Emotional self-regulation

1522:. Children who can't properly self-regulate express their volatile emotions in a variety of ways, including screaming if they don't have their way, lashing out with their fists, throwing objects (such as chairs), or bullying other children. Such behaviors often elicit negative reactions from the social environment, which, in turn, can exacerbate or maintain the original regulation problems over time, a process termed cumulative continuity. These children are more likely to have conflict-based relationships with their teachers and other children. This can lead to more severe problems such as an impaired ability to adjust to school and predicts school dropout many years later. Children who fail to properly self-regulate grow as teenagers with more emerging problems. Their peers begin to notice this "immaturity", and these children are often excluded from social groups and teased and harassed by their peers. This "immaturity" certainly causes some teenagers to become social outcasts in their respective social groups, causing them to lash out in angry and potentially violent ways. Being teased or being an outcast in childhood is especially damaging because it could lead to psychological symptoms such as depression and anxiety (in which dysregulated emotions play a central role), which, in turn, could lead to more peer victimization. This is why it is recommended to foster emotional self-regulation in children as early as possible. 1533:(OTs) are integrated educators in most public and private schools across the United States. They are trained in mental health and activity analysis to assess the needs of their clients. OTs and students work together to create meaningful and healthy habits for stress management, social skills, emotional labeling, coping strategies, awareness, problem-solving, self-monitoring, judgment, emotional control, and others in the school and home environment. OTs can complete formal assessments for emotional regulation and treat in a client-centered manner for each student. In addition, they can create individualized home programs for carryover with their families. For example, OTs can work with students to engage in the occupational therapist-developed curriculum The Zones of Regulation, which utilizes evidence-based knowledge, formal assessment, and in-classroom treatment to improve self-regulation of emotional behaviors and create long-lasting changes in habits. 1273: – the way they react to emotions – changes, either positively or negatively. Studies show that positive affect increases as a person grows from adolescence to their mid 70s. Negative affect, on the other hand, decreases until the mid 70s. Studies also show that emotions differ in adulthood, particularly affect (positive or negative). Although some studies found that individuals experience less affect as they grow older, other studies have concluded that adults in their middle age experience more positive affect and less negative affect than younger adults. Positive affect was also higher for men than women while the negative affect was higher for women than it was for men and also for single people. 878:

decentering (reinterpreting an event by broadening one's perspective to see "the bigger picture"), or fictional reappraisal (adopting or emphasizing the belief that event is not real, that it is for instance "just a movie" or "just my imagination"). Reappraisal has been shown to effectively reduce physiological, subjective, and neural emotional responding. As opposed to distraction, individuals show a relative preference to engage in reappraisal when facing stimuli of low negative emotional intensity because these stimuli are relatively easy to appraise and process.

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smartphones, social media, streaming services, online shopping, and videogames. Such spontaneous forms of digital emotion regulation can be distinguished from the use of digital interventions such as smartphone apps that have been explicitly designed to support emotional regulation or teach emotion regulation skills in clinical and non-clinical populations. Digital implementation of emotion regulation strategies can occur at all stages of the process model and in all strategy families, including interpersonal emotion regulation.

1296:, include two key variables in the emotional response process: rise time to peak emotional response, and recovery time to baseline levels of emotion. Studies of affective chronometry typically separate positive and negative affect into distinct categories, as previous research has shown (despite some correlation) the ability of humans to experience changes in these categories independently of one another. Affective chronometry research has been conducted on clinical populations with 1201:. They come to appreciate the contexts in which certain emotional expressions are socially most appropriate and therefore ought to be regulated. For example, children may understand that upon receiving a gift they should display a smile, irrespective of their actual feelings about the gift. During childhood, there is also a trend towards the use of more cognitive emotion regulation strategies, taking the place of more basic distraction, approach, and avoidance tactics. 885:), which is positively correlated with many psychological disorders, reappraisal can be associated with better interpersonal outcomes, and can be positively related to well-being. However, some researchers argue that context is important when evaluating the adaptiveness of a strategy, suggesting that in some contexts reappraisal may be maladaptive. Furthermore, some research has shown reappraisal does not influence or affect physiological responses to recurrent stress. 1430:

the examination, the anxiety levels of the experimental group were lower than that of the control group. Also, the percent of unsatisfactory marks in the experimental group was 1.7 times less than in the control group. From this data, Shcherbatykh concluded that the application of self-regulating actions before examinations helps to significantly reduce levels of emotional strain, which can help lead to better performance results.

6902: 58: 6896: 53: 804:, an example of attentional deployment, is an early selection strategy, which involves diverting one's attention away from an emotional stimulus and towards other content. Distraction has been shown to reduce the intensity of painful and emotional experiences, to decrease facial responding and neural activation in the amygdala associated with emotion, as well as to alleviate emotional distress. As opposed to 834:, an example of attentional deployment, involves directing attention to thoughts and images concerned with potentially negative events in the future. By focusing on these events, worrying serves to aid in the down-regulation of intense negative emotion and physiological activity. While worry may sometimes involve problem solving, incessant worry is generally considered maladaptive, being a common feature of 1387:

reactions in a way that seemed to avoid negative confrontation. These findings support the theory that with time people develop a better ability to regulate their emotions. This ability found in adults seems to better allow individuals to react in what would be considered a more appropriate manner in some social situations, permitting them to avoid adverse situations that could be seen as detrimental.

819:, an example of attentional deployment, is defined as the passive and repetitive focusing of one's attention on one's symptoms of distress and the causes and consequences of these symptoms. Rumination is generally considered a maladaptive emotion regulation strategy, as it tends to exacerbate emotional distress. It has also been implicated in a host of disorders including 1465: 637:(for example heart rate or hormonal activity), and emotion-related behavior (bodily actions or expressions). Functionally, emotion regulation can also refer to processes such as the tendency to focus one's attention to a task and the ability to suppress inappropriate behavior under instruction. Emotion regulation is a highly significant function in human life. 1236:

high positive affectivity and low negative affectivity “more rapidly than adolescents.” This response to life's challenges seems to become “automatized” as people progress throughout adulthood. Thus, as individuals age, their capability of self-regulating emotions and responding to their emotions in healthy ways improves.

905:, an example of cognitive change, has been shown to be an effective emotion regulation strategy. Specifically, positive, good-natured humour has been shown to effectively up-regulate positive emotion and down-regulate negative emotion. On the other hand, negative, mean-spirited humour is less effective in this regard. 4324:

Caspi, A.; Moffitt, T.E.; Morgan, J.; Rutter, M.; Taylor, A.; Arseneault, L.; Tully, L.; Jacobs, C.; Kim-Cohen, J.; Polo-Tomas, M. (2004). "Maternal expressed emotion predicts children's antisocial behaviour problems: Using monozygotic-twin differences to identify environmental effects on behavioural

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Identification of our emotional self-regulating process can facilitate in the decision-making process. Current literature on emotion regulation identifies that humans characteristically make efforts in controlling emotion experiences. There is then a possibility that our present state emotions can be

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stress levels were raised in both groups from what they were in quiet states. In the experimental group, participants engaged in three self-regulating techniques (concentration on respiration, general body relaxation, and the creation of a mental image of successfully passing the examination). During

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Additionally, emotional regulation may vary between young adults and older adults. Younger adults have been found to be more successful than older adults in practicing “cognitive reappraisal” to decrease negative internal emotions. On the other hand, older adults have been found to be more successful

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Extrinsic emotion regulation efforts by caregivers, including situation selection, modification, and distraction, are particularly important for infants. The emotion regulation strategies employed by caregivers to attenuate distress or to up-regulate positive affect in infants can impact the infants'

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are believed to be guided primarily by innate physiological response systems. These systems usually manifest as an approach towards and an avoidance of pleasant or unpleasant stimuli. At three months, infants can engage in self-soothing behaviors like sucking and can reflexively respond to and signal

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Expressive suppression is generally considered to be a maladaptive emotion regulation strategy. Compared to reappraisal, it is positively correlated with many psychological disorders, associated with worse interpersonal outcomes, is negatively related to well-being, and requires the mobilization of a

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Distancing, an example of cognitive change, involves taking on an independent, third-person perspective when evaluating an emotional event. Distancing has been shown to be an adaptive form of self-reflection, facilitating the emotional processing of negatively valenced stimuli, reducing emotional and

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Situation selection is an emotional regulation strategy that involves choosing to avoid or approach a future emotional situation. If a person selects to avoid or disengage from an emotionally relevant situation, they are decreasing the likelihood of experiencing an emotion. Alternatively, if a person

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The process model also divides these emotion regulation strategies into two categories: antecedent-focused and response-focused. Antecedent-focused strategies (i.e., situation selection, situation modification, attentional deployment, and cognitive change) occur before an emotional response is fully

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imaging has allowed for the study of emotion regulation on a biological level. Specifically, research over the last decade strongly suggests that there is a neural basis. Sufficient evidence has correlated emotion regulation to particular patterns of prefrontal activation. These regions include the

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begin to adopt new strategies to decrease negative arousal. These strategies can include rocking themselves, chewing on objects, or moving away from things that upset them. At two years, toddlers become more capable of actively employing emotion regulation strategies. They can apply certain emotion

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in infants. Singing play-songs can have a visible affect-regulatory consequence of prolonged positive affect and even alleviation of distress. In addition to proven facilitation of social bonding, when combined with movement and/or rhythmic touch, maternal singing for affect regulation has possible

