List of Byzantine emperors

2572: 466: 534: 691: 4732: 2909: 4873: 3813: 3635: 67: 4699: 5102: 4990: 4922: 4783: 4458: 5175: 4147: 4951: 4507: 4025: 2303: 4405: 4265: 4106: 3859: 2071: 4614: 4309: 4542: 4344: 4214: 3696: 649: 3310: 1885: 1565: 877: 3380: 362: 4833: 1627: 828: 1783: 1397: 1738: 976: 2382: 5019: 2718: 784: 1463: 3166: 1940: 3116: 3346: 2989: 2246: 2038: 3499: 3062: 3425: 2606: 1239: 3212: 2160: 1510: 2654: 2416: 2768: 2529: 3464: 728: 3763: 3551: 2955: 2198: 2114: 2863: 2341: 1206: 3908: 8463: 2003: 1834: 4652: 3975: 914: 4064: 1678: 1065: 5189: 2454: 1342: 1103: 586: 2801: 5058: 627:) under both Constantius II and Julian. He was elected by the army upon Julian's death. After assuming power, Jovian withdrew Roman forces from Persia and made an unpopular peace with them, which lasted until the early sixth-century. Following an autumn spent in Antioch, he died of natural causes in central Anatolia and was buried in Constantinople. 4188:. A general, he was imprisoned for conspiring against John II, but escaped and spent 15 years in exile in various courts in eastern Europe and the Middle East. He seized the regency from Maria of Antioch in 1182 and subsequently throne from his nephew Alexios II. An unpopular ruler, he was overthrown and lynched in a popular uprising. 1444:, Justinian was able to regain North Africa, much of Italy and Spain; these were territories that had been seized and occupied previously by various Germanic tribes (Vandals and Goths) at the former Western Roman Empire's expense. He carried out a massive building program throughout the Empire, including construction of the famous 2571: 3334:

The second son of Romanos II, Constantine was born in 960 and raised to co-emperor on 30 March 962. During the rule of Basil II, he spent his time in idle pleasure. During his short reign he was an indifferent ruler, easily influenced by his courtiers and suspicious of plots to depose him, especially

208:

as an imperial capital, Constantinople, and who was regarded by the later emperors as the model ruler. Modern historians distinguish this later phase of the Roman Empire as Byzantine due to the imperial seat moving from Rome to Byzantium, the Empire's integration of Christianity, and the predominance

2333:

Born in July 718, the only son of Leo III. Co-emperor since 720, he succeeded upon his father's death. After overcoming the usurpation of Artabasdos, he continued his father's iconoclastic policies and won several victories against the Arabs and the Bulgars. He is given the surname "the Dung-named"

1869:

Born on 7 November 630, the son of Constantine III. Raised to co-emperor in summer 641 after his father's death due to army pressure, he became sole emperor after the forced abdication of his uncle Heraklonas. Baptized Heraclius, he reigned as Constantine. "Constans" is his nickname. Moved his seat

3586:

by Michael IV, returning when he was chosen as Zoe's third husband. Constantine supported the mercantile classes and favoured the company of intellectuals, thereby alienating the military aristocracy. A pleasure-loving ruler, he lived an extravagant life with his favourite mistresses and endowed a

3539:

The younger sister of Zoe, born in 984, she was raised as co-ruler on 19 April 1042. After Zoe married her third husband, Constantine IX, in June 1042, Theodora was again sidelined. After Zoe died in 1050 and Constantine in 1055, Theodora assumed full governance of the Empire and reigned until her

565:

Born in May 332 at Constantinople (the first emperor born there), Julian was the grandson of Constantius Chlorus and cousin of Constantius II. Proclaimed by his army in Gaul, he became the legitimate Emperor upon the death of Constantius. Julian has been described as the last pagan emperor of the

4978:

Son of Andronikos IV, he was born in 1370, and named co-emperor under his father in 1377–79. He usurped the throne from his grandfather John V for five months in 1390, but with Ottoman mediation he was reconciled with John V and his uncle, Manuel II. As regent, he held Constantinople against the

812:

Born on 11 January 347 in Spain, Theodosius was an aristocrat and military leader, and later brother-in-law of Gratian, who appointed him as emperor of the East in 379 and gave him charge of Macedonia and Dacia. During his reign, Theodosius made Orthodox Christianity the official religion of the

4336:

Born in 1182, the son of Isaac II. He enlisted the Fourth Crusade to return his father to the throne, and reigned alongside his restored father from 19 July 1203. Due to their failure to deal with the Crusaders' demands, he was deposed by Alexios V Doukas in January 1204, and was strangled on 8

4679:

Son of Michael VIII, Andronikos II was born on 25 March 1259. Named co-emperor in 1261, crowned in 1272, he succeeded as sole emperor on Michael's death. Favouring monks and intellectuals, he neglected the army by significantly reducing military spending, and his reign saw the collapse of the

5271:

Historian Donald Nicol writes, "Hereditary succession to the throne was a custom or a convenience in Byzantium, not an inviolable... principle. Emperors, particularly in the later period, would take pains to nominate their sons as co-emperors, for the rule of a dynasty made for stability and

307:" (Gr. Αὐτοκράτωρ) was increasingly used. In later centuries, the Emperor could be referred to by Western Christians as the "Emperor of the Greeks". Towards the end of the Empire, the standard imperial formula of the Byzantine ruler was " in Christ, Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans" (cf. 3259: 3491:

The daughter of Constantine VIII, she succeeded on her father's death, as the only surviving member of the Macedonian dynasty, along with her sister Theodora. Her three husbands, Romanos III (1028–1034), Michael IV (1034–1041) and Constantine IX (1042–1050) ruled alongside her.

