 2392:Oscar for best live action short 2301:, recorded by The Ramparts with 2223: 2170:(1977) and later wrote the play 2064:, director of the Smithsonian's 2026:bronze statue commemorating Till 1916:on the granite sculpture of the 770: 403:persecution of African Americans 13977:Civil rights movement 1954–1968 13967:Civil rights movement 1865–1896 13801:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 13435:National Conference on Lynching 12993:Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya 12870:Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre 12211:Mary Turner and her unborn baby 10934:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum 10922:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial 9398:National Council of Negro Women 9336:Deacons for Defense and Justice 8602:, Civil Rights Digital Library. 8442:Houck, Davis W. (Summer 2005). 8293:Whitaker, Hugh Stephen (1963). 8086:Federal Bureau of Investigation 7994: 7524:Watson, Bruce (June 10, 2010). 7132:. July 10, 2009. Archived from 5209: 4639: 4630: 4573: 4564: 4459: 4433: 4410: 4382: 4254: 4234: 4208: 4184: 4163: 4083: 4033: 4005: 3979: 3919: 3893: 3789: 3733: 3724: 3712: 3694: 3646: 3573: 3511: 3429: 3420: 3396: 3317: 3279: 3210: 2877: 2867: 2857: 2848: 2835: 2804: 2778: 2768: 2754: 2519:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum 2476:(2007), a novel by Daniel Black 2198:uses this theme. The 2002 book 1541:In 1996, documentary filmmaker 1502: 532:, near Chicago, as part of the 15961:People murdered in Mississippi 15941:Lynching deaths in Mississippi 14966:Thurgood Marshall College Fund 13972:Civil right movement 1896–1954 12917:Gallatin County, KY, race riot 8814:Mansfield school desegregation 7491:. December 31, 1955. p. 1 7097:James, Frank (July 10, 2009). 7014:Miller, Maya (July 25, 2023). 6163:Rojas, Rick (August 9, 2022). 5641:Breed, Allen (March 3, 2007). 5485:Atiks, Joe (August 25, 1985). 3252:Houck and Grindy, pp. 134–135. 3153: 3127: 3102: 3011: 2983: 2737: 2330:, mentions and eulogizes Till. 2326:"Too Many Martyrs" (1964), by 1979:Tallahatchie County Courthouse 1751:to privately hold until 2036. 1679:In 2017, historian and author 1442:If the facts as stated in the 1226:T. R. M. Howard 1064:Mamie Till at Emmett's funeral 389:teenager who was abducted and 322:Murder of Roman Ducksworth Jr. 297:Prayer Pilgrimage Freedom Ride 128:James McCosh Elementary School 1: 15146:Cherokee freedmen controversy 14122:The Negro Motorist Green Book 13817:Lynching in the United States 13118:Springfield race riot of 1908 11536:Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer 11440:Lynching in the United States 10944:National Voting Rights Museum 10887:Civil Rights Movement Archive 10686:Lynching in the United States 10573:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize" 9028:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 9001:University of Chicago sit-ins 8768:Davis v. Prince Edward County 8448:Rhetoric & Public Affairs 8205:Metress, Christopher (2002). 7772:Oxman, Steven (May 6, 2008). 7209:Metress, Christopher (2003). 7147:Metress, Christopher (2003). 6506:Till-Mobley & Benson 2003 6306:Till-Mobley & Benson 2003 5949:Reeves, Jay (July 12, 2018). 5525:Till-Mobley & Benson 2003 5002:(Originally published in the 4908:, p. image spread p. 12. 4906:Till-Mobley & Benson 2003 4655:Till-Mobley & Benson 2003 4417:Barry, Ellen (May 18, 2004). 4365:Till-Mobley & Benson 2003 3885:Rhetoric & Public Affairs 3537:Till-Mobley & Benson 2003 3379:Till-Mobley & Benson 2003 3343:Till-Mobley & Benson 2003 3324:Younge, Gary (June 5, 2005). 3312:Till-Mobley & Benson 2003 3274:Till-Mobley & Benson 2003 3262:Till-Mobley & Benson 2003 3238:Till-Mobley & Benson 2003 3226:Till-Mobley & Benson 2003 2977: 2130:loosely based his 1964 drama 2012:U.S. House of Representatives 1740:I Am More Than a Wolf Whistle 1733:I Am More Than a Wolf Whistle 782:Sunflower County, Mississippi 327:Assassination of Medgar Evers 15956:People from Summit, Illinois 15906:Burials at Burr Oak Cemetery 13711:Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson 13642:And you are lynching Negroes 13494:Emmett Till Antilynching Act 13229:Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith 13135:Harris County, GA, lynchings 13077:Wilmington, NC, insurrection 12923:New Orleans massacre of 1866 10939:National Civil Rights Museum 10795:March on Washington Movement 10780:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church 9249:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. 8299:(MA). Tallahassee, Florida: 8002:Anderson, Devery S. (2015). 7551:Owen, Matt (July 23, 2021). 6185:. ABC News. December 3, 2022 5502:– via "US Slave" blog. 4896:, p. image spread p. 6. 4745:Houck and Grindy, pp. 31–37. 4645:Houck and Grindy, pp. 22–24. 4579:Houck and Grindy, pp. 19–21. 4389:Nix, Naomi (July 24, 2013). 3764:Jones, Chris (May 4, 2008). 2354: 2145:Coming of Age in Mississippi 2019:Emmett Till Antilynching Act 1962:was signed into law in 2008. 1949:community to your loved one. 1749:University of North Carolina 1479:National Civil Rights Museum 486:Emmett Till Antilynching Act 7: 15016:Black players in ice hockey 14951:National Urban League (NUL) 14777:American Society of Muslims 14015:Selma to Montgomery marches 13935:Brown v. Board of Education 13620:Southern Poverty Law Center 13265:Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings 12893:? Lachenais and four others 12331:James Harvey and Joe Jordan 11648:Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson 10583:"This Little Light of Mine" 9331:Dallas County Voters League 9277:Atlanta Negro Voters League 9040:Letter from Birmingham Jail 8747:Brown v. Board of Education 8315:Whitfield, Stephen (1991). 7907:GHOST BOYS | Kirkus Reviews 7774:"The Ballad of Emmett Till" 6453:Southern Poverty Law Center 5165:The New York Times Magazine 5160:"The Ghosts of Emmett Till" 4769:Whitaker (1963), pp. 21–22. 3804:University of Chicago Press 3435:Whitaker (1963), pp. 61–82. 2644: 2491:(2009), a dramatic play by 1649:Emmett didn't die in vain. 739: 651:Brown v. Board of Education 646:United States Supreme Court 10: 15997: 15173:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 14931:Nashville Student Movement 13942:Children of the plantation 13101:1906 Atlanta race massacre 13071:Phoenix, SC, election riot 13047:New Orleans 1891 lynchings 12999:Benjamin and Mollie French 10917:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 10785:Holt Street Baptist Church 10755:16th Street Baptist Church 9739:Annie Bell Robinson Devine 9383:Nashville Student Movement 9313:An Appeal for Human Rights 8635:Emmett Till Memory Project 8266:Tyson, Timothy B. (2017). 8243:. New York: Random House. 7513:– via www.45cat.com. 6007:U.S. Department of Justice 4281:Shostak, David A. (1974). 4077:Mississippi Clarion Ledger 3524:Mississippi Clarion-Ledger 3426:Whitaker (1963), pp. 2–10. 3407:. Florida State University 3135:"Getting Away with Murder" 2992:"His name was Emmett Till" 2785: 2557: 2158:Your Blues Ain't Like Mine 1870:resident and sharecropper 1730: 1492:U.S. Department of Justice 1342:New Orleans Times-Picayune 1199:later selected one of the 1107:examine Till post-mortem. 1087:The Greenwood Commonwealth 359:Murder of Wharlest Jackson 354:Shooting of Benjamin Brown 18: 15976:African-American children 15843: 15810:Index of related articles 15688: 15603: 15327: 15260: 15198: 15098: 15059: 14991: 14984: 14899: 14819: 14811:Doctrine of Father Divine 14757: 14699: 14348: 14203: 14195:Women's suffrage movement 14148:Reconstruction Amendments 13955:Voting Rights Act of 1965 13874: 13809: 13628: 13587: 13506: 13408:William O'Connell Bradley 13368: 13322: 13318: 13147:East St. Louis, IL, riots 12899:Fort Pillow, TN, massacre 12882:New York City draft riots 12851: 12840: 12589: 11858: 11463: 11459: 11446: 11379: 11356: 11140: 11124: 11113: 11055: 10957: 10859: 10673: 10606: 10548: 10527: 10414:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson 10384:Modjeska Monteith Simkins 9456: 9448:Women's Political Council 9443:Wednesdays in Mississippi 9438:United Auto Workers (UAW) 9423:Southern Regional Council 9393:Northern Student Movement 9302:Committee for Freedom Now 9262: 9209:Memphis sanitation strike 9175:Voting Rights Act of 1965 9097: 8918:Savannah Protest Movement 8880: 8738: 8699:Journey of Reconciliation 8691: 8678: 8470:– via Project MUSE. 8368:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 7879:Jayawardane, M. Neelika. 7540:– via Google Books. 5574:"Who Killed Emmett Till?" 4680:"100 Photos: Emmett Till" 2761:a stock photo of actress 2481:The Ballad of Emmett Till 2241:The Murder of Emmett Till 2081:Representation in culture 2047: 1766:Influence on civil rights 1665:University of Mississippi 1566:The Murder of Emmett Till 1391:The Murder of Emmett Till 924: 910: 902: 891: 883: 875: 822: 814: 803:August 28, 1955 799: 788: 769: 764: 307:Mississippi Freedom Rides 213: 153: 132: 124: 113: 94: 75: 49: 37: 30: 15860:United States portal 15295:African-American English 14724:Inventors and scientists 14416:George Washington Carver 14020:Chicago Freedom Movement 13672:Deaths in police custody 13159:Jenkins County, GA, riot 12970:Chinese massacre of 1871 12888:Detroit race riot (1863) 12523:Lynching of Raymond Gunn 12315:Dick Rowland (attempted) 9282:Atlanta Student Movement 9231:Civil Rights Act of 1968 9156:1964–1965 Scripto strike 9137:Civil Rights Act of 1964 9035:1963 Birmingham campaign 8928:Civil Rights Act of 1960 8852:Civil Rights Act of 1957 8584:Florida State University 8301:Florida State University 8268:The Blood of Emmett Till 7832:Furchtgott-Roth, Diana. 7447:"Awakenings (1954–1956)" 6508:, pp. 259–260, 268. 6480:. AP. November 4, 1989. 6107:. AP News. July 15, 2022 5332:"A Black and White Case" 4736:Houck and Grindy, p. 29. 4119:Linder, Douglas (2012). 3960:The Blood of Emmett Till 2730: 2464:A Wreath for Emmett Till 2426: 2365:African-American history 2317:The Death of Emmett Till 2291: 2200:Mississippi Trials, 1955 2133:Blues for Mister Charlie 2008:Congressional Gold Medal 1990:Florida State University 1876:voter registration drive 1558:aired an installment of 1488:Civil Rights Act of 1957 1271: 1110:Mississippi's governor, 1075:White Citizens' Councils 504:Emmett Till was born to 158:Congressional Gold Medal 21:The Death of Emmett Till 15783:African-American firsts 14832:Back-to-Africa movement 14801:Black Hebrew Israelites 14581:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 14129:Partus sequitur ventrem 13653:Battle of Liberty Place 13648:Attack on John Shillady 13636:James Allen (collector) 13469:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill 13253:Beaumont, TX, Race Riot 13177:Omaha race riot of 1919 13165:Longview, TX, race riot 13141:Newberry, FL, lynchings 13083:Julia and Frazier Baker 13065:Porter and Spencer (MS) 13017:Thibodeax, LA, massacre 12975:Meridian, MS, race riot 12958:Opelousas, LA, massacre 11931:Paul Reed and Will Cato 11616:Big Nose George Parrott 11263:Delano Herman Middleton 10834:Voter Education Project 10588:"We Shall Not Be Moved" 10249:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 9684:Josephine Dobbs Clement 9110:Chester school protests 9105:Twenty-fourth Amendment 9067:Detroit Walk to Freedom 8809:Tallahassee bus boycott 8730:Baton Rouge bus boycott 8342:Whitten, Ellen (2005). 