Frederick Barbarossa

889: 989:. For a quarter of a century following the death of Henry V in 1125, the German monarchy was largely a nominal title with no real power behind it. The king, chosen by the prince-electors, was given no resources outside those of his own duchy and he was at the same time prevented from exercising any real authority or leadership. The royal title was furthermore passed from one family to another to preclude the development of any dynastic interest in the German crown. When Frederick was chosen as king in 1152, royal power had been in effective abeyance for over twenty-five years, and to a considerable degree for more than eighty years. The only real claim to wealth lay in the rich cities of northern Italy, which were still within the nominal control of the German king. The Salian line had died out with the death of Henry V in 1125 and the German princes refused to give the crown to his nephew, the duke of Swabia, for fear he would try to regain the imperial power held by Henry V. Instead, they chose 1834: 1146: 1018: 2309: 1467: 2029:(Justinian Body of Civil Law) as "the greatest legal code ever devised". It envisaged the law of the state as a reflection of natural moral law, the principle of rationality in the universe. By the time Frederick assumed the throne, this legal system was well established on both sides of the Alps. He was the first to use the availability of the new professional class of lawyers. The Civil Law allowed Frederick to use these lawyers to administer his kingdom in a logical and consistent manner. It also provided a framework to legitimize his claim to the right to rule both Germany and northern Italy. In the old days of Henry IV and Henry V, the claim of 1598:, when his two eldest sons were knighted, and thousands of knights were invited from all over Germany. While payments upon the knighting of a son were part of the expectations of an overlord in England and France, only a "gift" was given in Germany for such an occasion. Frederick's monetary gain from this celebration is said to have been modest. Later in 1184, Frederick again moved into Italy, this time joining forces with the local rural nobility to reduce the power of the Tuscan cities. In 1186, he engineered the marriage of his son Henry to 1846: 1636: 1741:, Frederick formally and symbolically accepted the staff and scrip of a pilgrim and set out. His crusade was "the most meticulously planned and organized" up to that time. According to one source written in the 1220s, Frederick organized a grand army of 100,000 men (including 20,000 knights) and set out on the overland route to the Holy Land; This number is believed to be inaccurate by modern scholars using incomplete contemporary sources that place the size of his army at 12,000–15,000 men, including 3,000–4,000 knights. 2145:

throne, the prospects for the revival of German imperial power were extremely thin. The great German princes had increased their power and land holdings. The king had been left with only the traditional family domains and a vestige of power over the bishops and abbeys. The backwash of the Investiture controversy had left the German states in continuous turmoil. Rival states were in perpetual war. These conditions allowed Frederick to be both warrior and occasional peace-maker, both to his advantage.

1730: 967: 9214: 9226: 1817: 1561: 51: 1173: 1538:. Now it had recurred, in a slightly different form. Frederick had to humble himself before Alexander III at Venice. The emperor acknowledged the pope's sovereignty over the Papal States, and in return Alexander acknowledged the emperor's overlordship of the Imperial Church. Also in the Peace of Venice, a truce was made with the Lombard cities, which took effect in August 1178. The grounds for a permanent peace were not established until 1183, however, in the 6740: 1264: 1682:, preached a crusade sermon and Frederick asked the assembly whether he should take the cross. At the universal acclaim of the assembly, he took the crusader's vow. His second son, the duke of Swabia, followed suit. The eldest, Henry VI, was to remain behind in Germany as regent. At Mainz Frederick proclaimed a "general expedition against the pagans". He set the period of preparation as 17 April 1188 to 8 April 1189 and scheduled the army to assemble at 7387: 1394: 5714: 1343:, and many other northern Italian cities. In August 1162 he triumphantly entered Turin and was crowned with his consort in the cathedral on August 15. Returning to Germany towards the close of 1162, Frederick prevented the escalation of conflicts between Henry the Lion from Saxony and a number of neighbouring princes who were growing weary of Henry's power, influence, and territorial gains. He also severely punished the citizens of 1586:

much in the German feudalistic system as it would have in the English feudalistic system. While in England the pledge of fealty went in a direct line from overlords to those under them, the Germans pledged oaths only to the direct overlord, so that in Henry's case, those below him in the feudal chain owed nothing to Frederick. Thus, despite the diminished stature of Henry the Lion, Frederick did not gain his allegiances.

1498:), which had previously formed to stand against him. The cities of northern Italy had become exceedingly wealthy through trade, representing a marked turning point in the transition from medieval feudalism. While continental feudalism had remained strong socially and economically, it was in deep political decline by the time of Frederick Barbarossa. When the northern Italian cities inflicted a defeat on Frederick at 2041:

that Frederick came to view himself as a new Roman emperor. Roman law gave a rational purpose for the existence of Frederick and his imperial ambitions. It was a counterweight to the claims of the Church to have authority because of divine revelation. The Church was opposed to Frederick for ideological reasons, not the least of which was the humanist nature found in the revival of the old Roman legal system. When

9202: 2185:, and that when the ravens cease to fly around the mountain he will awake and restore Germany to its ancient greatness. According to the story, his red beard has grown through the table at which he sits. His eyes are half closed in sleep, but now and then he raises his hand and sends a boy out to see if the ravens have stopped flying. A similar story, set in Sicily, was earlier attested about his grandson, 1590:

the most powerful force in Italy. When Frederick returned to Germany after his defeat in northern Italy, he was a bitter and exhausted man. The German princes, far from being subordinated to royal control, were intensifying their hold on wealth and power in Germany and entrenching their positions. There began to be a generalized social desire to "create greater Germany" by conquering the Slavs to the east.

2087: 1900:, a churchman who accompanied the crusader forces, reported that "after the many and terrible exertions that he had undergone in the previous month and more, he decided to bathe in that same river, for he wanted to cool down with a swim. But by the secret judgment of God there was an unexpected and lamentable death and he drowned." Frederick, who liked to swim, as he went to bathe with 1442:), which threatened to destroy the Imperial army and drove the emperor as a fugitive to Germany, where he remained for the ensuing six years. During this period, Frederick decided conflicting claims to various bishoprics, asserted imperial authority over Bohemia, Poland, and Hungary, initiated friendly relations with Manuel I, and tried to come to a better understanding with 2154: 1924:

with a mighty hand and a stretched-out arm. He took Iconium, Philomena, and many other cities, and reached Armenia, where, during great heat, he went into the river, which the natives call the Iron River, to bathe, and therein for our sins was miserably drowned, and so died to the loss of all Christendom. Saladin so greatly feared his approach that he ordered the walls of

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Frederick had Henry tried in absentia by a court of bishops and princes in 1180, declared that imperial law overruled traditional German law, and had Henry stripped of his lands and declared an outlaw. He then invaded Saxony with an imperial army to force his cousin to surrender. Henry's allies deserted him, and he finally had to submit to Frederick at an

2289:(1990) presents the emperor as a pragmatic leader with a capacity of adaptation and recovery after defeat. Laudage investigates the important role of the concept of honour in Frederick's decisions while explaining the far-reaching visions of the emperor and his advisers, while Görich (who also emphasizes the honour, or 1450:. Many Swabian counts, including his cousin the young Duke of Swabia, Frederick IV, died in 1167, so he was able to organize a new mighty territory in the Duchy of Swabia under his reign in this time. Consequently, his younger son Frederick V became the new Duke of Swabia in 1167, while his eldest son 2040:

In Germany, Frederick was a political realist, taking what he could and leaving the rest. In Italy, he tended to be a romantic reactionary, reveling in the antiquarian spirit of the age, exemplified by a revival of classical studies and Roman law. It was through the use of the restored Justinian code

1004:

The Germany that Frederick tried to unite was a patchwork of more than 1,600 individual states, each with its own prince. A few of these, such as Bavaria and Saxony, were large. Many were too small to pinpoint on a map. The titles afforded to the German king were "Caesar", "Augustus", and "Emperor of

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On 11 May 1189, after the majority of his army had already departed toward Hungary on land, Frederick sailed from Regensburg down the River Danube. When he came to the village of Mauthausen, Frederick ordered the village to be burned for levying a toll on the crusader army. The Crusaders then passed

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Frederick did not forgive Henry the Lion for refusing to come to his aid in 1176. By 1180, Henry had successfully established a powerful state comprising Saxony, Bavaria, and substantial territories in the north and east of Germany. Taking advantage of the hostility of other German princes to Henry,

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As Frederick approached the gates of Rome, the Pope advanced to meet him. At the royal tent the king received him, and after kissing the pope's feet, Frederick expected to receive the traditional kiss of peace. Frederick had declined to hold the Pope's stirrup while leading him to the tent, however,

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Frederick did little to encourage economic development in Germany prior to the autumn of 1165. In that year he visited the lower Rhineland, the most economically advanced region in Germany. He had already travelled to northern Italy, the most economically advanced region in the Empire, three times.

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While these were the varied fortunes of the first in the field, Frederick, the Roman emperor, set out on his journey by land with great power and a countless host of warriors. Passing over the borders of Germany, he crossed Hungary, Macedonia, and Greece and marched through the land of the Saracens

1589:

Frederick was faced with the reality of disorder among the German states, where continuous civil wars were waged between pretenders and the ambitious who wanted the crown for themselves. Italian unity under German rule was more myth than truth. Despite proclamations of German hegemony, the pope was

1585:

in Normandy before being allowed back into Germany. He finished his days in Germany, as the much-diminished Duke of Brunswick. Frederick's desire for revenge was sated. Henry the Lion lived a relatively quiet life, sponsoring arts and architecture. Frederick's victory over Henry did not gain him as

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in a humiliating manner. Some sources of this legend indicate that Barbarossa implemented his revenge for this insult by forcing the magistrates of the city to remove a fig from the anus of a donkey using only their teeth. Another source states that Barbarossa took his wrath upon every able-bodied

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In the opinion of Norman Cantor, Frederick's charisma led to a fantastic juggling act that, over a quarter of a century, restored the imperial authority in the German states. His formidable enemies defeated him on almost every side, yet in the end he emerged triumphant. When Frederick came to the

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sought to become king of the Franks in the 8th century, the church needed military protection, so Pepin found it convenient to make an ally of the pope. Frederick, however, desired to put the pope aside and claim the crown of old Rome simply because he was in the likeness of the great emperors of

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accounts had been around for thousands of years, but entered the Christian tradition with the writings of the Apostle Peter. German propaganda played into the exaggerated fables believed by the common people by characterizing Frederick Barbarossa and Frederick II as personification of the "good

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His character is such that not even those envious of his power can belittle its praise. His person is well-proportioned. He is shorter than very tall men, but taller and more noble than men of medium height. His hair is golden, curling a little above his forehead ... His eyes are sharp and

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near Milan, on 29 May 1176, where he was wounded and for some time was believed to be dead. This battle marked the turning point in Frederick's claim to empire. He had no choice other than to begin negotiations for peace with Alexander III and the Lombard League. In the Peace of Anagni in 1176,

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The political result of the struggle with Pope Alexander was an alliance formed between the Norman state of Sicily and Pope Alexander III against Frederick. In the meantime, Frederick had to deal with another rebellion at Milan, in which the city surrendered on 6 March 1162; much of it was

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to recuperate. There he was robbed and killed. Conrad ordered Frederick to avenge him. The duke of Swabia razed the monastery, captured and executed the robbers and demanded they return the stolen money. The intervention of the Byzantine general Prosuch prevented further escalation. A few weeks

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The number of mints in Germany increased ninefold in the reign of Frederick and his son Henry, from about two dozen mints at the start of his reign to 215 mints in 1197 and from a mere two royal mints to 28. Frederick himself established at least twelve royal mints, including those of Aachen,

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In 1975, Frederick's charters were published. This and the postwar abandonment of the Kyffhäuser myth have led to the publications of several new biographies. The notable recent authorities among German-speaking historians include Ferdinand Opll, Johannes Laudage, and Knut Görich. Opll's

1992:

separately by sea, and ultimately led to its dissolution. Richard continued to the East where he fought Saladin, winning territories along the shores of Palestine, but ultimately failed to win the war by conquering Jerusalem itself before he was forced to return to his own territories in

1142:. As a sign of good faith, Frederick dismissed the ambassadors from the revived Roman Senate, and Imperial forces suppressed the republicans. Arnold was captured and hanged for treason and rebellion. Despite his unorthodox teaching concerning theology, Arnold was not charged with heresy. 1777:, in the meantime, he received imprisoned German emissaries who were held in Constantinople, and exchanged hostages with Isaac II, as a guarantee that the crusaders would not sack local settlements until they depart the Byzantine territory. In March 1190, Frederick left Adrianople for 1232:, granting him unprecedented entitlements as Duke of Austria. This was a large concession on the part of Frederick, who realized that Henry the Lion had to be accommodated, even to the point of sharing some power with him. Frederick could not afford to make an outright enemy of Henry. 1039:, the new king saw clearly that the restoration of order in Germany was a necessary preliminary to the enforcement of the imperial rights in Italy. Issuing a general order for peace, he made lavish concessions to the nobles. Abroad, Frederick intervened in the Danish civil war between 1322:, appeared unsupportive of Alexander III, and after the sacking of Crema demanded that Alexander appear before the emperor at Pavia and to accept the imperial decree. Alexander refused, and Frederick recognised Victor IV as the legitimate pope in 1160. In response, Alexander III 822:, the duke berated his brother for permitting his son to go. The elder Frederick, who was dying, expected his son to look after his widow and younger half-brother once he had passed on, not risk his life by going on a crusade. Perhaps in preparation for the crusade, Frederick married 2037:. The Church had won that argument in the common man's mind. There was no divine right for the German king to also control the church by naming both bishops and popes. The institution of the Justinian code was used, perhaps unscrupulously, by Frederick to lay claim to divine powers. 1698:

to disperse them. Rabbi Moses then met with the emperor, which resulted in an imperial edict threatening maiming or death for anyone who maimed or killed a Jew. On 29 March, Frederick and the rabbi rode through the streets together. Frederick successfully prevented a repeat of the

1188:, amidst the acclamations of the German army. The Romans began to riot, and Frederick spent his coronation day putting down the revolt, resulting in the deaths of over 1,000 Romans and many more thousands injured. The next day, Frederick, Adrian, and the German army travelled to 2127:, full of Augustinian negativity concerning the nature of the world and history. His work on Frederick is of opposite tone, being an optimistic portrayal of the glorious potentials of imperial authority. Otto died after finishing the first two books, leaving the last two to 2140:

piercing, his beard reddish , his lips delicate ... His whole face is bright and cheerful. His teeth are even and snow-white in color ... Modesty rather than anger causes him to blush frequently. His shoulders are rather broad, and he is strongly built ...

1009:, Frederick did not attempt to end medieval feudalism, but rather tried to restore it, though this was beyond his ability. The great players in the German civil war had been the Pope, Emperor, Ghibellines and the Guelfs, but none of these had emerged as the winner. 2063:

From 1165 on, Frederick pursued economic policies to encourage growth and trade. There is no question that his reign was a period of major economic growth in Germany, but it is impossible now to determine how much of that growth was owed to Frederick's policies.

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as Holy Roman Empress. This time, Henry the Lion refused to join Frederick on his Italian trip, tending instead to his own disputes with neighbors and his continuing expansion into Slavic territories in northeastern Germany. In 1167 Frederick began besieging

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The retreat of Frederick in 1155 forced Pope Adrian IV to come to terms with King William I of Sicily, granting to William I territories that Frederick viewed as his dominion. This aggrieved Frederick, and he was further displeased when

1255:, written between 1152 and 1157, which enacted punishments for a variety of crimes, as well as systems for adjudicating many disputes. He also declared himself the sole Augustus of the Roman world, ceasing to recognise Manuel I at Constantinople. 1330:

in 1162 to decide the issue of who should be pope. Louis neared the meeting site, but when he became aware that Frederick had stacked the votes for Victor, Louis decided not to attend the council. As a result, the issue was not resolved at that time.

