1086:) had only recently been built and lacked strong defences, his plan was to use the colonization forces that the Han army had in Xiyu as well as Wusun forces to advance to and capture Zhizhi's capital. Gan agreed with his plan and wanted to request approval, but Chen feared that civilian officials would disapprove of this plan. Therefore, when Gan fell sick, Chen forged of imperial edicts and requisitioned the colonization military forces as well as forces of the other kingdoms that submitted to Han authority. Once Gan recovered, he tried to reverse Chen's actions, but Chen warned him that it was too late to do so. They then set out (after submitting reports admitting to forging edicts but providing the reasons for doing so), marching along two routes, one force taking a route through Dayuan and the other through Wusun. The forces rejoined when they entered
1114:
755:
1035:), to escort Juyilishou. Initially, based on advice from Gong and other key officials, who reasoned that Zhizhi had no real intention to submit and was far away, Emperor Yuan instructed Gu to escort Juyilishou only to the Han borders, and let him travel the remaining journey on his own. Gu reasoned that by escorting Juyilishou all the way to Jiankun, he might be able to persuade Zhizhi to submit, and that he was willing to risk his own life to do so. Emperor Yuan agreed and Gu escorted Juyilishou to Jiankun. Chanyu Zhizhi was not impressed and had Gu executed. Zhizhi then realized that he made a major mistake, and he allianced with
1170:
35 BC, an illness that he would not recover from, Consort Fu and Prince Kang were often summoned to his sickbed to attend to him, while
Empress Wang and Crown Prince Ao rarely were. During his illness, apparently encouraged by Consort Fu, Emperor Yuan reconsidered whether he should make Prince Kang his heir instead. Only the intercession of Shi Dan, who risked his life by stepping onto the carpet of the imperial bed chamber, an act that only the empress was allowed to do (on pain of death) led Emperor Yuan to cease those thoughts. When Emperor Yuan died in 33 BC, Crown Prince Ao ascended the throne (as Emperor Cheng).
99:
25:
784:), under guise of giving Empress Xu medicine to help ease her pain and control blood flow after she gave birth, to poison Empress Xu. Chunyu did so, and Empress Xu died shortly after she gave birth. Her doctors were initially arrested to investigate whether they cared for the empress properly. Lady Xian, alarmed, informed Huo Guang what had actually happened, and Huo, not having the heart to turn in his wife, instead agreed to Chunyu's release.
972:. (At this time, fortune telling was still considered to be a part of Confucian studies, indeed, a highly honoured part; it was not until several decades later that Confucians began to disfavour fortune telling.) Jing, who had become a trusted advisor of Emperor Yuan after Emperor Yuan greatly favoured his proposed system for examining and promoting regional officials, accused Shi and Shi's assistant Wulu Chongzong (
928:
make a petition for him, something considered inappropriate. Hong and Shi calculated that Xiao would rather commit suicide than face an investigation, and that was what Xiao did. As a result, the court faction prevailed. Consistent with his personality, Emperor Yuan rebuked Hong and Shi harshly for misleading him and buried Xiao with great honour, but did not punish Hong (who died later that year) and Shi.
731:), to dinner, and persuaded him to marry his daughter Xu Pingjun to Liu Bingyi. When Xu's wife heard this, she was furious and refused her permission, but because Zhang was Xu's superior, Xu did not dare to renege on the promise. Bingyi and Pingjun were married in a ceremony entirely paid for by Zhang (because Bingyi could not afford the cost). Zhang also paid the
838:
that
Emperor Yuan's reign would lead to the downfall of the Liu imperial clan, words that would turn out to be prophetic. This would also bring his father to consider changing the succession plans, as he was also disappointed by Prince Shi's general lack of resolve. He considered making Prince Shi's younger brother, Liu Qin, the
795:
instructed her daughter to murder the crown prince. Allegedly, Empress Huo did make multiple attempts to do so, but failed each time. Around this time, the emperor also heard rumours that the Huos had murdered
Empress Xu, which led him to begin stripping the Huos of actual power, while giving them impressive titles.
799:
sons-in-law formed a conspiracy to get the emperor deposed of. The conspiracy was discovered, and the entire Huo clan was executed by
Emperor Xuan. Empress Huo was striped of all her titles but not executed, Emperor Xuan decided 12 years later that he wanted her to be exiled, in response, she committed suicide.