8132:Hampton, Henry (1990). 7821:(subscription required) 7348:. National Public Radio 7153:African American Review 6540:Houck and Grindy, p. 4. 6449:"Civil Rights Memorial" 6355:Houck and Grindy, p. x. 4570:Houck and Grindy, p. 6. 3680:. New York: One World. 3626:Wright, Simeon (2010). 3403:Whitaker, High Steven. 3216:Whitaker (1963), p. 19. 3083:Brandon, Elissaveta M. 2450:Mississippi Trial, 1955 1920:in Montgomery, Alabama. 1721:Bowling Green, Kentucky 1584:Greenville, Mississippi 1303:Charleston, Mississippi 765:Lynching of Emmett Till 751:Infobox civilian attack 743: 342:Murder of Vernon Dahmer 267:Murder of George W. Lee 15751:Spingarn Medal winners 15240:States and territories 15011:Black NFL quarterbacks 14511:Martin Luther King Jr. 14043:Dred Scott v. Sandford 13982:Montgomery bus boycott 13787:United States v. Shipp 13539:Rebecca Latimer Felton 13370:Anti-lynching movement 13287:Freedom Summer Murders 13217:Rosewood, FL, massacre 13182:Knoxville riot of 1919 12051:Laura and L. D. Nelson 11233:Martin Luther King Jr. 11047:Movement photographers 10289:Bernice Johnson Reagon 10009:Martin Luther King Sr. 10004:Martin Luther King Jr. 9574:William Holmes Borders 9346:Highlander Folk School 9236:Poor People's Campaign 9089:St. Augustine movement 8939:Gomillion v. Lightfoot 8862:Katz Drug Store sit-in 8833:Royal Ice Cream sit-in 8795:Montgomery bus boycott 8422:The Southern Quarterly 8105:Gorn, Elliott (1998). 7838:San Francisco Examiner 7741:PenguinRandomhouse.com 7136:on September 13, 2009. 6318:Beito & Beito 2009 5419:. NPR. August 27, 2020 5401:Beito & Beito 2009 5358:Writing to Save a Life 5317:Writing to Save a Life 5186:Beito & Beito 2009 5100:Beito & Beito 2009 5019:Beito & Beito 2009 5004:Jackson Clarion-Ledger 4870:Beito & Beito 2009 4846:Beito & Beito 2009 4779:Beito & Beito 2009 4613:Beito & Beito 2009 4287:Negro History Bulletin 3796:Hales, Dianne (2011). 3586:The Daily Northwestern 3205:Beito & Beito 2009 2845:, not formally charged 2529:(2016), a painting by 2278:Works inspired by Till 2057: 2030:Greenwood, Mississippi 1951: 1905:Martin Luther King Jr. 1903:) featuring Till with 1892: 1840:Martin Luther King Jr. 1831:Montgomery bus boycott 1822: 1816: 1651: 1528:Ruleville, Mississippi 1482: 1449: 1322: 1235:, a specific brand of 1219:and Illinois Governor 1166: 1150: 1097:Vicksburg Evening Post 1065: 1044:, head of the NAACP's 1007:that was published in 991: 756:considered for merging 687: 679: 592: 477:Montgomery bus boycott 460:In September 1955, an 348:United States v. Price 120:, Alsip, Illinois 15061:Athletic associations 14996:Negro league baseball 14767:African-American Jews 14486:Ketanji Brown Jackson 14451:Henry Highland Garnet 14310:Negro National Anthem 14060:George Floyd protests 14025:Post–civil rights era 13758:Summer in Mississippi 13705:Mississippi Cold Case 13659:The Birth of a Nation 13600:Civil Rights Memorial 13529:Sidney Johnston Catts 13507:Defenders of lynching 13193:Duluth, MN, lynchings 13171:Elaine, AR, race riot 13129:Laura and L.D. Nelson 13095:Watkinsville lynching 13053:Ruggles Brothers (CA) 13011:Hamburg, SC, massacre 12987:Election riot of 1874 12934:Camilla, GA, massacre 12856:Death of Joseph Smith 11480:Elijah Parish Lovejoy 11384:Civil Rights Movement 11370:Mississippi Cold Case 11107:Civil Rights Memorial 10882:Civil Rights Memorial 10770:Bethel Baptist Church 10419:Charles Kenzie Steele 9864:Audrey Faye Hendricks 9769:Myrlie Evers-Williams 9749:Patricia Stephens Due 9719:Abraham Lincoln Davis 9654:Colia Lafayette Clark 9408:Operation Breadbasket 9403:National Urban League 9150:Katzenbach v. McClung 9018:Atlanta's Berlin Wall 8671:Civil rights movement 8460:10.1353/rap.2005.0078 5356:Wideman, John Edgar. 5315:Wideman, John Edgar. 4471:tillmemoryproject.com 4429:on September 3, 2015. 4093:(December 10, 2021). 3665:on December 13, 2022. 2700:1920 Duluth lynchings 2573:Glendora, Mississippi 2411:Women of the Movement 2052: 2041:National Park Service 1946: 1935:Tutwiler, Mississippi 1918:Civil Rights Memorial 1890: 1818: 1811: 1646: 1603:Kennedy assassination 1599:University of Alabama 1597:, a professor at the 1476: 1440: 1410:In October 1955, the 1315: 1164: 1136: 1063: 1005:William Bradford Huie 1003:In an interview with 986: 977:Glendora, Mississippi 929:Roy Bryant and Milam: 915:Roy Bryant and Milam: 700:William Bradford Huie 685: 677: 590: 407:civil rights movement 332:Murder of Louis Allen 312:Murder of Herbert Lee 277:Murder of Emmett Till 272:Murder of Lamar Smith 202:Civil Rights Movement 15268:Afro-Seminole Creole 14794:Azusa Street Revival 14666:Booker T. Washington 14190:Underground Railroad 14055:Free people of color 13909:Atlantic slave trade 13476:Costigan-Wagner Bill 13413:Ella Barksdale Brown 13211:Perry, FL, race riot 13123:Slocum, TX, massacre 13023:Mart and Tom Horrell 12981:Colfax, LA, massacre 12964:Bear River City riot 12814:James Craig Anderson 12614:Robert "Bobbie" Hall 12219:Hazel "Hayes" Turner 11193:Roman Ducksworth Jr. 11163:Johnnie Mae Chappell 10927:other King memorials 10902:Freedom Rides Museum 10839:1960s counterculture 10790:Edmund Pettus Bridge 10469:Walter Francis White 10374:Alexander D. Shimkin 8888:New Year's Day March 8857:Ministers' Manifesto 8704:Executive Order 9981 8600:"Emmett Till Murder" 8596:Emmett Till's mother 8582:Emmett Till Archives 8088:(February 9, 2006). 8062:. New York: Viking. 5896:(January 29, 2017). 5584:on February 21, 2017 5537:Bradley, Ed (2005). 5304:on October 15, 2022. 4692:on November 19, 2016 3826:example, bubblegum.) 3054:(January 27, 2017). 2687:United States portal 2483:(2008) by Ifa Bayeza 2248:15 of the TV series 2094:The Chicago Defender 1857:Louisville, Kentucky 1846:According to author 1551:, released in 2003. 1490:: it authorized the 1481:, Memphis, Tennessee 1233:Stephen J. Whitfield 1178:The Chicago Defender 1140:The Chicago Defender 1056:Funeral and reaction 648:'s 1954 decision in 597:Chicago's South Side 554:been disenfranchised 444:, which was held at 302:McComb Freedom Rides 216:State of Mississippi 15911:Burials in Illinois 15663:Trinidad and Tobago 15278:Black American Sign 15105:By African descent 15099:Ethnic subdivisions 15086:Southwestern (SWAC) 15001:Baseball color line 14916:Black Panther Party 14820:Political movements 14737:in computer science 14396:Carol Moseley Braun 14185:Tulsa race massacre 14178:Treatment of slaves 14010:March on Washington 14005:Birmingham movement 13718:The Ox-Bow Incident 13698:Mississippi Burning 13549:John Trotwood Moore 13205:Tulsa race massacre 13199:Ocoee, FL, massacre 12694:Mack Charles Parker 12622:Willie James Howard 11313:Henry Ezekial Smith 11283:Mack Charles Parker 11278:William Lewis Moore 11268:Charles Eddie Moore 11258:Carol Denise McNair 10665:Mary McLeod Bethune 10626:Sermon on the Mount 10593:"We Shall Overcome" 10174:William Lewis Moore 9954:Frank Minis Johnson 9929:Richie Jean Jackson 9884:Donald L. Hollowell 9689:Charles E. Cobb Jr. 9494:Gwendolyn Armstrong 9489:William G. Anderson 9469:Victoria Gray Adams 9433:The Freedom Singers 9287:Black Panther Party 9072:March on Washington 8985:Garner v. Louisiana 8946:Boynton v. Virginia 7865:Gathering of Waters 7808:The Washington Post 7717:. Publishers Weekly 7434:Documentary website 7303:, pp. 119–120. 7076:The Washington Post 6977:. October 22, 2022. 6636:on October 21, 2019 6629:The Washington Post 6412:, pp. 177–178. 6308:, pp. 191–196. 6059:. Washington, D.C. 6056:The Washington Post 5894:Pérez-Peña, Richard 5822:. January 31, 2017. 5403:, pp. 150–151. 5118:American Experience 5021:, pp. 124–126. 4934:American Experience 4848:, pp. 121–122. 4636:Metress, pp. 16–20. 4477:on February 3, 2017 3992:The Washington Post 3139:American Experience 3052:Pérez-Peña, Richard 3025:The Washington Post 2507:Gathering of Waters 2251:American Experience 2244:which aired during 2154:Bebe Moore Campbell 2024:In October 2022, a 1972:League of the South 1561:American Experience 1508:get away with it." 1156:open-casket funeral 1119:Robert B. Patterson 546:Tallahatchie County 95:Cause of death 15761:US representatives 15756:US cabinet members 15648:Dominican Republic 15235:Metropolitan areas 15076:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 14901:Civic and economic 14879:Self-determination 14700:Education, science 14621:Fred Shuttlesworth 14601:A. Philip Randolph 14506:Coretta Scott King 14431:Frederick Douglass 14258:Harlem Renaissance 14163:Separate but equal 14153:Reconstruction era 14141:Plessy v. Ferguson 14032:Cornerstone Speech 13946:Civil Rights Acts 13929:Black Lives Matter 13904:American Civil War 13732:Reconstruction era 13544:John Temple Graves 13388:Jessie Daniel Ames 13335:Indiana White Caps 13005:Ellenton, SC, riot 12928:Reno Brothers Gang 12678:Judge Edward Aaron 11875:Ballie Crutchfield 11223:Jimmie Lee Jackson 11218:Samuel Hammond Jr. 11188:Henry Hezekiah Dee 10982:Michael Eric Dyson 10867:In popular culture 10750:Fifth Circuit Four 10734:Loving v. Virginia 10727:Hernandez v. Texas 10706:Buchanan v. Warley 10698:Separate but equal 10692:Plessy v. Ferguson 10655:Frederick Douglass 10489:Robert F. Williams 10399:Kelly Miller Smith 10379:Fred Shuttlesworth 10304:Frederick D. Reese 10284:George Raymond Jr. 10274:A. Philip Randolph 10254:Fay Bellamy Powell 10169:Queen Mother Moore 10054:Z. Alexander Looby 9999:Coretta Scott King 9944:Barbara Rose Johns 9924:Jimmie Lee Jackson 9849:William E. Harbour 9629:Stokely Carmichael 9544:Randolph Blackwell 9214:King assassination 9203:Loving v. Virginia 9187:March Against Fear 9167:How Long, Not Long 9045:Children's Crusade 8996:Cambridge movement 8933:Ax Handle Saturday 8898:Greensboro sit-ins 8825:Give Us the Ballot 8541:pp. 6–9, and 8535:The original 1955 8519:The New York Times 8506:The New York Times 8435:The New York Times 8233:Till-Mobley, Mamie 8194:Southern Quarterly 7978:The Clarion Ledger 7688:Deadline Hollywood 7488:The Carolina Times 7436:(October 15, 2019) 7373:The New York Times 7248:Carson et al. 1991 6843:guides.lib.fsu.edu 6772:Jackson Free Press 6719:Jackson Free Press 6693:The New York Times 6478:The New York Times 6410:Carson et al. 1991 6365:Carson et al. 1991 6279:Carson et al. 1991 6169:The New York Times 5904:The New York Times 5865:The New York Times 5773:The New York Times 5699:The New York Times 5649:. Associated Press 5631:, pp. 99–109. 5553:on January 2, 2013 5492:The Clarion-Ledger 5298:The New York Times 5219:The New York Times 5049:The Clarion-Ledger 4825:The New York Times 3933:. Associated Press 3906:smithsonianmag.com 3730:Wright, pp. 50–51. 3495:on April 22, 2020. 3381:, pp. 98–101. 