1434:. Heartened by this victory, Frederick lifted the siege of Ancona and hurried to Rome, where he had his wife crowned empress and also received a second coronation from Paschal III. His campaign was halted by the sudden outbreak of an epidemic ( 648:

to his contemporaries: his longevity, his ambition, his extraordinary skills at organization, his battlefield acumen, and his political perspicacity. His contributions to Central European society and culture include the re-establishment of the

1593:

Although the Italian city states had achieved a measure of independence from Frederick as a result of his failed fifth expedition into Italy, the emperor had not given up on his Italian dominions. In 1184, he held a massive celebration, the

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promised the armies of the Third Crusade, led by Frederick Barbarossa to freely pass through his territories; however, his sons who were local chieftains disagreed and fought against the Crusaders at the Battle of Philomelion and Battle of

2131:, his provost. Rahewin's text is in places heavily dependent on classical precedent. For example, Rahewin's physical description of Frederick reproduces word-for-word (except for details of hair and beard) a description of another monarch, 4700: 2239:(meaning "behold the fig"), with the feces still in their mouths. It used to be said that the insulting gesture (called fico), of holding one's fist with the thumb in between the middle and forefinger came by its origin from this event. 2067:

Donauwörth, Ulm, Haguenau, Duisburg, Kaiserswerth, Frankfurt, Gelnhausen and Dortmund. He also granted privileges exempting the merchants of Aachen, Gelnhausen, Haguenau, Monza, Rome, Pisa and Venice from all tolls within the Empire.

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Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France, des pairs, grands officiers de la Couronne, de la Maison du Roy et des anciens barons du royaume.... Tome 8 / par le P. Anselme,... ; continuée par M. Du

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so Adrian refused to give the kiss until this protocol had been complied with. Frederick hesitated, and Adrian IV withdrew; after a day's negotiation, Frederick agreed to perform the required ritual, reportedly muttering, "

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in compensation for his loss of Bavaria. As part of his general policy of concessions of formal power to the German princes and ending the civil wars within the kingdom, Frederick further appeased Henry by issuing him with the

1001:, would not be appeased, however, remaining an implacable enemy of the Hohenstaufen monarchy. Barbarossa had the duchies of Swabia and Franconia, the force of his own personality, and very little else to construct an empire. 1005:

the Romans". By the time Frederick would assume these, they were little more than propaganda slogans with little other meaning. Frederick was a pragmatist who dealt with the princes by finding a mutual self-interest. Unlike

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were at his deathbed. Both asserted afterwards that Conrad had, in full possession of his mental faculties, handed the royal insignia to Frederick and indicated that he, rather than Conrad's own six-year-old son, the future

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WeltkulturerbeN: Formen, Funktionen und Objekte kulturellen Erinnerns im und an das Mittelalter ; Vorträge der Ringvorlesung des Zentrums für Mittelalterstudien der Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg im Sommersemester

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to fund the crusade. He also put the Jews under his protection and forbade anyone to preach against the Jews. When mobs threatened the Jews of Mainz on the eve of the assembly in March, Frederick sent the imperial marshal

904:, writing fifty years later, recorded that Frederick "prevailed in arms before all others in front of Damascus". On 8 September, the German army sailed out of Acre. On the route home, Conrad III and Frederick stopped in 2300:, edited by Manselli and Riedmann, considered by Schumann to be a definite synthesis of non-nationally oriented historiography approaches (combining German and Italian research results) of the last forty years. 1479:

Increasing anti-German sentiment swept through Lombardy, culminating in the restoration of Milan in 1169. In 1174 Frederick made his fifth expedition to Italy. (It was probably during this time that the famous

1542:, when Frederick conceded their right to freely elect town magistrates. By this move, Frederick recovered his nominal domination over Italy, which became his chief means of applying pressure on the papacy. 865:, he returned to Constantinople by ship with his personal retinue, which included Frederick. With Byzantine ships and money, the German army once again left Constantinople on 7 March 1148 and arrived in 2293:

factor) questions whether traditional researchers have overemphasized the intentional side of Frederick's politics and instead highlights his flexibility and consensus-building capability as a leader.

520: 1953:

Frederick's death caused several thousand German soldiers to leave the force and return home through the Cilician and Syrian ports. The German-Hungarian army was struck with an onset of disease near

683:, attempt to uncover the legends and reconstruct the true historical figure—these efforts result in new perspectives on both the emperor as a person and the social developments associated with him. 2269:

began in the nineteenth century, but have been hampered by the unfortunate deaths of key researchers who did not have the chance to complete their works (such as Henry Simonsfeld who died in 1913,

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In Italy, the scholarly attention towards Frederick's person and his reign is also considerable, with notable contributions including Franco Cardini's sympathetic 1985 biography or the 1982 work

997:(1137–1152). When Frederick Barbarossa succeeded his uncle in 1152, there seemed to be excellent prospects for ending the feud, since he was a Welf on his mother's side. The Welf duke of Saxony, 846:

were among the few German crusaders who survived when a flash flood destroyed the main camp. They had decided to encamp on a hill a ways away from the main army. The remains of the army reached

1059:(his great-great-grandfather was a brother of Adela's great-great-great-grandmother, making them fourth cousins, once removed). He then made a vain attempt to obtain a bride from the court of 8151: 1192:. From there, a combination of the unhealthy Italian summer and the effects of his year-long absence from Germany meant he was forced to put off his planned campaign against the Normans of 1207:

Disorder was again rampant in Germany, especially in Bavaria, but general peace was restored by Frederick's vigorous, but conciliatory, measures. The duchy of Bavaria was transferred from

1706:

Because Frederick had signed a treaty of friendship with Saladin in 1175, he felt it necessary to give Saladin notice of the termination of their alliance. On 26 May 1188, he sent Count

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of the Papacy. Disgusted with the pope, and still wishing to crush the Normans in the south of Italy, in June 1158, Frederick set out upon his second Italian expedition, accompanied by

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who died in 1889 and Johannes Laudage who died in an accident in 2008). Nevertheless, the two volumes about Frederick (that focus on his relationship with the Welfs and the Papacy) in

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had pursued a more conciliatory line with the Emperor than previous popes and was more concerned with troubling reports from the Holy Land than with a power struggle with Barbarossa.

1165:– For Peter, not for Adrian." Rome was still in an uproar over the fate of Arnold of Brescia, so rather than marching through the streets of Rome, Frederick and Adrian retired to the 5113: 5399: 1502:

in 1175, the European world was shocked. With the refusal of Henry the Lion to bring help to Italy, the campaign was a complete failure. Frederick suffered a heavy defeat at the

8124: 1912:, Bishop of Würzburg, who was a close confidant of Frederick, the report would be the most plausible account of what happened, since he might have witnessed the emperor's death. 888: 594:, which in English means "Emperor Redbeard." The prevalence of the Italian nickname, even in later German usage, reflects the centrality of the Italian campaigns to his career. 5729: 2266: 2957:

first asked for her hand, but the marriage negotiations never came through. She married Guillaume (II) count of Chalon in 1173 and was mother to Beatrix, countess of Chalon.

2365:(2000) is set partly at Frederick's court, and also deals with the mystery of Frederick's death. The imaginary hero, Baudolino, is the Emperor's adopted son and confidant. 1891:, "the king went down to the river to wash himself and was drowned at a place where the water was not even up to his waist. Thus God saved us from the evil of such a man". 2235:

man in the city, and that it was not a fig they were forced to hold in their mouth, but excrement from the donkey. To add to this debasement, they were made to announce,

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at Aachen, under the authority of the antipope Paschal III. Concerned over rumours that Alexander III was about to enter into an alliance with the Byzantine Emperor

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was naturally opposed to this view and undertook a vigorous propaganda campaign designed to diminish Frederick and his ambition. To a large extent, this was successful.

993:(1125–1137), who found himself embroiled in a long-running dispute with the Hohenstaufens, and who married into the Welfs. One of the Hohenstaufens gained the throne as 1965:

of Swabia, carried on with the remnants of the German army, along with the Hungarian army under the command of Prince Géza, with the aim of burying the emperor in

2218:; (3) the establishment of a good king to combat the anti-Christ. These millennial fables were common and freely traded by the populations on Continental Europe. 6256: 2214:. This was a popularized interpretation of the Biblical end of the world. It consisted of three things: (1) terrible natural disasters; (2) the arrival of the 2001:

agreeing that Jerusalem would remain under Muslim control while allowing unarmed Christian pilgrims and traders to visit the city. The treaty also reduced the

680: 9301: 1421:, in October 1166 Frederick embarked on his fourth Italian campaign, hoping as well to secure the claim of Paschal III and the coronation of his wife 1765:, to join the Crusade. The king agreed, and a Hungarian army of 2,000 men led by Géza escorted the German emperor's forces. Later on, Frederick camped in 1707: 5571: 1300:

that saw the establishment of imperial officers and ecclesiastical reforms in the cities of northern Italy, and the beginning of the long struggle with

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sometime before March 1147. His father died on 4 or 6 April and Frederick succeeded him as the Duke of Swabia. The German crusader army departed from

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in 1177, Frederick and Alexander III were formally reconciled. With decisions of Paschal III nullfied, Beatrice ceased to be referred as empress.

663:. Due to his popularity and notoriety, in the 19th and early 20th centuries, he was used as a political symbol by many movements and regimes: the 2337:(1901) begins with a dedication to "the descendants of the great Germanic race who in Europe, in America, and in the Far East rule the world". 2327:(1843), Frederick (as character Frédéric de Hohenstaufen) returns many years after he was presumed dead, as expected by some medieval legends. 6776: 6485: 5102: 1896: 1710:

to present an ultimatum to Saladin. A few days after Christmas 1188, Frederick received Hungarian, Byzantine, Serbian and Seljuk envoys in

17: 5344:"Here be monsters: AS Byatt is entertained yet baffled by Umberto Eco's latest novel, Baudolino, an uneasy mixture of history and fantasy" 2076: 5734: 1908:, might have been exhausted from weeks of marching, hence he was fatally affected by the very hot summer in Anatolia. If the writer was 1367: 1083:

Frederick undertook six expeditions into Italy. In the first, beginning in October 1154, his plan was to launch a campaign against the

1430:, which had acknowledged the authority of Manuel I; at the same time, his forces achieved a great victory over the Romans at the 861:

of the disaster and ask for help. The two armies, French and German, then advanced together. When Conrad fell ill around Christmas in

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Another account recorded that Frederick was thrown from his horse while crossing the river, weighed down by his armour, and drowned.

1655:. Frederick expressed support for the crusade but declined to take the cross on the grounds of his ongoing conflict with Archbishop 782:, which were a form of informal and irregular assembly popular among the nobles of the Holy Roman Empire. One took place in 1141 in 644:

Historians consider him among the Holy Roman Empire's greatest medieval emperors. He combined qualities that made him appear almost

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There is a published correspondence, almost certainly forged, between Frederick and Saladin concerning the end of their friendship.

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chose to interpret a letter from Adrian to Frederick in a manner that seemed to imply that the imperial crown was a gift from the

2281:(1855–88), completed by his student Bernhard von Simson in 1895, later became the scholarly standard work on the emperor's life. 1850: 2017:, a Latin legal system that had become extinct centuries earlier. Legal scholars renewed its application. It is speculated that 1553:

on 30 June 1178. Although traditionally the German kings had automatically inherited the royal crown of Arles since the time of

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In the meantime Frederick was focused on restoring peace in the Rhineland, where he organized a magnificent celebration of the

768:. He learned to ride, hunt and use weapons at an early age, but could neither read nor write, and was also unable to speak the 659:, or the Roman rule of law, which counterbalanced the papal power that dominated the German states since the conclusion of the 586:

by the northern Italian cities which he attempted to rule: Barbarossa means "red beard" in Italian; in German, he was known as

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near Dorylaeum, decided to turn back. The rearguard was subsequently annihilated. Conrad sent Frederick ahead to inform King

625:. Frederick, therefore, descended from the two leading families in Germany, making him an acceptable choice for the Empire's 1833: 7911: 7342: 5822: 2790: 2396:

Recently, to commemorate the emperor, the Supply Battalion 131 (called "Battalion Barbarossa") of the Kyffhäuser barracks (

1758: 1557:, Frederick felt the need to be crowned by the Archbishop of Arles, regardless of his laying claim to the title from 1152. 1470:

Frederick Barbarossa, middle, flanked by two of his children, King Henry VI (left) and Duke Frederick VI (right). From the

745: 705: 614: 503: 2105:(Deeds of the Emperor Frederick), which is considered to be an accurate history of the king. Otto's other major work, the 1347:

for their rebellion against Archbishop Arnold. In Frederick's third visit to Italy in 1163, his plans for the conquest of

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were ruined by the formation of a powerful league against him, brought together mainly by opposition to imperial taxes.

916:

in cooperation with the Byzantines. After confirming the treaty, Frederick was sent ahead to Germany. He passed through

5451: 1315: 1051:. It was probably about this time that the king obtained papal assent for the annulment of his childless marriage with 921: 6252: 4805: 8087: 7139: 7119: 7099: 6769: 6685: 6665: 6645: 6478: 6155: 6101: 6007: 5986: 5674: 5527:

with Richard Emery. New York: Columbia University Press, 1953. Reprinted: Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994.

5326: 5290: 5165: 5076: 4657: 4632: 3941: 1574: 1075:

or other enemies of the Church without the consent of Eugene, and to help Eugene regain control of the city of Rome.

1145: 8047: 7144: 7134: 7104: 6991: 6680: 6650: 6620: 6447: 6424: 5841: 2946: 2227: 2186: 1656: 1422: 1305: 1240: 1071:

with the Pope, wherein he promised, in return for his coronation, to defend the papacy, to make no peace with king

1017: 403: 55:

A golden bust of Frederick, given to his godfather Count Otto of Cappenberg in 1171. It was used as a reliquary in

8007: 7658: 7335: 7164: 7114: 6956: 6705: 6660: 6600: 6367: 5646: 3178: 1244: 990: 96: 1534:

from previous centuries had been brought to a tendentious peace with the Concordat of Worms and affirmed in the

814:

after his uncle, King Conrad III, had taken the crusader vow in public on 28 December 1146. Frederick's father,

8071: 7578: 7222: 7184: 7179: 7159: 7060: 6725: 6720: 6700: 6635: 4815: 2764: 1974: 1690: 344: 1545:

In a move to consolidate his reign after the disastrous expedition into Italy, Frederick was formally crowned

1091:. He marched down and almost immediately encountered resistance to his authority. Obtaining the submission of 9296: 9246: 8095: 8079: 8055: 7975: 7967: 7311: 7237: 7174: 7169: 7149: 7124: 7109: 7089: 7045: 6922: 6917: 6715: 6710: 6690: 6670: 6655: 6640: 6625: 6585: 6580: 6086:

The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa: The History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick and Related Texts

5569: 1805: 1554: 1363: 9092: 2201:

the reincarnation of Frederick; the 1896 dedication occurred on 18 June, the day of Frederick's coronation.