4257:

and imprisoned by his elder brother, Alexios III. He was later restored to the throne by the Crusaders and Alexios IV. Due to their failure to deal with the Crusaders' demands, he was deposed by Alexios V Doukas in January 1204 and died in January 1204, perhaps of poison.

5046:

Second son of John V, he was born on 27 June 1350. Raised to co-emperor in 1373, he became senior emperor on John V's death and ruled until his death. He journeyed to the West European courts seeking aid against the Turks, and was able to use the Ottoman defeat in the

4052:

Born on 13 September 1087 as the eldest son of Alexios I. Co-emperor since 1092, he succeeded upon his father's death. His reign was focused on wars with the Turks. A popular, pious and frugal ruler, he was known as "John the Good". Named his eldest son

2897:

811, he rose in prominence through palace service, becoming a favourite of Michael III, who crowned him co-emperor on 26 May 866. He overthrew Michael and established the Macedonian dynasty. He led successful wars in the East against the Arabs and the

2190:

Originally named Artemios. A bureaucrat and secretary under Philippicus, he was raised to the purple by the soldiers who overthrew Philippicus. Deposed by another military revolt, he led an abortive attempt to regain the throne in 718 and was killed.

4447:, where Theodore organized the Greek resistance to the Latins. Proclaimed emperor after Constantine's death in 1205, Theodore was crowned only in Easter 1208. He managed to stop the Latin advance in Asia and to repel Seljuk attacks, establishing the 325:, however, was not a formal part of the Empire's governance, hereditary succession was a custom and tradition, carried on as habit and benefited from some sense of legitimacy, but not as a "rule" or inviolable requirement of for office at the time. 3027:, and from 919 by the admiral Romanos Lekapenos, who wedded his daughter to Constantine and was crowned senior emperor in 920. Constantine re-asserted his control by deposing Romanos's sons on 27 January 945. His reign was marked by struggles with 4534:

Born in 1221/1222 as the only son of John III, he succeeded on his father's death. His reign was marked by his hostility towards the major houses of the aristocracy, and by his victory against Bulgaria and the subsequent expansion into Albania.

2598:

Only son of Nikephoros I, crowned co-emperor in December 803. Succeeded on his father's death; however, he had been heavily wounded at Pliska and left paralyzed. He was forced to abdicate, and retired to a monastery where he died soon after.

1727:. Heraclius' officials worked to replace Latin with Greek as the official language of administration in the East. By this time Latin had long fallen out of everyday use in the Eastern part of the Empire and Heraclius's adopting of the title 757:

Born on 18 April/23 May 359, the son of Valentinian I. Emperor of the West, he inherited rule of the East upon the death of Valens and appointed Theodosius I as Emperor of the East. Assassinated on 25 August 383 during the rebellion of

465: 4443:(or Theodore himself, it is uncertain) was elected emperor by the citizens of Constantinople on the day before the city fell to the Crusaders; Constantine only remained for a few hours before the sack of the city and later fled to 3243:

925. A successful general, he fell out with his uncle and led a conspiracy of disgruntled generals who murdered him. Tzimiskes succeeded Nikephoros as emperor and regent for the young sons of Romanos II. As ruler, Tzimiskes

4759:

Son of Michael IX, he was born on 25 March 1297 and named co-emperor in 1316. Rival emperor since July 1321, he deposed his grandfather Andronikos II in 1328 and ruled as sole emperor until his death. Supported by

533: 1920:

Born in 652, co-emperor since 13 April 654, he succeeded following the murder of his father Constans II. Erroneously called "Constantine the Bearded" by historians through confusion with his father. He called the

496:

Born on 7 August 317, as the second surviving son of Constantine I, he inherited the eastern third of Roman Empire upon his father's death, sole Roman Emperor from 353, after the overthrow of the western usurper

1819:, named co-emperor on 4 July 638. Succeeded to throne with Constantine III following the death of Heraclius. Sole emperor after the death of Constantine III, under the regency of Martina, but was forced to name 690: 679:

Born in 321. An officer under Julian and Jovian, he was elected by the army upon Jovian's death. He soon appointed his younger brother Valens as Emperor of the East, while he himself ruled in the West. Died of

2063:

Admiral of Germanic origin, originally named Apsimar. He rebelled against Leontius after a failed expedition. Reigned under the name of Tiberius until deposed by Justinian II in 705. Executed in February 706.

2981:

Son of Basil I, Alexander was born in 870 and raised to co-emperor in 879. Sidelined by Leo VI, Alexander dismissed his brother's principal aides on his accession. He died of exhaustion after a polo game.