3326:"Justice at last?" 3060:The New York Times 2745:Mamie Till Bradley 2673:Mississippi portal 2625:Money, Mississippi 2466:(2005), a poem by 2442:(1993), a book by 1893: 1719:In December 2022, 1693:The New York Times 1686:The New York Times 1642:Historical markers 1483: 1461:Protected against 1430:John Edgar Wideman 1412:Jackson Daily News 1323: 1255:The New York Times 1167: 1151: 1123:racial segregation 1093:Jackson Daily News 1066: 981:Tallahatchie River 688: 680: 615:Money, Mississippi 593: 450:Mamie Till Bradley 435:Tallahatchie River 414:Money, Mississippi 292:Starkville sit-ins 236:March Against Fear 15981:American children 15868: 15867: 15696:African Americans 15568:Dallas–Fort Worth 15163:Black Southerners 15094: 15093: 14546:Thurgood Marshall 14516:Bernard Lafayette 14111:Million Man March 13868:African Americans 13834: 13833: 13830: 13829: 13775:They Won't Forget 13692:Lynching postcard 13605:The Legacy Museum 13574:James K. Vardaman 13514:Theodore G. Bilbo 13502: 13501: 13393:Martin C. Ansorge 13314: 13313: 13299:Michael Schwerner 13106:Kemper County, MS 12946:Pulaski, TN, riot 12836: 12835: 12832: 12831: 12539:Shedrick Thompson 12419:Bernice Raspberry 12139:Name unknown (MS) 12043:Name unknown (TX) 11664:Joseph Vermillion 11632:John Wesley Heath 11406: 11405: 11343:Ben Chester White 11333:Virgil Lamar Ware 11308:Michael Schwerner 11173:Addie Mae Collins 11073: 11072: 10850:Eyes on the Prize 10765:A.G. Gaston Motel 10760:Kelly Ingram Park 10720:Sweatt v. Painter 10404:Mary Louise Smith 10364:Cleveland Sellers 10349:Michael Schwerner 10314:Gloria Richardson 10094:Thurgood Marshall 10014:Bernard Lafayette 9744:John Wesley Dobbs 9258: 9257: 8977:Birmingham attack 8957:Rock Hill sit-ins 8908:Sibley Commission 8903:Nashville sit-ins 8775:Gebhart v. Belton 8761:Briggs v. Elliott 8754:Bolling v. Sharpe 8715:Sweatt v. Painter 8565:, April 25, 2004. 8392:978-1-55652-783-8 8326:978-0-8018-4326-6 8277:978-1-4767-1484-4 8216:978-0-8139-2122-8 8147:978-0-553-05734-8 8116:978-0-252-06721-1 8069:978-0-670-84217-9 8013:978-1-4968-0285-9 7885:www.aljazeera.com 7801:(June 14, 2009). 7290:. pp. 80–82. 7250:, pp. 41–43. 7196:, pp. 83–84. 6281:, pp. 39–40. 5515:, pp. 24–26. 5440:, pp. 13–14. 5241:, pp. 46–47. 5200:, pp. 48–49. 5145:, pp. 41–42. 4928:"Brave Testimony" 4884:, pp. 10–11. 4760:, pp. 28–30. 4627:, pp. 23–26. 4603:, pp. 80–81. 4561:, pp. 69–79. 4498:, pp. 55–57. 4423:Los Angeles Times 4396:Los Angeles Times 4379:, pp. 51–56. 4355:, pp. 47–49. 3969:978-1-4767-1486-8 3956:Tyson, Timothy B. 3890:(2), pp. 189–224. 3813:978-0-226-47002-3 3639:978-1-55652-783-8 3345:, pp. 70–87. 3314:, pp. 59–60. 3276:, pp. 56–58. 3264:, pp. 36–38. 3228:, pp. 41–42. 3120:978-0-312-64884-8 2819:Chicago Sun-Times 2749:Mamie Till Mobley 2399:Lovecraft Country 2270:Eyes on the Prize 2208:Hell You Talmbout 1970:group called the 1883:Legacy and honors 1807:Voices of Freedom 1803:Eyes on the Prize 1799:Eyes on the Prize 1631:Eyes on the Prize 1456:, "On Fear", 1956 1394:, aired in 2003. 1287:Machine Gun Kelly 1252:decision, as did 1206:Burr Oak Cemetery 938: 937: 897:anti-black racism 879:Emmett Louis Till 818:Emmett Louis Till 793:Drew, Mississippi 518:Webb, Mississippi 418:Mississippi Delta 383:Emmett Louis Till 379: 378: 168: 167: 140:Mamie Till-Mobley 118:Burr Oak Cemetery 87:Drew, Mississippi 54:Emmett Louis Till 15988: 15858: 15857: 15856: 15820:Lynching victims 15319:Louisiana Creole 15290:American English 15178:Louisiana Creole 15151:Choctaw freedmen 14989: 14988: 14526:Huddie Ledbetter 14466:Fannie Lou Hamer 14436:W. E. B. Du Bois 14426:Claudette Colvin 14421:Shirley Chisholm 14238:Family structure 14106:Military history 13988:Browder v. Gayle 13861: 13854: 13847: 13838: 13837: 13629:Related articles 13579:Thomas E. Watson 13569:Benjamin Tillman 13534:Thomas Dixon Jr. 13458: 13457: 13320: 13319: 13223:Jim and Mark Fox 12911:Memphis massacre 12846:Multiple victims 12842: 12841: 12825: 12817: 12809: 12801: 12793: 12785: 12777: 12769: 12761: 12753: 12745: 12742:Wharlest Jackson 12737: 12729: 12721: 12713: 12705: 12697: 12689: 12681: 12673: 12665: 12657: 12649: 12641: 12638:John Cecil Jones 12633: 12625: 12617: 12609: 12601: 12582: 12574: 12566: 12558: 12550: 12542: 12534: 12531:Matthew Williams 12526: 12518: 12510: 12502: 12494: 12486: 12478: 12470: 12462: 12454: 12446: 12438: 12430: 12422: 12414: 12406: 12398: 12390: 12382: 12374: 12366: 12358: 12350: 12342: 12334: 12326: 12318: 12310: 12302: 12294: 12291:Berry Washington 12286: 12278: 12270: 12262: 12254: 12246: 12238: 12230: 12222: 12214: 12206: 12198: 12190: 12182: 12174: 12166: 12158: 12155:Anthony Crawford 12150: 12147:Jesse Washington 12142: 12134: 12126: 12118: 12110: 12102: 12094: 12086: 12078: 12070: 12067:Zachariah Walker 12062: 12054: 12046: 12038: 12030: 12027:Grant Richardson 12022: 12014: 12006: 11998: 11990: 11982: 11974: 11971:Earnest Williams 11966: 11958: 11950: 11942: 11934: 11926: 11918: 11910: 11902: 11894: 11886: 11878: 11870: 11851: 11843: 11835: 11827: 11824:John Henry James 11819: 11811: 11803: 11795: 11787: 11779: 11776:Stephen Williams 11771: 11763: 11755: 11747: 11739: 11731: 11728:Ephraim Grizzard 11723: 11715: 11707: 11699: 11691: 11688:Brown Washington 11683: 11675: 11667: 11659: 11651: 11643: 11635: 11627: 11619: 11611: 11603: 11595: 11592:Arthur St. Clair 11587: 11579: 11571: 11563: 11555: 11552:John W. Stephens 11547: 11539: 11531: 11523: 11515: 11507: 11499: 11491: 11483: 11475: 11472:Francis McIntosh 11461: 11460: 11448: 11447: 11433: 11426: 11419: 11410: 11409: 11395: 11394: 11348:Sammy Younge Jr. 11303:Carole Robertson 11238:Bruce W. Klunder 11228:Wharlest Jackson 11183:Jonathan Daniels 11100: 11093: 11086: 11077: 11076: 11064: 11063: 11027:Charles M. Payne 11012:Steven F. Lawson 11002:David Halberstam 10972:Clayborne Carson 10713:Hocutt v. Wilson 10660:W. E. B. Du Bois 10509:Sammy Younge Jr. 10494:Q. V. Williamson 10459:Wyatt Tee Walker 10324:Bernice Robinson 10269:Lincoln Ragsdale 10259:Rodney N. Powell 10154:Douglas E. Moore 10029:Sanford R. Leigh 9964:J. Charles Jones 9839:Fannie Lou Hamer 9754:Joseph Ellwanger 9714:Jonathan Daniels 9704:Claudette Colvin 9694:Annie Lee Cooper 9679:Kathleen Cleaver 9674:Eldridge Cleaver 9649:Shirley Chisholm 9539:Gloria Blackwell 9130:workers' murders 9077:"I Have a Dream" 8972:Anniston bombing 8923:Greenville Eight 8838:Little Rock Nine 8801:Browder v. Gayle 8689: 8688: 8664: 8657: 8650: 8641: 8640: 8522: 8509: 8496: 8494: 8492: 8483:. Archived from 8471: 8444:"Killing Emmett" 8438: 8425: 8404: 8377:Wright, Simeon; 8373: 8367: 8359: 8357: 8355: 8338: 8311: 8309: 8307: 8289: 8262: 8228: 8201: 8188: 8159: 8128: 8101: 8099: 8097: 8081: 8054: 8025: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7984: 7969: 7963: 7962: 7960: 7958: 7953:. August 1, 2011 7943: 7937: 7936: 7934: 7932: 7918: 7912: 7911: 7902: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7891: 7876: 7870: 7869: 7860: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7849: 7840:. Archived from 7829: 7823: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7815: 7799:Courtland Milloy 7795: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7784: 7769: 7763: 7762: 7751: 7745: 7744: 7733: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7711: 7705: 7704: 7702: 7700: 7674: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7663: 7646: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7635: 7618: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7595: 7589: 7588: 7574: 7568: 7567: 7565: 7563: 7548: 7542: 7541: 7521: 7515: 7514: 7507: 7501: 7500: 7498: 7496: 7479: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7468: 7462: 7451: 7443: 7437: 7431: 7425: 7424: 7413: 7407: 7406: 7398: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7387: 7364: 7358: 7357: 7355: 7353: 7337: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7326: 7310: 7304: 7298: 7292: 7291: 7286:Morrison, Toni. 7283: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7272: 7266:The Conversation 7257: 7251: 7245: 7239: 7238: 7206: 7197: 7191: 7185: 7184: 7144: 7138: 7137: 7120: 7114: 7113: 7111: 7109: 7094: 7088: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7066: 7057: 7056: 7054: 7052: 7037: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7026: 7011: 7005: 7004: 7002: 7000: 6985: 6979: 6978: 6967: 6961: 6960: 6948: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6922: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6896: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6860: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6835: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6783: 6777: 6776: 6762: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6710: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6684: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6655: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6632:. Archived from 6619: 6608: 6602: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6586:on July 29, 2012 6572: 6566: 6565: 6554: 6541: 6538: 6532: 6531: 6530:on May 18, 2013. 6526:. Archived from 6515: 6509: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6470: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6445: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6419: 6413: 6407: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6388:Gorn, pp. 76–77. 6386: 6380: 6374: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6327: 6321: 6315: 6309: 6303: 6297: 6291: 6282: 6276: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6242: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6204:Patton, Stacey. 6201: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6160: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6137: 6131: 6130: 6129:. July 11, 2022. 6123: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6101: 6095: 6094: 6093:. June 30, 2022. 6083: 6077: 6076: 6046: 6040: 6039: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6014: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5973: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5957:on July 12, 2018 5946: 5940: 5939: 5926: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5901: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5830: 5824: 5823: 5812: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5783: 5777: 5776: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5738: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5690: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5647:The Boston Globe 5638: 5632: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5549:. Archived from 5534: 5528: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5482: 5476: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5452: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5413: 5404: 5398: 5389: 5383: 5377: 5371: 5362: 5361: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5300:. Archived from 5289: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5242: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5207: 5201: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5155: 5146: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5109: 5103: 5097: 5086: 5085: 5073: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5016: 5007: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4982: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4924: 4918: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4885: 4879: 4873: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4815: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4746: 4743: 4737: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4688:. Archived from 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4643: 4637: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4616: 4610: 4604: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4577: 4571: 4568: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4473:. Archived from 4463: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4425:. Archived from 4414: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4368: 4362: 4356: 4350: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4270:. June 30, 2022. 