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or revealing emotion to outsiders), solitary conditions require no reason for emotions to be outwardly expressed (although intense levels of emotion can bring out noticeable expression anyway). The idea behind this is that as people get older, they learn that the purpose of outward expression (to

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A reason that older people – middle adulthood – might have less negative affect is because they have overcome, "the trials and vicissitudes of youth, they may increasingly experience a more pleasant balance of affect, at least up until their mid-70s". Positive affect

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Emotional regulation in adulthood can also be examined in terms of positive and negative affectivity. Positive and negative affectivity refers to the types of emotions felt by an individual as well as the way those emotions are expressed. With adulthood comes an increased ability to maintain both

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prefrontal cortex. Two additional brain structures that have been found to contribute are the amygdala and the anterior cingulate cortex. Each of these structures are involved in various facets of emotion regulation and irregularities in one or more regions and/or interconnections among them are

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and attentional mechanisms begin to play a role in emotion regulation, allowing infants to more effectively approach or avoid emotionally relevant situations. Infants may also engage in self-distraction and help-seeking behaviors for regulatory purposes. At one year, infants are able to navigate

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show a marked increase in their capacities to regulate their emotions, and emotion regulation decision making becomes more complex, depending on multiple factors. In particular, the significance of interpersonal outcomes increases for adolescents. When regulating their emotions, adolescents are

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Following widespread adoption in the 21st century of digital devices and services for use in everyday life, evidence is mounting that people are increasingly using these tools to manage and regulate moods and emotions. A wide range of digital resources are used for emotion regulation including

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In solitary conditions, emotion regulation can include a minimization-miniaturization effect, in which common outward expressive patterns are replaced with toned down versions of expression. Unlike other situations, in which physical expression (and its regulation) serve a social purpose (i.e.

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This notion would give rise to the belief that a person may not only control his emotion but in fact influence them as well. Emotion regulation focuses on providing the appropriate emotion in the appropriate circumstances. Some theories allude to the thought that each emotion serves a specific

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The process model contends that each of these four points in the emotion generation process can be subjected to regulation. From this conceptualization, the process model posits five different families of emotion regulation that correspond to the regulation of a particular point in the emotion

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The way an individual reacts to stress can directly overlap with their ability to regulate emotion. Although the two concepts differ in a multitude of ways, "both coping and emotion regulation involve affect modulation and appraisal processes" that are necessary for healthy relationships and

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demands (Cole, 1994). This skill, although apparent throughout all nationalities, has been shown to vary in successful application at different age groups. In experiments done comparing younger and older adults to the same unpleasant stimuli, older adults were able to regulate their emotional

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Thought suppression, an example of attentional deployment, involves efforts to redirect one's attention from specific thoughts and mental images to other content so as to modify one's emotional state. Although thought suppression may provide temporary relief from undesirable thoughts, it may

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Early childhood access to education on emotional regulation mitigates risk factors for increased anxiety, depression, and negative behaviors. It allows the student to create healthy habits for school and home environments. Children should be able to learn to regulate their feelings for full

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Reappraisal, an example of cognitive change, is a late selection strategy, which involves a change of the meaning of an event that alters its emotional impact. It encompasses different substrategies, such as positive reappraisal (creating and focusing on a positive aspect of the stimulus),

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Typical examples of situation selection may be seen interpersonally, such as when a parent removes his or her child from an emotionally unpleasant situation. Use of situation selection may also be seen in psychopathology. For example, avoidance of social situations to regulate emotions is

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Extrinsic emotion regulation remains important to emotional development in toddlerhood. Toddlers can learn ways from their caregivers to control their emotions and behaviors. For example, caregivers help teach self-regulation methods by distracting children from unpleasant events (like a

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might rise during middle age but towards the later years of life – the 70s – it begins to decline while negative affect also does the same. This might be due to failing health, reaching the end of their lives and the death of friends and relatives.

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Situation modification involves efforts to modify a situation so as to change its emotional impact. Situation modification refers specifically to altering one's external, physical environment. Altering one's "internal" environment to regulate emotion is called cognitive change.

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their surroundings more actively and respond to emotional stimuli with greater flexibility due to improved motor skills. They also begin to appreciate their caregivers' abilities to provide them regulatory support. For instance, infants generally have difficulties regulating

808:, individuals show a relative preference to engage in distraction when facing stimuli of high negative emotional intensity. This is because distraction easily filters out high-intensity emotional content, which would otherwise be relatively difficult to appraise and process. 4886:

Ruef, Anna Marie; Levenson, Robert W. Coan, James A. (Ed); Allen, John J. B. (Ed) "Continuous measurement of emotion: The affect rating dial" (2007). Handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment. Series in affective science., New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press, pp.

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Regarding the development of emotion dysregulation in children, one robust finding suggests that children who are frequently exposed to negative emotion at home will be more likely to display, and have difficulties regulating, high levels of negative emotion.

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Because an emotional response (4.) can cause changes to a situation (1.), this model involves a feedback loop from (4.) Response to (1.) Situation. This feedback loop suggests that the emotion generation process can occur recursively, is ongoing, and dynamic.

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on the organization and quality of thoughts, actions, and interactions. Individuals who are emotionally dysregulated exhibit patterns of responding in which there is a mismatch between their goals, responses, and/or modes of expression, and the demands of the

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processes responsible for monitoring, evaluating, and modifying emotional reactions. The self-regulation of emotion belongs to the broader set of emotion regulation processes, which includes both the regulation of one's own feelings and the

978:, an example of response modulation, can be used to down-regulate the physiological and experiential effects of negative emotions. Regular physical activity has also been shown to reduce emotional distress and improve emotional control. 2934:

Schartau, P. E.; Dalgleish, T.; Dunn, B. D. (2009). "Seeing the bigger picture: training in perspective broadening reduces self-reported affect and psychophysiological response to distressing films and autobiographical memories".

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The process model of emotion regulation is based upon the modal model of emotion. The modal model of emotion suggests that the emotion generation process occurs in a particular sequence over time. This sequence occurs as follows:

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regulation tactics to influence various emotional states. Additionally, maturation of brain functioning and language and motor skills permits toddlers to manage their emotional responses and levels of arousal more effectively.

644:. Inappropriate, extreme or unchecked emotional reactions to such stimuli could impede functional fit within society; therefore, people must engage in some form of emotion regulation almost all of the time. Generally speaking, 3072:

Ochsner, K. N.; Ray, R. R.; Cooper, J. C.; Robertson, E. R.; Chopra, S.; Gabrieli, J. D. E.; Gross, J. J. (2004). "For better or for worse: Neural systems supporting the cognitive down- and up-regulation of negative emotion".

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relatively substantial amount of cognitive resources. However, some researchers argue that context is important when evaluating the adaptiveness of a strategy, suggesting that in some contexts suppression may be adaptive.

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Expressive suppression, an example of response modulation, involves inhibiting emotional expressions. It has been shown to effectively reduce facial expressivity, subjective feelings of positive emotion, heart rate, and

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Frank, DW; Dewitt, M; Hudgens-Haney, ME; Schaeffer, DJ; Ball, BH; Schwarz, NF; Hussein, AA; Smart, LM; Sabatinelli, D (2014). "Emotion regulation: Quantitative meta-analysis of functional activation and deactivation".

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affiliated with failures of emotion regulation. An implication to these findings is that individual differences in prefrontal activation predict the ability to perform various tasks in aspects of emotion regulation.

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Eisenberg, N.; Zhou, Q.; Koller, S. (2001). "Brazilian adolescents' prosocial moral judgement and behaviour: Relations to sympathy, perspective-taking, gender-role orientation, and demographic characteristics".

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According to Yu. V. Shcherbatykh, emotional stress in situations like school examinations can be reduced by engaging in self-regulating activities prior to the task being performed. To study the influence of

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Diener, M.; Mangelsdorf, S.; McHale, J.; Frosch, C. (2002). "Infants' behavioral strategies for emotion regulation with fathers and mothers: Associations with emotional expressions and attachment quality".

1005:, which regulates the amygdala through inhibition, together resulting in an overactive emotional brain. Due to the subsequent lack of emotional control, sleep deprivation may be associated with depression, 2091:

Pulkkinen, L. (1982). Self-control and continuity from childhood to late adolescence. In P. B. Bakes & O. Brim Jr. (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 63-105). New York: Academic

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Herwig, U.; Lutz, J.; Scherpiet, S.; Scheerer, H.; Kohlberg, J.; Opialla, S.; Preuss, A.; Steiger, V.R.; Sulzer, J.; Weidt, S.; Stämpfli, P.; Rufer, M.; Seifritz, E.; Jäncke, L.; Brühl, A.B. (2019).

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is associated with greater emotional reactivity or overreaction to negative and stressful stimuli. This is a result of both increased amygdala activity and a disconnect between the amygdala and the

1370:: an intrinsic emotion program is generated as the result of a transaction with the world, which immediately results in an emotional response and usually a facial reaction. It is a well documented 5689:

Rozgonjuk, D.; Elhai, J. (2021). "Emotion regulation in relation to smartphone use: Process smartphone use mediates the association between expressive suppression and problematic smartphone use".

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and emotional dysfunctions caused by traumatic experiences due to an inability to regulate emotions. These traumatic experiences typically happen in grade school and are sometimes associated with

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Fabes, R. A.; Eisenberg, N.; Jones, S.; Smith, M.; Guthrie, I.; Poulin, R.; Shepard, S.; Friedman, J. (1999). "Regulation, emotionality, and pre-schoolers' socially competent peer interactions".