2828:

His precise date of birth is uncertain, but the balance of available evidence supports a birthdate in January 840. The son of Theophilos, he succeeded on Theophilos' death. Under the regency of his mother

2633:

Son-in-law of Nikephoros I, he succeeded Staurakios on his abdication. Resigned after the revolt under Leo the Armenian and retired to a monastery, where he died on 11 January 844. Reigned with eldest son

2442:

Born in 771, the only child of Leo IV. Co-emperor since 14 April 776, sole emperor upon Leo's death in 780, until 790 under the regency of his mother, Irene of Athens. He was overthrown on Irene's orders,

3452:

Born in 1015, he was the nephew and adopted son of Michael IV. During his reign he tried to sideline Zoe, but a popular revolt forced him to restore her as empress on 19 April 1042, along with her sister

3146:

The only surviving son of Constantine VII, he was born on 15 March 938 and succeeded his father on the latter's death. He ruled until his own death, although the government was led mostly by the eunuch

2491:, she married Leo IV on 3 November 768 and was crowned empress on 17 December. Regent for her son Constantine VI in 780–790, she overthrew him in 797 and became empress-regnant. In 787 she called the 1977:

Born in 669, son of Constantine IV, he was named co-emperor in 681 and became sole emperor upon Constantine IV's death. Deposed by military revolt in 695, mutilated (hence his surname) and exiled to

2936:

Born on 19 September 866, either the legitimate son of Basil I or the illegitimate son of Michael III. Co-emperor since 6 January 870. Leo was known for his erudition. His reign saw a height in

570:, despite his initial success in surrounding the ancient city of Ctesiphon. For his adherence to the old Roman gods and rejection of the Christian faith, he became known as Julian the Apostate. 3201:

clan. After the death of Romanos II, he rose to the throne with the support of the army and people as regent for the young emperors Basil II and Constantine VIII, marrying the empress-dowager

4249:

Born in September 1156, Isaac came to the throne at the head of a popular revolt against Andronikos I. His reign was marked by revolts and wars in the Balkans, especially against a resurgent

1772:. Named co-emperor on 22 January 613, he succeeded to throne with his younger brother Heraklonas following the death of Heraclius. Died of tuberculosis, allegedly poisoned by Empress-dowager 1096:

on 17 November 473. Leo ascended the throne after the death of his grandfather on 18 January 474. He crowned his father as co-emperor and effective regent on 29 January, dying shortly after.

5156:, on Constantinople, Constantine acknowledged the Union of the Churches and made repeated appeals for help to the West, but in vain. Refusing to surrender the city, he was killed during the 3730:. A successful general, he rose in revolt leading the eastern armies and was declared emperor on 8 June 1057; he was recognized after the abdication of Michael. He resigned in 1059 and died 2224:

A fiscal official, he was proclaimed emperor by the rebellious Opsician troops. Entered Constantinople in November 715. Abdicated following the revolt of Leo the Isaurian and became a monk.

6632: 4099:, achieved supremacy over the Crusader states, and tried unsuccessfully to recover Italy and Egypt. His extravagance and constant campaigning, however, depleted the Empire's resources. 3373:

Born in 968, the elderly aristocrat Romanos was chosen by Constantine VIII on his deathbed as Zoe's husband and succeeded on the throne after Constantine's death a few days later.

4826:, raised by John VI to co-emperor, was also deposed in 1357. John V appealed to the West for aid against the Ottomans, but in 1371 he was forced to recognize Ottoman suzerainty. 870:

became emperor in the West; both were manipulated by court officials and did not possess their father's leadership abilities. After contracting an illness, Arcadius died in 408.

821:, in September 394. Theodosius died of a fever at Milan in 395 and his two sons, Honorius and Arcadius, became the emperors of the West and East, splitting power between them. 7342: 3670:(hence his first sobriquet). Crowned emperor by Theodora on 22 August 1056. Deposed by military revolt under Isaac Komnenos, he retired to a monastery where he died in 1059. 1030:, and the first one to legislate in Greek. His reign was marked by the pacification of the Danube and peace with Persia, which allowed him to intervene in the affairs of the 3410:

Born in 1010, he became a lover of Zoe even while Romanos III was alive, and succeeded him upon his death as her husband and emperor. Aided by his older brother, the eunuch

4492:, he became the son-in-law and successor of Theodore I in 1212. A capable ruler and soldier, he expanded his state in Bithynia, Thrace and Macedonia at the expense of the 4294:

Born in 1153, Alexios was the elder brother of Isaac II. His reign was marked by misgovernment and the increasing autonomy of provincial magnates. He was deposed by the

1499:. Nephew of Justinian I, he seized the throne on the death of Justinian I with support of army and Senate. Became insane, hence in 573–574 under the regency of his wife 3886:

Born in 1050 as the eldest son of Constantine X. Co-emperor since 1059, he succeeded on his father's death. Due to his minority he was under the regency of his mother,

4725:

Son and co-ruler of Andronikos II, named co-emperor in 1281 but not crowned until 21 May 1294. Allegedly died of grief due to the accidental murder of his second son.

4371:

Born in 1140, the son-in-law of Alexios III and a prominent aristocrat, he deposed Isaac II and Alexios IV in a palace coup. He tried to repel the Crusaders, but they

1440:

in 51 and elevated to co-emperor on 1 April 527 when Justin was ill. He succeeded Justin I's as emperor upon the former's death. Through his mighty commanding general

437:

period. Actively interested in Christianity, he played a crucial role in its development and the Christianization of the Roman world, through his convocation of the

1296:

and proved a frugal ruler, so that by the end of his reign he left a substantial surplus. His Monophysite sympathies led to widespread opposition, most notably the

4944:

Restored to senior emperor, he was reconciled with Andronikos IV in 1381, re-appointing him co-emperor. He was overthrown again in 1390 by his grandson, John VII.