4258: 4252: 4251: 4250:. July 13, 2018. 4238: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4145: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4116: 4103: 4102: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4068: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4009: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3952: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3897: 3891: 3877: 3854: 3848: 3829: 3828: 3822: 3820: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3780: 3778: 3761: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3737: 3731: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3661:. Archived from 3650: 3644: 3643: 3623: 3614: 3608: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3549: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3491:. Archived from 3478: 3463: 3457: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3418: 3417:PDF p.26, 39, 56 3416: 3414: 3412: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3250: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3080: 3071: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3048: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2987: 2971: 2959:California Eagle 2949:The New York Age 2940: 2934: 2931: 2925: 2921: 2915: 2912: 2906: 2891: 2885: 2881: 2875: 2871: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2852: 2846: 2839: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2808: 2802: 2800: 2782: 2776: 2772: 2766: 2758: 2752: 2741: 2689: 2684: 2683: 2682: 2675: 2670: 2669: 2668: 2661: 2659:Biography portal 2656: 2655: 2654: 2636: 2620: 2608: 2596: 2584: 2568: 2551:Percival Everett 2474:The Sacred Place 2387:My Nephew Emmett 2303:Scatman Crothers 2196:Percival Everett 2098:William Faulkner 2090:Mississippi—1955 2068: 2062:Lonnie Bunch III 2028:was unveiled in 1901:Pueblo, Colorado 1872:Fannie Lou Hamer 1868:Sunflower County 1848:Clayborne Carson 1834: 1785: 1655: 1608:Till's body was 1554:That same year, 1532:food stamp fraud 1457: 1454:William Faulkner 1279:David Halberstam 1221:William Stratton 1217:Richard J. Daley 999: 867:racial terrorism 810: 808: 774: 762: 761: 759: 387:African American 261:Other localities 249:Meredith v. Fair 208: 194: 187: 180: 171: 170: 82: 70:, Illinois, U.S. 63: 61: 42: 28: 27: 15996: 15995: 15991: 15990: 15989: 15987: 15986: 15985: 15871: 15870: 15869: 15864: 15854: 15852: 15839: 15805:Historic places 15798:US state firsts 15684: 15599: 15323: 15256: 15228:2010 majorities 15223:2000 majorities 15194: 15141:Black Seminoles 15090: 15081:Southern (SIAC) 15064: 15063:and conferences 15062: 15055: 15051:Serena Williams 15046:Jackie Robinson 14980: 14904: 14902: 14895: 14815: 14782:Nation of Islam 14753: 14701: 14695: 14636:Sojourner Truth 14626:Clarence Thomas 14591:Gabriel Prosser 14491:Michael Jackson 14366:Crispus Attucks 14356:Ralph Abernathy 14344: 14300:Musical theater 14199: 14065:Great Migration 14037:COVID-19 impact 13995:Sit-in movement 13870: 13865: 13835: 13826: 13805: 13742:Scottsboro Boys 13624: 13583: 13498: 13456: 13364: 13310: 13275:Harriette Moore 13235:Tate County, MS 12847: 12828: 12820: 12812: 12804: 12796: 12788: 12782:Arthur McDuffie 12780: 12772: 12764: 12756: 12748: 12740: 12732: 12724: 12716: 12708: 12700: 12692: 12684: 12676: 12668: 12660: 12652: 12644: 12636: 12628: 12620: 12612: 12604: 12596: 12585: 12579:Elbert Williams 12577: 12571:Austin Callaway 12569: 12561: 12553: 12545: 12537: 12529: 12521: 12513: 12505: 12497: 12489: 12481: 12475:Thomas Williams 12473: 12465: 12459:Thomas Bradshaw 12457: 12451:Albert Williams 12449: 12441: 12435:Joseph Upchurch 12433: 12425: 12417: 12409: 12401: 12393: 12385: 12377: 12369: 12361: 12353: 12345: 12337: 12329: 12321: 12313: 12305: 12297: 12289: 12281: 12273: 12265: 12257: 12249: 12241: 12233: 12225: 12217: 12209: 12201: 12193: 12185: 12177: 12169: 12161: 12153: 12145: 12137: 12129: 12121: 12113: 12105: 12097: 12091:George Saunders 12089: 12081: 12073: 12065: 12057: 12049: 12041: 12033: 12025: 12017: 12009: 12001: 11993: 11985: 11977: 11969: 11961: 11953: 11945: 11939:Bunk Richardson 11937: 11929: 11921: 11913: 11905: 11897: 11889: 11881: 11873: 11865: 11854: 11848:Benjamin Thomas 11846: 11838: 11830: 11822: 11814: 11808:Joseph H. McCoy 11806: 11800:William Andrews 11798: 11790: 11782: 11774: 11768:Richard Puryear 11766: 11758: 11750: 11742: 11734: 11726: 11718: 11710: 11702: 11694: 11686: 11678: 11670: 11662: 11654: 11646: 11638: 11630: 11624:Charles Thurber 11622: 11614: 11608:Joseph Standing 11606: 11598: 11590: 11582: 11574: 11566: 11558: 11550: 11542: 11534: 11528:Clubfoot George 11526: 11518: 11510: 11502: 11494: 11486: 11478: 11470: 11455: 11442: 11437: 11407: 11402: 11389: 11375: 11352: 11328:Clarence Triggs 11298:John Earl Reese 11153:Willie Brewster 11136: 11120: 11109: 11104: 11074: 11069: 11058: 11051: 11032:Thomas E. Ricks 11022:Diane McWhorter 11007:Vincent Harding 10992:Adam Fairclough 10959: 10953: 10855: 10810:Freedom Schools 10669: 10602: 10550: 10544: 10535:Omaha, Nebraska 10523: 10439:Hartman Turnbow 10429:Dorothy Tillman 10389:Glenn E. Smiley 10369:Charles Sherrod 10329:Jo Ann Robinson 10204:Charles Neblett 10194:Elijah Muhammad 10159:Harriette Moore 10119:Floyd McKissick 10104:Franklin McCain 10039:Stanley Levison 9904:T. R. M. Howard 9854:Vincent Harding 9784:Walter Fauntroy 9669:Xernona Clayton 9619:John H. Calhoun 9604:Aurelia Browder 9594:Stanley Branche 9589:Raylawni Branch 9569:Joseph E. Boone 9554:Ezell Blair Jr. 9549:Unita Blackwell 9524:Harry Belafonte 9464:Ralph Abernathy 9452: 9388:Nation of Islam 9264: 9254: 9093: 9050:Birmingham riot 8991:Albany Movement 8913:Atlanta sit-ins 8893:Sit-in movement 8876: 8872:Biloxi wade-ins 8844:Cooper v. Aaron 8734: 8680: 8674: 8668: 8578: 8490: 8488: 8487:on May 16, 2017 8412: 8410:Further reading 8407: 8393: 8361: 8360: 8353: 8351: 8327: 8305: 8303: 8278: 8251: 8217: 8177: 8148: 8117: 8095: 8093: 8070: 8043: 8014: 7997: 7992: 7982: 7980: 7970: 7966: 7956: 7954: 7945: 7944: 7940: 7930: 7928: 7920: 7919: 7915: 7904: 7903: 7899: 7889: 7887: 7877: 7873: 7862: 7861: 7857: 7847: 7845: 7844:on June 5, 2012 7830: 7826: 7820: 7813: 7811: 7796: 7792: 7782: 7780: 7770: 7766: 7753: 7752: 7748: 7735: 7734: 7730: 7720: 7718: 7713: 7712: 7708: 7698: 7696: 7675: 7671: 7661: 7659: 7647: 7643: 7633: 7631: 7619: 7615: 7605: 7603: 7596: 7592: 7575: 7571: 7561: 7559: 7549: 7545: 7538: 7522: 7518: 7509: 7508: 7504: 7494: 7492: 7481: 7480: 7476: 7466: 7464: 7460: 7449: 7445: 7444: 7440: 7432: 7428: 7415: 7414: 7410: 7401:Samuels, Rich. 7399: 7395: 7385: 7383: 7365: 7361: 7351: 7349: 7338: 7334: 7324: 7322: 7311: 7307: 7299: 7295: 7288:Song of Solomon 7284: 7280: 7270: 7268: 7258: 7254: 7246: 7242: 7227:10.2307/3595247 7207: 7200: 7192: 7188: 7165:10.2307/1512366 7145: 7141: 7122: 7121: 7117: 7107: 7105: 7095: 7091: 7081: 7079: 7067: 7060: 7050: 7048: 7038: 7034: 7024: 7022: 7012: 7008: 6998: 6996: 6995:. July 25, 2023 6993:The White House 6987: 6986: 6982: 6969: 6968: 6964: 6949: 6945: 6935: 6933: 6923: 6919: 6909: 6907: 6897: 6893: 6883: 6881: 6861: 6857: 6847: 6845: 6837: 6836: 6832: 6822: 6820: 6810: 6806: 6796: 6794: 6784: 6780: 6763: 6759: 6749: 6747: 6737: 6733: 6723: 6721: 6711: 6707: 6697: 6695: 6685: 6681: 6671: 6669: 6656: 6649: 6639: 6637: 6620: 6611: 6603: 6599: 6589: 6587: 6574: 6573: 6569: 6562:emmett-till.org 6556: 6555: 6544: 6539: 6535: 6524:Chicago Citizen 6516: 6512: 6504: 6500: 6490: 6488: 6472: 6471: 6467: 6457: 6455: 6447: 6446: 6442: 6432: 6430: 6428:Chicago Tribune 6420: 6416: 6408: 6404: 6396: 6392: 6387: 6383: 6375: 6371: 6363: 6359: 6354: 6350: 6340: 6338: 6337:. July 23, 2013 6329: 6328: 6324: 6316: 6312: 6304: 6300: 6292: 6285: 6277: 6273: 6263: 6261: 6251:Washington Post 6243: 6239: 6229: 6227: 6217: 6213: 6202: 6198: 6188: 6186: 6181: 6180: 6176: 6161: 6157: 6147: 6145: 6138: 6134: 6125: 6124: 6120: 6110: 6108: 6103: 6102: 6098: 6085: 6084: 6080: 6047: 6043: 6026: 6022: 6012: 6010: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5986: 5984: 5974: 5970: 5960: 5958: 5947: 5943: 5928: 5927: 5923: 5913: 5911: 5891: 5887: 5877: 5875: 5857: 5853: 5843: 5841: 5831: 5827: 5814: 5813: 5804: 5794: 5792: 5785: 5784: 5780: 5765: 5761: 5751: 5749: 5739: 5732: 5722: 5720: 5710: 5706: 5691: 5687: 5677: 5675: 5667: 5666: 5662: 5652: 5650: 5639: 5635: 5627: 5623: 5613: 5611: 5601: 5597: 5587: 5585: 5570: 5566: 5556: 5554: 5535: 5531: 5523: 5519: 5511: 5507: 5497: 5495: 5483: 5479: 5474: 5470: 5453: 5444: 5436: 5432: 5422: 5420: 5415: 5414: 5407: 5399: 5392: 5384: 5380: 5372: 5365: 5354: 5350: 5340: 5338: 5328: 5324: 5313: 5309: 5290: 5283: 5273: 5271: 5261: 5257: 5249: 5245: 5237: 5233: 5223: 5221: 5208: 5204: 5196: 5192: 5184: 5180: 5170: 5168: 5156: 5149: 5141: 5137: 5127: 5125: 5111: 5110: 5106: 5098: 5089: 5074: 5063: 5053: 5051: 5041: 5037: 5029: 5025: 5017: 5010: 4995: 4993: 4983: 4974: 4966: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4940: 4938: 4926: 4925: 4921: 4916: 4912: 4904: 4900: 4892: 4888: 4880: 4876: 4868: 4864: 4856: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4830: 4828: 4816: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4789: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4764: 4756: 4749: 4744: 4740: 4735: 4731: 4721: 4719: 4709: 4705: 4695: 4693: 4678: 4677: 4673: 4665: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4631: 4623: 4619: 4611: 4607: 4599: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4565: 4557: 4553: 4545: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4518: 4514: 4506: 4502: 4494: 4490: 4480: 4478: 4465: 4464: 4460: 4450: 4448: 4446:Chicago Tribune 4438: 4434: 4415: 4411: 4401: 4399: 4387: 4383: 4375: 4371: 4363: 4359: 4351: 4347: 4339: 4335: 4318: 4314: 4279: 4275: 4260: 4259: 4255: 4240: 4239: 4235: 4225: 4223: 4213: 4209: 4199: 4197: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4177: 4173: 4169:Anderson (2015) 4168: 4164: 4154: 4152: 4146: 4139: 4129: 4127: 4117: 4106: 4091:Mitchell, Jerry 4088: 4084: 4069: 4060: 4050: 4048: 4038: 4034: 4024: 4022: 4010: 4006: 3996: 3994: 3984: 3980: 3970: 3953: 3946: 3936: 3934: 3931:Chicago Tribune 3925: 3924: 3920: 3910: 3908: 3898: 3894: 3878: 3857: 3849: 3832: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3806:. p. 170. 3794: 3790: 3776: 3774: 3771:Chicago Tribune 3762: 3755: 3747: 3743: 3739:Metress, p. 20. 