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de Joode, Niels T.; Thorsen, Anders L.; Vester, Eline L.; Vriend, Chris; Pouwels, Petra J.W.; Hagen, Kristen; Ousdal, Olga T.; Hansen, Bjarne; Kvale, Gerd; van den Heuvel, Odile A. (2022).

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in a manner that is socially tolerable and sufficiently flexible to permit spontaneous reactions as well as the ability to delay spontaneous reactions as needed. It can also be defined as

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appeal to other people), is not necessary in situations in which there is no one to appeal to. As a result, the level of emotional expression can be lower in these solitary situations.

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therefore likely to take into account their social context. For instance, adolescents show a tendency to display more emotion if they expect a sympathetic response from their peers.

1362:. It can be argued that emotion regulation plays a key role in the ability to generate the correct responses in social situations. Humans have control over facial expressions both 2238:"Efficiency of Illusory Choice Used as a Variant of Situation Selection for Regulating Emotions: Reduction of Positive Experience But Preservation of Physiological Downregulation" 3737:; Wupperman, Peggilee; Reichardt, Alexander; Pejic, Tanja; Dippel, Alexandra; Znoj, Hansjörg (November 2008). "Emotion-regulation skills as a treatment target in psychotherapy". 4128:

Calkins, S. D., & Hill, A. (2007). Caregiver influence on emerging emotion regulation: Biological and environmental transactions in early development. In J. J. Gross (Ed.),

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Moster, J. S.; Hartwig, R.; Moran, T. P.; Jendrusina, A. A.; Kross, E. (2014). "Neural markers of positive reappraisal and their associations with trait reappraisal and worry".

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Social losses increase and health tends to decrease as people age. As people get older their motivation to seek emotional meaning in life through social ties tends to increase.

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Bandura, A.; Caprara, G. V.; Barbaranelli, C.; Gerbino, M.; Pastorelli, C. (2003). "Role of Affective Self-Regulatory Efficacy in Diverse Spheres of Psychosocial Functioning".

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processes under exam stress, Shcherbatykh conducted a test with an experimental group of 28 students (of both sexes) and a control group of 102 students (also of both sexes).

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Campbell-Sills, L. & Barlow, D. H. (2007). Incorporating emotion regulation into conceptualizations and treatments of anxiety and mood disorders. In J. J. Gross (Ed.),

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Reijntjesa, A.; Kamphuisb, J. H.; Prinziea, P.; Telchc, M.J. (2010). "Peer victimization and internalizing problems in children: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies".

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Garnefski, N.; Kraaij, V. (2006). "Relationships between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: A comparative study of five specific samples".

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Additionally, spontaneous use of cognitive emotion regulation strategies increases during adolescence, which is evidenced both by self-report data and neural markers.

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Examples of situation modification may include injecting humor into a speech to elicit laughter or extending the physical distance between oneself and another person.

4990:"Longitudinal changes in neurometabolite concentrations in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex after concentrated exposure therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder" 4396:

Maughan, A.; Cicchetti, D. (2002). "Impact of child maltreatment and interadult violence on children's emotional regulation abilities and socioemotional adjustment".

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to future events. Therefore, they may have trouble making accurate and appropriate decisions about which emotionally relevant situations to approach or to avoid.

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Makowski, D.; Sperduti, M.; Pelletier, J.; Blondé, P.; La Corte, V.; Arcangeli, M.; Zalla, T.; Lemaire, S.; Dokic, J.; Nicolas, S.; Piolino, P. (January 2019).

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Malatesta, C.Z.; Grigoryev, P.; Lamb, C.; Albin, M.; Culver, C. (1986). "Emotional socialization and expressive development in preterm and full-term infants".

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Valiente, C.; Fabes, R.A.; Eisenberg, N.; Spinrad, T.L. (2004). "The relations of parental expressivity and support to children's coping with daily stress".

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feelings of distress. For instance, infants have been observed attempting to suppress anger or sadness by knitting their brow or compressing their lips.

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Gross, James; John, Oliver (2003). "Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being".

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Cole, Pamela M.; Michel, Margaret K.; Teti, Laureen O'Donnell (1994). "The Development of Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation: A Clinical Perspective".

1009:, and mood swings. Additionally, there is some evidence that sleep deprivation may reduce emotional reactivity to positive stimuli and events and impair 710:

Response: an emotional response is generated, giving rise to loosely coordinated changes in experiential, behavioral, and physiological response systems.

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ironically end up spurring the production of even more unwanted thoughts. This strategy is generally considered maladaptive, being most associated with

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altered by emotion regulation strategies resulting in the possibility that different regulation strategies could have different decision implications.

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Jackson, D. C.; Malmstadt, J. R.; Larson, C. L.; Davidson, R. J. (2000). "Suppression and enhancement of emotional responses to unpleasant pictures".

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Cloitre, Marylene; Khan, Christina; Mackintosh, Margaret-Anne; Garvert, Donn W.; Henn-Haase, Clare M.; Falvey, Erin C.; Saito, Jean (January 2019).

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Myrick, Jessica (2015). "Emotion regulation, procrastination, and watching cat videos online: Who watches Internet cats, why, and to what effect?".

4899:"Mindfulness training increases momentary positive emotions and reward experience in adults vulnerable to depression: A randomized controlled trial" 8285: 3506:

Butler, E. A.; Egloff, B.; Wlhelm, F. H.; Smith, N. C.; Erickson, E. A.; Gross, J. J. (2003). "The social consequences of expressive suppression".

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Reappraisal is generally considered to be an adaptive emotion regulation strategy. Compared to suppression (including both thought suppression and

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Carstensen, L. A. L.; Fung, H.; Charlse, S. (2003). "Socioemotional selectivity theory and the regulation of emotion in the second half of life".

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Aldao, Amelia; Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan; Schweizer, Susanne (2010). "Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review".

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Davidson, R.J.; Putnam, K.M.; Larson, C.L. (2000). "Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotion regulation: A possible prelude to violence".

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Rueda, M. R., Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2004). Attentional control and self-regulation. In R. F. Baumeister & K. D. Vohs (Eds.),

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Leventhal, Howard; Leventhal, Elaine A.; Contrada, Richard J. (1998). "Self-regulation, health, and behavior: A perceptual-cognitive approach".

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Gross, J. J. (1998). "Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology".

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Blumberg, F.; Rice, J.; Dickmeis, A. (2016). "Social media as a venue for emotion regulation among adolescents". In Tettegah, Sharon (ed.).

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Borkovec, T. D.; Robinson, E.; Pruzinsky, T.; DePree, J. A. (1983). "Preliminary exploration of worry: Some characteristics and processes".

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Derryberr, D., & Rothbart, M. K. (2001). Early temperament and emotional development. In A. F. Kalverboer & A. Gramsbergen (Eds.),

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Ayduk, O.; Kross, E. (2009). "Asking why from a distance facilitates emotional processing: A reanalysis of Wimalaweera and Moulds (2008)".

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Wells, A.; Papageorgiou, C. (1998). "Social phobia: Effects of external attention on anxiety, negative beliefs, and perspective taking".

997:, a brain structure known to be involved in the processing of emotions, in response to previous emotional experiences. On the flip side, 989:

plays a role in emotion regulation, although stress and worry can also interfere with sleep. Studies have shown that sleep, specifically

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Smith, W.; Wadley, G.; Webber, S.; Tag, B.; Kostakos, V.; Koval, P.; Gross, J. (2022). "Digital Emotion Regulation in Everyday Life".

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Stegge, H. & Terwog, M. M. (2007). Awareness and regulation of emotion in typical and atypical development. In J. J. Gross (Ed.),

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selects to approach or engage with an emotionally relevant situation, they are increasing the likelihood of experiencing an emotion.

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Davis, J. I.; Gross, J. J.; Ochsner, K. N. (2011). "Psychological distance and emotional experience: What you see is what you get".

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Rothbart, M., Ziaie, H., & O'Boyle, C. (1992). Self-regulation and emotion in infancy. In N. Eisenberg, & R. Fabes (Eds.),

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Edelmann, R. J.; Iwawaki, S. (1987). "Self-reported expression and consequences of embarrassment in the United Kingdom and Japan".

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Emotion regulation knowledge becomes more substantial during childhood. For example, children aged six to ten begin to understand

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that emotions have an effect on facial expression, but recent research has provided evidence that the opposite may also be true.

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Aldao, A.; Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2010). "Specificity of cognitive emotion regulation strategies: a transdiagnostic examination".

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levels of positive and negative affect, studies have found individual differences in the time-course of emotional responses to

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Elfenbein, H. A.; Ambady, N. (2002). "On the universality and cultural specificity of emotion recognition: a meta-analysis".

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Borkovec, T. D.; Inz, J. (1990). "The nature of worry in generalized anxiety disorder: A predominance of thought activity".

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Bridges, L.J.; Grolnick, W.S. (1995). "The development of the self-regulation of emotion in infancy and early childhood".

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Response modulation involves attempts to directly influence experiential, behavioral, and physiological response systems.

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in a given situation — for example, the subjective experience (feelings), cognitive responses (thoughts), emotion-related

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for proper paragraphing. Excessively long, run-on paragraph needs to be split into multiple paragraphs of moderate length

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Maintaining healthy levels of “hedonic well-being” (subjective well-being based on increased pleasure and decreased pain)

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between caregiver and infant can therefore play a meaningful role in the regulatory strategies infants may learn to use.

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generated. Response-focused strategies (i.e., response modulation) occur after an emotional response is fully generated.