4731: 3109:, who died soon after) as co-emperors over Constantine VII, but was himself overthrown by them and confined to an island as a monk. He died there on 15 June 948. 903:

Born on 10 April 401, the only son of Arcadius; proclaimed Augustus on 10 January 402. Succeeded upon the death of his father. As a minor, the praetorian prefect

3019:

Son of Leo VI, he was born on 17/18 May 905 and raised to co-emperor on 15 May 908. His early reign was dominated by successive regencies, first by his mother,

1155:

and his Goths. He was named co-emperor by his son on 29 January 474 and became sole ruler upon the latter's death, but had to flee to his native country before

189:

in 1453 AD. Only the emperors who were recognized as legitimate rulers and exercised sovereign authority are included, to the exclusion of junior co-emperors (

6098:

Karayannopoulous, Yanis (2000). "State Organization, Social Structure, Economy, and Commerce". In M.A. Al-Bakhit; L. Bazin; S.M. Cissoko; M.S. Asimov (eds.).

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on 25 July 1261, thus restoring the Empire. He entered the city and was crowned on 15 August. Became sole emperor after deposing John IV on 25 December 1261.

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and re-united the empire under his rule, reigning as sole emperor until his death. Constantine completed the administrative and military reforms begun under

2837:

in 862–866. Ended iconoclasm. Murdered by Basil the Macedonian. A pleasure-loving ruler, he was nicknamed "the Drunkard" by later, pro-Basil chroniclers.

4569:

Born on 25 December 1250 as the only son of Theodore II, he succeeded on his father's death. Due to his minority, the regency was exercised at first by

3031:

in the East and an unsuccessful campaign against Crete, and pro-aristocratic policies that saw a partial reversal of Lekapenos' legislation against the

1656:

Subaltern in the Balkan army, he led a rebellion that deposed Maurice. Increasingly unpopular and tyrannical, he was deposed and executed by Heraclius.

6296: 4818:, who was crowned co-emperor. The conflict ended in 1347 with Kantakouzenos recognized as senior emperor, but he was deposed by John V in 1354, during 4577:, who within months was crowned senior emperor. After the recovery of Constantinople in August 1261, Palaiologos sidelined John IV completely, had him 17: 6555: 3890:, in 1067–1068, and relegated to junior emperor under her second husband Romanos IV Diogenes in 1068–71. Senior emperor in 1071–78, he named his son 1232:

General and brother-in-law of Leo I, seized power from Zeno and crowned himself emperor on 12 January. Zeno was restored soon after. Died in 476/477

3205:. Throughout his reign he led campaigns in the East, conquering much of Syria. He was murdered by his nephew and one-time associate John Tzimiskes. 3291:, an unsuccessful war against Bulgaria, and rebellions by generals in Asia Minor. Basil solidified his position through a marriage alliance with 2749:, he became an army officer. A friend of Leo V, he was raised to high office but led the conspiracy that murdered him. Survived the rebellion of 8451: 6805: 6706: 4604: 2519: 4907:. He deposed his father on 12 August 1376 and ruled until overthrown in turn in 1379. He was again recognized as co-emperor in 1381 and given 4002:

Born in 1056, a nephew of Isaac I Komnenos. A distinguished general, he overthrew Nikephoros III. His reign was dominated by wars against the

8139: 6716: 6649: 5237: 2853: 6664: 6659: 1668: 1332: 7740: 6726: 6701: 3965: 3686: 2236: 1603:. Became an official and later a general. Married the daughter of Tiberius II and was proclaimed emperor on 13 August 582. Named his son 321:

were a common tradition and structure for rulers and government systems in the Medieval period. The principle or formal requirements for

8091: 8074: 6731: 6711: 4641:

Born in 1223, great-grandson of Alexios III, grandnephew of John III by marriage. Senior emperor alongside John IV in 1259. His forces

4204: 2908: 2708: 7790: 7636: 7608: 7252: 7244: 6721: 6654: 3945:. He was proclaimed emperor on 7 January and crowned on 27 March or 3 April. He weathered several revolts, but was overthrown by the 3753: 8502: 7986: 7347: 3790:

Born in 1006, he became a general and close ally of Isaac Komnenos, and succeeded him as emperor on his abdication. Named his sons

4810:

Only son of Andronikos III, he had not been crowned or declared heir at his father's death, a fact which led to the outbreak of a

3303:. Basil also expanded Byzantine control over most of Armenia. His reign is widely considered as the apogee of medieval Byzantium. 3041:", sponsoring encyclopaedic works and histories. He was a prolific writer himself, best remembered for the manuals on statecraft ( 9886: 9027: 7835: 3245: 717:

Born in 328. A soldier of the Roman army, he was appointed Emperor of the East by his elder brother Valentinian I. Killed at the

232:

in the 19th century. The use of the title "Roman Emperor" by those ruling from Constantinople was not contested until after the

8315: 7840: 6289: 9821: 9689: 8239: 6999: 6992: 6548: 6264: 6243: 6224: 6202: 6183: 6164: 6145: 6107: 6088: 6042: 6023: 5232: 3894:

co-emperor alongside his brothers. He abdicated before the revolt of Nikephoros Botaneiates, retired to a monastery and died

3299:. Bulgaria was finally subdued in 1018 after over 20 years of war, interrupted only by sporadic warfare in Syria against the 1720: 9854:

Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper

6174:

Morrisson, Cécile (2013). "Displaying the Emperor's Authority and Kharaktèr on the Marketplace". In Pamela Armstrong (ed.).