893:
Early in
Emperor Yuan's administration a factional schism developed, a phenomenon that would plague his entire reign and cause officials to concentrate on infighting rather than effective governance. One faction included mainly Confucian scholars, his teachers, Xiao and Zhou, aligned with an imperial
802:
What
Empress Huo tried to do influenced Emperor Xuan in his choice of the next Emperess. At the time, his favoured consorts were consorts Hua, consorts Zhang, and consorts Wei, each of whom he had children with. He almost settled on Consort Zhang as his new empress. However, he hesitated, remembering
794:
and awarded
Empress Xu's father and Prince Shi's grandfather, Xu Guanghan, the title of Marquess of Ping'en. Huo Guang opposed these actions. Huo's wife, Lady Xian was shocked and displeased, because if her daughter ever had a son, why would he only be forever a prince and not the future emperor. She
1169:
As the princes grew older, Emperor Yuan and Prince Kang became closer. They shared a love of and skills in music, particularly the playing of drums. Prince Kang also showed high intelligence and diligence, while Crown Prince Ao was known for drinking and womanizing. When
Emperor Yuan grew ill during
944:
In 43 BC, there were a number of unusual astronomical and meteorological signs that were considered signs of divine disapproval. Shi Xian and his allies, the Xu and Shi clans, alleged that this was a sign of divine disapproval of Zhou and Zhang's policies. Zhou and Zhang were demoted to local posts.
919:
The
Confucian faction derived their power from the fact that Emperor Yuan trusted and respected their advice. The "court faction" derived their power from their physical closeness to the emperor and their key roles in processing reports and edicts for Emperor Yuan. Policy-wise, the Confucian faction
798:
In 66 BC, after there had been increasing public rumours that the Huos had murdered
Empress Xu, Lady Xian finally revealed to her son and grandnephews that she had, indeed, murdered Empress Xu. In fear of what the emperor might do if he had actual proof, Lady Xian, her son, her grandnephews, and her
711:
was Emperor Wu's crown prince, until Emperor Wu's paranoia forced him into a failed rebellion in 91 BC while Bingyi was still just an infant. The aftermath of the failed rebellion was that Prince Ju committed suicide and his entire family was executed. Bingyi was spared because of his young age, but
1160:) died. Emperor Yuan became angry because he felt that the teenage Crown Prince Ao was not grieving sufficiently, particularly because Princes Ao and Jing were of similar age and grew up together as playmates, thus showing insufficient respect to Prince Jing. Prince Ao's head of household, Shi Dan (
1090:. They then set a trap for Zhizhi, by pretending that they were running low on supplies, to ward off the possibility that Zhizhi would flee. Zhizhi took the bait and stayed in his capital. The coalition forces soon arrived at his capital and besieged it later killing Chanyu Zhizhi in the subsequent
978:) of being corrupt and evil. Initially, Emperor Yuan believed him, but took no action against Shi and Wulu. Shi and Wulu soon found out and fought back by accusing Jing of conspiring with Emperor Yuan's brother Liu Qin, the Prince of Huaiyang, and Prince Qin's uncle. As a result, Jing was executed.
927:
In 47 BC, Hong and Shi used procedural traps which led to Zhou and Liu being demoted to commoners and Xiao retired. Later that year, the court faction further pressed Xiao into committing suicide. They did this by tricking Emperor Yuan into deciding to have Xiao investigated for inducing his son to
810:
Empress Wang would have a role in Crown Prince Shi's eventual choice of a wife. In the middle of the 50s BC, Consort Sima, the favourite consort of Prince Shi, died from an illness. Prince Shi was grief-stricken and became ill and depressed. Emperor Xuan was concerned, so he had Empress Wang select
837:
In 53 BC, when Emperor Xuan and Prince Shi were having dinner, he suggested that Emperor Xuan employ more Confucian officials in key positions. Emperor Xuan became extremely angry and commented that Confucian scholars were impractical and could not be given responsibilities, and further commented
869:
As emperor, Emperor Yuan immediately started a regimen of reducing governmental spending, with the objective of reducing the burdens of the people. He also started a program for social assistance to provide stipends for the poor and also for new entrepreneurs. Contrary to his father's governing
842:, crown prince instead. However, he could not bring himself to do so, remembering how Prince Shi's mother, Empress Xu, was his first love and had been murdered by poisoning, and also how he depended on his father-in-law in his youth. Prince Shi's position therefore was not seriously threatened.