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Urry, H. L. (2010). "Seeing, thinking, and feeling: emotion-regulating effects of gaze-directed cognitive reappraisal".

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Stifter, C. A.; Braungart, J. M. (1995). "The regulation of negative reactivity in infancy: Function and development".

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Kochanska, G.; Coy, K. C.; Murray, K. Y. (2001). "The development of self-regulation in the first four years of life".

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Emotion regulation has also been associated with physiological responses to stress during laboratory stress paradigms.

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Nolen-Hoeksema, S.; Morrow, J. (1993). "Effects of rumination and distraction on naturally occurring depressed mood".

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use, an example of response modulation, can be used to alter emotion-associated physiological responses. For example,

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Kochanska, G (2001). "Emotional development in children with different attachment histories: The first three years".

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applications for infants in the NICU and for adult caregivers with serious personality or adjustment difficulties.

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emotional and behavioral development, teaching them particular strategies and methods of regulation. The type of

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Emotion regulation is a complex process that involves initiating, inhibiting, or modulating one's state or

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Labouvie-Vief, Gisela (December 2003). "Dynamic Integration:Affect, Cognition and the Self in Adulthood".

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Sheppes, G.; Gross, J. J. (2011). "Is timing everything? Temporal considerations in emotion regulation".

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Emotion regulation strategies are taught, and emotion regulation problems are treated, in a variety of

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Cognitive change involves changing how one appraises a situation so as to alter its emotional meaning.

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Attentional deployment involves directing one's attention towards or away from an emotional situation.

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Kanske, Philipp; Heissler, Janine; Schönfelder, Sandra; Bongers, André; Wessa, Michèle (1 June 2011).

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ope ahead, preparing an action plan, researching, and rehearsing (with a skilled helper if necessary).

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Effective situation selection is not always an easy task. For instance, humans display difficulties

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uild mastery by being active in activities that make one feel competent and effective to combat

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Situation: the sequence begins with a situation (real or imagined) that is emotionally relevant.

657:. For example, there is a significant association between emotion dysregulation and symptoms of 8249: 7850: 7729: 7719: 7696: 7472: 7279: 7222: 7086: 7016: 6868: 6607: 6203: 5200: 4859: 3932: 3184: 3128: 3036: 2558: 2461: 2192: 2144: 1607: 1530: 922: 882: 546: 83: 73: 6155:"The Use of the Zones of Regulation® in an Elementary School: Student and Teacher Perceptions" 5508: 4244:

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cardiovascular reactivity to negative stimuli, and increasing problem-solving behavior.

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participation in activities, including social skills, play, sports, and school.