9034: 7991: 7850: 7138: 4863: 4819: 4811: 4685: 5152:. As the eldest surviving brother, he succeeded John VIII after the latter's death. Facing the designs of the new sultan, 9657: 6982: 4862:, he was declared co-emperor on 26 October 1341, and was recognized as senior emperor for ten years after the end of the 2289: 418:

of the western empire upon the death of his father on 25 July 306, he became sole ruler of the western empire after the

8320: 7733: 5227: 3287:

Eldest son of Romanos II, Basil was born in 958. The first decade of his reign was marked by rivalry with the powerful

2409:

Born on 25 January 750 as the eldest son of Constantine V. Co-emperor since 751, he succeeded upon his father's death.

1930: 5091:

on 19 January 1421, he succeeded his father on his death. Seeking aid against the resurgent Ottomans, he ratified the

9881: 8421: 6987: 6328: 6282: 6126: 5993: 5962: 5895: 5864: 5809: 5718: 5687: 5656: 5478: 5447: 5202: 4185: 2561:(general finance minister) under Irene, led initially successful campaigns against the Bulgars but was killed at the 445:. He is said to have received baptism on his deathbed. He also reformed coinage through the introduction of the gold 5085:

Eldest surviving son of Manuel II, he was born on 18 December 1392. Raised to co-emperor around 1416 and named full

4140:. She was overthrown by Andronikos I Komnenos, who became co-emperor and finally had Alexios II deposed and killed. 4091:

Born on 28 November 1118 as the fourth and youngest son of John II, he was chosen as emperor over his elder brother

7484: 6541: 3089:

An admiral of lowly origin, Romanos rose to power as a protector of the young Constantine VII against the general

2794:

Born in 813, as the only son of Michael II. Crowned co-emperor on 12 May 821, he succeeded on his father's death.

1092:

Born 468, he was the grandson of Leo I by Leo's daughter Ariadne and her Isaurian husband, Zeno. He was raised to

9623: 9606: 9433: 9421: 8456: 8278: 6810: 6578: 5247: 4872: 4092: 3891: 1922: 1151:, married the emperor's daughter Ariadne and took the name Zeno, and played a crucial role in the elimination of 6053: 3093:. He became emperor in 920. His reign was marked by the end of warfare with Bulgaria and the great conquests of 9594: 9386: 9348: 9308: 9275: 8426: 8416: 8288: 8209: 8027: 7895: 7467: 7411: 7332: 7199: 5984: 5953: 5886: 5855: 5800: 5709: 5678: 5647: 5469: 5438: 4372: 4298:

and fled Constantinople, roaming Greece and Asia Minor, searching for support to regain his throne. He died in

3795: 3296: 2635: 2104: 904: 139: 3844:

and became senior emperor as guardian of her sons by Constantine X. Deposed by the Doukas partisans after the

9809: 9635: 9462: 9428: 9392: 9281: 8283: 8273: 8188: 7943: 7728: 6508: 5242: 5212: 4054: 2960: 2830: 2688:. He rebelled against Michael I and became emperor. Appointed his son Symbatios co-emperor under the name of 224:

continued until 476. Byzantine emperors considered themselves to be Roman emperors in direct succession from

7163: 4018:. He retained Constantine Doukas as co-emperor until 1087 and named his eldest son John co-emperor in 1092. 9450: 8495: 8357: 8325: 8229: 7938: 7910: 7718: 7257: 4642: 3812: 419: 3634: 308: 9871: 9531: 9210: 8676: 8081: 7723: 7570: 7327: 7078: 6350: 6058: 3391: 3385: 1604: 1027: 5101: 3901:. His reign saw the devaluation of the Byzantine currency by 25%, hence his nickname "minus-a-quarter". 2031:, he deposed Justinian II and was overthrown in another revolt in 698. He was executed in February 706. 66: 9876: 9841: 9797: 9775: 9726: 9613: 9404: 9173: 8401: 8347: 8086: 7958: 7948: 7648: 7528: 7406: 7337: 7225: 7194: 7037: 6392: 5222: 5113: 5107: 4989: 4921: 4782: 4737: 4689: 3913: 2941: 2689: 1433: 194: 113: 76: 4457: 9748: 9716: 9541: 8721: 8480: 8261: 7785: 7641: 7426: 7317: 7204: 6398: 6380: 4878: 4657: 4136:

Born on 14 September 1169 as the only son of Manuel I. In 1180–1182 under the regency of his mother,

4024: 3556: 3202: 3198: 2758: 854:

Born in 377/378, Arcadius was the eldest son of Theodosius I and upon the latter's death in 395, the

251: 6100:

History of Humanity: Scientific and Cultural Development from the Seventh to the Sixteenth Centuries

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by his father on his deathbed. An energetic ruler, he launched campaigns against the Turks, humbled

3252:

in Bulgaria and ended the Bulgarian tsardom before going on to campaign in the East, where he died.

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to Christian practice. Deposed in a palace coup in 802, she was exiled and died on 9 August 803.

2302: 2165: 2070: 1515: 1058:(Zeno). With their support, in 471 Aspar was murdered and Gothic power over the army was broken. 4308: 1390:

bodyguard under Anastasius I, he was elected by army and people upon the death of Anastasius I.