3738: 3734: 3729: 3725: 3717: 3713: 3706:Chicago Tribune 3700: 3699: 3695: 3688: 3674: 3670: 3659:Chicago Tribune 3651: 3647: 3640: 3624: 3617: 3609: 3600: 3590: 3588: 3578: 3574: 3564: 3562: 3550: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3516: 3512: 3504: 3500: 3479: 3466: 3458: 3451: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3410: 3408: 3401: 3397: 3389: 3385: 3377: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3322: 3318: 3310: 3306: 3296: 3294: 3292:Chicago Tribune 3284: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3203: 3192: 3184: 3180: 3170: 3168: 3158: 3154: 3144: 3142: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3121: 3107: 3103: 3093: 3091: 3081: 3074: 3064: 3062: 3049: 3040: 3030: 3028: 3016: 3012: 3002: 3000: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2974: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2928: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2909: 2899:John H. Johnson 2892: 2888: 2882: 2878: 2872: 2868: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2849: 2840: 2836: 2825: 2823: 2809: 2805: 2789: 2783: 2779: 2773: 2769: 2759: 2755: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2710:Scottsboro Boys 2685: 2680: 2678: 2671: 2666: 2664: 2657: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2640: 2637: 2628: 2621: 2612: 2609: 2600: 2597: 2588: 2585: 2576: 2569: 2560: 2488:Anne and Emmett 2429: 2357: 2294: 2280: 2264:Keith Beauchamp 2226: 2173:Dreaming Emmett 2167:Song of Solomon 2112:U.S. Steel Hour 2086:Langston Hughes 2083: 2070: 2059: 2050: 1968:Neo-Confederate 1885: 1836: 1824: 1783: 1778:, the widow of 1768: 1735: 1729: 1710: 1677: 1657: 1653: 1644: 1543:Keith Beauchamp 1505: 1463:double jeopardy 1459: 1451: 1425:John C. Stennis 1400: 1398:Media discourse 1376:noblesse oblige 1283:Bruno Hauptmann 1274: 1210:Alsip, Illinois 1058: 1001: 993: 962:pistol-whipping 931: 917: 871: 825: 806: 804: 784: 760: 744: 742: 672: 635:white supremacy 610: 571:court-martialed 534:Great Migration 502: 500:Early childhood 466:double jeopardy 454:American racism 380: 375: 282:Biloxi wade-ins 209: 200: 198: 149: 90: 84: 80: 79:August 28, 1955 71: 65: 59: 57: 56: 55: 45: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 15994: 15984: 15983: 15978: 15973: 15968: 15963: 15958: 15953: 15948: 15943: 15938: 15933: 15928: 15923: 15918: 15913: 15908: 15903: 15898: 15893: 15888: 15883: 15866: 15865: 15863: 15862: 15850: 15844: 15841: 15840: 15838: 15837: 15832: 15827: 15822: 15817: 15812: 15807: 15802: 15801: 15800: 15795: 15790: 15780: 15779: 15778: 15773: 15771:Visual artists 15768: 15763: 15758: 15753: 15748: 15743: 15738: 15733: 15731:Mathematicians 15728: 15723: 15718: 15713: 15708: 15703: 15692: 15690: 15686: 15685: 15683: 15682: 15681: 15680: 15672: 15667: 15666: 15665: 15660: 15655: 15650: 15645: 15637: 15636: 15635: 15630: 15625: 15620: 15609: 15607: 15601: 15600: 15598: 15597: 15592: 15587: 15582: 15581: 15580: 15575: 15570: 15565: 15555: 15550: 15548:South Carolina 15545: 15540: 15539: 15538: 15530: 15525: 15520: 15518:North Carolina 15515: 15514: 15513: 15503: 15498: 15497: 15496: 15486: 15481: 15480: 15479: 15471: 15470: 15469: 15463:Massachusetts 15461: 15460: 15459: 15449: 15444: 15443: 15442: 15432: 15427: 15426: 15425: 15415: 15410: 15409: 15408: 15398: 15393: 15392: 15391: 15381: 15380: 15379: 15374: 15364: 15359: 15358: 15357: 15352: 15342: 15337: 15331: 15329: 15325: 15324: 15322: 15321: 15316: 15311: 15310: 15309: 15308: 15307: 15305:social context 15302: 15292: 15282: 15281: 15280: 15270: 15264: 15262: 15258: 15257: 15255: 15254: 15253: 15252: 15247: 15237: 15232: 15231: 15230: 15225: 15215: 15214: 15213: 15202: 15200: 15196: 15195: 15193: 15192: 15187: 15186: 15185: 15175: 15170: 15165: 15160: 15159: 15158: 15156:Creek Freedmen 15153: 15148: 15143: 15133: 15131:Alabama Creole 15128: 15127: 15126: 15121: 15116: 15111: 15102: 15100: 15096: 15095: 15092: 15091: 15089: 15088: 15083: 15078: 15073: 15071:Central (CIAA) 15067: 15065: 15060: 15057: 15056: 15054: 15053: 15048: 15043: 15038: 15033: 15028: 15023: 15018: 15013: 15008: 15003: 14998: 14992: 14986: 14982: 14981: 14979: 14978: 14973: 14968: 14963: 14958: 14953: 14948: 14943: 14938: 14933: 14928: 14923: 14918: 14913: 14907: 14905: 14900: 14897: 14896: 14894: 14893: 14888: 14887: 14886: 14876: 14871: 14866: 14864:Pan-Africanism 14861: 14856: 14851: 14846: 14845: 14844: 14834: 14829: 14823: 14821: 14817: 14816: 14814: 14813: 14808: 14806:Black theology 14803: 14798: 14797: 14796: 14786: 14785: 14784: 14779: 14769: 14763: 14761: 14755: 14754: 14752: 14751: 14750: 14749: 14747:in STEM fields 14744: 14739: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14705: 14703: 14702:and technology 14697: 14696: 14694: 14693: 14688: 14683: 14678: 14673: 14668: 14663: 14658: 14653: 14648: 14643: 14641:Harriet Tubman 14638: 14633: 14628: 14623: 14618: 14613: 14608: 14603: 14598: 14593: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14571:Michelle Obama 14568: 14563: 14558: 14553: 14548: 14543: 14538: 14533: 14528: 14523: 14518: 14513: 14508: 14503: 14501:Barbara Jordan 14498: 14496:Harriet Jacobs 14493: 14488: 14483: 14478: 14473: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14453: 14448: 14443: 14438: 14433: 14428: 14423: 14418: 14413: 14408: 14403: 14398: 14393: 14388: 14386:Amelia Boynton 14383: 14378: 14373: 14368: 14363: 14358: 14352: 14350: 14349:Notable people 14346: 14345: 14343: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14292: 14287: 14285:LGBT community 14282: 14277: 14272: 14267: 14266: 14265: 14255: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14225: 14220: 14215: 14209: 14207: 14201: 14200: 14198: 14197: 14192: 14187: 14182: 14181: 14180: 14170: 14165: 14160: 14155: 14150: 14145: 14137: 14132: 14125: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14098: 14093: 14084: 14079: 14078: 14077: 14072: 14062: 14057: 14052: 14047: 14039: 14034: 14029: 14028: 14027: 14022: 14017: 14012: 14007: 14002: 14000:Freedom Riders 13997: 13992: 13984: 13974: 13969: 13964: 13963: 13962: 13957: 13952: 13944: 13939: 13931: 13926: 13924:Black genocide 13921: 13916: 13911: 13906: 13901: 13896: 13891: 13886: 13880: 13878: 13872: 13871: 13864: 13863: 13856: 13849: 13841: 13832: 13831: 13828: 13827: 13825: 13824: 13819: 13813: 13811: 13807: 13806: 13804: 13803: 13798: 13790: 13783: 13778: 13771: 13761: 13754: 13752:Stone Mountain 13749: 13744: 13739: 13734: 13729: 13721: 13714: 13708: 13701: 13694: 13689: 13682: 13674: 13669: 13662: 13655: 13650: 13645: 13638: 13632: 13630: 13626: 13625: 13623: 13622: 13617: 13612: 13607: 13602: 13597: 13591: 13589: 13585: 13584: 13582: 13581: 13576: 13571: 13566: 13564:Goodloe Sutton 13561: 13556: 13554:John T. Morgan 13551: 13546: 13541: 13536: 13531: 13526: 13524:Julian S. Carr 13521: 13519:Cole L. Blease 13516: 13510: 13508: 13504: 13503: 13500: 13499: 13497: 13496: 13491: 13486: 13479: 13472: 13464: 13462: 13455: 13454: 13449: 13442: 13437: 13432: 13427: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13403:Flossie Bailey 13400: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13374: 13372: 13366: 13365: 13363: 13362: 13357: 13352: 13347: 13342: 13337: 13332: 13326: 13324: 13316: 13315: 13312: 13311: 13309: 13308: 13302: 13295:Andrew Goodman 13284: 13278: 13268: 13262: 13256: 13250: 13244: 13238: 13232: 13226: 13220: 13214: 13208: 13202: 13196: 13190: 13184: 13179: 13174: 13168: 13162: 13156: 13150: 13144: 13138: 13132: 13126: 13120: 13115: 13109: 13103: 13098: 13092: 13089:Pana, IL, riot 13086: 13080: 13074: 13068: 13062: 13056: 13050: 13044: 13038: 13032: 13026: 13020: 13014: 13008: 13002: 12996: 12990: 12984: 12978: 12972: 12967: 12961: 12955: 12949: 12943: 12937: 12931: 12925: 12920: 12914: 12908: 12902: 12896: 12890: 12885: 12879: 12873: 12867: 12852: 12849: 12848: 12838: 12837: 12834: 12833: 12830: 12829: 12827: 12826: 12818: 12810: 12806:James Byrd Jr. 12802: 12794: 12790:Michael Donald 12786: 12778: 12770: 12762: 12754: 12746: 12738: 12730: 12722: 12714: 12706: 12698: 12690: 12686:Willie Edwards 12682: 12674: 12666: 12658: 12650: 12642: 12634: 12626: 12618: 12610: 12606:Johannes Kunze 12602: 12593: 12591: 12587: 12586: 12584: 12583: 12575: 12567: 12559: 12551: 12547:George Armwood 12543: 12535: 12527: 12519: 12511: 12503: 12495: 12487: 12479: 12471: 12467:Winston Pounds 12463: 12455: 12447: 12439: 12431: 12423: 12415: 12407: 12399: 12391: 12383: 12375: 12367: 12359: 12351: 12343: 12335: 12327: 12319: 12311: 12303: 12295: 12287: 12279: 12275:John Hartfield 12271: 12267:Wesley Everest 12263: 12255: 12251:Wallace Baynes 12247: 12243:Olli Kinkkonen 12239: 12235:Jim McIlherron 12231: 12223: 12215: 12207: 12199: 12191: 12183: 12175: 12167: 12159: 12151: 12143: 12135: 12127: 12119: 12115:Charles Fisher 12111: 12103: 12095: 12087: 12079: 12071: 12063: 12055: 12047: 12039: 12031: 12023: 12015: 12007: 11999: 11991: 11983: 11975: 11967: 11959: 11951: 11943: 11935: 11927: 11923:Marie Thompson 11919: 11911: 11903: 11899:J. D. Mayfield 11895: 11887: 11879: 11871: 11862: 11860: 11856: 11855: 11853: 11852: 11844: 11836: 11828: 11820: 11812: 11804: 11796: 11788: 11780: 11772: 11764: 11756: 11748: 11740: 11736:Samuel J. Bush 11732: 11724: 11716: 11708: 11700: 11692: 11684: 11676: 11672:George Meadows 11668: 11660: 11652: 11644: 11636: 11628: 11620: 11612: 11604: 11596: 11588: 11580: 11572: 11564: 11560:Alexander Boyd 11556: 11548: 11540: 11532: 11524: 11516: 11508: 11500: 11492: 11488:Josefa Segovia 11484: 11476: 11467: 11465: 11457: 11456: 11444: 11443: 11436: 11435: 11428: 11421: 11413: 11404: 11403: 11401: 11400: 11386: 11380: 11377: 11376: 11374: 11373: 11366: 11360: 11358: 11354: 11353: 11351: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11338:Cynthia Wesley 11335: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11210: 11208:Andrew Goodman 11205: 11200: 11198:Willie Edwards 11195: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11158:Benjamin Brown 11155: 11150: 11144: 11142: 11138: 11137: 11135: 11134: 11128: 11126: 11122: 11121: 11114: 11111: 11110: 11103: 11102: 11095: 11088: 11080: 11071: 11070: 11056: 11053: 11052: 11050: 11049: 11044: 11042:Akinyele Umoja 11039: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10963: 10961: 10955: 10954: 10952: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10936: 10931: 10930: 10929: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10863: 10861: 10857: 10856: 10854: 10853: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10830: 10829: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10730: 10723: 10716: 10709: 10702: 10701: 10700: 10688: 10683: 10677: 10675: 10671: 10670: 10668: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10645: 10644: 10643: 10638: 10631:Mahatma Gandhi 10628: 10623: 10622: 10621: 10610: 10608: 10604: 10603: 10601: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10554: 10552: 10546: 10545: 10543: 10542: 10540:South Carolina 10537: 10531: 10529: 10525: 10524: 10522: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10479:Hosea Williams 10476: 10471: 10466: 10464:Hollis Watkins 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10394:A. Maceo Smith 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10344:Bernie Sanders 10341: 10336: 10334:Angela Russell 10331: 10326: 10321: 10319:David Richmond 10316: 10311: 10309:Walter Reuther 10306: 10301: 10296: 10294:Cordell Reagon 10291: 10286: 10281: 10279:George Raymond 10276: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10239:Charles Person 10236: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10209:Huey P. Newton 10206: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10164:Harry T. Moore 10161: 10156: 10151: 10149:Cecil B. Moore 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10129:James Meredith 