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(March 2009). 1967: 6900: 6894: 6146: 6061: 6004: 5953: 5912: 5861: 5802: 5767: 5732: 5717: 5682: 5631: 5590: 5547: 5500: 5065:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.09.068 4829:10.1046/j.0963-7214.2003.01262.x 3664:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04416.x 3563:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00291.x 3475:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01191.x 3295:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00566.x 3199:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01617.x 3087:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.06.030 2730:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x 1945:10.1097/00004703-200604000-00014 1583:Interpersonal emotion regulation 1463: 805: 685: 56: 51: 8316:World Council for Psychotherapy 5412:"Emotion Regulation and Stress" 5403: 5356: 5272: 5229: 5184: 5040: 4981: 4959:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.06.010 4937: 4890: 4880: 4613: 4578: 4529: 4502: 4459: 4304: 4277: 4264: 4183: 4148: 4135: 4023: 3988: 3961: 3916: 3844: 3804: 3767: 3727: 3686: 3577: 3499: 3450: 3403: 3354: 3319: 3270: 3065: 3020: 2927: 2892: 2857: 2822: 2787: 2752: 2709: 2636: 2587: 2498: 2445: 2426: 2385: 2380:Handbook of Emotion Regulation 2372: 2286: 2229: 2085: 2050: 2015: 1526:Occupational therapy in schools 1345: 1319: 1171: 1059:ccumulate positive experiences. 4994:Journal of Affective Disorders 4312:Handbook of Emotion Regulation 4130:Handbook of Emotion Regulation 3740:Behaviour Research and Therapy 3585:Handbook of Emotion Regulation 3328:Behaviour Research and Therapy 2937:Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2901:Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2796:Behaviour Research and Therapy 2761:Behaviour Research and Therapy 2367:Handbook of Emotion Regulation 2110:Handbook of Emotion Regulation 2024:Behaviour Research and Therapy 1892: 1850: 1823: 1773: 1726: 1641: 1455:Effects of low self-regulation 1324:The development of functional 1260:Neuropsychological perspective 1208: 1176:By the end of the first year, 872: 796: 599:The self-regulation of emotion 13: 1: 7529:Mentalization-based treatment 5460:Shcherbatykh, Yu. 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(2010). 2411:10.1016/s0887-6185(97)00040-6 2342:10.1016/s0005-7894(98)80037-3 1634: 888: 859:obsessive-compulsive disorder 811: 764:avoidant personality disorder 743: 7586:Dialectical behavior therapy 7576:Cognitive behavioral therapy 7409:Social emotional development 6153:Mutter, Carly (April 2016). 6082:10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.07.009 5640:"Digital Emotion Regulation" 5416:Journal of Adult Development 5381:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104446 5116:10.1126/science.289.5479.591 4433:Journal of Family Psychology 4298:10.1016/0022-0965(83)90048-6 3428:10.1080/02699931.2011.585069 2808:10.1016/0005-7967(90)90027-g 2773:10.1016/0005-7967(83)90121-3 2398:Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2137:Review of General Psychology 1264: 1223: 1192: 1126:Social emotional development 1035:dialectical behavior therapy 1031:cognitive behavioral therapy 840:generalized anxiety disorder 7: 7616:Emotionally focused therapy 6655: 5741:Computers in Human Behavior 5162:10.1037/0033-2909.128.2.203 4676:10.1037/0033-295X.106.3.529 4554:10.1016/j.bandc.2009.08.005 1540: 970: 943: 10: 8373: 7887:Systematic desensitization 7816:Practitioner–scholar model 7559:Clinical behavior analysis 5703:10.1007/s12144-019-00271-4 5250:10.1037/0022-3514.58.3.487 4523:10.1016/j.paid.2005.12.009 4339:10.1037/0012-1649.40.2.149 4258:10.1037/0012-1649.25.3.343 4009:10.1037/0012-1649.18.2.199 3982:10.1037/0012-1649.31.3.448 3818:(2nd ed.). New York: 3816:DBT Skills Training Manual 3753:10.1016/j.brat.2008.08.005 3712:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.12.005 3340:10.1016/j.brat.2008.06.014 3143:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348 2997:10.3758/s13415-018-00681-0 2254:10.1007/s10484-020-09484-x 2207:10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.224 2036:10.1016/j.brat.2010.06.002 1981:Clinical Psychology Review 1694:Thompson, Ross A. (1994). 1446:Digital emotion regulation 1130: 1119: 920: 849: 8278: 8002: 7960: 7897: 7831: 7824: 7783: 7742: 7710: 7649: 7606: 7547: 7509: 7502: 7452: 6971: 6909: 6892: 6211: 6070:Child Abuse & Neglect 5788:10.1108/09590551311304338 5753:10.1016/j.chb.2015.06.001 5616:10.1017/s0048577201393198 5428:10.1007/s10804-010-9114-7 5369:Child Abuse & Neglect 5342:10.1037/0012-1649.40.1.16 5007:10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.014 4728:10.1080/13607861003713281 4716:Aging & Mental Health 4445:10.1037/0893-3200.18.1.97 4045:10.1207/s15327078in0302_3 3051:10.1111/1469-8986.3740515 2657:10.1080/02699939308409206 2159:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271 1993:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004 1878:10.1080/02699930802619031 1857:Koole, Sander L. (2009). 1844:10.1080/08870449808407425 1404: 1350:People intuitively mimic 897: 680: 8352:Mindfulness (psychology) 7898:Other individual therapy 7342:in virtual communication 6140:10.5014/ajot.2023.050242 5815:Games for Health Journal 5657:10.1177/0963721420920592 5330:Developmental Psychology 4786:10.1177/0963721410388395 4327:Developmental Psychology 4246:Developmental Psychology 3997:Developmental Psychology 3970:Developmental Psychology 3520:10.1037/1528-3542.3.1.48 2687:10.1177/0956797611418350 2476:10.1177/1088868310395778 1593:Objectivity (philosophy) 1378:purpose in coordinating 1255:Overview of perspectives 1122:Developmental psychology 1048:For example, a relevant 981: 826: 7920:Cognitive restructuring 7641:Person-centered therapy 5974:10.1111/1467-8624.00567 5929:10.1145/3491102.3517573 4874:10.1080/026999398379628 4634:10.1111/1467-8721.00130 4599:10.1023/a:1024569803230 4410:10.1111/1467-8624.00488 4375:10.1111/1467-8624.00294 4169:10.1111/1467-8624.00291 3947:10.1111/1467-8624.00336 3611:10.1348/135910706X96481 2307:10.1023/A:1023622324898 2071:10.1111/1467-8624.00031 1866:Cognition & Emotion 1832:Psychology & Health 1531:Occupational therapists 1356:nonverbal communication 1314:emotional dysregulation 1039:emotion-focused therapy 760:social anxiety disorder 635:physiological responses 7851:Contingency management 7730:Transtheoretical model 7720:Eclectic psychotherapy 7697:Transactional analysis 6959: 6798: 6789: 6780: 6556: 6522: 5150:Psychological Bulletin 4587:Motivation and Emotion 4141:Sroufe, L. A. (1996). 3699:Sleep Medicine Reviews 2831:Journal of Personality 2295:Motivation and Emotion 1608:Self-regulation theory 1029:approaches, including 930:sympathetic activation 923:Expressive suppression 917:Expressive suppression 883:expressive suppression 789:Attentional deployment 777:Situation modification 729:Attentional deployment 726:Situation modification 84:Emotional intelligence 7801:Common factors theory 7765:Residential treatment 5828:10.1089/g4h.2017.0108 5597:Gross, J. J. (2002). 4852:Cognition and Emotion 3416:Cognition and Emotion 2675:Psychological Science 2645:Cognition and Emotion 2613:10.1093/cercor/bhq216 2524:10.1093/cercor/bhl052 1306:personality disorders 1269:As people age, their 1116:Developmental process 646:emotion dysregulation 27:Concept in psychology 8357:Occupational therapy 8230:Lorna Smith Benjamin 8065:Harry Stack Sullivan 7990:Sensitivity training 7791:Clinical formulation 7379:Group affective tone 5285:Psychology and Aging 4664:Psychological Review 1628:Occupational therapy 934:personal connections 287:Emotional Detachment 18:Emotional regulation 7962:Group psychotherapy 7873:Counterconditioning 7750:Brief psychotherapy 7621:Existential therapy 7432:constructed emotion 7102:functional accounts 5108:2000Sci...289..591D 4542:Brain and Cognition 4204:2015NYASA1337..186T 3656:2009NYASA1156..168W 1618:Social neuroscience 1558:Coping (psychology) 1011:emotion recognition 909:Response modulation 852:Thought suppression 846:Thought suppression 749:Situation selection 735:Response modulation 723:Situation selection 8090:Milton H. Erickson 7925:Emotion regulation 7905:Autogenic training 7796:Clinical pluralism 7725:Multimodal therapy 7524:Analytical therapy 7332:in decision-making 6573:(sense of purpose) 6030:10.1037/tra0000374 5691:Current Psychology 5525:10.1037/emo0001037 5478:10.1007/BF02760382 4212:10.1111/nyas.12622 4109:Social Development 3812:Linehan, Marsha M. 3238:10.1111/psyp.13783 1801:10.1111/cdev.12395 1568:Distress tolerance 1482:You can assist by 1360:universal language 1352:facial expressions 1326:magnetic resonance 1111:xercise regularly. 655:social environment 609:with the range of 603:emotion regulation 8324: 8323: 8250:William R. Miller 8235:Marsha M. Linehan 8205:Jean Baker Miller 8165:Salvador Minuchin 8045:Ludwig Binswanger 7998: 7997: 7833:Behaviour therapy 7760:Online counseling 7738: 7737: 7677:Narrative therapy 7581:Cognitive therapy 7462: 7461: 7049:Appeal to emotion 6827:Social connection 5962:Child Development 5923:. pp. 1–15. 5102:(5479): 591–594. 4468:Child Development 4398:Child Development 4363:Child Development 4157:Child Development 4072:Child Development 3925:Child Development 3882:Child Development 3747:(11): 1230–1237. 3735:Berking, Matthias 2681:(11): 1391–1396. 2059:Child Development 1789:Child Development 1623:Stress management 1613:Social connection 1512: 1511: 1504: 1335:prefrontal cortex 1165:affect regulation 1145:motor functioning 1003:prefrontal cortex 999:sleep deprivation 836:anxiety disorders 596: 595: 522:Social connection 16:(Redirected from 8364: 8342:Emotional issues 8240:Vittorio Guidano 8210:Otto F. Kernberg 8080:Donald Winnicott 7937:Free association 7882:Exposure therapy 7861:Stimulus control 7841:Aversion therapy 7829: 7828: 7692:Systemic therapy 7667:Feminist therapy 7519:Adlerian therapy 7507: 7506: 7489: 7482: 7475: 7466: 7465: 7437:discrete emotion 7337:in the workplace 7233:Empathy quotient 6964: 6904: 6898: 6803: 6794: 6785: 6660: 6561: 6527: 6193: 6186: 6179: 6170: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6150: 6144: 6143: 6119: 6108: 6107: 6100: 6094: 6093: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6032: 6008: 6002: 6001: 5957: 5951: 5950: 5916: 5910: 5909: 5899: 5889: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5840: 5830: 5806: 5800: 5799: 5771: 5765: 5764: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5697:(7): 3246–3255. 5686: 5680: 5679: 5669: 5659: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5618: 5603:Psychophysiology 5594: 5588: 5587: 5568:10.1037/a0018489 5551: 5545: 5544: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5466:Human Physiology 5457: 5448: 5447: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5308: 5297:10.1037/a0013284 5276: 5270: 5269: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5215:10.1037/h0077722 5208: 5199:(6): 1125–1134. 5188: 5182: 5181: 5145: 5136: 5135: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5019: 5009: 4985: 4979: 4978: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4915:10.1037/a0024595 4894: 4888: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4867: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4765: 4756: 4755: 4707: 4696: 4695: 4655: 4646: 4645: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4565: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4517:(8): 1659–1669. 