1105:. Impressed that Emperor Yuan gave him the most beautiful woman that he had ever seen, Huhanye offered to have his forces serve as the northern defence forces for Han, a proposal that Emperor Yuan rejected as ill-advised, but the relationship between Han and Xiongnu thereafter grew stronger.
954:
In 40 BC, more unusual signs occurred and Emperor Yuan asked the court faction to explain how they could continue to occur if, as they alleged, they were signs of divine disapproval of Zhou and Zhang. They could not, and so Emperor Yuan summoned Zhou and Zhang back to the capital to serve as
1145:), each of whom bore him one son. Empress Wang apparently tried to maintain a cordial relationship with both, and she was largely successful, at least as far as Consort Feng was concerned. However, a struggle between Empress Wang and Consort Fu for their sons' heir status erupted.
683:'s position as the official ideology, the empire's condition slowly deteriorated due to his indecisiveness, his inability to stop factional infighting between officials in his administration, and the trust he held in certain corrupt officials. He was succeeded by
1081:
Chen felt that Chanyu Zhizhi would eventually become a major threat and devised a plan to eliminate him. Reasoning that Zhizhi was a powerful warrior but lacked the affection to kingdoms that subjected to him, and also that his new capital (on the banks of
1166:), a relative of Emperor Yuan's grandmother and a senior official respected by Emperor Yuan, managed to convince Emperor Yuan that Crown Prince Ao was trying to stop Emperor Yuan himself from over-grieving, but the seed of dissatisfaction was sown.
751:霍光, having been dissatisfied with his initial selection of Prince He of Changyi, deposed Prince He and offered the throne to the commoner Bingyi instead. Bingyi accepted and took the throne as Emperor Xuan. Shi's mother Xu Pingjun was made empress.
884:
and suppressing the frequent native rebellions, Emperor Yuan decreed that the two commanderies on the island be abandoned. Similarly, in 40 BC, alarmed at the high cost of maintaining imperial temples, he reduced the number of standing temples.
1010:) to the Han court, but was not so willing to submit, and soon found himself out-powered by the Han-assisted Huhanye. In 49 BC, the last year of Emperor Xuan's reign, Chanyu Zhizhi headed north-west and conquered several
916:). Hong Gong and Shi Xian are recorded as being the Emperor's lovers. Yuan gave them both key administrative positions, which eventually proved disastrous as they plotted the deaths of many officials who opposed them.
941:), who tried not to engage himself in factional politics, to the position of vice prime minister, and heeded many of his suggestions to further reduce governmental spending and to encourage the study of Confucianism.
725:), then an important official, opposed his decision, fearing that it would bring trouble to his family. Zhang, instead, invited one of his subordinate eunuchs (who had also been castrated by Emperor Wu), Xu Guanghan (
712:
became a commoner and survived on the largess of others. One of his supporters was chief eunuch Zhang He, who had been an advisor for Prince Ju before his rebellion, and who was punished by being castrated.
1029:
In 44 BC, Chanyu Zhizhi sent an ambassador to offer tributes to Han, but at the same time demanded that Han deliver his son Juyilishou back to him. Emperor Yuan commissioned a guard commander, Gu Ji (
1000:
in the west. During Emperor Xuan's reign, Chanyu Huhanye had officially submitted to Han as a subject and received Han assistance. Chanyu Zhizhi, then the stronger of the two, tried to maintain a
1066:), took the initiative start a war on Zhizhi. Zhizhi, after winning many victories over the Wusun and other Xiyu kingdoms, had become exceedingly arrogant, and treated his ally, the king of
935:). Despite the relatively low positions that Zhou and Zhang had, their advice was highly valued by Emperor Yuan. In 44 BC, he promoted the highly regarded Confucian scholar Gong Yu (
955:
advisors. However, this would not last long, as Zhou soon died of a stroke, and Shi Xian found an opportunity to falsely accuse Zhang of crimes and forced him to commit suicide.