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9959:Clarence Jones 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9899:Zilphia Horton 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9869:Lola Hendricks 9866: 9861: 9859:Dorothy Height 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9829:Lawrence Guyot 9826: 9821: 9819:Jack Greenberg 9816: 9811: 9806: 9804:Andrew Goodman 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9729:Joseph DeLaine 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9699:Dorothy Cotton 9696: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9644:J. L. Chestnut 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9579:Amelia Boynton 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9499:Arnold Aronson 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9460: 9458: 9454: 9453: 9451: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9379: 9378: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9317: 9316: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9268: 9266: 9260: 9259: 9256: 9255: 9253: 9252: 9245: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9227: 9226: 9221: 9211: 9206: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9177: 9172: 9171: 9170: 9158: 9153: 9146: 9139: 9134: 9133: 9132: 9125:Freedom Summer 9122: 9117: 9115:Bloody Tuesday 9112: 9107: 9101: 9099: 9095: 9094: 9092: 9091: 9086: 9085: 9084: 9079: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9058: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9032: 9031: 9030: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8981: 8980: 8979: 8974: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8942: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8884: 8882: 8878: 8877: 8875: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8848: 8847: 8835: 8830: 8829: 8828: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8805: 8804: 8792: 8787: 8780: 8779: 8778: 8771: 8764: 8757: 8742: 8740: 8736: 8735: 8733: 8732: 8727: 8719: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8695: 8693: 8686: 8676: 8675: 8667: 8666: 8659: 8652: 8644: 8638: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8603: 8597: 8591: 8585: 8577: 8576:External links 8574: 8573: 8572: 8567: 8555: 8550: 8532: 8523: 8510: 8497: 8472: 8454:(2): 225–262. 8439: 8426: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8405: 8391: 8374: 8339: 8325: 8312: 8290: 8276: 8263: 8249: 8229: 8215: 8202: 8189: 8175: 8160: 8146: 8129: 8115: 8102: 8082: 8068: 8055: 8041: 8026: 8012: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7990: 7964: 7938: 7913: 7897: 7871: 7855: 7824: 7790: 7764: 7746: 7728: 7715:"Wolf Whistle" 7706: 7669: 7641: 7613: 7590: 7569: 7543: 7536: 7516: 7502: 7474: 7438: 7426: 7408: 7393: 7359: 7332: 7305: 7301:Whitfield 1991 7293: 7278: 7252: 7240: 7198: 7194:Whitfield 1991 7186: 7159:(1): 139–148. 7139: 7115: 7089: 7058: 7032: 7006: 6980: 6962: 6943: 6917: 6891: 6855: 6830: 6804: 6778: 6757: 6731: 6705: 6679: 6647: 6609: 6597: 6567: 6542: 6533: 6510: 6498: 6465: 6440: 6414: 6402: 6398:Whitfield 1991 6390: 6381: 6379:, p. 321. 6369: 6367:, p. 107. 6357: 6348: 6322: 6320:, p. 130. 6310: 6298: 6294:Whitfield 1991 6283: 6271: 6237: 6211: 6196: 6174: 6155: 6132: 6118: 6096: 6078: 6041: 6020: 5994: 5968: 5941: 5921: 5885: 5851: 5839:Clarion Ledger 5825: 5802: 5778: 5759: 5730: 5704: 5685: 5660: 5633: 5621: 5595: 5564: 5529: 5527:, p. 261. 5517: 5505: 5477: 5475:Whitaker, 2005 5468: 5442: 5430: 5405: 5390: 5386:Whitfield 1991 5378: 5374:Whitfield 1991 5363: 5360:. p. 163. 5348: 5322: 5307: 5281: 5255: 5253:, p. 117. 5251:Whitfield 1991 5243: 5239:Whitfield 1991 5231: 5202: 5198:Whitfield 1991 5190: 5188:, p. 128. 5178: 5147: 5143:Whitfield 1991 5135: 5104: 5102:, p. 127. 5087: 5061: 5035: 5031:Whitfield 1991 5023: 5008: 4972: 4968:Whitfield 1991 4960: 4948: 4919: 4910: 4898: 4894:Whitfield 1991 4886: 4874: 4872:, p. 122. 4862: 4858:Whitfield 1991 4850: 4838: 4807: 4803:Whitfield 1991 4795: 4791:Whitfield 1991 4783: 4781:, p. 119. 4771: 4762: 4758:Whitfield 1991 4747: 4738: 4729: 4703: 4671: 4667:Whitfield 1991 4659: 4657:, p. 132. 4647: 4638: 4629: 4625:Whitfield 1991 4617: 4615:, p. 118. 4605: 4593: 4581: 4572: 4563: 4551: 4536: 4524: 4520:Whitfield 1991 4512: 4500: 4488: 4458: 4432: 4409: 4381: 4369: 4367:, p. 107. 4357: 4345: 4341:Whitfield 1991 4333: 4312: 4293:(1): 320–325. 4273: 4253: 4233: 4221:Clarion Ledger 4207: 4183: 4171: 4162: 4137: 4104: 4082: 4058: 4032: 4004: 3978: 3968: 3944: 3918: 3892: 3855: 3830: 3812: 3788: 3753: 3749:Whitfield 1991 3741: 3732: 3723: 3711: 3693: 3686: 3668: 3645: 3638: 3615: 3598: 3572: 3541: 3529: 3510: 3506:Whitfield 1991 3498: 3464: 3449: 3437: 3428: 3419: 3395: 3391:Whitfield 1991 3383: 3371: 3359: 3347: 3335: 3316: 3304: 3278: 3266: 3254: 3242: 3230: 3218: 3209: 3207:, p. 126. 3190: 3186:Whitfield 1991 3178: 3152: 3126: 3119: 3101: 3072: 3038: 3010: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2935: 2926: 2916: 2907: 2886: 2876: 2866: 2856: 2847: 2843:arrest warrant 2834: 2803: 2777: 2767: 2753: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2728: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2715:George Stinney 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2676: 2662: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2641: 2638: 2631: 2629: 2622: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2579: 2577: 2570: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2554: 2542: 2534: 2522: 2510: 2504: 2501:Morgan Freeman 2493:Janet Langhart 2484: 2477: 2471: 2468:Marilyn Nelson 2461: 2453: 2447: 2437: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2415: 2407: 2395: 2383: 2356: 2353: 2352: 2351: 2344: 2341:Emmylou Harris 2331: 2324: 2313: 2306: 2293: 2290: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2274: 2266: 2255: 2237: 2225: 2222: 2178:Emmylou Harris 2156:'s 1992 novel 2082: 2079: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2033: 2022: 2015: 2000: 1993: 1986: 1982: 1975: 1963: 1945: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1931: 1928: 1921: 1910: 1907: 1884: 1881: 1817: 1767: 1764: 1731:Main article: 1728: 1725: 1709: 1706: 1676: 1673: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1595:David T. Beito 1504: 1501: 1439: 1435:kangaroo court 1421:James Eastland 1399: 1396: 1319:Ernest Withers 1273: 1270: 1260:Gerald Chatham 1057: 1054: 1046:Bolivar County 1018:Leflore County 998:magazine, 1956 994:—J. W. Milam, 985: 936: 935: 926: 922: 921: 912: 908: 907: 906:Carolyn Bryant 904: 900: 899: 893: 889: 888: 885: 881: 880: 877: 873: 872: 870: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 847:torture murder 844: 839: 834: 828: 826: 823: 820: 819: 816: 812: 811: 801: 797: 796: 790: 786: 785: 775: 767: 766: 741: 738: 671: 668: 628:Statistics on 609: 606: 601:U.S. Air Force 530:Argo, Illinois 501: 498: 462:all-white jury 377: 376: 374: 373: 368: 361: 356: 351: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 287:Biloxi sit-ins 284: 279: 274: 269: 258: 257: 252: 242:City of Oxford 239: 238: 233: 231:Freedom Summer 228: 223: 214: 211: 210: 197: 196: 189: 182: 174: 166: 165: 155: 151: 150: 148: 147: 142: 136: 134: 130: 129: 126: 122: 121: 115: 111: 110: 96: 92: 91: 85: 83:(aged 14) 77: 73: 72: 66: 53: 51: 47: 46: 43: 35: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15993: 15982: 15979: 15977: 15974: 15972: 15969: 15967: 15964: 15962: 15959: 15957: 15954: 15952: 15949: 15947: 15944: 15942: 15939: 15937: 15934: 15932: 15929: 15927: 15924: 15922: 15919: 15917: 15914: 15912: 15909: 15907: 15904: 15902: 15899: 15897: 15894: 15892: 15889: 15887: 15884: 15882: 15879: 15878: 15876: 15861: 15851: 15849: 15846: 15845: 15842: 15836: 15833: 15831: 15830:Neighborhoods 15828: 15826: 15823: 15821: 15818: 15816: 15813: 15811: 15808: 15806: 15803: 15799: 15796: 15794: 15793:Sports firsts 15791: 15789: 15786: 15785: 15784: 15781: 15777: 15774: 15772: 15769: 15767: 15764: 15762: 15759: 15757: 15754: 15752: 15749: 15747: 15744: 15742: 15739: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15729: 15727: 15724: 15722: 15719: 15717: 15714: 15712: 15709: 15707: 15704: 15702: 15699: 15698: 15697: 15694: 15693: 15691: 15687: 15679: 15676: 15675: 15673: 15671: 15668: 15664: 15661: 15659: 15656: 15654: 15651: 15649: 15646: 15644: 15641: 15640: 15638: 15634: 15631: 15629: 15626: 15624: 15621: 15619: 15616: 15615: 15614: 15611: 15610: 15608: 15606: 15602: 15596: 15595:West Virginia 15593: 15591: 15588: 15586: 15583: 15579: 15576: 15574: 15571: 15569: 15566: 15564: 15561: 15560: 15559: 15556: 15554: 15551: 15549: 15546: 15544: 15541: 15537: 15534: 15533: 15532:Pennsylvania 15531: 15529: 15526: 15524: 15521: 15519: 15516: 15512: 15511:New York City 15509: 15508: 15507: 15504: 15502: 15499: 15495: 15492: 15491: 15490: 15487: 15485: 15482: 15478: 15475: 15474: 15472: 15468: 15465: 15464: 15462: 15458: 15455: 15454: 15453: 15450: 15448: 15445: 15441: 15438: 15437: 15436: 15433: 15431: 15428: 15424: 15421: 15420: 15419: 15416: 15414: 15411: 15407: 15404: 15403: 15402: 15399: 15397: 15394: 15390: 15387: 15386: 15385: 15382: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15369: 15368: 15365: 15363: 15360: 15356: 15355:San Francisco 15353: 15351: 15348: 15347: 15346: 15343: 15341: 15338: 15336: 15333: 15332: 15330: 15328:By state/city 15326: 15320: 15317: 15315: 15312: 15306: 15303: 15301: 15298: 15297: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15287: 15286: 15283: 15279: 15276: 15275: 15274: 15273:American Sign 15271: 15269: 15266: 15265: 15263: 15259: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15242: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15233: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15221: 15220: 15219: 15216: 15212: 15209: 15208: 15207: 15206:Neighborhoods 15204: 15203: 15201: 15197: 15191: 15188: 15184: 15181: 15180: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15171: 15169: 15166: 15164: 15161: 15157: 15154: 15152: 15149: 15147: 15144: 15142: 15139: 15138: 15137: 15136:Black Indians 15134: 15132: 15129: 15125: 15122: 15120: 15117: 15115: 15112: 15110: 15107: 15106: 15104: 15103: 15101: 15097: 15087: 15084: 15082: 15079: 15077: 15074: 15072: 15069: 15068: 15066: 15058: 15052: 15049: 15047: 15044: 15042: 15039: 15037: 15034: 15032: 15029: 15027: 15024: 15022: 15019: 15017: 15014: 15012: 15009: 15007: 15004: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14993: 14990: 14987: 14983: 14977: 14974: 14972: 14969: 14967: 14964: 14962: 14959: 14957: 14954: 14952: 14949: 14947: 14944: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14917: 14914: 14912: 14909: 14908: 14906: 14898: 14892: 14889: 14885: 14882: 14881: 14880: 14877: 14875: 14872: 14870: 14867: 14865: 14862: 14860: 14857: 14855: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14843: 14840: 14839: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14824: 14822: 14818: 14812: 14809: 14807: 14804: 14802: 14799: 14795: 14792: 14791: 14790: 14787: 14783: 14780: 14778: 14775: 14774: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14765: 14764: 14762: 14760: 14756: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14734: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14714:Black schools 14712: 14710: 14709:Black studies 