1466: 8258: 8063: 8031: 7983: 7959: 7943: 7154: 7129: 7050: 6976: 6927: 6912: 6907: 6762: 6743: 6695: 6675: 6630: 6610: 6590: 6575: 6570: 6471: 6414: 6397: 6346: 4673: 2973: 2966: 2584: 2548: 1962: 1919:, a historian of the Crusades, outlined Frederick's endeavors and Saladin's dilemma, in which he reported: 1881:", against everyone's advice, the emperor chose to swim across the river and was swept away by the current. 1789: 1750: 1535: 1519: 1451: 978: 944: 815: 737: 701: 606: 493: 453: 448: 253: 243: 106: 9281: 9120: 8039: 7999: 7935: 6986: 6951: 6902: 6615: 6595: 6565: 3036: 3031: 2960: 2493: 1663:

to take the cross through messengers and then in a personal meeting on 25 December on the border between

1153: 1115: 982: 749: 443: 299: 1984:

The unexpected demise of Frederick left the Crusader army under the command of the rivals Philip II and

1200:

and encountered the ambassadors of Manuel I Comnenus, who showered Frederick with costly gifts. At

9180: 7278: 7194: 7077: 5524: 2308: 1374:. The relics had great religious significance and could be counted upon to draw pilgrims from all over 1311:

The death of Pope Adrian IV in 1159 led to the election of two rival popes, Alexander III and the

1068: 854: 8878: 7066: 3806: 2226:

Another legend states that when Barbarossa was in the process of seizing Milan in 1158, his wife, the

7306: 7287: 7268: 7035: 6455: 4972: 2992: 2986: 2409:, which uses among other things 300 roles of fabric (each was 100 meters long). The mission is named 1643:

Around 23 November 1187, Frederick received letters that had been sent to him from the rulers of the

1379: 1208: 672: 618: 463: 458: 8955: 5456:

In: German Archives for Research into the Middle Ages, Vol. 33 (1977), pp. 435–472, footnote p. 459.

4574: 2013:

The increase in wealth of the trading cities of northern Italy led to a revival in the study of the

1788:

The armies coming from western Europe pushed on through Anatolia, where they were victorious at the

853:

Conrad III attempted to lead the army across Anatolia but finding this too difficult in the face of

9286: 9206: 8724: 8117: 7246: 7072: 6229: 6111:

Madden, Thomas F. (2016). "Alexander III and Venice". In Duggan, Anne J.; Clarke, Peter D. (eds.).

4045: 1869:

River. Meanwhile, the army started to traverse the mountain path. On 10 June 1190, he drowned near

1793: 1326:

both Frederick I and Victor IV. Frederick attempted to convoke a joint council with King

897: 572:("holy") first appeared in a document in connection with his empire. He was later formally crowned 8780: 5877:

Die Ehre Friedrich Barbarossas: Kommunikation, Konflikt und politisches Handeln im 12. Jahrhundert

1714:. The Hungarians and Seljuks promised provisions and safe-conduct to the crusaders. The envoys of 1482: 8836: 7472: 6867: 6785: 6262: 5851: 2706: 2274: 2270: 2162: 2034: 1901: 1757:

before entering Byzantine territory. While in Hungary, Barbarossa personally asked the Hungarian

1754: 1531: 986: 660: 5749:

History of the Western Empire, from its Restoration by Charlemagne to the Accession of Charles V

5343: 4560: 1335:

destroyed three weeks later on the emperor's orders. The fate of Milan led to the submission of

1204:, Frederick declared his fury with the rebellious Milanese before finally returning to Germany. 9078: 8738: 7846: 7227: 6996: 5933:

Friedrich Barbarossa in den Nationalgeschichten Deutschlands und Ostmitteleuropas (19.–20. Jh.)

2826: 1909: 1766: 1679: 1431: 1185: 1107: 933: 602: 5931: 5903: 5855: 3274: 2194: 1762: 1390:, but he was soon driven from Rome, leading to the return of Pope Alexander III in 1165. 9291: 9127: 8934: 8696: 8015: 7013: 6961: 6933: 6329: 5545: 3743: 3240: 3205: 3109:

Those of Goslar and Nuremberg were the only royal mints operating in the reign of Conrad III.

2420: 2030: 1826: 1398: 1044: 994: 779: 709: 142: 4786: 4761:"Deutsche Spuren im Libanon: Auf den Spuren Barbarossas – Deutsche Kaiser-Gebeine in Tyros?" 4760: 2467: 679:

movement resulting in both golden and dark legends. Modern researchers, while exploring the

9256: 9251: 9018: 8892: 8773: 8766: 7890: 7259: 7213: 7094: 7024: 7001: 5743: 5623: 4936: 3041: 2980: 2954: 2330: 2251: 2026: 2002: 1985: 1969:, but efforts to preserve his body in vinegar failed. Hence, his flesh was interred in the 1040: 985:

left the status of the German empire in disarray, its power waning under the weight of the

971: 653: 8857: 1067:, but had neglected to ask for papal confirmation. In March 1153, Frederick concluded the 8: 9025: 8997: 8657: 8419: 7876: 7841: 7810: 7775: 7759: 7703: 7403: 7395: 7040: 7030: 7018: 6856: 6827: 6812: 6798: 6555: 6545: 5155: 5066: 3737: 2939: 2852: 2732: 2610: 1838: 1700: 1660: 1599: 1582: 1447: 1443: 1327: 1088: 1052: 1006: 874: 858: 823: 733: 374: 5747: 5627: 9230: 9032: 8948: 8864: 8850: 7991: 7824: 7055: 6946: 6883: 6847: 6535: 6494: 6385: 6286: 6093: 5975: 5793: 5254: 5208: 3959: 2346: 2231: 2211: 2124: 1989: 1957:, weakening it further. Only 5,000 soldiers, a third of the original force, arrived in 1746: 1618: 1565: 1539: 1527: 1455: 1301: 1248: 1181: 1072: 956: 913: 724:

castle, the family seat in Swabia; the Welfs, in a similar Italianization, were called

716:

family, the two most powerful families in Germany. The Hohenstaufens were often called

533: 327: 277: 65: 59:

and is said in the deed of the gift to have been made "in the likeness of the emperor".

41: 8384: 8237: 7327: 1845: 9060: 9004: 8871: 8731: 8349: 7917: 7898: 7743: 7496: 6888: 6817: 6520: 6438: 6200: 6172: 6151: 6097: 6036: 6003: 5982: 5937: 5909: 5881: 5837: 5818: 5762: 5691: 5670: 5663: 5602: 5322: 5286: 5280: 5246: 5161: 5072: 4811: 4653: 4628: 3947: 3937: 3280: 3246: 3212: 3015: 2884: 2406: 2370: 1970: 1614: 1603: 1595: 1581:

in November 1181. Henry spent three years in exile at the court of his father-in-law

1503: 1472: 1418: 1383: 1371: 1297: 1252: 1229: 1223:, whose father had previously held both duchies. Henry II Jasomirgott was named 1156:, the five stones above which the throne was placed during coronation of Frederick I. 1135: 1048: 939: 909: 765: 541: 427: 2021:

personally encouraged the Justinian rule of law and had a copy of it. The historian

9194: 9011: 8913: 8710: 8689: 8538: 8286: 8272: 7832: 7751: 7727: 7083: 6981: 6861: 6807: 6540: 6525: 6225: 5958: 5592: 5516: 4679: 3097: 3004: 2393:(DW) 2018 documentary (The Germans), featured Frederick I in its 3rd of 6 episodes. 2341: 2198: 2098: 2018: 1916: 1797: 1668: 1546: 1515: 1402: 1340: 1096: 1036: 834: 819: 573: 468: 199: 56: 8559: 3701:"Peace of the Land Established by Frederick Barbarossa Between 1152 and 1157 A.D." 1973:

in Antioch, his bones in the Cathedral of Tyre, and his heart and inner organs in

1944:, to be pulled down, sparing only the fortresses, that is the citadels and towers. 9218: 9159: 9141: 8829: 8496: 8454: 8140: 7951: 7860: 7783: 7767: 6940: 6832: 6822: 6550: 6530: 6510: 6336: 6274: 6194: 6166: 6144: 6089: 6057: 6030: 5997: 5970: 5875: 5685: 5596: 5575: 5205:"Review of Federico Barbarossa nel dibatti storiografico in Italia e in Germania" 3709: 3075: 3008: 2642: 2426: 2119: 2042: 1998: 1718:, grand prince of Serbia, announced that their prince would receive Frederick in 1695: 1644: 1508: 1224: 1220: 1064: 901: 878: 741: 537: 273: 157: 8962: 8636: 8629: 8328: 8265: 5467: 3700: 1635: 908:

where they swore oaths to uphold the treaty that Conrad had agreed with Emperor

641:

River, leading to most of his army abandoning the Crusade before reaching Acre.

9166: 9106: 9099: 9085: 8969: 8822: 8808: 8545: 8503: 8300: 8174: 7927: 7719: 6966: 6897: 6873: 6560: 6404: 6221: 6119: 5788: 5535: 5103:"Knut Görich, Friedrich Barbarossa. Eine Biographie, München (C. H. Beck) 2011" 3704: 2390: 2350: 2242:

Frederick's legend was further reinforced in the early twentieth century, when

2051: 2014: 1994: 1978: 1870: 1865:

Barbarossa opted on the local Armenians' advice to follow a shortcut along the

1715: 1648: 1607: 1495: 1487: 1439: 1386:. After the death of the antipope Victor IV, Frederick supported antipope 1319: 1289: 1216: 1212: 1131: 1060: 998: 952: 847: 811: 799: 757: 729: 626: 598: 557: 348: 225: 5385: 4555:

The medieval sources on Fredericks's death are discussed in: Manuel Kamenzin:

1729: 1647:

in the Near East urging him to come to their aid. Around 1 December, Cardinal

1530:: Did the Holy Roman Emperor have the power to name the pope and bishops? The 304: 9240: 8983: 8941: 8440: 8426: 7868: 7358: 7297: 6374: 6355: 5776: 5725: 5720: 5658: 5250: 4097: 3951: 2323: 2206: 2190: 2047: 2022: 1675: 1630: 1323: 1189: 1111: 1056: 966: 713: 668: 630: 622: 549: 113: 9113: 8990: 6282: 6281:

showing the Emperor's seal, 6 April 1157. Taken from the collections of the

2166: 1486:, a record of the royal estates, was made.) He was opposed by the pro-papal 1292:

and his Saxon troops. This expedition resulted in the revolt and capture of

9225: 9053: 9039: 8927: 8671: 8580: 8293: 6842: 6793: 6300: 5578: 5530: 4944: 3427: 3045: 2998:

Renaud (October/November 1173 – before April 1174/soon after October 1178).

2383: 2255: 2247: 2243: 2165:. Legend says he is not dead, but asleep with his knights in a cave in the 2132: 1888: 1816: 1410: 1277: 1063:. On his accession, Frederick had communicated the news of his election to 905: 664: 610: 483: 9213: 8216: 2972:

Conrad (Modigliana, February 1167 – Acre, 20 January 1191), later renamed

1873:

in the Saleph River. There are several conflicting accounts of the event:

1726:. Frederick sent a large embassy ahead to make preparations in Byzantium. 1722:. Only with difficulty was an agreement reached with the Byzantine envoy, 1560: 50: 8920: 8664: 8594: 8566: 8510: 8447: 8356: 8307: 7805: 7711: 7007: 6505: 6081: 6069: 6017: 5367: 5099: 4647: 3142: 2356: 2318: 2219: 1782: 1499: 1414: 1405:

was donated by Frederick sometime after 1165 as a tribute to Charlemagne.

1387: 1375: 1359: 1102:

on 13 February 1155, razing it to the ground on 18 April. He moved on to

1032: 881:

on 24 June, where a decision was reached that the crusaders would attack

717: 8587: 5999:

The German Fairy Tale Landscape: The Storied World of the Brothers Grimm

5258: 5234: 4514: 1800:. The approach of Barbarossa's victorious German army greatly concerned 1678:, the archbishop of Cologne submitted to Frederick. Bishop of Würzburg, 1258: 1236: 1176:

Wax seal of Frederick I, used in the imperial residence of Pfalz Wimpfen

1172: 947:, succeed him as king. Frederick energetically pursued the crown and at 795: 8843: 8801: 8759: 8608: 8573: 8524: 8517: 8489: 8398: 8363: 8251: 8244: 8209: 7690: 7666: 7642: 7316: 6130: 6124:

Federico Barbarossa nel dibattito storiografico in Italia e in Germania

5400:"Mission "Rotbart" am Kyffhäuser: Bundeswehr baut Barbarossa-Bodenbild" 5212: 3477: 3179:"Federico I imperatore, detto il Barbarossa nell'Enciclopedia Treccani" 2995:

and Rothenburg (February/March 1172 – killed, Durlach, 15 August 1196).

2400: 2298:

Federico Barbarossa nel dibattito storiografico in Italia e in Germania

2215: 2174: 1861:. The text explains in Turkish and German how Frederick drowned nearby. 1770: 1683: 1652: 1263: 838: 827: 783: 721: 645: 80: 8405: 8335: 6754: 6463: 5204: 912:

the previous winter. This treaty obligated the Germans to attack King

8885: 8643: 8433: 8188: 7885: 7735: 7634: 7594: 7570: 7554: 7419: 7411: 7386: 6515: 5867:

Erbe und Erblast – Friedrich Barbarossa, ein deutscher Nationalmythos

4948: 3931: 3736: 2361: 2170: 1966: 1778: 1711: 1526:

a century earlier. The conflict was the same as that resolved in the

1393: 1134:

was struggling with the forces of the republican city commune led by

948: 870: 753: 634: 5181: 4725: 3242:

Geschichte des Risorgimento: Italiens Weg in die Moderne (1770–1870)

2135:

written nearly eight hundred years earlier by Sidonius Apollinaris:

1651:

preached a crusade sermon before Frederick and a public assembly in

8899: 8815: 8717: 8650: 8475: 8377: 8314: 8230: 8223: 8202: 8181: 8167: 7855: 7819: 7650: 7626: 7618: 7602: 7586: 7562: 7522: 7203: 6199:(in German). Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. pp. 299–308. 5595:; Arnaldi, Professor Emeritus of Medieval History Girolamo (2005). 5373: 3595: 2178: 1905: 1841:

to excavate the bones from the ruins of the Cathedral of Tyre, 1879

1774: 1738: 1312: 1267:

Frederick's so-called baptismal cup, silver, partly gilded, Aachen

1251:. In an attempt to create comity, Emperor Frederick proclaimed the 1166: 1025: 917: 882: 787: 697: 269: 8615: 8370: 8109: 5834:

Die ehemalige Benediktinerklosterkirche St. Peter and Paul, Erfurt

5719:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

5135: 1808:

and send troops to the north to block the arrival of the Germans.

1031:

Eager to restore the Empire to the position it had occupied under

8787: 8552: 8531: 8482: 8468: 8412: 8321: 8195: 7682: 7674: 7546: 7538: 7530: 7514: 7506: 7435: 7427: 7373: 6278: 5046: 2182: 2128: 2090:

Frederick Barbarossa as a crusader, miniature from a copy of the

1954: 1925: 1854: 1801: 1523: 1435: 1336: 1197: 1139: 1127: 1123: 1099: 1084: 862: 843: 761: 478: 331: 308: 5036: 5034: 5032: 3153:, Munich & Zurich: Artemis 1977–1999, vol. 4, pp. 2025–2028. 2979:

Gisela (October/November 1168 – end 1184). She was betrothed to

2953:

Beatrice (end 1162/early 1163 – at least early 1174/1179). King

2312:

Painting of Friedrich I. Barbarossa (Christian Siedentopf, 1847)

2157:

Frederick sends out the boy to see whether the ravens still fly.

1318:, and both sought Frederick's support. Frederick, busy with the 1211:, margrave of Austria, to Frederick's formidable younger cousin 1118:. Other historians instead suggest his coronation took place in 9134: 9046: 8976: 8906: 8794: 8703: 8601: 8461: 8391: 8342: 7610: 7480: 7451: 7443: 4104:. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 21 May 2009. 3596:"Representing Royal Authority at San Michele Maggiore in Pavia" 3432: 3430: 3093: 3014:

Agnes (early 1179 – 8 October 1184). She was betrothed to King

2153: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1866: 1858: 1821: 1578: 1491: 1427: 1355: 1348: 1281: 1201: 1193: 1180:

The next day, 18 June 1155, Adrian IV crowned Frederick I

960: 873:, where Frederick was impressed by the charitable works of the 774: 725: 638: 545: 352: 335: 312: 295: 176: 4187: 3279:(in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 186. 2983:(later King of England) but died before they could be married. 2161:

Frederick is the subject of many legends, including that of a

2005:

to a geopolitical coastal strip extending from Tyre to Jaffa.