2372:
830:
scholars during his pre-teen and teenage years. Prince Shi became a mild-mannered and strict adherent of Confucian principles, unlike his father who made effective use of both
931:
In 46 BC, Emperor Yuan summoned Zhou back to his administration and gave him a mid-level office, along with Zhou's student Zhang Meng (張猛, a grandson of the great explorer
1148:
As Crown Prince Ao grew older, Emperor Yuan became increasingly unhappy with his fitness as imperial heir and impressed with Consort Fu's son, Prince Kang of Dingtao (
1101:
in 33 BC and formally asked to become a "son-in-law of Han". In response, Emperor Yuan gave him five ladies in waiting as a reward, and one of them was the beautiful
823:
951:), to be his key advisor, and Kuang, aware of the fate of the other Confucian scholars, entered into an alliance with Shi Xian to ensure his own safety and power.
822:
During his years as crown prince, Prince Shi did not have a major role in governing the country, given the forceful nature of his father. He was taught the
803:
how Empress Huo had tried to murder the crown prince. He therefore resolved to making an empress who was childless and kind. He decided on the gentle
1868:
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In April 70 BC, Emperor Xuan made Huo Chengjun empress. Accustomed to luxury living, her palace expenditures far exceeded the late Empress Xu.
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1074:'s daughter, who had been married to him as part of the alliance. He also forced the other kingdoms in the region, including the powerful
778:) an empress. In 71 BC, Empress Xu was pregnant when Lady Xian came up with a plot. She bribed Empress Xu's female physician Chunyu Yan (
986:
Around the same time, despite Emperor Yuan's general tendency for pacificism, a military confrontation had developed with one branch of
790:
Huo Chengjun becoming empress was a threat to Prince Shi's life. On 24 May 67 BC, Emperor Xuan made the eight-year-old Prince Shi into
1154:). Several incidents led to this situation. One happened in 35 BC, when Emperor Yuan's youngest brother Prince Liu Jing of Zhongshan (
2406:
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In 48 BC, Emperor Yuan made Consort Wang Zhengjun, the mother of his first-born son, Prince Ao, empress. On 17 June 47 BC, he made
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clan member who was also a Confucian scholar, Liu Gengsheng (劉更生, later named Liu Xiang 劉向), and imperial assistant
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In 49 BC, Emperor Xuan became seriously ill. Before his death, he commissioned his cousin-once-removed Shi Gao (
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Yap Joseph P. Chapters 11–12. Wars With The Xiongnu - A Translation From Zizhi Tongjian, Author House (2009)
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This action would cost Empress Xu her life, however, and cost Prince Shi his mother. Huo Guang's wife, Xian (
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Shi was less than a year old when something very unusual happened to his father. Shi's great-granduncle,
870:
philosophy, he relied heavily on Confucian scholars and put them into important governmental positions.
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was one of the ladies in waiting chosen. With her, he had his first-born son Liu Ao (劉驁, later
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and Confucian principles in his governance. This would bring his father's ire on him.
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the most beautiful of the young ladies in waiting and had them sent to Prince Shi.
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735:. After their marriage, Bingyi heavily depended on his wife's family for support.
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Around 76 BC, Zhang wanted to marry his granddaughter to Bingyi, but his brother
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as the official creed of the Chinese government. He appointed adherents of
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Jade Figurine Head by Round Carving with Body Lost. Western Han dynasty.
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Emperor Yuan had two favourite concubines in addition to Empress Wang,
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After this Chanyu Huhanye made an official visit to the Han capital of
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B.C., Sima, Qian, approximately 145 B.C.-approximately 86 (1993).
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were commoners without titles. Bingyi was a great-grandson of
118:. Emperor Yuan was depicted at the top of the flight of steps.
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In 42 BC, he promoted another Confucian scholar, Kuang Heng (
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advocated returning to the ancient policies of the early
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When Emperor Yuan was born Liu Shi in 75 BC, his parents
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747:(漢昭帝), had died that year and the regent,
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1004:with Han by sending his son Juyulishou (
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32:This article includes a list of general
1246:; 71 BC – 13), personal name Zhengjun (
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660:(劉奭; 75 BC – 8 July 33 BC), was an
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855:), and Xiao's assistant Zhou Kan (
236:Liu Xing, Prince Xiao of Zhongshan
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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2423:
1314:; d. 6 BC), personal name Yuan (
1014:kingdoms, basing his capital in
234:Liu Kang, Prince Gong of Dingtao
23:
2407:1st-century BC Chinese monarchs
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676:to important government posts.