4506: 4500: 4499: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4404:(5): 1525–1542. 4393: 4387: 4386: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4321: 4315: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4281: 4275: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4241: 4232: 4231: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4152: 4146: 4139: 4133: 4126: 4117: 4116: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4087: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4027: 4021: 4020: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3940: 3931:(4): 1091–1111. 3920: 3914: 3913: 3877: 3871: 3864: 3855: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3714: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3641: 3632: 3623: 3622: 3594: 3588: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3486: 3469:(9): 1309–1322. 3463:Psychophysiology 3454: 3448: 3447: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3390: 3379:10.1037/a0019205 3358: 3352: 3351: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3306: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3249: 3226:Psychophysiology 3217: 3211: 3210: 3192: 3172: 3163: 3162: 3136: 3116: 3107: 3106: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3044: 3029:Psychophysiology 3024: 3018: 3017: 2999: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2949:10.1037/a0012906 2931: 2925: 2924: 2913:10.1037/a0035817 2896: 2890: 2889: 2878:10.1037/a0021783 2861: 2855: 2854: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2670: 2661: 2660: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2615: 2606:(6): 1379–1388. 2591: 2585: 2584: 2573:10.1037/a0017434 2566: 2546: 2537: 2536: 2526: 2517:(6): 1412–1422. 2502: 2496: 2495: 2469: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2413: 2389: 2383: 2376: 2370: 2363: 2346: 2345: 2330:Behavior Therapy 2325: 2319: 2318: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2273: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2200: 2180: 2171: 2170: 2152: 2132: 2113: 2106: 2093: 2089: 2083: 2082: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2019: 2013: 2012: 1976: 1965: 1964: 1924: 1915: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1863: 1854: 1848: 1847: 1827: 1821: 1820: 1795:(5): 1507–1521. 1786: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1751:10.1037/a0015962 1730: 1724: 1723: 1691: 1682: 1681: 1645: 1573:Empathic concern 1507: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1487: 1467: 1466: 1459: 1158:attachment style 1017:In psychotherapy 865:Cognitive change 821:major depression 732:Cognitive change 667:eating pathology 588: 581: 574: 60: 55: 32: 31: 21: 8372: 8371: 8367: 8366: 8365: 8363: 8362: 8361: 8327: 8326: 8325: 8320: 8274: 8255:Steven C. Hayes 8185:Paul Watzlawick 8170:Paul Watzlawick 8125:Virginia Axline 8035:Sándor Ferenczi 7994: 7975:Couples therapy 7956: 7930:Affect labeling 7893: 7878:Desensitization 7820: 7806:Discontinuation 7779: 7734: 7706: 7687:Reality therapy 7645: 7631:Gestalt therapy 7602: 7550: 7543: 7498: 7493: 7463: 7458: 7448: 7389:Jealousy in art 7132:in conversation 7054:Amygdala hijack 6967: 6905: 6899: 6890: 6879:sense of wonder 6207: 6197: 6167: 6166: 6151: 6147: 6120: 6111: 6102: 6101: 6097: 6066: 6062: 6009: 6005: 5958: 5954: 5939: 5917: 5913: 5897:10.1145/3569898 5866: 5862: 5807: 5803: 5772: 5768: 5737: 5733: 5722: 5718: 5687: 5683: 5636: 5632: 5595: 5591: 5552: 5548: 5505: 5501: 5458: 5451: 5408: 5404: 5361: 5357: 5326: 5322: 5277: 5273: 5234: 5230: 5206:10.1.1.306.6112 5189: 5185: 5146: 5139: 5092: 5088: 5045: 5041: 4986: 4982: 4942: 4938: 4895: 4891: 4885: 4881: 4865:10.1.1.670.1877 4848: 4844: 4813: 4809: 4766: 4759: 4708: 4699: 4656: 4649: 4618: 4614: 4583: 4579: 4534: 4530: 4507: 4503: 4480:10.2307/1131873 4464: 4460: 4429: 4425: 4394: 4390: 4358: 4354: 4322: 4318: 4309: 4305: 4282: 4278: 4269: 4265: 4242: 4235: 4188: 4184: 4153: 4149: 4140: 4136: 4127: 4120: 4105: 4101: 4064: 4060: 4028: 4024: 3993: 3989: 3966: 3962: 3938:10.1.1.333.4872 3921: 3917: 3894:10.2307/1130587 3878: 3874: 3865: 3858: 3849: 3845: 3830: 3822:. p. 382. 3809: 3805: 3790: 3772: 3768: 3732: 3728: 3691: 3687: 3639: 3633: 3626: 3595: 3591: 3582: 3578: 3547: 3543: 3504: 3500: 3455: 3451: 3408: 3404: 3359: 3355: 3324: 3320: 3275: 3271: 3218: 3214: 3190:10.1.1.454.6507 3173: 3166: 3117: 3110: 3070: 3066: 3042:10.1.1.668.4076 3025: 3021: 2976: 2972: 2932: 2928: 2897: 2893: 2862: 2858: 2827: 2823: 2792: 2788: 2757: 2753: 2714: 2710: 2671: 2664: 2641: 2637: 2600:Cerebral Cortex 2592: 2588: 2564:10.1.1.514.4324 2547: 2540: 2511:Cerebral Cortex 2503: 2499: 2467:10.1.1.688.4292 2450: 2446: 2431: 2427: 2390: 2386: 2377: 2373: 2364: 2349: 2326: 2322: 2291: 2287: 2234: 2230: 2181: 2174: 2150:10.1.1.476.7042 2133: 2116: 2107: 2096: 2090: 2086: 2055: 2051: 2030:(10): 974–983. 2020: 2016: 1977: 1968: 1925: 1918: 1908: 1906: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1861: 1855: 1851: 1828: 1824: 1784: 1778: 1774: 1731: 1727: 1692: 1685: 1656:(2/3): 73–100. 1646: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1563:Coping planning 1548:Affect labeling 1543: 1528: 1508: 1497: 1491: 1488: 1481: 1468: 1464: 1457: 1448: 1439: 1437:Decision making 1416:self-regulation 1410:self-identity. 1407: 1393: 1348: 1322: 1280:In addition to 1267: 1262: 1257: 1226: 1211: 1195: 1174: 1133: 1128: 1118: 1019: 984: 973: 946: 925: 919: 911: 900: 891: 875: 867: 854: 848: 838:, particularly 829: 814: 799: 791: 779: 751: 746: 688: 683: 671:substance abuse 592: 563: 562: 561: 126: 125: 116: 95:Self-regulation 93: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8370: 8360: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8322: 8321: 8319: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8282: 8280: 8276: 8275: 8273: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8225:Arnold Lazarus 8222: 8220:Irvin D. Yalom 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8195:Eugene Gendlin 8192: 8187: 8182: 8180:Ogden Lindsley 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8155:Virginia Satir 8152: 8147: 8145:James Bugental 8142: 8140:Silvano Arieti 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8010:Philippe Pinel 8006: 8004: 8000: 7999: 7996: 7995: 7993: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7980:Family therapy 7977: 7972: 7966: 7964: 7958: 7957: 7955: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7933: 7932: 7922: 7917: 7915:Clean language 7912: 7907: 7901: 7899: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7891: 7890: 7889: 7875: 7870: 7869: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7848: 7843: 7837: 7835: 7826: 7822: 7821: 7819: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7787: 7785: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7777: 7775:Support groups 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7746: 7744: 7740: 7739: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7716: 7714: 7708: 7707: 7705: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7653: 7651: 7647: 7646: 7644: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7612: 7610: 7604: 7603: 7601: 7600: 7599: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7573: 7572: 7571: 7566: 7555: 7553: 7549:Cognitive and 7545: 7544: 7542: 7541: 7536: 7534:Psychoanalysis 7531: 7526: 7521: 7515: 7513: 7504: 7500: 7499: 7492: 7491: 7484: 7477: 7469: 7460: 7459: 7453: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7446: 7445: 7444: 7442:somatic marker 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7416: 7414:Stoic passions 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7370: 7369: 7364: 7362:social sharing 7359: 7354: 7352:self-conscious 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7316: 7315: 7314: 7304: 7303: 7302: 7297: 7295:thought method 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7260:lateralization 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7236: 7235: 7230: 7220: 7219: 7218: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7155: 7154: 7153: 7148: 7147: 7146: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7087:classification 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7045: 7044: 7039: 7031: 7030: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7001: 7000: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6975: 6973: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6965: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6915: 6913: 6907: 6906: 6893: 6891: 6889: 6888: 6883: 6882: 6881: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6850: 6849: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6807:Sentimentality 6804: 6795: 6786: 6777: 6776: 6775: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6729: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6703: 6698: 6697: 6696: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6652: 6647: 6646: 6645: 6643:at first sight 6640: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6567: 6562: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6519: 6514: 6513: 6512: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6414: 6413: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6381:Disappointment 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6217: 6215: 6209: 6208: 6196: 6195: 6188: 6181: 6173: 6165: 6164: 6145: 6109: 6106:. 8 July 2021. 6095: 6060: 6003: 5952: 5937: 5911: 5860: 5801: 5782:(2): 155–170. 5766: 5731: 5716: 5681: 5650:(4): 412–418. 5630: 5589: 5546: 5519:(2): 331–345. 5499: 5472:(5): 641–642. 5449: 5402: 5355: 5320: 5291:(3): 495–504. 5271: 5244:(3): 487–498. 5228: 5183: 5156:(2): 203–235. 5137: 5086: 5039: 4980: 4936: 4889: 4879: 4858:(3): 307–330. 4842: 4823:(6): 201–206. 4807: 4780:(6): 352–357. 4757: 4722:(2): 272–281. 4697: 4670:(3): 529–550. 4647: 4628:(4): 120–123. 4612: 4593:(2): 103–123. 4577: 4548:(1): 101–113. 4528: 4501: 4474:(3): 957–973. 4458: 4423: 4388: 4369:(2): 518–534. 4352: 4333:(2): 149–161. 4325:development". 4316: 4303: 4276: 4263: 4252:(3): 343–354. 4233: 4198:(1): 186–192. 4182: 4163:(2): 474–490. 4147: 4134: 4118: 4099: 4078:(2): 359–374. 4058: 4039:(2): 153–174. 4022: 4003:(2): 199–214. 3987: 3976:(3): 448–455. 3960: 3915: 3888:(2): 316–330. 3872: 3856: 3843: 3828: 3820:Guilford Press 3803: 3788: 3780:Guilford Press 3766: 3726: 3685: 3650:(1): 168–197. 3624: 3605:(4): 717–733. 3589: 3576: 3557:(4): 131–134. 3541: 3498: 3449: 3422:(2): 375–384. 3402: 3373:(5): 809–829. 3353: 3318: 3289:(2): 153–158. 3269: 3212: 3183:(2): 101–105. 3164: 3134:10.1.1.688.115 3108: 3081:(2): 483–499. 3064: 3035:(4): 515–522. 3019: 2990:(4): 877–897. 2970: 2926: 2891: 2872:(2): 438–444. 2856: 2837:(4): 615–640. 2821: 2802:(2): 153–158. 2786: 2751: 2724:(5): 400–424. 2708: 2662: 2651:(6): 561–570. 2635: 2586: 2557:(1): 125–135. 2538: 2497: 2460:(4): 319–331. 2444: 2425: 2404:(6): 573–585. 2384: 2371: 2347: 2336:(3): 357–370. 2320: 2285: 2248:(1): 115–132. 2228: 2198:10.1.1.688.783 2191:(1): 224–237. 2172: 2143:(3): 271–299. 2114: 2094: 2084: 2065:(2): 432–442. 2049: 2014: 1987:(2): 217–237. 1966: 1939:(2): 155–168. 1916: 1891: 1849: 1838:(4): 717–733. 1822: 1772: 1745:(4): 498–509. 1725: 1706:(2–3): 25–52. 1683: 1639: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1527: 1524: 1510: 1509: 1492:September 2024 1471: 1469: 1462: 1456: 1453: 1447: 1444: 1438: 1435: 1418:on mental and 1406: 1403: 1396:conforming to 1392: 1389: 1347: 1344: 1321: 1318: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1225: 1222: 1210: 1207: 1194: 1191: 1173: 1170: 1132: 1129: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1106: 1100: 1094: 1093:ating healthy. 