1719: 1568:, Erfurt, where Henry the Lion submitted to Barbarossa in 1181 8745: 8622: 8279: 7488: 5029: 4557:

Die Tode der römisch-deutschen Könige und Kaiser (1150–1349).

2086: 1664: 1639:

Path of the Third Crusade, Frederick Barbarossa's path in red

1550: 1344: 1293: 1149: 1119: 1103: 1092: 1021: 769: 577: 553: 218: 132: 5738:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–46. 4884: 4882: 4694:"Letter on the Sacred Expedition of the Emperor Frederick I" 2101:, Frederick's uncle, wrote an account of his reign entitled 2046:

old, who tended to have a domineering role over the church,

7459: 5235:"Review of Friedrich I. Barbarossa, Kaiser des Abendlandes" 4420: 4418: 4357: 4355: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 1958: 1458:

in 1169, alongside his father who also retained the title.

1285: 1247:, thus adding to his possessions the sizeable realm of the 900:(24–28 July) lasted a mere five days and ended in failure. 866: 756:. Therefore, Frederick carried on the bloodline of Emperor 676: 561: 86: 5441:, transl. Laura Napran, (Boydell Press, 2005), 55 note245. 5110:

Francia-Recensio 2012/3 Mittelalter – Moyen Âge (500–1500)

3276:

Modernes Mittelalter: Mediävalismus im Werk Stefan Georges

2230:, was taken captive by the enraged Milanese and forced to 938:

When Conrad died in February 1152, only Frederick and the

5629:

Hohenzollern; a Story of the Time of Frederick Barbarossa

4879: 4604: 4575:"Biography of Frederick I Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor" 4403: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3341: 3339: 3211:(in German). University of Bamberg Press. pp. 9–14. 3118:

All of these were cities of the Empire except for Venice.

2424:, Barbarossa makes an appearance as a playable leader in 2335:

Hohenzollern; a Story of the Time of Frederick Barbarossa

1514:

The scene was similar to that which had occurred between

1024:

or denier with Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, struck in

791: 5123: 4715: 4713: 4495: 4415: 4379: 4352: 1993:

north-western Europe, known to modern historians as the

1689:

At Strasbourg, Frederick had imposed a small tax on the

1613:

Pope Urban III died shortly after, and was succeeded by

869:

on 11 April. After Easter, Conrad and Frederick visited

7357: 5465: 4742: 4740: 4435: 4433: 4342: 4340: 2969:(Nijmegen, November 1165 – Messina, 28 September 1197). 2382:), Barbarossa is one of the main characters, played by 1507:

Frederick recognized Alexander III as pope, and in the

1047:

and began negotiations with the Eastern Roman Emperor,

955:

designated him as the next German king. He was crowned

5489: 4648:

John Child; Martyn John Whittock; Nigel Kelly (1992).

4625:

The Knights Templar: The Priceless Treasure Discovered

3351: 3336: 3090:

The History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick

3007:(February/March 1177 – killed, Bamberg, 21 June 1208) 1733:

Frederick Barbarossa depicted during the Third Crusade

772:

language until later in life. He took part in several

9178: 6168:

Das Itinerar Kaiser Friedrich Barbarossas (1152–1190)

5936:(in German). Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. p. 192. 5552:

Carmen de gestis Frederici I imperatoris in Lombardia

5299: 4894: 4710: 4592: 4450: 4448: 3324: 3245:(in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 67. 2989:(June/July 1170 – killed, Besançon, 13 January 1200). 1773:

in the autumn of 1189 to avoid the winter climate in

1366:

in Milan and gave them as a gift (or as loot) to the

1259:

Second, Third and Fourth Italian Campaigns: 1158–1174

1106:, where he according to some historians received the 744:. He also had ties to the Salians through his mother 637:. In 1190, Frederick drowned attempting to cross the 6263:

Famous Men of the Middle Ages – Frederick Barbarossa

4737: 4430: 4391: 4367: 4337: 1354:

In 1164, Frederick took what are believed to be the

4525: 3001:

William (June/July 1175 – soon after October 1178).