14707: 14706: 14704: 14698: 14692: 14691:Whitney Young 14689: 14687: 14684: 14682: 14681:Oprah Winfrey 14679: 14677: 14674: 14672: 14669: 14667: 14664: 14662: 14659: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14651:Denmark Vesey 14649: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14634: 14632: 14629: 14627: 14624: 14622: 14619: 14617: 14614: 14612: 14609: 14607: 14604: 14602: 14599: 14597: 14596:Joseph Rainey 14594: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14551:Toni Morrison 14549: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14536:Joseph Lowery 14534: 14532: 14529: 14527: 14524: 14522: 14519: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14509: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14499: 14497: 14494: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14481:Jesse Jackson 14479: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14471:Kamala Harris 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14456:Marcus Garvey 14454: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14442: 14439: 14437: 14434: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14406:Blanche Bruce 14404: 14402: 14401:Edward Brooke 14399: 14397: 14394: 14392: 14391:James Bradley 14389: 14387: 14384: 14382: 14379: 14377: 14374: 14372: 14371:James Baldwin 14369: 14367: 14364: 14362: 14359: 14357: 14354: 14353: 14351: 14347: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14315:Neighborhoods 14313: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14283: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14264: 14261: 14260: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14210: 14208: 14206: 14202: 14196: 14193: 14191: 14188: 14186: 14183: 14179: 14176: 14175: 14174: 14171: 14169: 14168:Silent Parade 14166: 14164: 14161: 14159: 14156: 14154: 14151: 14149: 14146: 14143: 14142: 14138: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14130: 14126: 14124: 14123: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14097: 14096:Jim Crow laws 14094: 14092: 14088: 14085: 14083: 14080: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14067: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14045: 14044: 14040: 14038: 14035: 14033: 14030: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14003: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13993: 13990: 13989: 13985: 13983: 13980: 13979: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13970: 13968: 13965: 13961: 13958: 13956: 13953: 13951: 13948: 13947: 13945: 13943: 13940: 13937: 13936: 13932: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13919:Black cowboys 13917: 13915: 13912: 13910: 13907: 13905: 13902: 13900: 13897: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13881: 13879: 13877: 13873: 13869: 13862: 13857: 13855: 13850: 13848: 13843: 13842: 13839: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13814: 13812: 13808: 13802: 13799: 13797: 13795: 13791: 13789: 13788: 13784: 13782: 13779: 13777: 13776: 13772: 13769: 13765: 13762: 13760: 13759: 13755: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13747:Silent Parade 13745: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13726: 13722: 13720: 13719: 13715: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13706: 13702: 13700: 13699: 13695: 13693: 13690: 13688: 13687: 13686:Hang 'Em High 13683: 13681: 13679: 13675: 13673: 13670: 13668: 13667: 13663: 13661: 13660: 13656: 13654: 13651: 13649: 13646: 13643: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13633: 13631: 13627: 13621: 13618: 13616: 13613: 13611: 13608: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13593: 13592: 13590: 13586: 13580: 13577: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13511: 13509: 13505: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13484: 13480: 13478: 13477: 13473: 13471: 13470: 13466: 13465: 13463: 13459: 13453: 13450: 13447: 13446:Strange Fruit 13443: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13428: 13425: 13421: 13419: 13418:Father Divine 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13375: 13373: 13371: 13367: 13361: 13358: 13356: 13353: 13351: 13348: 13346: 13343: 13341: 13340:Jim Crow laws 13338: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13328: 13327: 13325: 13321: 13317: 13306: 13303: 13300: 13296: 13292: 13288: 13285: 13282: 13279: 13276: 13272: 13269: 13266: 13263: 13260: 13257: 13254: 13251: 13248: 13245: 13242: 13239: 13236: 13233: 13230: 13227: 13224: 13221: 13218: 13215: 13212: 13209: 13206: 13203: 13200: 13197: 13194: 13191: 13188: 13185: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13172: 13169: 13166: 13163: 13160: 13157: 13154: 13151: 13148: 13145: 13142: 13139: 13136: 13133: 13130: 13127: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13113: 13112:Walker family 13110: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13096: 13093: 13090: 13087: 13084: 13081: 13078: 13075: 13072: 13069: 13066: 13063: 13060: 13057: 13054: 13051: 13048: 13045: 13042: 13039: 13036: 13033: 13030: 13027: 13024: 13021: 13018: 13015: 13012: 13009: 13006: 13003: 13000: 12997: 12994: 12991: 12988: 12985: 12982: 12979: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12965: 12962: 12959: 12956: 12953: 12950: 12947: 12944: 12941: 12938: 12935: 12932: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12918: 12915: 12912: 12909: 12906: 12903: 12900: 12897: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12886: 12883: 12880: 12877: 12874: 12871: 12868: 12865: 12861: 12857: 12854: 12853: 12850: 12843: 12839: 12823: 12822:Ahmaud Arbery 12819: 12815: 12811: 12807: 12803: 12799: 12798:Yusef Hawkins 12795: 12791: 12787: 12783: 12779: 12775: 12774:Betty Gardner 12771: 12767: 12766:Marian Pyszko 12763: 12759: 12755: 12751: 12750:Carol Jenkins 12747: 12743: 12739: 12735: 12734:Vernon Dahmer 12731: 12727: 12723: 12719: 12715: 12711: 12707: 12703: 12699: 12695: 12691: 12687: 12683: 12679: 12675: 12671: 12667: 12663: 12662:George W. Lee 12659: 12655: 12651: 12647: 12643: 12639: 12635: 12631: 12627: 12623: 12619: 12615: 12611: 12607: 12603: 12599: 12595: 12594: 12592: 12588: 12580: 12576: 12572: 12568: 12564: 12560: 12556: 12552: 12548: 12544: 12540: 12536: 12532: 12528: 12524: 12520: 12516: 12515:James Cameron 12512: 12508: 12507:George Hughes 12504: 12500: 12499:J. C. Collins 12496: 12492: 12491:Leonard Woods 12488: 12484: 12480: 12476: 12472: 12468: 12464: 12460: 12456: 12452: 12448: 12444: 12440: 12436: 12432: 12428: 12427:Owen Flemming 12424: 12420: 12416: 12412: 12408: 12404: 12400: 12396: 12392: 12388: 12384: 12380: 12379:Fred N. Selak 12376: 12372: 12368: 12364: 12360: 12356: 12352: 12348: 12344: 12340: 12336: 12332: 12328: 12324: 12320: 12316: 12312: 12308: 12304: 12300: 12296: 12292: 12288: 12284: 12280: 12276: 12272: 12268: 12264: 12260: 12256: 12252: 12248: 12244: 12240: 12236: 12232: 12228: 12227:George Taylor 12224: 12220: 12216: 12212: 12208: 12204: 12203:Robert Prager 12200: 12196: 12192: 12188: 12187:Charles Jones 12184: 12180: 12176: 12172: 12168: 12164: 12160: 12156: 12152: 12148: 12144: 12140: 12136: 12132: 12128: 12124: 12120: 12116: 12112: 12108: 12104: 12100: 12096: 12092: 12088: 12084: 12080: 12076: 12072: 12068: 12064: 12060: 12056: 12052: 12048: 12044: 12040: 12036: 12032: 12028: 12024: 12020: 12016: 12012: 12008: 12004: 12003:"Mose" Creole 12000: 11996: 11995:Matthew Chase 11992: 11988: 11984: 11980: 11976: 11972: 11968: 11964: 11963:William Burns 11960: 11956: 11952: 11948: 11944: 11940: 11936: 11932: 11928: 11924: 11920: 11916: 11912: 11908: 11904: 11900: 11896: 11892: 11888: 11884: 11880: 11876: 11872: 11868: 11867:Fred Rochelle 11864: 11863: 11861: 11857: 11849: 11845: 11841: 11837: 11833: 11832:F. W. Stewart 11829: 11825: 11821: 11817: 11816:John Anderson 11813: 11809: 11805: 11801: 11797: 11793: 11789: 11785: 11781: 11777: 11773: 11769: 11765: 11761: 11757: 11753: 11752:Alfred Blount 11749: 11745: 11744:John Peterson 11741: 11737: 11733: 11729: 11725: 11721: 11717: 11713: 11709: 11705: 11701: 11697: 11693: 11689: 11685: 11681: 11677: 11673: 11669: 11665: 11661: 11657: 11653: 11649: 11645: 11641: 11637: 11633: 11629: 11625: 11621: 11617: 11613: 11609: 11605: 11601: 11600:Michael Green 11597: 11593: 11589: 11585: 11581: 11577: 11573: 11569: 11565: 11561: 11557: 11553: 11549: 11545: 11541: 11537: 11533: 11529: 11525: 11521: 11517: 11513: 11512:Henry Plummer 11509: 11505: 11501: 11497: 11496:Pancho Daniel 11493: 11489: 11485: 11481: 11477: 11473: 11469: 11468: 11466: 11462: 11458: 11454: 11449: 11445: 11441: 11434: 11429: 11427: 11422: 11420: 11415: 11414: 11411: 11399: 11398: 11393: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11381: 11378: 11372: 11371: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11361: 11359: 11355: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11243:George W. Lee 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11178:Vernon Dahmer 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11145: 11143: 11139: 11133: 11130: 11129: 11127: 11123: 11119: 11118: 11112: 11108: 11101: 11096: 11094: 11089: 11087: 11082: 11081: 11078: 11068: 11067: 11062: 11054: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11037:Timothy Tyson 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10967:Taylor Branch 10965: 10964: 10962: 10956: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10928: 10925: 10924: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10864: 10862: 10858: 10852: 10851: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10827: 10823: 10822: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10815:Freedom songs 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10735: 10731: 10729: 10728: 10724: 10722: 10721: 10717: 10715: 10714: 10710: 10708: 10707: 10703: 10699: 10696: 10695: 10694: 10693: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10681:Jim Crow laws 10679: 10678: 10676: 10672: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10650: 10646: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10633: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10620: 10617: 10616: 10615: 10612: 10611: 10609: 10605: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10578:"Oh, Freedom" 10576: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10555: 10553: 10547: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10532: 10530: 10526: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10504:Whitney Young 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10484:Kale Williams 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10444:Albert Turner 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10434:A. P. Tureaud 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10339:Bayard Rustin 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10189:William Moyer 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10124:Joseph McNeil 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10109:Charles McDew 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10099:Benjamin Mays 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10084:Vivian Malone 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10059:Joseph Lowery 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9984:Clyde Kennard 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9974:Vernon