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1836:Records of the grand historian
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1757:Family tree of the Han dynasty
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2337:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
1839:. Columbia University Press.
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910:) and chief eunuch Shi Xian (
2392:Western Han dynasty emperors
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137:29 January 48 – 8 July 33 BC
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2037:Emperors of the Han dynasty
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104:Jieyu Fighting against Bear
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358:Traditional Chinese
1651:Xu Guanghan (102–61 BC)
1298:; d. 23 BC), second son
520:Simplified Chinese
372:Simplified Chinese
288:Emperor Xiaoyuan (孝元皇帝)
53:more precise citations.
1543:Empress Dao (d. 91 BC)
1520:Wang Naishi (d. 70 BC)
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707:, and his grandfather
185:8 July 33 BC (aged 42)
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1264:; 51–7 BC), first son
1258:, Emperor Xiaocheng (
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1998:Emperor Cheng of Han
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1240:, of the Wang clan (
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196:Wei Mausoleum (渭陵),
187:Chang'an, Han Empire
1975:Emperor Xuan of Han
1941:Emperor Yuan of Han
1820:era, per vol.28 of
1801:era, per vol.25 of
1782:era, per vol.27 of
1485:Emperor Xuan of Han
1432:Liu Jin (113–91 BC)
1346:Princess Pingyang (
1337:, of the Wei clan (
826:by a succession of
654:Emperor Yuan of Han
348:Emperor Yuan of Han
84:Emperor Yuan of Han
1283:Princess Pingdou (
1274:, of the Fu clan (
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840:Prince of Huaiyang
824:Confucian classics
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2412:People from Xi'an
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2003:
1995:Succeeded by
1931:978-1-4490-0604-4
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1137:Consort Feng Yuan
1109:Succession issues
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52:
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35:
30:
21:
20:
2402:33 BC deaths
2397:75 BC births
2325:N. Dynasties
2321:S. Dynasties
2118:
1986:
1980:
1958:
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1946:House of Liu
1944:
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805:Consort Wang
801:
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792:Crown Prince
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770:Huo Chengjun
761:
745:Emperor Zhao
742:
714:
694:
681:Confucianism
678:
670:Confucianism
657:
653:
652:
621:Southern Min
558:Hanyu Pinyin
473:Southern Min
451:Hon Yùhn-dai
410:Hanyu Pinyin
328:Emperor Xuan
217:Consort Feng
146:Emperor Xuan
108:Jin Tingbiao
103:
65:
56:
37:
2317:16 Kingdoms
2205:Eastern Han
2157:Xin dynasty
2054:Western Han
2046:Han dynasty
1988:Western Han
1886:Book of Han
1409:(128–91 BC)
1280:; d. 2 BC)
1039:to conquer
733:bride price
717:Zhang Anshi
666:Han dynasty
489:Hàn Guân-tè
430:Han Yüan-ti
317:Western Han
257:Family name
220:Consort Wei
142:Predecessor
128:Han dynasty
51:introducing
2386:Categories
2309:3 Kingdoms
2072:Empress Lü
1780:Huang'long
1763:References
1705:(89–71 BC)
1487:(91–48 BC)
1127:Consort Fu
933:Zhang Qian
705:Emperor Wu
701:Xu Pingjun
697:Liu Bingyi
572:Wade–Giles
424:Wade–Giles
416:Hàn Yúandì
270:Given name
213:Consort Fu
176:Han Empire
59:April 2022
34:references
2195:Liu Penzi
2167:Wang Mang
1863:cite book
1855:904733341
1192:Yongguang
1174:Era names
1121:, Shaanxi
1058:Chen Tang
960:Jing Fang
896:Jin Chang
875:Prince Ao
828:Confucian
749:Huo Guang
674:Confucius
613:Lau4 Sik1
599:Làuh Shik
152:Successor
2273:Liu Bian
2077:Qianshao
1901:, vols.