1088: 1082: 1076: 1070: 1060: 1018: 1015: 983: 980: 972: 969: 945: 942: 921:Main article: 918: 915: 910: 907: 899: 896: 890: 887: 874: 871: 866: 863: 850:Main article: 847: 844: 828: 825: 813: 810: 798: 795: 790: 787: 778: 775: 750: 747: 745: 742: 737: 736: 733: 730: 727: 724: 712: 711: 708: 702: 696: 687: 684: 682: 679: 594: 593: 591: 590: 583: 576: 568: 565: 564: 560: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 252:Disappointment 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 128: 127: 123: 122: 121: 118: 117: 115: 114: 109: 108: 107: 102: 91: 86: 81: 76: 74:Classification 71: 65: 62: 61: 48: 47: 41: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8369: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8334: 8332: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8283: 8281: 8277: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8265:Jeffrey Young 8263: 8261: 8260:Michael White 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8245:Les Greenberg 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8130:Carl Whitaker 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8110:Viktor Frankl 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8095:Jacques Lacan 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8085:Wilhelm Reich 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8050:Melanie Klein 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8020:Sigmund Freud 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8007: 8005: 8001: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7963: 7959: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7931: 7928: 7927: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7902: 7900: 7896: 7888: 7885: 7884: 7883: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7867: 7866:Token economy 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7853: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7834: 7830: 7827: 7823: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7782: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7747: 7745: 7741: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7713: 7709: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7672:Music therapy 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7662:Dance therapy 7660: 7658: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7648: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7609: 7605: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7578: 7577: 7574: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7561: 7560: 7557: 7556: 7554: 7552: 7546: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7512: 7511:Psychodynamic 7508: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7496:Psychotherapy 7490: 7485: 7483: 7478: 7476: 7471: 7470: 7467: 7456: 7451: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7313: 7310: 7309: 7308: 7305: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7224: 7221: 7217: 7214: 7213: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7196:dysregulation 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7152: 7149: 7145: 7144:interpersonal 7142: 7141: 7140: 7137: 7133: 7130: 7129: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7004: 7002: 6998: 6997:in psychology 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6982:consciousness 6980: 6979: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6970: 6963: 6962: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6912: 6908: 6903: 6897: 6887: 6884: 6880: 6877: 6876: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6802: 6801: 6796: 6793: 6792: 6791:Schadenfreude 6787: 6784: 6783: 6778: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6708: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6695: 6692: 6691: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6657:Mono no aware 6653: 6651: 6648: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6511: 6510: 6509:Joie de vivre 6506: 6505: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6478:Gratification 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6406:Embarrassment 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6311:Belongingness 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6210: 6205: 6201: 6194: 6189: 6187: 6182: 6180: 6175: 6174: 6171: 6160: 6156: 6149: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6105: 6099: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6076:(4): 244–52. 6075: 6071: 6064: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6007: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5968:(3): 769–82. 5967: 5963: 5956: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5938:9781450391573 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5915: 5907: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5864: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5805: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5770: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5735: 5727: 5720: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5685: 5677: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5634: 5626: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5609:(3): 281–91. 5608: 5604: 5600: 5593: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5562:(2): 257–65. 5561: 5557: 5550: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5503: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5456: 5454: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5422:(2): 95–103. 5421: 5417: 5413: 5406: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5359: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5324: 5316: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5275: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5232: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5187: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5144: 5142: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5090: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5043: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5018: 5017:11250/2982832 5013: 5008: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4984: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4940: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4909:(5): 618–28. 4908: 4904: 4900: 4893: 4883: 4875: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4846: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4811: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4764: 4762: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4654: 4652: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4616: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4581: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4532: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4505: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4462: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4439:(1): 97–106. 4438: 4434: 4427: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4356: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4320: 4313: 4307: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4280: 4273: 4267: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4240: 4238: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4186: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4151: 4144: 4138: 4131: 4125: 4123: 4114: 4110: 4103: 4095: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4026: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3991: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3964: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3876: 3869: 3863: 3861: 3853: 3847: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3829:9781462516995 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3789:9781606234501 3785: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3741: 3736: 3730: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3638: 3631: 3629: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3593: 3586: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3545: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3502: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3453: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3232:(5): e13783. 3231: 3227: 3223: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3169: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3127:(2): 348–62. 3126: 3122: 3115: 3113: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2974: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2930: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2907:(1): 91–105. 2906: 2902: 2895: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2825: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2755: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2712: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2669: 2667: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2639: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2590: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2545: 2543: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2501: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2448: 2441:(4): 205–216. 2440: 2436: 2429: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2388: 2381: 2375: 2368: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2324: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2289: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2232: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2179: 2177: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2111: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2088: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2053: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2018: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1923: 1921: 1905: 1901: 1895: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1860: 1853: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1826: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1783: 1776: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1729: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1690: 1688: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1644: 1640: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1538: 1534: 1532: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1506: 1503: 1495: 1485: 1479: 1477: 1472:This section 1470: 1461: 1460: 1452: 1443: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1420:physiological 1417: 1411: 1402: 1399: 1398:display rules 1388: 1385: 1384:environmental 1381: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1368:unconsciously 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1343: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1317: 1315: 1312:training) on 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1274: 1272: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1231: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1206: 1202: 1200: 1199:display rules 1190: 1188: 1182: 1179: 1169: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1153: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1138: 1127: 1123: 1110: 1107: 1105:leep healthy. 