2008: 1130:, he was soon approaching the city of Rome. There, 6220: 6143: 6135:Frederick Barbarossa: a Study in Medieval Politics 5974: 5792: 5662: 5012: 4537: 4445: 3300: 3203: 1078: 536:from 1155 until his death in 1190. He was elected 6113:Pope Alexander III (1159–81): The Art of Survival 5965:. Vol. 31. Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society. 5880:(in German). Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. 4468:The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople 4028: 4026: 4013: 4011: 3853: 3851: 3647: 3645: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3021:Possibly Clemence, wife of Sancho VII of Navarre. 2942:, did not produce any children and was annulled. 970:13th-century stained glass image of Frederick I, 837:, an ill crusader stopped in a monastery outside 9238: 6074:Frederick Barbarossa and the Hohenstaufen Polity 6032:Friedrich Barbarossa (1152–1190): eine Biografie 5957: 5282:The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French 4731: 4622: 4092: 4090: 1701:massacres that had accompanied the First Crusade 5687:Friedrich I. Barbarossa: Kaiser des Abendlandes 6141: 6137:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. 5591: 5024: 4951:(453–466). See Mierow and Emery (1953) p. 331. 4023: 4008: 3848: 3642: 3625: 3522: 3374: 720:, which derives from the Italianized name for 514:(December 1122 – 10 June 1190), also known as 8125: 7343: 6770: 6479: 6253:MSN Encarta – Frederick I (Holy Roman Empire) 5815:Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince and the Myth 5321:. New York: Dell Publishing Co. p. 177. 4087: 3204:Schindler, Andrea; Stieldorf, Andrea (2016). 3044:, the codename of the German invasion of the 818:, strongly objected to this and according to 810:In early 1147, Frederick decided to join the 581: 9302:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church 5996:Iba, Michael E.; Johnson, Thomas L. (2015). 5977:After Unity; Reconfiguring German Identities 5929: 5836:. Regensburg: Verlag Schnell & Steiner. 5433: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5316: 5198: 5196: 5052: 4044:See entry for the contemporary chroniclers, 3964:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2410: 2397: 2177:at the border between Bavaria, Germany, and 2107:Chronica sive Historia de duabus civitatibus 1897:Letter on the Death of the Emperor Frederick 1804:, who was forced to weaken his force at the 588: 5850: 3088:"Ansbert" is an Austrian cleric, who wrote 2077:Cultural depictions of Frederick Barbarossa 1304:. Milan soon rebelled again and humiliated 696:Frederick was born in mid-December 1122 in 651: 566: 8132: 8118: 7350: 7336: 6777: 6763: 6486: 6472: 5995: 5466:Anselme de Sainte-Marie, Augustin (1726). 5317:de Camp, Sprague; Pratt, Fletcher (1979). 4460: 3734: 3162: 3048:in 1941, named after the emperor by Hitler 49: 5831: 5418: 5193: 4235: 3600:Zeitschrift fur Kunstgeschichte 77 (2014) 2963:(Pavia, 16 July 1164 – 28 November 1170). 1564:The now secularised St Peter's Church at 1284:and that in fact the Empire itself was a 1196:. On their way northwards, they attacked 732:dynasty through his paternal grandmother 728:. Frederick was also a descendant of the 6283:Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden 5969: 5817:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 5724: 5202: 4988: 4810:. New York: HarperCollins. p. 309. 3492: 3018:, but died before they could be married. 2353:, mentions the castle of the Kyffhäuser. 2307: 2152: 2085: 1844: 1832: 1815: 1728: 1634: 1559: 1465: 1392: 1358:of the "Biblical Magi" (the Wise Men or 1262: 1171: 1144: 1016: 965: 887: 6784: 6493: 6142:Novobatzky, Peter; Shea, Ammon (2001). 6056: 6028: 6016: 5756: 5683: 5483: 5153: 5141: 5064: 5000: 4758: 4271: 4199: 4113: 3397: 3272: 3238: 1997:. He returned home after he signed the 418: 1156; died 1184) 14: 9239: 6110: 6068: 5901: 5873: 5864: 5775: 5657: 5558:Chronicon Vincentii Canonici Pragensis 5278: 5187: 4924: 4912: 4837: 4803: 4307: 4283: 4259: 4127:La civilization de l'Occident medieval 4081: 3869: 3619: 3448: 3436: 3421: 3330: 3318: 2806: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2564: 2457: 2453: 2303: 2111:Chronicle or History of the Two Cities 2070: 924:and arrived in Germany in April 1149. 8113: 7331: 6758: 6467: 5930:Görich, Knut; Wihoda, Martin (2017). 5908:(in German). C.H. Beck. p. 217. 5905:Friedrich Barbarossa: Eine Biographie 5812: 5803: 5787: 5742: 5645: 5636: 5622: 5495: 5341: 5305: 5232: 5092: 5040: 4960: 4900: 4888: 4873: 4861: 4849: 4719: 4610: 4598: 4501: 4439: 4424: 4409: 4397: 4385: 4373: 4361: 4346: 4331: 4319: 4295: 4247: 4223: 4211: 4174: 4162: 4150: 4138: 4069: 4057: 4032: 4017: 4002: 3990: 3978: 3917: 3905: 3893: 3857: 3842: 3830: 3793: 3781: 3769: 3757: 3722: 3687: 3675: 3663: 3651: 3636: 3581: 3569: 3557: 3545: 3533: 3516: 3504: 3471: 3460: 3409: 3385: 3368: 3345: 3306: 2976:after the death of his older brother. 2882: 2872: 2868: 2856: 2850: 2840: 2824: 2814: 2810: 2794: 2788: 2778: 2762: 2752: 2748: 2736: 2730: 2720: 2704: 2694: 2690: 2666: 2656: 2640: 2630: 2626: 2614: 2608: 2598: 2582: 2572: 2568: 2552: 2546: 2536: 2523: 2513: 2509: 2497: 2491: 2481: 2465: 2461: 2081: 963:several days later, on 9 March 1152. 842:later, on 8 September, Frederick and 671:in Germany (especially under Emperor 601:(1147–1152, as Frederick III) before 6192: 6164: 6129: 6080: 5129: 5119:from the original on 9 October 2022. 4746: 4706:from the original on 9 October 2022. 4543: 4531: 4473: 4454: 3881: 3747:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 3173: 3171: 2791:Judith of Bavaria, Duchess of Swabia 2033:had been severely undermined by the 1811: 892:Crusaders besieging Damascus in 1148 778:during the reign of his uncle, King 712:family, and his mother was from the 633:and opted to travel overland to the 27:Holy Roman Emperor from 1155 to 1190 8139: 6228:; Apperson, George Latimer (1885). 5963:The History of Jerusalem, A.D. 1180 5857:Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit 4807:The Civilization of the Middle Ages 4572: 3593: 2279:Geschichte der Deutschen Kaiserzeit 1824:, from the Gotha Manuscript of the 833:In August 1147, while crossing the 736:as she was the daughter of Emperor 24: 6268:Charter given by Emperor Frederick 5781:The Middle Ages, A Popular History 5013:Walford, Cox & Apperson (1885) 4515:"History of the Anatolian Seljuks" 3929: 3807:"Frederick I | Holy Roman emperor" 2405:) built a huge ground artwork in 2267:Scholarly evaluations of Frederick 2189:. To garner political support the 2057: 25: 9313: 6246: 6076:. University of California Press. 5521:The deeds of Frederick Barbarossa 3168: 2949:, he had the following children: 2524:9. Hildegard of Egisheim-Dagsburg 2443:Ancestors of Frederick Barbarossa 2261: 2232:ride through the city on a donkey 805: 9272:Christians of the Second Crusade 9267:12th-century Kings of the Romans 9262:12th-century Holy Roman Emperors 9224: 9212: 9200: 9188: 8851:Johann Peter Petri (Black Peter) 7385: 6739: 6738: 5712: 5477: 5459: 5444: 5392: 5378: 5361: 5335: 5310: 5272: 5226: 5157:J. Laudage: Friedrich Barbarossa 5147: 5098: 5068:J. Laudage: Friedrich Barbarossa 5058: 5018: 5006: 4994: 4982: 4966: 4954: 4930: 4918: 4906: 4867: 4855: 4843: 4831: 4797: 4779: 4752: 4686: 4666: 4641: 4616: 4566: 4481:Historical Atlas of the Crusades 3741:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 3112: 3103: 3082: 2113:) had been an exposition of the 2009:Frederick and the Justinian code 1796:, eventually reaching as far as 1624: 1154:Basilica of San Michele Maggiore 1116:Basilica of San Michele Maggiore 1012: 548:on 9 March 1152. He was crowned 404:Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy 390: 9277:Christians of the Third Crusade 6062:Medieval Civilization, 400–1500 5542:in Rerum Italicarum scriptores. 4549: 4507: 4486: 4325: 4313: 4301: 4289: 4277: 4265: 4253: 4241: 4229: 4217: 4205: 4193: 4180: 4168: 4156: 4144: 4132: 4119: 4107: 4075: 4063: 4051: 4038: 3996: 3984: 3972: 3923: 3911: 3899: 3887: 3875: 3863: 3836: 3824: 3799: 3787: 3775: 3763: 3751: 3728: 3716: 3693: 3681: 3669: 3657: 3613: 3587: 3575: 3563: 3551: 3539: 3510: 3498: 3465: 3454: 3442: 3415: 3403: 3391: 3068: 3059: 2938:Frederick's first marriage, to 1703:and Second Crusade in Germany. 1079:First Italian Campaign: 1154–55 544:on 4 March 1152 and crowned in 415: 386: 6146:Depraved and Insulting English 6115:. Routledge. pp. 315–340. 5961:(2013). Aubrey Stewart (ed.). 5757:Crowley, John William (2006). 3312: 3266: 3232: 3197: 3156: 3136: 3100:who accompanied the crusaders. 2193:built atop the Kyffhäuser the 1792:and defeated the Turks in the 1461: 951:on 4 March 1152 the kingdom's 619:Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria 580:on 30 June 1178. He was named 13: 1: 6064:. New York: Barnes and Noble. 6002:. Niemeyer C.W. Buchverlage. 5783:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 5519:and his continuator Rahewin, 5342:Byatt, AS (18 October 2002). 5190:, pp. 145–220, 349–362). 3930:L., Cardoza, Anthony (2006). 3273:Schloon, Jutta Saima (2019). 3239:Clemens, Gabriele B. (2021). 3125: 2103:Gesta Friderici I imperatoris 1857:in Mersin Province, southern 1851:Frederick Barbarossa Memorial 1659:. He did, however, urge King 1378:. Today they are kept in the 1268: 691: 603:his imperial election in 1152 597:Frederick was by inheritance 433: 8259:Companions of Saint Nicholas 5981:. New York: Berghahn Books. 5795:A History of Medieval Europe 5690:(in German). Verlag Styria. 5639:The Origins of Modern Europe 5601:. Harvard University Press. 5453:Friedrich Barbarossas Kinder 5025:Novobatzky & Shea (2001) 3130: 2974:Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia 2967:Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor 2945:From his second marriage to 2585:Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor 2549:Frederick II, Duke of Swabia 1887:According to the chronicler 1536:First Council of the Lateran 1520:Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor 1122:on 15 April. Moving through 945:Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia 702:Frederick II, Duke of Swabia 686: 564:. Two years later, the term 494:Frederick II, Duke of Swabia 454:Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia 449:Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor 18:Emperor Frederick Barbarossa 7: 9121:Hirschsprung (Black Forest) 6126:. Bologna: Il Mulino, 1982. 6122:, and Josef Riedmann, eds. 5730:Frederick I., Roman Emperor 5632:. New York: The Century Co. 5562:Monumenta historica Boemiae 5285:. Oxford University Press. 5203:Schumann, Reinhold (1984). 4559:Ostfildern 2020, 355–380. ( 3735:Ua Clerigh, Arthur (1913). 3037:Dukes of Swabia family tree 3032:German monarchs family tree 3025: 2961:Frederick V, Duke of Swabia 2933: 2494:Frederick I, Duke of Swabia 2434: 1837:A German expedition led by 1785:, to embark to Asia Minor. 927: 748:as she hailed from Emperor 444:Frederick V, Duke of Swabia 235:6 April 1147 – 4 March 1152 167:4 March 1152 – 10 June 1190 10: 9318: 9093:Volksmärchen der Deutschen 8928:Peter Nikoll (Black Peter) 7279:North German Confederation 7195:Confederation of the Rhine 6029:Laudage, Johannes (2009). 5832:Friedrich, Verena (2003). 5808:. New York: Barnes and Co. 5637:Brown, R. A. (1972). 5525:Charles Christopher Mierow 5504: 5144:, pp. 20–46, 214–242. 4804:Cantor, Norman F. (1993). 4098:"Frederick I (Barbarossa)" 3936:. Giulio Einaudi editore. 2800: 2684: 2558: 2455: 2418:In the video game series, 2074: 1628: 1364:Basilica di Sant'Eustorgio 1243:, daughter and heiress of 931: 708:. His father was from the 9151: 9070: 8681: 8159: 8152:German-speaking countries 8147: 7910: 7795: 7702: 7471: 7394: 7383: 7366: 7296: 7277: 7258: 7236: 7212: 7193: 6882: 6841: 6792: 6734: 6501: 6452: 6436: 6421: 6411: 6402: 6394: 6383: 6372: 6364: 6353: 6343: 6334: 6326: 6321: 6294: 6230:"Digit folklore, part II" 5860:(in German). Schwetschke. 5789:Davis, R. H. C. 5669:. Macmillan and Company. 4787:"Staufergräber – Anlagen" 4652:. Heinemann. p. 28. 4623:Kenneth Onapolis (2019). 4102:The Catholic Encyclopedia 2993:Conrad II, Duke of Swabia 2987:Otto I, Count of Burgundy 2955:William II of Sicily 2870: 2862: 2834: 2812: 2808: 2772: 2750: 2742: 2714: 2692: 2688: 2650: 2628: 2620: 2592: 2570: 2566: 2530: 2511: 2503: 2475: 2459: 2148: 1820:Barbarossa drowns in the 1674:On 27 March 1188, at the 1606:, over the objections of 1380:Shrine of the Three Kings 1209:Henry II Jasomirgott 499: 489: 477: 464:Conrad II, Duke of Swabia 459:Otto I, Count of Burgundy 426: 363: 341:Cathedral of Tyre (bones) 319: 285: 263: 259: 249: 239: 231: 224: 213: 205: 198: 190: 182: 171: 163: 156: 148: 138: 127: 119: 112: 102: 92: 79: 71: 64: 48: 39: 34: 8725:Christman Genipperteinga 7798:(title disputed 887–933) 7247:Archduke John of Austria 6193:Opll, Ferdinand (1990). 6165:Opll, Ferdinand (1978). 6035:(in German). F. Pustet. 6022:Hitler, 1936–45: Nemesis 5684:Cardini, Franco (1990). 5473:(in French). p. 62. 5233:Petke, Wolfgang (1994). 5053:Görich & Wihoda 2017 4627:. Lulu.com. p. 74. 4046:Ottone and Acerbo Morena 3163:Iba & Johnson (2015) 3151:Lexikon des Mittelalters 3052: 2981:Richard, Count of Poitou 2421:Sid Meier's Civilization 2204:In medieval Europe, the 2092:Historia Hierosolymitana 1971:Cathedral of Saint Peter 1448:Louis VII of France 1444:Henry II of England 1328:Louis VII of France 1089:William I of Sicily 940:prince-bishop of Bamberg 855:constant Turkish attacks 355:(heart and inner organs) 9071:Legends and fairy tales 8879:Kunigunde von Orlamünde 8837:Heinrich von Winkelried 5806:The Holy Roman Republic 5761:. New York: Perennial. 5735:Encyclopædia Britannica 5437:Gislebertus (of Mons), 5154:Schütte, Bernd (2009). 5065:Schütte, Bernd (2009). 5043:, pp. xxxi–xxxiii. 4765:Goethe-Institut Libanon 4125:Reprint of B. Arthaud. 3811:Encyclopædia Britannica 2707:Welf I, Duke of Bavaria 2389:The German broadcaster 2275:Wilhelm von Giesebrecht 2271:Wilhelm von Giesebrecht 2035:Investiture controversy 1532:Investiture controversy 987:investiture controversy 661:Investiture controversy 629:. Frederick joined the 469:Philip, King of Germany 8956:Rüdiger von Bechelaren 8739:Eppelein von Gailingen 5598:Italy and Its Invaders 5574:13 August 2014 at the 5550:The "Bergamo Master". 5279:France, Peter (1995). 4943:1.2, a description of 4153:, pp. 332 et seq. 3738:"Pope Adrian IV" 3548:, pp. 218 et seq. 3096:'s diary, the dean of 2827:Magnus, Duke of Saxony 2411: 2398: 2380:Barbarossa: Siege Lord 2313: 2158: 2142: 2095: 1988:, who had traveled to 1951: 1910:Godfrey of Spitzenberg 1862: 1842: 1830: 1734: 1680:Godfrey of Spitzenberg 1640: 1569: 1476: 1432:Battle of Monte Porzio 1406: 1272: 1177: 1163:Pro Petro, non Adriano 1157: 1028: 974: 934:1152 Imperial election 893: 877:. He took part in the 652: 589: 582: 567: 529: 525: 9128:Venusberg (mythology) 8935:Pied Piper of Hamelin 8781:Götz von Berlichingen 8697:Arnold von Winkelried 6301:House of Hohenstaufen 6296:Frederick Barbarossa 6277:for the bishopric of 6273:26 March 2023 at the 6171:(in German). Böhlau. 6150:. Orlando: Harcourt. 5902:Görich, Knut (2011). 5874:Görich, Knut (2001). 5865:Görich, Knut (2015). 5651:The Holy Roman Empire 5624:Brady, Cyrus Townsend 5546:Otto of Sankt Blasien 4759:Altaner, Jan (2019). 