9836: 9815: 9721: 8511: 8391: 7981: 7823: 7267: 7073: 7047: 7042: 6815: 6791: 6787: 6754: 6514: 6374: 6318: 5217: 5207: 5157: 5141: 4704: 4681: 3038: 2557: 2371:. Led a revolt that secured Constantinople, but was defeated and deposed by Constantine V, who 2100: 1456:, or the "body of civil law," which is the foundation of law for many modern European nations. 818: 182: 35: 4541: 4343: 4213: 3695: 3414:, his reign was moderately successful against internal rebellions, but his attempt to recover 9770: 9765: 9741: 9736: 9652: 9489: 9477: 9248: 8873: 8109: 7963: 7153: 7063: 7027: 6912: 6642: 6637: 6472: 6466: 5063: 5024: 4838: 4823: 4815: 4578: 4376: 4254: 4152: 3849: 3336: 3106: 3102: 2444: 2372: 1744: 1026:, who chose him as emperor on Marcian's death. He was the first emperor to be crowned by the 639: 367: 352: 322: 201: 103: 31: 4900:

Son of John V and grandson of John VI, he was born on 2 April 1348 and raised to co-emperor

4613: 3469: 2288:, he became a general. Rose in rebellion and secured the throne in spring 717. Repelled the 1731:(king or emperor) "marked a shift from Rome towards a Greek and Eastern Christian culture." 9753: 9701: 9561: 9536: 9501: 9416: 9330: 9180: 9011: 8352: 8335: 8156: 7915: 7880: 7763: 7700: 7695: 7230: 7173: 6490: 6364: 6360: 4956: 4512: 4440: 3768: 3616: 3430: 3309: 3171: 3156: 3090: 2945: 2774: 2693: 2293: 2251: 1451: 1289: 1244: 1184: 1031: 863: 718: 681: 648: 361: 260: 221: 178: 1564: 566:

Roman Empire and was generally opposed to Christianity. He was killed on campaign against

8: 9684: 9669: 9647: 9582: 9571: 9526: 9472: 8962: 8900: 8863: 7262: 7178: 7168: 7032: 6795: 6783: 6670: 6212: 5137: 5092: 4497: 4410: 4272: 4111: 3845: 3818: 3351: 3067: 1716: 1180: 1145:, originally named Tarasicodissa. As the leader of Leo I's Isaurian soldiers, he rose to 518: 451:, and initiated a large-scale building program, crowned by the re-foundation the city of 407: 157: 4866:

on 8 February 1347. Deposed by John V in 1354, he became a monk, dying on 15 June 1383.

3379: 1737: 876: 9731: 9674: 9618: 9600: 9589: 9551: 9521: 9399: 9117: 9021: 8771: 8740: 8733: 8340: 8330: 8204: 7875: 7758: 7675: 7538: 6890: 6870: 6850: 6840: 6606: 6478: 5330: 5297: 4995: 4927: 4788: 4761: 4314: 4096: 3980: 3864: 3799: 3791: 3640: 3510: 3292: 3127: 3000: 2849: 2659: 2381: 1317: 1297: 1147: 867: 774: 514: 244: 4832: 1884: 9696: 9642: 9483: 9381: 9356: 9205: 9067: 8803: 8788: 8666: 8634: 8462: 8396: 8301: 8234: 8214: 8182: 8114: 8101: 8022: 8017: 7768: 7533: 7383: 6902: 6855: 6845: 6835: 6434: 6260: 6239: 6220: 6198: 6179: 6160: 6141: 6122: 6103: 6084: 6038: 6019: 5989: 5979: 5958: 5948: 5891: 5881: 5860: 5850: 5805: 5795: 5714: 5704: 5683: 5673: 5652: 5642: 5474: 5464: 5443: 5433: 4069: 3592: 3588: 3300: 3098: 3024: 2891: 2717: 2611: 2387: 1816: 1782: 1773: 1626: 1571: 1293: 1281: 1051: 827: 298: 297:

continued to be used in a reduced capacity. Following the establishment of the rival

143: 5148:

under temporary Byzantine suzerainty, but was unable to repel Turkish attacks under

1396: 1383: 501:. Constantius' reign saw military activity on all frontiers, and dissension between 9826: 9803: 9706: 9679: 9664: 9630: 9556: 9516: 9506: 9231: 9158: 9128: 8991: 8946: 8941: 8813: 8266: 8059: 8007: 7953: 7920: 7870: 7663: 7653: 7431: 7119: 7011: 6934: 6917: 6895: 6880: 6865: 6779: 6564: 6502: 6448: 6416: 5794:

Kazhdan, Alexander; Cutler, Anthony (1991). "Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos". In

5289: 5048: 4547: 4448: 4395: 4349: 4299: 4219: 4137: 4030: 3701: 3316: 3249: 3217: 3020: 2562: 1871: 1824: 1719:. Began a revolt against Phocas in 609 and deposed him in October 610. Brought the 1712: 1500: 1379: 1070: 1017: 975: 859: 592: 539: 509:. In his reign, Constantinople was accorded equal status to Rome, and the original 403: 5133: 5018: 3345: 2988: 2281: 2245: 2037: 1014:

origin, Leo became a low-ranking officer and served as an attendant of the Gothic

858:

was permanently divided between the Eastern Roman Empire—later referred to as the

212:

The Byzantine Empire was the direct legal continuation of the eastern half of the

9467: 9457: 9366: 9153: 9061: 9049: 9043: 8895: 8716: 8686: 8629: 8609: 8411: 8244: 8224: 8219: 8174: 8164: 8124: 8119: 8069: 8064: 7845: 7451: 7368: 7363: 7103: 7093: 6929: 6923: 6907: 6885: 6875: 6860: 6428: 6404: 6386: 5145: 4765: 4570: 4015: 3608: 3288: 2995: 2914: 2750: 2459: 1978: 1462: 1004: 981: 783: 567: 266: 6274: 3498: 3457:. He was deposed the next day, castrated and tonsured, dying on 24 August 1042. 3424: 3165: 3061: 1939: 943:

Born in 396. A soldier and politician, he became emperor after being wed by the

9361: 9325: 9270: 9163: 9086: 8984: 8978: 8910: 8890: 8644: 8604: 8249: 8129: 7862: 7621: 7515: 7501: 7300: 7004: 6759: 4375:

forcing Mourtzouphlos to flee. He joined the exiled Alexios III, but was later

4295: 3942: 3148: 3115: 3094: 2605: 2422: 2314: 2204: 1890: 1554: 1313: 1301: 1238: 1196: 1159:

in 475, regaining control of the capital in 476. Zeno concluded peace with the

1109: 966: 866:

with Arcadius becoming Byzantine emperor in the East while his younger brother

759: 523: 472: 456: 447: 275: 229: 216:

following the division of the Roman Empire in 395. Emperors listed below up to

186: 174: 4594: 3211: 2149:

origin, he deposed Justinian II and was in turn overthrown by a revolt of the

9865: 9831: 9791: 9335: 9143: 8951: 8169: 8046: 8012: 7750: 7685: 7658: 7543: 7158: 7098: 6442: 6305: 5285: 4444: 4011: 3612: 3152: 3051: 3028: 2309: 2159: 1926: 1769: 1055: 883: 655: 4379:

by the latter. Captured by the Crusaders, he was executed in December 1205.

2653: 2415: 9576: 9371: 9303: 9298: 9288: 9111: 8973: 8614: 7930: 7905: 7885: 7690: 7668: 7523: 6771: 6766: 6600: 6323: 5880:

Brand, Charles M.; Cutler, Anthony (1991). "Constantine IX Monomachos". In

5432:

Gregory, Timothy E.; Cutler, Anthony (1991). "Constantine I the Great". In

5194: 4980: 4493: 4007: 3907: 3604: 2534: 2076: 2043: 1951: 1946: 1607:

as co-emperor in 590. Deposed by Phocas and executed on 27 November 602 at

1445: 1276: 855: 789: 510: 506: 217: 213: 193:) who never attained the status of sole or senior ruler, as well as of the 6533: 5355:, emperor in the West (317–340). More rarely, he is instead enumerated as 3463: 2528: 9440: 9315: 9265: 9190: 8764: 8711: 8654: 8431: 8406: 7900: 7710: 7477: 7083: 7068: 5947:

Talbot, Alice-Mary; Cutler, Anthony (1991). "Michael IX Palaiologos". In

5318: 5149: 4859: 4692:

as co-emperor and was then deposed outright. He died peacefully in 1332.

4600: 3762: 3550: 2954: 2806: 2197: 2119: 2113: 1839: 1820: 1402: 1271: 1188: 727: 240: 5334: 4983:

as an appanage, which he governed until his death on 22 September 1408.

2862: 2340: 1509: 1205: 527:, and died on his way to confront Julian, who had risen up against him. 9496: 9411: 9376: 9341: 9253: 9168: 8928: 8921: 8868: 8848: 8793: 8758: 8751: 8696: 8661: 8524: 7705: 7565: 7555: 7388: 7378: 7088: 6345: 5293: 5087: 5012:

Restored to senior emperor, he ruled until his death in February 1391.

3582:

1000 of noble origin, he had an undistinguished life but was exiled to

3541: 3122: 2899: 2767: 2723: 2578: 2500: 2496: 2347: 1789: 1600: 1549: 1441: 1387: 1212: 1176: 1156: 498: 430: 303: 8510: 3193:

The most successful general of his generation, Nikephoros II was born

2002: 1833: 623:, Jovian hailed from a military family and was captain of the guards ( 9243: 9195: 9105: 9092: 8879: 8808: 8781: 8776: 8745: 8691: 8639: 8574: 8569: 8254: 8134: 7626: 7494: 7441: 7373: 6460: 6063: 5153: 4908: 4651: 3974: 3937: 3596: 2285: 2146: 1684: 1608: 1596: 1469: 1429: 1192: 1047: 947: 913: 459:. He was regarded as the model of all subsequent Byzantine emperors. 452: 318: 272: 255: 205: 6016:

The Roman Empire in Late Antiquity: A Political and Military History

5957:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1367–1368. 5651:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1206–1207. 4439:, he rose to prominence as a son-in-law of Alexios III. His brother 4063: 1677: 1064: 9511: 9293: 9185: 9138: 9098: 9080: 9000: 8935: 8915: 8885: 8858: 8853: 8838: 8828: 8798: 8706: 8701: 8649: 8624: 8619: 8584: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 7780: 7680: 7631: 7489: 7421: 7209: 6355: 5140:

since 1428, he distinguished himself in campaigns that annexed the

4912: 4773: 4391: 3961: 3946: 3682: 3264: 2944:, and was marked by unsuccessful wars against the Bulgarians under 2453: 2368: 2150: 2009: 1875: 1768:

Born on 3 May 612 as the eldest son of Heraclius by his first wife

1348: 1341: 1280:) when he was chosen as her husband and Emperor by Empress-dowager 1102: 1039: 951: 834: 814: 502: 434: 426: 285: 225: 5859:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 503–504. 5849:

Brand, Charles M.; Cutler, Anthony (1991). "Constantine VIII". In

5804:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 502–503. 5442:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 498–500. 9445: 9148: 9055: 8968: 8823: 8599: 8146: 8032: 7973: 7472: 7446: 7124: 6121:. Vol. I–III. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 5311: 4385: 4200: 4003: 3600: 3151:. His reign was marked by successful warfare in the East against 3033: 2937: 2868: 2746: 2028: 1309: 1305: 1172: 1160: 1142: 1043: 1011: 950:, sister of Theodosius II, following the latter's death. Died of 920: 734: 585: 395: 290: 220:

in 395 were sole or joint rulers of the entire Roman Empire. The

5051:

to regain some territories and throw off his vassalage to them.