Jordan 9972: 9970: 9969:Matthew Jones 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9934:T. J. Jemison 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9919:Jesse Jackson 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9809:Robert Graetz 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9799:Golden Frinks 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9759:Charles Evers 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9709:Vernon Dahmer 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9664:Septima Clark 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9584:Bruce Boynton 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9509:James Baldwin 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9479:Mathew Ahmann 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9461: 9459: 9455: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9377: 9376:Youth Council 9374: 9373: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9315: 9314: 9310: 9309: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9269: 9267: 9261: 9251: 9250: 9246: 9244: 9243: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9216: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9204: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9182: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9168: 9164: 9163: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9151: 9147: 9145: 9144: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9131: 9128: 9127: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9102: 9100: 9096: 9090: 9087: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9074: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9037: 9036: 9033: 9029: 9026: 9025: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9008: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8986: 8982: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8969: 8968: 8967:Freedom Rides 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8947: 8943: 8941: 8940: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8885: 8883: 8879: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8846: 8845: 8841: 8840: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8826: 8822: 8821: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8803: 8802: 8798: 8797: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8776: 8772: 8770: 8769: 8765: 8763: 8762: 8758: 8756: 8755: 8751: 8750: 8749: 8748: 8744: 8743: 8741: 8737: 8731: 8728: 8725: 8724: 8720: 8717: 8716: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8696: 8694: 8692:Prior to 1954 8690: 8687: 8684: 8677: 8672: 8665: 8660: 8658: 8653: 8651: 8646: 8645: 8642: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8610: 8607: 8604: 8601: 8598: 8595: 8592: 8589: 8586: 8583: 8580: 8579: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8564: 8560: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8538: 8533: 8531: 8527: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8498: 8486: 8482: 8478: 8473: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8414: 8413: 8402: 8398: 8394: 8388: 8384: 8380: 8375: 8371: 8365: 8349: 8345: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8322: 8318: 8313: 8302: 8298: 8297: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8273: 8269: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8250:1-4000-6117-2 8246: 8242: 8238: 8237:Benson, Chris 8234: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8212: 8208: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8176:9781604733044 8172: 8168: 8167: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8112: 8108: 8103: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8065: 8061: 8056: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8042:9780252034206 8038: 8034: 8033: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8009: 8005: 8000: 7999: 7979: 7975: 7968: 7952: 7948: 7942: 7927: 7923: 7917: 7909: 7908: 7901: 7886: 7882: 7875: 7867: 7866: 7859: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7828: 7810: 7809: 7804: 7800: 7794: 7779: 7775: 7768: 7760: 7756: 7750: 7742: 7738: 7732: 7716: 7710: 7694: 7690: 7689: 7684: 7682: 7673: 7658: 7657: 7652: 7645: 7630: 7629: 7624: 7617: 7601: 7594: 7586: 7585: 7580: 7573: 7558: 7554: 7547: 7539: 7537:9781101190180 7533: 7529: 7528: 7520: 7512: 7506: 7490: 7489: 7484: 7478: 7467:September 28, 7459: 7455: 7448: 7442: 7435: 7430: 7422: 7418: 7412: 7404: 7397: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7363: 7347: 7343: 7336: 7320: 7316: 7309: 7302: 7297: 7289: 7282: 7271:September 22, 7267: 7263: 7256: 7249: 7244: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7221:(1): 87–103. 7220: 7216: 7212: 7205: 7203: 7195: 7190: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7143: 7135: 7131: 7130: 7125: 7119: 7104: 7100: 7093: 7078: 7077: 7072: 7065: 7063: 7047: 7043: 7036: 7021: 7017: 7010: 6994: 6990: 6984: 6976: 6972: 6966: 6958: 6954: 6947: 6932: 6928: 6921: 6906: 6902: 6895: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6871: 6866: 6859: 6844: 6840: 6834: 6819: 6815: 6808: 6793: 6789: 6782: 6774: 6773: 6768: 6761: 6746: 6742: 6735: 6720: 6716: 6709: 6694: 6690: 6683: 6667: 6666: 6661: 6654: 6652: 6635: 6631: 6630: 6625: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6606: 6601: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6571: 6563: 6559: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6537: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6514: 6507: 6502: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6469: 6454: 6450: 6444: 6429: 6425: 6418: 6411: 6406: 6400:, p. 62. 6399: 6394: 6385: 6378: 6373: 6366: 6361: 6352: 6336: 6332: 6326: 6319: 6314: 6307: 6302: 6296:, p. 60. 6295: 6290: 6288: 6280: 6275: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6241: 6226: 6222: 6215: 6207: 6200: 6184: 6178: 6170: 6166: 6159: 6143: 6136: 6128: 6122: 6106: 6100: 6092: 6088: 6082: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6057: 6052: 6045: 6037: 6036: 6031: 6024: 6008: 6004: 5998: 5983: 5979: 5972: 5956: 5952: 5945: 5937: 5936: 5931: 5925: 5909: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5889: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5855: 5840: 5836: 5829: 5821: 5817: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5790: 5789: 5782: 5774: 5770: 5763: 5748: 5744: 5737: 5735: 5719: 5715: 5708: 5700: 5696: 5689: 5674: 5670: 5664: 5648: 5644: 5637: 5630: 5625: 5610: 5609:Press release 5606: 5599: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5568: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5542: 5533: 5526: 5521: 5514: 5509: 5494: 5493: 5488: 5481: 5472: 5464: 5463: 5458: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5439: 5434: 5418: 5412: 5410: 5402: 5397: 5395: 5388:, p. 52. 5387: 5382: 5376:, p. 68. 5375: 5370: 5368: 5359: 5352: 5337: 5333: 5326: 5319:. p. 21. 5318: 5311: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5288: 5286: 5270: 5266: 5259: 5252: 5247: 5240: 5235: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5211:Fox, Margalit 5206: 5199: 5194: 5187: 5182: 5167: 5166: 5161: 5154: 5152: 5144: 5139: 5124: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5108: 5101: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5083: 5079: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5050: 5046: 5039: 5033:, p. 40. 5032: 5027: 5020: 5015: 5013: 5005: 4992: 4988: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4970:, p. 39. 4969: 4964: 4958:, p. 11. 4957: 4952: 4936: 4935: 4929: 4923: 4914: 4907: 4902: 4895: 4890: 4883: 4878: 4871: 4866: 4860:, p. 38. 4859: 4854: 4847: 4842: 4827: 4826: 4821: 4814: 4812: 4805:, p. 34. 4804: 4799: 4793:, p. 44. 4792: 4787: 4780: 4775: 4766: 4759: 4754: 4752: 4742: 4733: 4718: 4714: 4707: 4691: 4687: 4686: 4681: 4675: 4669:, p. 23. 4668: 4663: 4656: 4651: 4642: 4633: 4626: 4621: 4614: 4609: 4602: 4597: 4590: 4585: 4576: 4567: 4560: 4555: 4548: 4543: 4541: 4534:, p. 68. 4533: 4528: 4522:, p. 21. 4521: 4516: 4509: 4504: 4497: 4492: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4462: 4447: 4443: 4436: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4413: 4398: 4397: 4392: 4385: 4378: 4373: 4366: 4361: 4354: 4349: 4343:, p. 19. 4342: 4337: 4329: 4328: 4323: 4316: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4277: 4269: 4268: 4263: 4257: 4249: 4248: 4247:Rolling Stone 4243: 4237: 4222: 4218: 4211: 4195: 4194: 4187: 4181:, p. 46. 4180: 4175: 4166: 4155:September 19, 4151: 4144: 4142: 4126: 4122: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4078: 4074: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4047: 4043: 4036: 4021: 4020: 4015: 4008: 3993: 3989: 3982: 3975: 3971: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3951: 3949: 3932: 3928: 3922: 3907: 3903: 3896: 3889: 3886: 3882: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3853:, p. 40. 3852: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3827: 3815: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3800: 3792: 3785: 3773: 3772: 3767: 3760: 3758: 3751:, p. 18. 3750: 3745: 3736: 3727: 3720: 3715: 3707: 3703: 3697: 3689: 3687:9780593134269 3683: 3679: 3672: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3649: 3641: 3635: 3631: 3630: 3622: 3620: 3613:, p. 44. 3612: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3587: 3583: 3576: 3561: 3560: 3555: 3548: 3546: 3538: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3514: 3508:, p. 17. 3507: 3502: 3494: 3490: 3489: 3484: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3461: 3456: 3454: 3447:, p. 18. 3446: 3441: 3432: 3423: 3406: 3399: 3392: 3387: 3380: 3375: 3368: 3363: 3356: 3351: 3344: 3339: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3313: 3308: 3293: 3289: 3282: 3275: 3270: 3263: 3258: 3249: 3247: 3240:, p. 17. 3239: 3234: 3227: 3222: 3213: 3206: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3188:, p. 15. 3187: 3182: 3167: 3163: 3156: 3140: 3136: 3130: 3122: 3116: 3112: 3105: 3090: 3086: 3079: 3077: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3027: 3026: 3021: 3014: 2999: 2998: 2993: 2986: 2982: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2945: 2939: 2930: 2920: 2911: 2904: 2903:Charles Diggs 2900: 2896: 2890: 2880: 2870: 2860: 2851: 2844: 2838: 2821: 2820: 2815: 2807: 2798: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2781: 2771: 2764: 2757: 2750: 2746: 2740: 2736: 2726: 2725:Isaac Woodard 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2677: 2674: 2663: 2660: 2649: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2619: 2614: 2607: 2602: 2595: 2590: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2567: 2562: 2561: 2552: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2523: 2520: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2482: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2434:James Emanuel 2431: 2430: 2421: 2420: 2416: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2400: 2396: 2393: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2381: 2378:commissioned 2377: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2349: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2311: 2310:David McEnery 2307: 2304: 2300: 2299:A. C. 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