1818:Chu'yuan
1751:See also
1384:Ancestry
1357:Unknown
1277:定陶共王母 傅氏
1216:Jingning
1204:Jianzhao
1119:Xianyang
1099:Chang'an
1018:(modern
832:Legalist
637:Lâu Siak
607:Jyutping
459:Jyutping
205:Consorts
198:Xianyang
172:Chang'an
2213:Guangwu
2190:Gengshi
2082:Houshao
1326:中山孝王 劉興
1261:孝成皇帝 劉驁
1243:孝元皇后 王氏
1224:) 33 BC
1180:Chuyuan
1016:Jiankun
1002:détente
993:Chanyus
988:Xiongnu
662:emperor
658:Liu Shi
628:Hokkien
578:Liu Shi
564:Liú Shì
480:Hokkien
308:Dynasty
272:: Shi (
47:improve
2349:W. Xia
2182:Chimei
2109:Liu He
1957:
1929:
1891:vol. 9
1853:
1843:
1814:dingsi
1799:Di'jie
1795:wushen
1407:Liu Ju
1305:Zhaoyi
1271:Zhaoyi
1256:Liu Ao
1229:Family
1135:) and
1092:battle
1088:Kangju
1076:Dayuan
1072:Kangju
1068:Kangju
1045:Kangju
1037:Kangju
998:Zhizhi
882:Hainan
853:zh:蕭望之
709:Liu Ju
334:Mother
324:Father
192:Burial
36:, but
2293:Shang
2253:Chong
2233:Shang
2223:Zhang
2178:Lülin
2124:Cheng
2062:Gaozu
1961:33 BC
1959:Died:
1954:75 BC
1952:Born:
1776:guisi
1340:婕妤 衛氏
1335:Jieyu
1311:昭儀 馮氏
1295:恭皇 劉康
1157:中山王劉竟
1151:山陽王劉康
1041:Wusun
1024:Wusun
298:House
251:Names
226:Issue
169:75 BC
134:Reign
116:China
2365:Qing
2361:Ming
2357:Yuan
2345:Song
2341:Liao
2333:Tang
2297:Zhou
2278:Xian
2268:Ling
2263:Huan
2248:Shun
2218:Ming
2180:and
2139:Ruzi
2134:Ping
2119:Yuan
2114:Xuan
2104:Zhao
2094:Jing
1927:ISBN
1873:link
1869:link
1851:OCLC
1841:ISBN
1363:潁邑公主
1349:平陽公主
1286:平都公主
1012:Xiyu
1007:駒于利受
975:五鹿充宗
699:and
182:Died
166:Born
2373:PRC
2369:ROC
2353:Jīn
2329:Sui
2313:Jìn
2305:Han
2301:Qin
2289:Xia
2258:Zhi
2089:Wen
2067:Hui
1142:馮昭儀
1132:傅昭儀
1053:甘延壽
781:淳于衍
775:霍成君
728:許廣漢
722:張安世
631:POJ
483:POJ
378:汉元帝
364:漢元帝
313:Han
302:Liu
261:Liu
106:by
89:漢元帝
2388::
2371:/
2367:→
2363:→
2359:→
2355:→
2351:/
2347:/
2343:/
2339:→
2335:→
2331:→
2327:→
2323:/
2319:→
2315:/
2311:→
2307:→
2303:→
2299:→
2295:→
2291:→
2238:An
2228:He
2129:Ai
2099:Wu
1919:29
1917:,
1915:28
1913:,
1911:27
1909:,
1907:25
1905:,
1903:24
1889:,
1865:}}
1861:{{
1849:.
1372:杜業
1366:)
1343:)
1320:)
1252:)
1249:政君
1221:竟寧
1209:建昭
1197:永光
1185:初元
1163:史丹
1094:.
1063:陳湯
1032:谷吉
1026:.
965:京房
948:匡衡
938:貢禹
913:石顯
907:弘恭
901:金敞
858:周堪
848:史高
687:.
526:刘奭
512:劉奭
259::
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114:,
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2159:)
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2148:漢
2029:e
2022:t
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1317:媛
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765:顯
719:(
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315:(
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274:奭
267:)
265:劉
263:(
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66:(
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43:.
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