4732:Jacques de Vitry 2013 3744:Catholic Encyclopedia 2311: 2156: 2137: 2089: 2031:divine right of kings 1921: 1848: 1836: 1827:Saxon World Chronicle 1819: 1790:Battle of Philomelium 1732: 1638: 1563: 1483:Tafelgüterverzeichnis 1469: 1399:Barbarossa Chandelier 1396: 1368:Archbishop of Cologne 1266: 1175: 1148: 1097:successfully besieged 1045:Valdemar I of Denmark 1020: 995:Conrad III of Germany 969: 932:Further information: 891: 786:, another in 1142 in 669:Wilhelmine government 42:Emperor of the Romans 9297:People from Haguenau 9247:Frederick Barbarossa 9019:Walram of Thierstein 8893:Matthias Klostermayr 8774:Giselher of Burgundy 8767:Genevieve of Brabant 8753:Frederick Barbarossa 8008:Lothair III (or II) 7361:between 476 and 1556 7260:German Confederation 7214:German Confederation 6196:Friedrich Barbarossa 5971:Jarausch, K. H. 5813:Freed, John (2016). 5439:Chronicle of Hainaut 5207:. pp. 114–115. 5055:, pp. 191, 192. 4937:Sidonius Apollinaris 4675:The Complete History 3042:Operation Barbarossa 2947:Beatrice of Burgundy 2669:Frederick Barbarossa 2399:Kyffhäuser-Kaserne, 2331:Cyrus Townsend Brady 2287:Friedrich Barbarossa 2027:Corpus Juris Civilis 1961:. Barbarossa's son, 1737:On 15 April 1189 in 1308:(see Legend below). 1241:Beatrice of Burgundy 1239:, Frederick married 1055:, on the grounds of 972:Strasbourg Cathedral 654:Corpus Juris Civilis 605:. He was the son of 552:on 24 April 1155 in 512:Frederick Barbarossa 389: 1147; 35:Frederick Barbarossa 9079:Grimms' Fairy Tales 9026:Walter of Aquitaine 8998:The Smith of Kochel 6799:Carolingian dynasty 6786:Monarchs of Germany 6495:Holy Roman emperors 5132:, pp. 299–308. 4891:, pp. 370–374. 4734:, pp. 110–111. 4613:, pp. 511–512. 4504:, pp. 494–504. 4427:, pp. 480–481. 4412:, p. 626 n.44. 4388:, pp. 473–474. 4364:, pp. 472–473. 4188:Yale Avalon project 3712:. 29 December 1998. 2940:Adelheid of Vohburg 2853:Wulfhilde of Saxony 2733:Henry IX of Bavaria 2611:Agnes of Waiblingen 2304:Artistic depictions 2195:Kyffhäuser Monument 2071:Cultural depictions 1975:Saint Paul's Church 1902:Otto of Wittelsbach 1839:Johann Nepomuk Sepp 1763:Béla III of Hungary 1661:Philip II of France 1600:Constance of Sicily 1583:Henry II of England 1186:St Peter's Basilica 1132:Pope Adrian IV 1114:on 24 April in the 1069:Treaty of Constance 1053:Adelheid of Vohburg 1007:Henry II of England 875:Knights Hospitaller 859:Louis VII of France 850:the following day. 830:seven weeks later. 824:Adelaide of Vohburg 681:legacy of Frederick 560:on 18 June 1155 in 558:Pope Adrian IV 375:Adelheid of Vohburg 345:Saint Paul's Church 281:(modern-day France) 209:1152 – 10 June 1190 123:1155 – 10 June 1190 75:1155 – 10 June 1190 9282:Deaths by drowning 9033:Werner Stauffacher 8949:Punker of Rohrbach 8865:Knight of the Swan 6884:Kingdom of Germany 6848:Kingdom of Germany 6386:Holy Roman Emperor 6287:Marburg University 6094:Ashgate Publishing 5804:Falco, G. (1964). 5659:Cantor, N. F. 5536:Romuald of Salerno 4915:, pp. 359–360 4840:, pp. 340–342 4573:Hickman, Kennedy. 4274:, pp. 102–103 4262:, pp. 433–434 4165:, pp. 164–165 3896:, pp. 326–327 3705:The Avalon Project 3622:, pp. 368–369 3594:Elliott, Gillian. 3474:, pp. 318–319 3439:, pp. 428–429 3424:, pp. 302–303 3321:, pp. 300–302 2765:Judith of Flanders 2468:Frederick of Büren 2368:In the 2009 movie 2347:L. Sprague de Camp 2314: 2212:Jacopo da Voragine 2210:became refined by 2159: 2125:Augustine of Hippo 2096: 2082:Charismatic leader 1894:The writer of the 1863: 1843: 1831: 1761:, brother of King 1735: 1686:on 23 April 1189. 1641: 1570: 1566:Petersberg Citadel 1540:Peace of Constance 1528:Concordat of Worms 1477: 1456:King of the Romans 1407: 1302:Pope Alexander III 1273: 1249:County of Burgundy 1235:On 9 June 1156 at 1182:Holy Roman Emperor 1178: 1158: 1073:Roger II of Sicily 1029: 975: 957:King of the Romans 914:Roger II of Sicily 894: 534:Holy Roman Emperor 328:Church of St Peter 278:Kingdom of Germany 66:Holy Roman Emperor 9207:Holy Roman Empire 9176: 9175: 9061:Xaver Hohenleiter 9005:Till Eulenspiegel 8872:Konrad Baumgarten 8858:Klaus Störtebeker 8732:Dietrich von Bern 8350:Feuermann (ghost) 8107: 8106: 7918:Holy Roman Empire 7325: 7324: 7251: 7250:(Imperial Regent) 6889:Holy Roman Empire 6818:Louis the Younger 6752: 6751: 6462: 6461: 6453:Succeeded by 6439:Count of Burgundy 6434: 6412:Succeeded by 6344:Succeeded by 6226:Cox, John Charles 6206:978-3-534-04131-2 6178:978-3-205-08715-1 6042:978-3-7917-2167-5 5943:978-3-412-50454-0 5915:978-3-406-62149-9 5887:978-3-534-15168-4 5768:978-0-06-112005-3 5697:978-3-222-11971-2 5608:978-0-674-01870-9 5593:Arnaldi, Girolamo 5585:Secondary sources 5388:. Deutsche Wells. 4791:stauferstelen.net 3371:, pp. 51–53. 3348:, pp. 43–45. 3286:978-3-11-061913-3 3252:978-3-412-52094-6 3218:978-3-86309-385-3 3016:Emeric of Hungary 2930: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2885:Sophia of Hungary 2407:Bad Frankenhausen 2321:'s romantic play 2197:, which declared 2163:Kyffhäuser legend 1812:Death and burials 1794:Battle of Iconium 1708:Henry II of Dietz 1657:Philip of Cologne 1615:Pope Gregory VIII 1604:Kingdom of Sicily 1602:, heiress to the 1596:Diet of Pentecost 1504:Battle of Legnano 1473:Historia Welforum 1384:Cologne cathedral 1372:Rainald of Dassel 1298:Diet of Roncaglia 1253:Peace of the Land 1230:Privilegium Minus 1136:Arnold of Brescia 1110:and the title of 1049:Manuel I Comnenus 953:princely electors 910:Manuel I Komnenos 898:Siege of Damascus 816:Duke Frederick II 706:Judith of Bavaria 621:, from the rival 607:Duke Frederick II 509: 508: 504:Judith of Bavaria 267:Mid-December 1122 16:(Redirected from 9309: 9229: 9228: 9217: 9216: 9205: 9204: 9203: 9193: 9192: 9191: 9184: 9169: 9162: 9144: 9137: 9130: 9123: 9116: 9109: 9102: 9095: 9088: 9081: 9063: 9056: 9049: 9042: 9035: 9028: 9021: 9014: 9012:Volker von Alzey 9007: 9000: 8993: 8986: 8979: 8972: 8965: 8958: 8951: 8944: 8937: 8930: 8923: 8916: 8914:Otto the Younger 8909: 8902: 8895: 8888: 8881: 8874: 8867: 8860: 8853: 8846: 8839: 8832: 8825: 8818: 8811: 8804: 8797: 8790: 8783: 8776: 8769: 8762: 8755: 8748: 8741: 8734: 8727: 8720: 8713: 8711:Baron Munchausen 8706: 8699: 8692: 8690:Albrecht Gessler 8674: 8667: 8660: 8658:Will-o'-the-wisp 8653: 8646: 8639: 8632: 8625: 8618: 8611: 8604: 8597: 8590: 8583: 8576: 8569: 8562: 8555: 8548: 8541: 8539:Nixie (folklore) 8534: 8527: 8520: 8513: 8506: 8499: 8492: 8485: 8478: 8471: 8464: 8457: 8450: 8443: 8436: 8429: 8422: 8420:Jack o' the bowl 8415: 8408: 8401: 8394: 8387: 8380: 8373: 8366: 8359: 8352: 8345: 8338: 8331: 8324: 8317: 8310: 8303: 8296: 8289: 8287:Dwarf (folklore) 8282: 8275: 8273:Drak (mythology) 8268: 8261: 8254: 8247: 8240: 8233: 8226: 8219: 8212: 8205: 8198: 8191: 8184: 8177: 8170: 8134: 8127: 8120: 8111: 8110: 8099: 8091: 8083: 8075: 8067: 8059: 8051: 8043: 8035: 8027: 8019: 8011: 8003: 7995: 7987: 7979: 7971: 7963: 7955: 7947: 7939: 7931: 7912:Kingdom of Italy 7902: 7894: 7880: 7872: 7864: 7850: 7836: 7828: 7814: 7787: 7779: 7771: 7763: 7755: 7747: 7739: 7731: 7723: 7715: 7694: 7686: 7678: 7670: 7662: 7654: 7646: 7638: 7630: 7622: 7614: 7606: 7598: 7590: 7582: 7574: 7566: 7558: 7550: 7542: 7534: 7526: 7518: 7510: 7502: 7492: 7484: 7463: 7455: 7447: 7439: 7431: 7423: 7415: 7407: 7389: 7377: 7352: 7345: 7338: 7329: 7328: 7249: 6808:Louis the German 6779: 6772: 6765: 6756: 6755: 6742: 6741: 6488: 6481: 6474: 6465: 6464: 6428: 6422:Preceded by 6395:Preceded by 6365:Preceded by 6327:Preceded by 6317: 6310: 6292: 6291: 6241: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6161: 6149: 6138: 6116: 6107: 6077: 6065: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6025: 6013: 5992: 5980: 5966: 5959:Jacques de Vitry 5954: 5952: 5950: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5870: 5861: 5847: 5828: 5824:978-0-300-122763 5809: 5800: 5798: 5784: 5772: 5753: 5739: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5680: 5668: 5665:Medieval History 5654: 5642: 5641:. Boydell Press. 5633: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5517:Otto of Freising 5499: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5474: 5463: 5457: 5448: 5442: 5435: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5382: 5376: 5365: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5319:Land of Unreason 5314: 5308: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5200: 5191: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5151: 5145: 5139: 5133: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5107: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5062: 5056: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5027: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4980: 4970: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4934: 4928: 4922: 4916: 4910: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4886: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4698: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4680:Ali ibn al-Athir 4670: 4664: 4663: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4570: 4564: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4493: 4490: 4484: 4477: 4471: 4464: 4458: 4452: 4443: 4437: 4428: 4422: 4413: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4350: 4344: 4335: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4236:Friedrich (2003) 4233: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4202:, pp. 96–97 4197: 4191: 4184: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4096:Kampers, Franz. 4094: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4021: 4015: 4006: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3963: 3955: 3933:Storia di Torino 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3740: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3640: 3634: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3372: 3366: 3349: 3343: 3334: 3333:, pp. 9–33. 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3175: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3140: 3119: 3116: 3110: 3107: 3101: 3098:Passau Cathedral 3086: 3080: 3072: 3066: 3063: 2449: 2448: 2440: 2439: 2414: 2404: 2342:Land of Unreason 2228:Empress Beatrice 2199:Kaiser Wilhelm I 2099:Otto of Freising 2019:Pope Gregory VII 1949: 1917:Jacques de Vitry 1798:Cilician Armenia 1619:Papal Chancellor 1547:King of Burgundy 1516:Pope Gregory VII 1403:Aachen Cathedral 1306:Empress Beatrice 1270: 1037:Otto I the Great 835:Byzantine Empire 820:Otto of Freising 657: 592: 585: 574:King of Burgundy 570: 523: 437: 419: 417: 394: 392: 388: 300:Cilician Armenia 292: 200:King of Burgundy 57:Cappenberg Abbey 53: 32: 31: 21: 9317: 9316: 9312: 9311: 9310: 9308: 9307: 9306: 9287:Dukes of Swabia 9237: 9236: 9235: 9223: 9211: 9201: 9199: 9189: 9187: 9179: 9177: 9172: 9165: 9160:German folklore 9158: 9147: 9142:Walpurgis Night 9140: 9133: 9126: 9119: 9112: 9105: 9098: 9091: 9084: 9077: 9066: 9059: 9052: 9045: 9038: 9031: 9024: 9017: 9010: 9003: 8996: 8989: 8982: 8975: 8968: 8961: 8954: 8947: 8940: 8933: 8926: 8919: 8912: 8905: 8898: 8891: 8884: 8877: 8870: 8863: 8856: 8849: 8842: 8835: 8830:Hans von Trotha 8828: 8821: 8814: 8807: 8800: 8793: 8786: 8779: 8772: 8765: 8758: 8751: 8744: 8737: 8730: 8723: 8716: 8709: 8702: 8695: 8688: 8677: 8670: 8663: 8656: 8649: 8642: 8635: 8628: 8621: 8614: 8607: 8600: 8593: 8586: 8579: 8572: 8565: 8558: 8551: 8544: 8537: 8530: 8523: 8516: 8509: 8502: 8497:Mare (folklore) 8495: 8488: 8481: 8474: 8467: 8460: 8455:Knecht Ruprecht 8453: 8446: 8439: 8432: 8425: 8418: 8411: 8404: 8397: 8390: 8385:Heinzelmännchen 8383: 8376: 8369: 8362: 8355: 8348: 8341: 8334: 8327: 8320: 8313: 8306: 8299: 8292: 8285: 8278: 8271: 8264: 8257: 8250: 8243: 8238:Buschgroßmutter 8236: 8229: 8222: 8215: 8208: 8201: 8194: 8187: 8180: 8173: 8166: 8155: 8143: 8141:German folklore 8138: 8108: 8103: 8097: 8089: 8081: 8073: 8065: 8057: 8049: 8041: 8033: 8025: 8017: 8009: 8001: 7993: 7985: 7977: 7969: 7961: 7953: 7945: 7937: 7929: 7920: 7915: 7906: 7900: 7892: 7878: 7870: 7862: 7848: 7834: 7826: 7812: 7797: 7791: 7785: 7777: 7769: 7761: 7753: 7745: 7737: 7729: 7721: 7713: 7698: 7692: 7684: 7676: 7668: 7660: 7652: 7644: 7636: 7628: 7620: 7612: 7604: 7596: 7588: 7580: 7572: 7564: 7556: 7548: 7540: 7532: 7524: 7516: 7508: 7500: 7490: 7482: 7467: 7461: 7453: 7445: 7437: 7429: 7421: 7413: 7405: 7390: 7381: 7375: 7362: 7356: 7326: 7321: 7292: 7273: 7254: 7232: 7208: 7189: 7056:Frederick (III) 6887: 6878: 6846: 6837: 6833:Louis the Child 6823:Charles the Fat 6797: 6788: 6783: 6753: 6748: 6730: 6497: 6492: 6458: 6444: 6442: 6427: 6417: 6408: 6400: 6389: 6378: 6370: 6359: 6349: 6340: 6337:King of Germany 6332: 6311: 6305: 6304: 6297: 6275:Wayback Machine 6249: 6244: 6222:Walford, Edward 6211: 6209: 6207: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6158: 6120:Manselli, Raoul 6104: 6090:Farnham, Surrey 6070:Leyser, Karl J. 6047: 6045: 6043: 6010: 5989: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5844: 5825: 5769: 5728:, ed. (1911). " 5713: 5711: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5677: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5582: 5576:Wayback Machine 5566:Gelasius Dobner 5510:Primary sources 5507: 5502: 5498:, p. xvii. 5494: 5490: 5482: 5478: 5464: 5460: 5450:Erwin Assmann: 5449: 5445: 5436: 5419: 5409: 5407: 5398: 5397: 5393: 5384: 5383: 5379: 5366: 5362: 5352: 5350: 5340: 5336: 5329: 5315: 5311: 5304: 5300: 5293: 5277: 5273: 5263: 5261: 5231: 5227: 5217: 5215: 5201: 5194: 5186: 5182: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5152: 5148: 5140: 5136: 5128: 5124: 5116: 5105: 5100:Loud, Graham A. 5097: 5093: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5063: 5059: 5051: 5047: 5039: 5030: 5023: 5019: 5011: 5007: 4999: 4995: 4989:Jarausch (1997) 4987: 4983: 4971: 4967: 4959: 4955: 4935: 4931: 4923: 4919: 4911: 4907: 4899: 4895: 4887: 4880: 4872: 4868: 4860: 4856: 4848: 4844: 4836: 4832: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4802: 4798: 4785: 4784: 4780: 4770: 4768: 4757: 4753: 4745: 4738: 4730: 4726: 4718: 4711: 4703: 4696: 4692: 4691: 4687: 4672: 4671: 4667: 4660: 4646: 4642: 4635: 4621: 4617: 4609: 4605: 4597: 4593: 4583: 4581: 4571: 4567: 4554: 4550: 4542: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4478: 4474: 4465: 4461: 4453: 4446: 4438: 4431: 4423: 4416: 4408: 4404: 4396: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4372: 4368: 4360: 4353: 4345: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4306: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4282: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4258: 4254: 4246: 4242: 4234: 4230: 4222: 4218: 4210: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4185: 4181: 4173: 4169: 4161: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4137: 4133: 4124: 4120: 4112: 4108: 4095: 4088: 4080: 4076: 4068: 4064: 4056: 4052: 4043: 4039: 4031: 4024: 4016: 4009: 4001: 3997: 3989: 3985: 3977: 3973: 3957: 3956: 3944: 3928: 3924: 3916: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3880: 3876: 3868: 3864: 3856: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3829: 3825: 3815: 3813: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3780: 3776: 3768: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3733: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3710:Yale Law School 3699: 3698: 3694: 3686: 3682: 3674: 3670: 3662: 3658: 3650: 3643: 3635: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3604: 3602: 3592: 3588: 3580: 3576: 3568: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3532: 