3949:

clan. He retired to a monastery where he died in the same year.

3258: 505:, favoured by the emperor, and the "Orthodox" supporters of the 9217: 9074: 8956: 8728: 8594: 7775: 7550: 7416: 4769: 3749: 3583: 3415: 2834: 2488: 1633: 1168: 697: 442: 237: 5682:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 2223. 5413: 3840:

Born in 1032, a successful general he married empress-dowager

2800: 312: 8818: 8589: 8579: 8559: 6256:

The Inheritance of Rome: Illuminating the Dark Ages, 400–1000

5988:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 505. 5890:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 504. 5473:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 524. 2754: 2107:

as co-emperor in 706. Deposed and killed by military revolt.

1164: 1152: 1046:

in 468. Initially a puppet of Aspar, Leo began promoting the

1023: 5978:

Talbot, Alice-Mary (1991). "Constantine XI Palaiologos". In

5739: 2447:

and imprisoned, probably dying of his wounds shortly after.

1503:, and in 574–578 under the regency of Tiberius Constantine. 8564: 8554: 8054: 4595:

Palaiologan dynasty (restored to Constantinople, 1261–1453)

2504: 1050:

as a counterweight to Aspar's Goths, marrying his daughter

283:. Following Heraclius, the title commonly became the Greek 233: 5818: 1448:

at Constantinople. Justinian was also responsible for the

1183:

to migrate to Italy. Zeno's reign also saw the end of the

1034:, supporting candidates for the throne and dispatching an 5751: 5641:

Gregory, Timothy E.; Cutler, Anthony (1991). "Leo I". In

5296:

to distinguish rulers of the same name. The numbering of

5057: 6159:(2nd ed.). Oxford and Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell. 5272:

continuity. But in theory, the road to the throne was a

4057:

co-emperor in 1122, but the son predeceased his father.

3295:, and after suppressing the revolts, he embarked on his 2833:

until 856, and under the effective control of his uncle

1436:. Justinian was the nephew of Justin I, and he was made 5916: 5830: 5540: 5538: 2696:. Murdered by a conspiracy led by Michael the Amorian. 1874:, where he was assassinated, possibly on the orders of 204:, the first Christian emperor, who rebuilt the city of 6018:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. 5763: 5574: 5550: 5401: 3619:

between the patriarchates of Rome and Constantinople.

1191:

stance made him unpopular and his promulgation of the

5622: 5610: 5598: 5499: 5379: 5377: 5375: 907:

was regent in 408–414. He died in a riding accident.

5535: 5523: 5170: 1723:

to successful conclusion but was unable to stop the

813:

state. He reunited the whole Empire after defeating

228:; the term "Byzantine" became convention in Western 5928: 5904: 4814:between his regents and his father's closest aide, 4680:Byzantine position in Asia Minor. He named his son 1558:and regent in 574. Succeeded on Justin II's death. 5775: 5727: 5586: 5562: 5511: 5372: 3335:among the military aristocracy, many of whom were 1987: 633: 346: 6304: 5487: 5463:Gregory, Timothy E. (1991). "Constantius II". In 5389: 5132:The fourth son of Manuel II and Serbian princess 9863: 6097: 6083:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 6037:. Malden, MA; Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. 5713:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 5419: 4688:, he was first forced to recognize his grandson 4451:as the strongest of the Greek successor states. 3239:Nephew of Nikephoros Phokas, Tzimiskes was born 2843: 2513: 6157:A History of the Later Roman Empire, AD 284–641 5703:Gregory, Timothy E. (1991). "Anastasios I". In 3955: 3676: 2902:, and recovered southern Italy for the Empire. 1823:co-emperor by the army, and was deposed by the 1552:, friend and adoptive son of Justin. Was named 768: 6924:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands) 4605:Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty 4386:Laskarid dynasty (Empire of Nicaea, 1204–1261) 4194: 3806:was regent until the accession of Romanus IV. 2520:Byzantine Empire under the Nikephorian dynasty 1662: 1326: 177:in 330 AD marks the conventional start of the 8496: 6549: 6290: 5793: 5640: 5431: 5292:. Instead, the Byzantines used nicknames and 5238:List of Byzantine emperors of Armenian origin 4302:captivity (confined to a monastery) in 1211. 3852:in June 1072 and exiled. He died soon after. 3743: 2854:Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty 2230: 1292:. Anastasius reformed the tax system and the 270:were also used. Their names were preceded by 27:Roman emperors in the East from 330 from 1453 6081:The New Roman Empire: A History of Byzantium 6054:"European Middle Ages: The Byzantine Empire" 5946: 4263: 2757:to the Arabs and faced the beginning of the 2702: 1669:Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty 1333:Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty 6563: 5879: 5848: 3966:Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty 3687:Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty 3625: 3595:. His reign was marked by invasions by the 3042: 2237:Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty 1449: 1015: 960: 8503: 8489: 6556: 6542: 6297: 6283: 4979:Ottomans in 1399–1402, and was then given 4205:