1104: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1051: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1027:psychotherapy 1024: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 979: 977: 968: 966: 965:beta blockers 962: 958: 954: 950: 941: 937: 935: 931: 924: 914: 906: 904: 895: 886: 884: 879: 870: 862: 860: 853: 843: 841: 837: 833: 824: 822: 818: 809: 807: 803: 794: 786: 783: 774: 772: 767: 765: 761: 755: 741: 734: 731: 728: 725: 722: 721: 720: 716: 709: 706: 703: 700: 697: 694: 693: 692: 686:Process model 678: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 651: 647: 643: 638: 636: 632: 627: 625: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 589: 584: 582: 577: 575: 570: 569: 567: 566: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 497:Schadenfreude 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 327:Gratification 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 282:Embarrassment 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 247:Determination 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 197:Belongingness 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 129: 120: 119: 113: 110: 106: 105:Dysregulation 103: 101: 100:Interpersonal 98: 97: 96: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 70: 67: 66: 64: 63: 59: 54: 50: 49: 46: 43: 42: 38: 34: 33: 30: 19: 8279:Associations 8270:Peter Fonagy 8215:Nathan Azrin 8190:Arthur Janov 8150:Joseph Wolpe 8135:Albert Ellis 8115:George Kelly 8100:Erik Erikson 8060:Karen Horney 8030:Alfred Adler 8025:Pierre Janet 8015:Josef Breuer 7947:Hypnotherapy 7924: 7682:Play therapy 7454: 7394:Meta-emotion 7307:Emotionality 7280:responsivity 7228:and bullying 7223:intelligence 7138: 7033:Affectivity 7017:neuroscience 6987:in education 6570: 6531:Homesickness 6507: 6433:Enthrallment 6418:Emotion work 6281:Anticipation 6158: 6148: 6131: 6127: 6098: 6073: 6069: 6063: 6023:(1): 82–89. 6020: 6016: 6006: 5965: 5961: 5955: 5920: 5914: 5877: 5873: 5863: 5821:(2): 85–99. 5818: 5814: 5804: 5779: 5775: 5769: 5744: 5740: 5734: 5725: 5719: 5694: 5690: 5684: 5667:11343/235572 5647: 5643: 5633: 5606: 5602: 5592: 5559: 5555: 5549: 5516: 5512: 5502: 5469: 5465: 5419: 5415: 5405: 5372: 5368: 5358: 5336:(1): 16–28. 5333: 5329: 5323: 5288: 5284: 5274: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5196: 5192: 5186: 5153: 5149: 5099: 5095: 5089: 5056: 5052: 5042: 4997: 4993: 4983: 4950: 4946: 4939: 4906: 4902: 4892: 4882: 4855: 4851: 4845: 4820: 4816: 4810: 4777: 4773: 4719: 4715: 4667: 4663: 4625: 4621: 4615: 4590: 4586: 4580: 4545: 4541: 4531: 4514: 4510: 4504: 4471: 4467: 4461: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4401: 4397: 4391: 4366: 4362: 4355: 4330: 4326: 4319: 4311: 4306: 4289: 4285: 4279: 4271: 4266: 4249: 4245: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4160: 4156: 4150: 4142: 4137: 4129: 4112: 4108: 4102: 4075: 4071: 4061: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4000: 3996: 3990: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3885: 3881: 3875: 3867: 3851: 3846: 3815: 3806: 3778:. New York: 3775: 3769: 3744: 3738: 3729: 3702: 3698: 3688: 3647: 3643: 3602: 3598: 3592: 3584: 3579: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3514:(1): 48–67. 3511: 3507: 3501: 3466: 3462: 3452: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3370: 3366: 3356: 3334:(1): 88–92. 3331: 3327: 3321: 3286: 3282: 3272: 3229: 3225: 3215: 3180: 3176: 3124: 3120: 3078: 3074: 3067: 3032: 3028: 3022: 2987: 2983: 2973: 2943:(1): 15–27. 2940: 2936: 2929: 2904: 2900: 2894: 2869: 2865: 2859: 2834: 2830: 2824: 2799: 2795: 2789: 2764: 2760: 2754: 2721: 2717: 2711: 2678: 2674: 2648: 2644: 2638: 2603: 2599: 2589: 2554: 2550: 2514: 2510: 2500: 2457: 2453: 2447: 2438: 2434: 2428: 2401: 2397: 2387: 2379: 2374: 2366: 2333: 2329: 2323: 2298: 2294: 2288: 2245: 2241: 2231: 2188: 2184: 2140: 2136: 2109: 2087: 2062: 2058: 2052: 2027: 2023: 2017: 1984: 1980: 1936: 1932: 1907:. Retrieved 1903: 1894: 1869: 1865: 1852: 1835: 1831: 1825: 1792: 1788: 1775: 1742: 1738: 1728: 1703: 1699: 1653: 1649: 1643: 1603:Self-control 1535: 1529: 1516:psychosocial 1513: 1498: 1489: 1476:copy editing 1474:may require 1473: 1449: 1440: 1432: 1424: 1412: 1408: 1394: 1376: 1349: 1346:Sociological 1339:dorsolateral 1323: 1320:Neurological 1279: 1275: 1268: 1238: 1234: 1227: 1219: 1212: 1203: 1196: 1183: 1175: 1172:Toddler-hood 1162: 1154: 1142: 1134: 1108: 1102: 1096: 1090: 1084: 1078: 1072: 1067:helplessness 1062: 1056: 1047: 1020: 985: 974: 963:effects and 955:can produce 947: 938: 926: 912: 901: 892: 880: 876: 868: 855: 830: 815: 800: 792: 784: 780: 768: 756: 752: 738: 717: 713: 689: 639: 628: 602: 598: 597: 172:Anticipation 94: 29: 8347:Life skills 8200:R. D. Laing 8175:Haim Ginott 8105:Carl Rogers 8070:Fritz Perls 7985:Psychodrama 7910:Biofeedback 7712:Integrative 7657:Art therapy 7636:Logotherapy 7322:and culture 7127:recognition 7112:homeostatic 7012:forecasting 6961:Weltschmerz 6934:Misanthropy 6711:grandiosity 6593:Inspiration 6583:Infatuation 6551:Humiliation 6473:Frustration 6346:Contentment 5838:2434/696407 5747:: 168–176. 5059:: 687–696. 5000:: 344–352. 4953:: 202–211. 4292:(3): 1–20. 3247:10344/10521 2767:(1): 9–16. 2435:Psychologia 2301:(1): 7–26. 1872:(1): 4–41. 1598:Rationality 1588:Life skills 1427:situational 1382:needs with 1364:consciously 1310:mindfulness 1294:chronometry 1214:Adolescents 1209:Adolescence 1187:vaccination 1041:(EFT), and 1013:in others. 1007:impulsivity 873:Reappraisal 806:reappraisal 802:Distraction 797:Distraction 377:Humiliation 322:Frustration 222:Contentment 8331:Categories 8160:Aaron Beck 8075:Anna Freud 7970:Co-therapy 7825:Techniques 7755:Counseling 7743:Approaches 7608:Humanistic 7551:behavioral 7399:Pathognomy 7300:well-being 7216:and gender 7211:expression 7206:exhaustion 7191:detachment 7176:competence 7157:Emotional 7139:regulation 7122:perception 7117:in animals 7067:and memory 7003:Affective 6911:Worldviews 6773:melancholy 6758:Resentment 6628:Loneliness 6603:Irritation 6588:Insecurity 6578:Indulgence 6453:Excitement 6438:Enthusiasm 6371:Depression 6331:Confidence 6326:Compassion 6301:Attraction 6226:Admiration 6221:Acceptance 5887:2204.00118 5375:: 104446. 5053:NeuroImage 4115:: 185–211. 3705:: 83–100. 3075:NeuroImage 1635:References 1553:Compassion 1484:editing it 1380:organismic 1372:phenomenon 1337:, and the 1120:See also: 1023:counseling 961:anxiolytic 889:Distancing 817:Rumination 812:Rumination 744:Strategies 675:competence 659:depression 607:experience 482:Resentment 407:Loneliness 297:Enthusiasm 237:Depression 207:Confidence 137:Admiration 132:Acceptance 79:In animals 8120:Rollo May 8055:Otto Rank 8040:Carl Jung 7770:Self-help 7427:appraisal 7367:sociology 7318:Emotions 7290:symbiosis 7275:reasoning 7245:isolation 7186:contagion 7171:blackmail 7097:expressed 7092:evolution 7082:and sleep 7072:and music 7007:computing 6954:Reclusion 6949:Pessimism 6924:Defeatism 6854:Suffering 6800:Sehnsucht 6743:Rejection 6694:self-pity 6669:Nostalgia 6638:limerence 6608:Isolation 6546:Hostility 6503:Happiness 6483:Gratitude 6428:Emptiness 6411:vicarious 6361:Curiosity 6336:Confusion 6276:Annoyance 6256:Amusement 6246:Agitation 6241:Affection 6236:Aesthetic 6231:Adoration 6039:1942-969X 5947:248419517 5906:247922819 5796:143290039 5711:150551972 5676:215412759 5541:244491171 5444:144146368 5436:1068-0667 5397:214616457 5201:CiteSeerX 5034:245266740 4860:CiteSeerX 4837:145494340 4794:0963-7214 4736:1360-7863 4684:1939-1471 4642:146528874 4607:143149171 3933:CiteSeerX 3838:883366057 3798:319318901 3571:146595050 3264:231804264 3185:CiteSeerX 3129:CiteSeerX 3037:CiteSeerX 2622:1047-3211 2559:CiteSeerX 2462:CiteSeerX 2262:1090-0586 2193:CiteSeerX 2145:CiteSeerX 1886:145107160 1265:Affective 1230:Autonomic 1224:Adulthood 1193:Childhood 991:REM sleep 705:Appraisal 699:Attention 619:intrinsic 615:extrinsic 542:Suspicion 532:Suffering 502:Self-pity 467:Rejection 422:Nostalgia 402:Limerence 372:Hostility 352:Happiness 332:Gratitude 277:Elevation 232:Curiosity 212:Confusion 167:Annoyance 147:Amusement 142:Affection 7952:Modeling 7942:Homework 7846:Chaining 7784:Research 7626:Focusing 7285:security 7265:literacy 7250:lability 7240:intimacy 7181:conflict 7161:aperture 7058:Emotion 7042:negative 7037:positive 7027:spectrum 6992:measures 6944:Optimism 6939:Nihilism 6929:Fatalism 6919:Cynicism 6864:Sympathy 6859:Surprise 6701:Pleasure 6623:Kindness 6613:Jealousy 6598:Interest 6565:Hysteria 6448:Euphoria 6391:Distrust 6341:Contempt 6321:Calmness 6213:Emotions 6200:Emotions 6090:20304490 6055:13664483 6047:29745688 5990:12795389 5880:: 1–51. 5847:29424555 5761:16187524 5625:12212647 5584:18194230 5576:20364902 5533:34807696 5494:36985305 5486:11059163 5389:32200195 5350:14700461 5315:18808240 5223:14801813 5178:16073381 5170:11931516 5124:10915615 5081:52918820 5073:30287300 5026:34920037 4975:22933500 4967:24984244 4923:21767001 4887:287–297. 4752:34423670 4744:21140308 4692:10467897 4572:19765880 4453:14992613 4418:12361317 4383:11333082 4347:14979757 4228:39093993 4220:25773634 4177:11333079 4053:33451203 4017:18870683 3955:11480936 3814:(2015). 3761:18835479 3721:25697832 3672:19338508 3619:17032494 3536:18315833 3528:12899316 3493:21361967 3436:21756218 3397:20438226 3348:19013553 3313:25425765 3256:33538020 3207:13845576 3159:20541103 3151:12916575 3103:16146101 3095:15488398 3059:10934910 3014:58591122 3006:30610654 2965:33850126 2957:19222310 2921:24661162 2886:21500912 2738:26158958 2695:21960251 2630:21041200 2581:20141309 2533:16908493 2484:21233326 2280:32770450 2079:10218264 2044:20591413 2009:14248740 2001:20015584 1953:16682883 1817:31507777 1809:26234744 1759:19653772 1541:See also 1520:bullying 1290:temporal 1282:baseline 1178:toddlers 1050:mnemonic 1045:(MBCT). 995:amygdala 976:Exercise 971:Exercise 957:sedative 944:Drug use 631:behavior 611:emotions 537:Surprise 447:Pleasure 397:Kindness 387:Jealousy 382:Interest 307:Euphoria 262:Distrust 217:Contempt 124:Emotions 45:Emotions 37:a series 35:Part of 8337:Emotion 7856:Shaping 7811:History 7503:Schools 7455:Italics 7418:Theory 7374:Feeling 7327:history 7312:bounded 7270:prosody 7077:and sex 7062:and art 7022:science 6978:Affect 6972:Related 6847:chronic 6822:Shyness 6782:Saudade 6768:Sadness 6763:Revenge 6753:Remorse 6684:Passion 6674:Outrage 6664:Neglect 6524:Hiraeth 6423:Empathy 6401:Ecstasy 6386:Disgust 6356:Cruelty 6351:Courage 6316:Boredom 6296:Arousal 6286:Anxiety 6271:Anguish 5998:6671293 5982:3696228 5855:4701955 5556:Emotion 5513:Emotion 5306:2677442 5266:2627544 5258:2182826 5132:9857157 5104:Bibcode 5096:Science 4931:3795249 4802:1400335 4563:2815087 4496:8706538 4488:1131873 4200:Bibcode 4094:9586212 4033:Infancy 3910:3956316 3902:1130587 3652:Bibcode 3508:Emotion 3484:3136552 3444:1173305 3388:2881638 3304:4241349 2866:Emotion 2851:7861307 2816:2183759 2781:6830571 2746:6415609 2703:5283764 2551:Emotion 2420:9455720 2315:6467799 2271:7878267 2223:3031566 2215:9457784 2167:6236938 1961:8662305 1739:Emotion 1720:7984164 1678:7984169 1670:1166139 1578:Empathy 1331:orbital 1298:anxiety 1286:stimuli 1137:infancy 1131:Infancy 1037:(DBT), 1033:(CBT), 953:alcohol 663:anxiety 650:arousal 642:stimuli 517:Shyness 492:Saudade 487:Sadness 477:Remorse 437:Passion 427:Outrage 292:Empathy 272:Ecstasy 257:Disgust 227:Courage 202:Boredom 187:Arousal 177:Anxiety 162:Anguish 112:Valence 8003:People 7422:affect 7404:Pathos 7357:social 7201:eating 6874:Wonder 6842:Stress 6832:Sorrow 6748:Relief 6738:Regret 6726:vanity 6721:insult 6716:hubris 6571:Ikigai 6541:Horror 6517:Hatred 6376:Desire 6366:Defeat 6291:Apathy 6088: 6053: 6045: 6037: 5996: 5988: 5980: 5945: 5935: 5904: 5853: 5845: 5794: 5759: 5709: 5674: 5623: 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