3523: 3515: 3511: 3503: 3499: 3493:Chisholm (1911) 3491: 3478: 3470: 3466: 3459: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3435: 3428: 3420: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3392: 3384: 3375: 3367: 3352: 3344: 3337: 3329: 3325: 3317: 3313: 3305: 3301: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3271: 3267: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3237: 3233: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3202: 3198: 3188: 3186: 3183:www.treccani.it 3177: 3176: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3087: 3083: 3076:Kilij Arslan II 3073: 3069: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3028: 3009:King of Germany 2936: 2931: 2643:Bertha of Savoy 2437: 2427:Civilization VI 2306: 2264: 2151: 2120:The City of God 2084: 2079: 2073: 2060: 2058:Economic policy 2043:Pepin the Short 2011: 1999:Treaty of Ramla 1950: 1948: 1814: 1696:Henry of Kalden 1691:Jews of Germany 1645:Crusader states 1633: 1627: 1509:Peace of Venice 1490:(now joined by 1464: 1261: 1245:Renaud III 1225:Duke of Austria 1221:House of Guelph 1138:, a student of 1081: 1065:Pope Eugene III 1015: 936: 930: 902:Gilbert of Mons 879:council of Acre 808: 760:and his wives, 742:Bertha of Savoy 694: 689: 627:prince-electors 556:and emperor by 538:King of Germany 519: 473: 431: 430: 422: 421: 413: 409: 406: 396: 393: 1153) 384: 380: 377: 359: 358: 302: 294: 290: 280: 274:Duchy of Swabia 268: 158:King of Germany 131:24 April 1155, 60: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9315: 9305: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9234: 9233: 9221: 9209: 9197: 9174: 9173: 9171: 9170: 9167:Swiss folklore 9163: 9155: 9153: 9149: 9148: 9146: 9145: 9138: 9131: 9124: 9117: 9110: 9107:Nibelungenlied 9103: 9100:Gespensterbuch 9096: 9089: 9086:Deutsche Sagen 9082: 9074: 9072: 9068: 9067: 9065: 9064: 9057: 9050: 9043: 9036: 9029: 9022: 9015: 9008: 9001: 8994: 8987: 8980: 8973: 8970:Schinderhannes 8966: 8959: 8952: 8945: 8938: 8931: 8924: 8917: 8910: 8903: 8896: 8889: 8882: 8875: 8868: 8861: 8854: 8847: 8840: 8833: 8826: 8823:Hans von Sagan 8819: 8812: 8809:Hagen (legend) 8805: 8798: 8791: 8784: 8777: 8770: 8763: 8756: 8749: 8742: 8735: 8728: 8721: 8714: 8707: 8700: 8693: 8685: 8683: 8679: 8678: 8676: 8675: 8668: 8661: 8654: 8647: 8640: 8633: 8626: 8619: 8612: 8605: 8598: 8591: 8584: 8577: 8570: 8563: 8556: 8549: 8546:Ork (folklore) 8542: 8535: 8528: 8521: 8514: 8507: 8504:Mephistopheles 8500: 8493: 8486: 8479: 8472: 8465: 8458: 8451: 8444: 8437: 8430: 8423: 8416: 8409: 8402: 8395: 8388: 8381: 8374: 8367: 8360: 8353: 8346: 8339: 8332: 8325: 8318: 8311: 8304: 8301:Ekke Nekkepenn 8297: 8290: 8283: 8276: 8269: 8262: 8255: 8248: 8241: 8234: 8227: 8220: 8213: 8206: 8199: 8192: 8185: 8178: 8175:Alp (folklore) 8171: 8163: 8161: 8157: 8156: 8148: 8145: 8144: 8137: 8136: 8129: 8122: 8114: 8105: 8104: 8102: 8101: 8093: 8088:Frederick III 8085: 8077: 8069: 8061: 8053: 8045: 8037: 8029: 8021: 8013: 8005: 7997: 7989: 7981: 7973: 7965: 7957: 7949: 7941: 7933: 7924: 7922: 7908: 7907: 7905: 7904: 7896: 7882: 7874: 7866: 7852: 7838: 7830: 7816: 7801: 7799: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7789: 7781: 7773: 7765: 7757: 7749: 7741: 7733: 7725: 7717: 7708: 7706: 7700: 7699: 7697: 7696: 7688: 7680: 7672: 7664: 7656: 7648: 7640: 7632: 7624: 7616: 7608: 7600: 7592: 7584: 7576: 7568: 7560: 7552: 7544: 7536: 7528: 7520: 7512: 7504: 7494: 7486: 7477: 7475: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7465: 7457: 7449: 7441: 7433: 7425: 7417: 7409: 7400: 7398: 7392: 7391: 7384: 7382: 7380: 7379: 7370: 7368: 7364: 7363: 7359:Kings of Italy 7355: 7354: 7347: 7340: 7332: 7323: 7322: 7320: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7303: 7301: 7294: 7293: 7291: 7290: 7284: 7282: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7271: 7269:Franz Joseph I 7265: 7263: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7252: 7243: 7241: 7234: 7233: 7231: 7230: 7225: 7219: 7217: 7210: 7209: 7207: 7206: 7200: 7198: 7191: 7190: 7188: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6957:Lothair II/III 6954: 6949: 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Vol. I. 5740: 5726:Chisholm, Hugh 5709: 5696: 5681: 5675: 5655: 5643: 5634: 5620: 5607: 5588: 5587: 5586: 5581: 5580: 5555: 5548: 5543: 5533: 5528: 5513: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5488: 5484:Kershaw (2001) 5476: 5458: 5443: 5417: 5391: 5377: 5360: 5334: 5327: 5309: 5298: 5291: 5271: 5225: 5192: 5180: 5166: 5146: 5134: 5122: 5091: 5077: 5057: 5045: 5028: 5017: 5005: 5001:Le Goff (2000) 4993: 4981: 4979:; last chapter 4965: 4953: 4929: 4917: 4905: 4903:, p. 369. 4893: 4878: 4866: 4854: 4842: 4830: 4816: 4796: 4778: 4751: 4749:, p. 181. 4736: 4724: 4722:, p. 512. 4709: 4685: 4682:. p. 194. 4665: 4658: 4640: 4633: 4615: 4603: 4601:, p. 626. 4591: 4565: 4548: 4536: 4534:, p. 111. 4524: 4519:turkishhan.org 4506: 4494: 4485: 4472: 4459: 4444: 4442:, p. 482. 4429: 4414: 4402: 4400:, p. 355. 4390: 4378: 4376:, p. 479. 4366: 4351: 4349:, p. 471. 4336: 4324: 4312: 4300: 4288: 4276: 4272:Le Goff (2000) 4264: 4252: 4240: 4228: 4216: 4204: 4200:Le Goff (2000) 4192: 4179: 4167: 4155: 4143: 4131: 4129:, Paris, 1964. 4118: 4114:Le Goff (2000) 4106: 4086: 4074: 4062: 4050: 4037: 4022: 4007: 3995: 3983: 3971: 3942: 3922: 3910: 3898: 3886: 3874: 3862: 3847: 3835: 3823: 3798: 3786: 3774: 3762: 3750: 3727: 3715: 3692: 3680: 3668: 3656: 3641: 3624: 3612: 3586: 3574: 3562: 3550: 3538: 3521: 3509: 3497: 3476: 3464: 3453: 3441: 3426: 3414: 3402: 3398:Le Goff (2000) 3390: 3373: 3350: 3335: 3323: 3311: 3299: 3285: 3265: 3251: 3231: 3217: 3196: 3167: 3155: 3147:Heiliges Reich 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3120: 3111: 3102: 3081: 3074:Seljuk Sultan 3067: 3057: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3050: 3049: 3039: 3034: 3027: 3024: 3023: 3022: 3019: 3012: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2977: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2935: 2932: 2928: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2881: 2878: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2855: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2829: 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2438: 2436: 2433: 2432: 2431: 2416: 2394: 2391:Deutsche Welle 2387: 2366: 2354: 2351:Fletcher Pratt 2338: 2328: 2305: 2302: 2263: 2262:Historiography 2260: 2237:"Ecco la fica" 2150: 2147: 2083: 2080: 2075:Main article: 2072: 2069: 2059: 2056: 2052:Pope Adrian IV 2015:Justinian Code 2010: 2007: 1995:Angevin Empire 1946: 1914: 1913: 1892: 1885: 1882: 1877:According to " 1871:Silifke Castle 1813: 1810: 1724:John Kamateros 1716:Stefan Nemanja 1649:Henry of Marcy 1629:Main article: 1626: 1623: 1617:, who even as 1608:Pope Urban III 1496:Constantinople 1488:Lombard League 1463: 1460: 1324:excommunicated 1320:siege of Crema 1316:Victor IV 1290:Henry the Lion 1260: 1257: 1217:Duke of Saxony 1213:Henry the Lion 1080: 1077: 1061:Constantinople 1014: 1011: 999:Henry the Lion 977:The reigns of 929: 926: 848:Constantinople 812:Second Crusade 807: 806:Second Crusade 804: 758:Otto the Great 693: 690: 688: 685: 617:, daughter of 599:Duke of Swabia 590:Kaiser Rotbart 507: 506: 501: 497: 496: 491: 487: 486: 481: 475: 474: 472: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 440: 438: 424: 423: 411: 407: 402: 401: 400: 399: 382: 378: 373: 372: 371: 370: 367: 365: 361: 360: 357: 356: 342: 339: 324: 323: 321: 317: 316: 293:(aged 67) 287: 283: 282: 265: 261: 260: 257: 256: 251: 247: 246: 241: 237: 236: 233: 229: 228: 226:Duke of Swabia 222: 221: 217:30 June 1178, 215: 211: 210: 207: 203: 202: 196: 195: 192: 188: 187: 184: 180: 179: 175:9 March 1152, 173: 169: 168: 165: 161: 160: 154: 153: 150: 146: 145: 140: 136: 135: 129: 125: 124: 121: 117: 116: 110: 109: 104: 100: 99: 94: 90: 89: 85:18 June 1155, 83: 77: 76: 73: 69: 68: 62: 61: 54: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9314: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9244: 9242: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9208: 9198: 9196: 9186: 9185: 9182: 9168: 9164: 9161: 9157: 9156: 9154: 9150: 9143: 9139: 9136: 9132: 9129: 9125: 9122: 9118: 9115: 9111: 9108: 9104: 9101: 9097: 9094: 9090: 9087: 9083: 9080: 9076: 9075: 9073: 9069: 9062: 9058: 9055: 9051: 9048: 9044: 9041: 9037: 9034: 9030: 9027: 9023: 9020: 9016: 9013: 9009: 9006: 9002: 8999: 8995: 8992: 8988: 8985: 8984:Stauffacherin 8981: 8978: 8974: 8971: 8967: 8964: 8960: 8957: 8953: 8950: 8946: 8943: 8942:Princess Ilse 8939: 8936: 8932: 8929: 8925: 8922: 8918: 8915: 8911: 8908: 8904: 8901: 8897: 8894: 8890: 8887: 8883: 8880: 8876: 8873: 8869: 8866: 8862: 8859: 8855: 8852: 8848: 8845: 8841: 8838: 8834: 8831: 8827: 8824: 8820: 8817: 8813: 8810: 8806: 8803: 8799: 8796: 8792: 8789: 8785: 8782: 8778: 8775: 8771: 8768: 8764: 8761: 8757: 8754: 8750: 8747: 8743: 8740: 8736: 8733: 8729: 8726: 8722: 8719: 8715: 8712: 8708: 8705: 8701: 8698: 8694: 8691: 8687: 8686: 8684: 8680: 8673: 8669: 8666: 8662: 8659: 8655: 8652: 8648: 8645: 8641: 8638: 8634: 8631: 8627: 8624: 8620: 8617: 8613: 8610: 8606: 8603: 8599: 8596: 8592: 8589: 8585: 8582: 8578: 8575: 8571: 8568: 8564: 8561: 8560:Petermännchen 8557: 8554: 8550: 8547: 8543: 8540: 8536: 8533: 8529: 8526: 8522: 8519: 8515: 8512: 8508: 8505: 8501: 8498: 8494: 8491: 8487: 8484: 8480: 8477: 8473: 8470: 8466: 8463: 8459: 8456: 8452: 8449: 8445: 8442: 8441:King Goldemar 8438: 8435: 8431: 8428: 8427:Klabautermann 8424: 8421: 8417: 8414: 8410: 8407: 8403: 8400: 8396: 8393: 8389: 8386: 8382: 8379: 8375: 8372: 8368: 8365: 8361: 8358: 8354: 8351: 8347: 8344: 8340: 8337: 8333: 8330: 8326: 8323: 8319: 8316: 8312: 8309: 8305: 8302: 8298: 8295: 8291: 8288: 8284: 8281: 8277: 8274: 8270: 8267: 8263: 8260: 8256: 8253: 8249: 8246: 8242: 8239: 8235: 8232: 8228: 8225: 8221: 8218: 8214: 8211: 8207: 8204: 8200: 8197: 8193: 8190: 8186: 8183: 8179: 8176: 8172: 8169: 8165: 8164: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8153: 8146: 8142: 8135: 8130: 8128: 8123: 8121: 8116: 8115: 8112: 8100: 8094: 8092: 8086: 8084: 8078: 8076: 8070: 8068: 8062: 8060: 8054: 8052: 8048:Frederick II 8046: 8044: 8038: 8036: 8030: 8028: 8022: 8020: 8014: 8012: 8006: 8004: 7998: 7996: 7990: 7988: 7982: 7980: 7974: 7972: 7966: 7964: 7958: 7956: 7950: 7948: 7942: 7940: 7934: 7932: 7926: 7925: 7923: 7919: 7913: 7909: 7903: 7897: 7895: 7888: 7887: 7883: 7881: 7875: 7873: 7867: 7865: 7858: 7857: 7853: 7851: 7844: 7843: 7839: 7837: 7831: 7829: 7822: 7821: 7817: 7815: 7808: 7807: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7794: 7788: 7782: 7780: 7774: 7772: 7766: 7764: 7758: 7756: 7750: 7748: 7742: 7740: 7734: 7732: 7726: 7724: 7718: 7716: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7705: 7701: 7695: 7689: 7687: 7681: 7679: 7673: 7671: 7665: 7663: 7657: 7655: 7649: 7647: 7641: 7639: 7633: 7631: 7625: 7623: 7617: 7615: 7609: 7607: 7601: 7599: 7593: 7591: 7585: 7583: 7577: 7575: 7569: 7567: 7561: 7559: 7553: 7551: 7545: 7543: 7537: 7535: 7529: 7527: 7521: 7519: 7513: 7511: 7505: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7493: 7487: 7485: 7479: 7478: 7476: 7474: 7470: 7464: 7458: 7456: 7450: 7448: 7442: 7440: 7434: 7432: 7426: 7424: 7418: 7416: 7410: 7408: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7393: 7388: 7378: 7372: 7371: 7369: 7365: 7360: 7353: 7348: 7346: 7341: 7339: 7334: 7333: 7330: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7312:Frederick III 7310: 7308: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7298:German Empire 7295: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7276: 7270: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7257: 7248: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7238:German Empire 7235: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7211: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7192: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7140:Ferdinand III 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7120:Maximilian II 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7100:Frederick III 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7085: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7068: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7026: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7009: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6942: 6938: 6936: 6935: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6885: 6881: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6869: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6844: 6840: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6780: 6775: 6773: 6768: 6766: 6761: 6760: 6757: 6745: 6737: 6736: 6733: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6686:Ferdinand III 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6666:Maximilian II 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6646:Frederick III 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6503: 6500: 6496: 6489: 6484: 6482: 6477: 6475: 6470: 6469: 6466: 6457: 6450: 6449: 6441: 6440: 6433: 6432: 6431:as sole ruler 6426: 6420: 6416: 6407: 6406: 6399: 6393: 6388: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6376: 6375:King of Arles 6369: 6363: 6358: 6357: 6356:King of Italy 6352: 6348: 6339: 6338: 6331: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6308: 6303: 6302: 6293: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6258: 6254: 6251: 6250: 6239: 6235: 6234:The Antiquary 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6208: 6202: 6198: 6197: 6191: 6180: 6174: 6170: 6169: 6163: 6159: 6157:9780156011495 6153: 6148: 6147: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6125: 6121: 6118: 6114: 6109: 6105: 6103:9780754665755 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6044: 6038: 6034: 6033: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6009:9783980871488 6005: 6001: 6000: 5994: 5990: 5988:1-57181-041-2 5984: 5979: 5978: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5945: 5939: 5935: 5934: 5928: 5917: 5911: 5907: 5906: 5900: 5889: 5883: 5879: 5878: 5872: 5868: 5863: 5859: 5858: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5839: 5835: 5830: 5826: 5820: 5816: 5811: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5796: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5764: 5760: 5755: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5744:Comyn, Robert 5741: 5737: 5736: 5731: 5727: 5722: 5721:public domain 5710: 5699: 5693: 5689: 5688: 5682: 5678: 5676:9780023190704 5672: 5667: 5666: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5635: 5631: 5630: 5625: 5621: 5610: 5604: 5600: 5599: 5594: 5590: 5589: 5584: 5583: 5579: 5577: 5573: 5570: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5541: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5509: 5508: 5497: 5492: 5486:, p. 335 5485: 5480: 5472: 5471: 5462: 5455: 5454: 5447: 5440: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5405: 5401: 5395: 5387: 5386:"The Germans" 5381: 5375: 5371: 5370: 5364: 5349: 5345: 5338: 5330: 5328:0-440-14736-0 5324: 5320: 5313: 5307: 5302: 5294: 5292:9780198661252 5288: 5284: 5283: 5275: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5229: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5199: 5197: 5189: 5184: 5169: 5167:9783791721675 5163: 5159: 5158: 5150: 5143: 5138: 5131: 5126: 5115: 5111: 5104: 5101: 5095: 5080: 5078:9783791721675 5074: 5071:. F. Pustet. 5070: 5069: 5061: 5054: 5049: 5042: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5026: 5021: 5015:, p. 119 5014: 5009: 5003:, p. 190 5002: 4997: 4990: 4985: 4978: 4974: 4969: 4963:, p. 172 4962: 4957: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4933: 4927:, p. 360 4926: 4925:Cantor (1969) 4921: 4914: 4913:Cantor (1969) 4909: 4902: 4897: 4890: 4885: 4883: 4876:, p. 325 4875: 4870: 4864:, p. 324 4863: 4858: 4852:, p. 332 4851: 4846: 4839: 4838:Cantor (1969) 4834: 4819: 4813: 4809: 4808: 4800: 4792: 4788: 4782: 4766: 4762: 4755: 4748: 4743: 4741: 4733: 4728: 4721: 4716: 4714: 4702: 4695: 4689: 4681: 4678:(in Arabic). 4677: 4676: 4669: 4661: 4659:9780435312831 4655: 4651: 4644: 4636: 4634:9780359508723 4630: 4626: 4619: 4612: 4607: 4600: 4595: 4580: 4576: 4569: 4562: 4558: 4552: 4546:, p. 64. 4545: 4540: 4533: 4528: 4520: 4516: 4510: 4503: 4498: 4489: 4482: 4476: 4469: 4466:J. Phillips, 4463: 4457:, p. 19. 4456: 4451: 4449: 4441: 4436: 4434: 4426: 4421: 4419: 4411: 4406: 4399: 4394: 4387: 4382: 4375: 4370: 4363: 4358: 4356: 4348: 4343: 4341: 4334:, p. 266 4333: 4328: 4322:, p. 265 4321: 4316: 4310:, p. 240 4309: 4308:Dahmus (1969) 4304: 4298:, p. 262 4297: 4292: 4286:, p. 429 4285: 4284:Cantor (1969) 4280: 4273: 4268: 4261: 4260:Cantor (1969) 4256: 4250:, p. 264 4249: 4244: 4237: 4232: 4226:, p. 333 4225: 4220: 4214:, p. 263 4213: 4208: 4201: 4196: 4189: 4183: 4177:, p. 260 4176: 4171: 4164: 4159: 4152: 4147: 4141:, p. 257 4140: 4135: 4128: 4122: 4116:, p. 104 4115: 4110: 4103: 4099: 4093: 4091: 4084:, p. 157 4083: 4082:Leyser (1988) 4078: 4072:, p. 253 4071: 4066: 4060:, p. 252 4059: 4054: 4047: 4041: 4035:, p. 251 4034: 4029: 4027: 4020:, p. 250 4019: 4014: 4012: 4005:, p. 249 4004: 3999: 3993:, p. 248 3992: 3987: 3981:, p. 247 3980: 3975: 3967: 3961: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3943:88-06-18123-8 3939: 3935: 3934: 3926: 3920:, p. 246 3919: 3914: 3908:, p. 245 3907: 3902: 3895: 3890: 3884:, p. 228 3883: 3878: 3872:, p. 328 3871: 3870:Madden (2016) 3866: 3860:, p. 243 3859: 3854: 3852: 3845:, p. 242 3844: 3839: 3833:, p. 241 3832: 3827: 3812: 3808: 3802: 3796:, p. 240 3795: 3790: 3784:, p. 238 3783: 3778: 3772:, p. 236 3771: 3766: 3760:, p. 235 3759: 3754: 3746: 3745: 3739: 3731: 3725:, p. 234 3724: 3719: 3711: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3696: 3690:, p. 319 3689: 3684: 3678:, p. 203 3677: 3672: 3666:, p. 233 3665: 3660: 3654:, p. 232 3653: 3648: 3646: 3639:, p. 231 3638: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3621: 3620:Cantor (1969) 3616: 3601: 3597: 3590: 3584:, p. 229 3583: 3578: 3572:, p. 228 3571: 3566: 3560:, p. 227 3559: 3554: 3547: 3542: 3536:, p. 230 3535: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3519:, p. 201 3518: 3513: 3507:, p. 202 3506: 3501: 3494: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3473: 3468: 3462: 3457: 3451:, p. 359 3450: 3449:Dahmus (1969) 3445: 3438: 3437:Cantor (1969) 3433: 3431: 3423: 3422:Cantor (1969) 3418: 3412:, p. 166 3411: 3406: 3400:, p. 266 3399: 3394: 3388:, p. 200 3387: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3370: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3347: 3342: 3340: 3332: 3327: 3320: 3319:Dahmus (1969) 3315: 3309:, p. 15. 3308: 3303: 3288: 3282: 3278: 3277: 3269: 3254: 3248: 3244: 3243: 3235: 3220: 3214: 3210: 3209: 3200: 3184: 3180: 3174: 3172: 3164: 3159: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3115: 3106: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3085: 3077: 3071: 3062: 3058: 3047: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3020: 3017: 3013: 3010: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2952: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2943: 2941: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2889: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2876: 2875: 2866: 2865: 2860: 2859: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2844: 2843: 2838: 2837: 2832: 2831: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2818: 2817: 2804: 2803: 2798: 2797: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2776: 2775: 2770: 2769: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2756: 2755: 2746: 2745: 2740: 2739: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2724: 2723: 2718: 2717: 2712: 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1575:Imperial Diet 1567: 1562: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1494:, Sicily and 1493: 1489: 1485: 1484: 1475: 1474: 1468: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1419:Manuel I 1416: 1412: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1278:Papal legates 1265: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1231: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1174: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1112:King of Italy 1109: 1105: 1101: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1057:consanguinity 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1013:Rise to power 1010: 1008: 1002: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 973: 968: 964: 962: 958: 954: 950: 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Retrieved 6195: 6182:. Retrieved 6167: 6145: 6134: 6123: 6112: 6085: 6073: 6061: 6046:. Retrieved 6031: 6021: 6018:Kershaw, Ian 5998: 5976: 5962: 5947:. Retrieved 5932: 5919:. Retrieved 5904: 5891:. Retrieved 5876: 5866: 5856: 5843:37954-6473-0 5833: 5814: 5805: 5794: 5780: 5758: 5748: 5733: 5701:. Retrieved 5686: 5664: 5653:. MacMillan. 5650: 5647:Bryce, James 5638: 5628: 5612:. Retrieved 5597: 5561: 5557: 5551: 5539: 5531:Ibn al-Athir 5520: 5491: 5479: 5468: 5461: 5452: 5446: 5438: 5408:. Retrieved 5403: 5394: 5380: 5368: 5363: 5351:. Retrieved 5348:The Guardian 5347: 5337: 5318: 5312: 5306:Brady (1901) 5301: 5281: 5274: 5262:. Retrieved 5242: 5239:Mediaevistik 5238: 5228: 5216:. Retrieved 5183: 5171:. Retrieved 5156: 5149: 5142:Laudage 2009 5137: 5125: 5109: 5094: 5082:. 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Retrieved 3185:(in Italian) 3182: 3165:, p. 29 3158: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3114: 3105: 3089: 3084: 3070: 3061: 3046:Soviet Union 2944: 2937: 2668: 2425: 2419: 2384:Rutger Hauer 2379: 2376:Sword of War 2375: 2369: 2360: 2340: 2334: 2322: 2297: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2283: 2278: 2265: 2256:Soviet Union 2248:Nazi Germany 2244:Adolf Hitler 2241: 2236: 2225: 2205: 2203: 2187:Frederick II 2160: 2143: 2138: 2133:Theodoric II 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2091: 2065: 2061: 2039: 2012: 1983: 1963:Frederick VI 1952: 1922: 1915: 1895: 1889:Ibn al-Athir 1864: 1825: 1787: 1743: 1736: 1705: 1688: 1673: 1642: 1612: 1592: 1588: 1571: 1544: 1513: 1481: 1478: 1471: 1454:was crowned 1411:canonization 1408: 1353: 1333: 1310: 1274: 1234: 1206: 1179: 1162: 1159: 1082: 1030: 1003: 976: 937: 906:Thessaloniki 895: 852: 832: 809: 798:and 1145 in 773: 710:Hohenstaufen 695: 665:Risorgimento 650: 643: 613:dynasty and 611:Hohenstaufen 596: 587: 565: 515: 511: 510: 484:Hohenstaufen 432: 303:(modern-day 291:(1190-06-10) 289:10 June 1190 254:Frederick IV 244:Frederick II 40: 29: 9257:1190 deaths 9252:1122 births 9231:Middle Ages 8921:Peter Klaus 8665:Witte Wiwer 8595:Santa Claus 8567:Poltergeist 8511:Moss people 8448:King Laurin 8357:Feldgeister 8308:Elwetritsch 8098:(1530–1556) 8090:(1452–1493) 8082:(1431–1437) 8074:(1355–1378) 8072:Charles IV 8066:(1327–1347) 8058:(1311–1313) 8050:(1212–1250) 8042:(1209–1212) 8034:(1186–1197) 8026:(1154–1186) 8018:(1138–1152) 8016:Conrad III 8010:(1125–1137) 8002:(1106–1125) 7994:(1093–1101) 7986:(1056–1105) 7978:(1039–1056) 7970:(1026–1039) 7962:(1004–1024) 7954:(1002–1014) 7877:Lothair II 7811:Berengar I 7806:Unruochings 7752:Charles II 7691:Desiderius 7667:Hildeprand 7643:Aripert II 7498:Interregnum 7300:(1871–1918) 7281:(1867–1871) 7262:(1850–1866) 7240:(1848/1849) 7228:Ferdinand I 7216:(1815–1848) 7197:(1806–1813) 7165:Charles VII 7115:Ferdinand I 6997:Henry (VII) 6972:Frederick I 6706:Charles VII 6661:Ferdinand I 6606:Frederick I 6601:Lothair III 6531:Charles III 6506:Charlemagne 6368:Lothair III 6259:2009-10-31) 6212:22 February 6184:14 February 6131:Munz, Peter 6082:Loud, G. A. 6058:Le Goff, J. 6048:22 February 5949:23 February 5921:19 February 5893:19 February 5852:Giesebrecht 5799:. Longmans. 5759:Little, Big 5703:11 February 5614:22 February 5406:(in German) 5264:20 February 5245:: 351–354. 5218:20 February 5188:Görich 2001 5173:22 February 5084:19 February 4973:Kantorowicz 4767:(in German) 4492:Loud, p. 47 4238:, p. 5 3882:Munz (1969) 3331:Görich 2015 3292:22 February 3258:22 February 3224:22 February 3143:Peter Moraw 3092:, based on 2357:Umberto Eco 2345:(1941), by 2319:Victor Hugo 2258:after him. 2115:Civitas Dei 1783:Dardanelles 1759:Prince Géza 1500:Alessandria 1462:Later years 1415:Charlemagne 1388:Paschal III 1376:Christendom 1362:) from the 1360:Three Kings 1087:under King 1033:Charlemagne 991:Lothair III 718:Ghibellines 675:), and the 532:), was the 528:; Italian: 526:Friedrich I 516:Frederick I 305:Göksu River 240:Predecessor 183:Predecessor 139:Predecessor 97:Lothair III 93:Predecessor 9241:Categories 9114:Freischütz 8991:Tannhäuser 8844:Hildebrand 8802:Gundomar I 8760:Friar Rush 8609:Tatzelwurm 8574:Rasselbock 8525:Nachzehrer 8518:Nachtkrapp 8490:Lutzelfrau 8399:Hinzelmann 8364:Frau Holle 8252:Christkind 8245:Changeling 8210:Belsnickel 8096:Charles V 8080:Sigismund 8056:Henry VII 7992:Conrad II 7976:Henry III 7968:Conrad II 7946:(996–1002) 7921:(962–1556) 7736:Lothair I 7659:Liutprand 7635:Raginpert 7595:Perctarit 7571:Perctarit 7555:Aripert I 7420:Theodahad 7412:Athalaric 7404:Theodoric 7396:Ostrogoths 7317:William II 7204:Napoleon I 7185:Francis II 7180:Leopold II 7160:Charles VI 7073:Wenceslaus 7061:Charles IV 6967:Henry (VI) 6962:Conrad III 6891:(962–1806) 6886:within the 6796:during the 6726:Francis II 6721:Leopold II 6701:Charles VI 6671:Rudolph II 6636:Charles IV 6526:Charles II 6448:Beatrice I 6425:Beatrice I 6409:1147–1152 6390:1155–1190 6379:1152–1190 6360:1155–1190 6341:1152–1190 6330:Conrad III 6240:: 119–123. 6024:. Penguin. 5869:. Bamberg. 5777:Dahmus, J. 5496:Freed 2016 5369:Barbarossa 5353:18 January 5160:. Pustet. 5041:Freed 2016 4901:Freed 2016 4889:Freed 2016 4817:0060170336 4720:Freed 2016 4611:Freed 2016 4599:Freed 2016 4584:3 December 4502:Freed 2016 4440:Freed 2016 4425:Freed 2016 4410:Freed 2016 4398:Freed 2016 4386:Freed 2016 4374:Freed 2016 4362:Freed 2016 4347:Freed 2016 3369:Freed 2016 3346:Freed 2016 3307:Freed 2016 3189:28 October 3126:References 2401:Bundeswehr 2371:Barbarossa 2216:Antichrist 2175:Untersberg 2167:Kyffhäuser 2025:described 1771:Adrianople 1769:, then in 1684:Regensburg 1653:Strasbourg 1108:Iron Crown 839:Adrianople 828:Regensburg 794:, 1144 in 790:, 1143 in 784:Strasbourg 780:Conrad III 722:Waiblingen 692:Early life 646:superhuman 583:Barbarossa 530:Federico I 214:Coronation 186:Conrad III 172:Coronation 143:Conrad III 128:Coronation 81:Coronation 9195:Biography 8886:Lohengrin 8644:Wild Hunt 8434:Klagmuhme 8217:Bergmönch 8189:Aufhocker 8064:Louis IV 8032:Henry VI 7984:Henry IV 7960:Henry II 7952:Arduin I 7944:Otto III 7938:(980–983) 7930:(962–973) 7901:(950–963) 7899:Adalbert 7893:(950–963) 7886:Anscarids 7879:(945–950) 7871:(926–947) 7863:(900–905) 7861:Louis II 7849:(922–933) 7835:(891–897) 7827:(889–894) 7820:Guideschi 7813:(887–924) 7778:(896–899) 7770:(879–887) 7762:(877–879) 7760:Carloman 7754:(875–877) 7746:(855–875) 7738:(818–855) 7730:(810–818) 7722:(781–810) 7714:(774–814) 7693:(756–774) 7685:(749–756) 7677:(744–749) 7661:(712–744) 7651:Ansprand 7645:(702–712) 7629:(700–702) 7627:Liutpert 7621:(689–700) 7619:Cunipert 7605:(688–689) 7603:Cunipert 7597:(671–688) 7587:Garibald 7581:(662–671) 7579:Grimoald 7573:(661–662) 7565:(661–662) 7563:Godepert 7557:(653–661) 7549:(652–653) 7541:(636-652) 7533:(626–636) 7525:(616–626) 7523:Adaloald 7517:(590–616) 7509:(584–590) 7501:(574–584) 7491:(572–574) 7483:(568–572) 7462:(552–553) 7454:(541–552) 7438:(540–541) 7430:(536–540) 7422:(534–536) 7414:(526–534) 7406:(493–526) 7376:(476–493) 7307:William I 7288:William I 7223:Francis I 7175:Joseph II 7170:Francis I 7150:Leopold I 7125:Rudolf II 7110:Charles V 7095:Albert II 7090:Sigismund 7046:Henry VII 7002:Conrad IV 6923:Henry III 6918:Conrad II 6850:(919–962) 6845:(911–919) 6801:(843–911) 6716:Joseph II 6711:Francis I 6691:Leopold I 6656:Charles V 6641:Sigismund 6626:Henry VII 6586:Henry III 6581:Conrad II 6551:Louis III 6516:Lothair I 6443:1156–1190 5540:Chronicon 5410:15 August 5251:0934-7453 5130:Opll 1990 4949:Visigoths 4747:Loud 2010 4579:ThoughtCo 4544:Loud 2010 4532:Loud 2010 4479:Konstam, 4455:Loud 2010 3960:cite book 3952:635625239 3816:22 August 3131:Citations 2362:Baudolino 2359:'s novel 2173:or Mount 2171:Thuringia 1990:Palestine 1967:Jerusalem 1779:Gallipoli 1712:Nuremberg 1555:Conrad II 1341:Placentia 1219:, of the 1041:Svend III 949:Frankfurt 871:Jerusalem 754:Theophanu 687:Biography 673:Wilhelm I 635:Holy Land 542:Frankfurt 521:‹See Tfd› 250:Successor 191:Successor 149:Successor 103:Successor 9219:Monarchy 9152:See also 8900:Nibelung 8816:Hannikel 8718:Brunhild 8651:Wild man 8588:Rübezahl 8476:Lindworm 8378:Heimchen 8315:Erdhenne 8231:Bogeyman 8224:Bieresel 8203:Beerwolf 8182:Askafroa 8168:Alberich 8040:Otto IV 8000:Henry V 7936:Otto II 7856:Bosonids 7847:Rudolph 7833:Lambert 7744:Louis I 7728:Bernard 7683:Aistulf 7675:Ratchis 7547:Rodoald 7539:Rothari 7531:Arioald 7515:Agilulf 7507:Authari 7473:Lombards 7436:Ildibad 7428:Vitiges 7374:Odoacer 7155:Joseph I 7130:Matthias 7051:Louis IV 7041:Albert I 7031:Rudolf I 6977:Henry VI 6928:Henry IV 6913:Henry II 6908:Otto III 6857:Conrad I 6813:Carloman 6744:Category 6696:Joseph I 6676:Matthias 6631:Louis IV 6611:Henry VI 6591:Henry IV 6576:Henry II 6571:Otto III 6556:Berengar 6521:Louis II 6347:Henry VI 6271:Archived 6257:Archived 6133:(1969). 6084:(2010). 6072:(1988). 6060:(2000). 6020:(2001). 5973:(1997). 5854:(1895). 5791:(1957). 5779:(1969). 5746:(1851). 5661:(1969). 5649:(1913). 5626:(1901). 5572:Archived 5374:AllMovie 5259:42584249 5114:Archived 4941:Epistles 4701:Archived 3079:Iconium. 3026:See also 3011:in 1198. 2934:Children 2435:Ancestry 2252:invasion 2220:End-time 2179:Salzburg 1947:— 1926:Laodicia 1906:Adriatic 1775:Anatolia 1755:Bulgaria 1745:through 1739:Haguenau 1423:Beatrice 1313:antipope 1237:Würzburg 1026:Nijmegen 979:Henry IV 928:Election 918:Bulgaria 883:Damascus 796:Würzburg 788:Konstanz 766:Adelaide 738:Henry IV 698:Haguenau 524:German: 270:Haguenau 194:Henry VI 152:Henry VI 107:Henry VI 9181:Portals 8788:Gunther 8553:Perchta 8532:Nis Puk 8483:Lorelei 8469:Krampus 8413:Irrwurz 8406:Hödekin 8336:Fänggen 8322:Erlking 8196:Bahkauv 7928:Otto I 7914:within 7784:Ratold 7776:Arnulf 7611:Alahis 7481:Alboin 7452:Totila 7444:Eraric 7067:Günther 7025:Alfonso 7019:Richard 7014:William 6987:Otto IV 6952:Henry V 6941:Hermann 6903:Otto II 6862:Henry I 6616:Otto IV 6596:Henry V 6566:Otto II 6541:Lambert 6511:Louis I 6279:Bamberg 5723:: 5564:by Fr. 5505:Sources 5404:bild.de 5213:1855953 4947:of the 3605:30 July 2412:Rotbart 2254:of the 2223:king". 2183:Austria 2129:Rahewin 1986:Richard 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Frederick Barbarossa

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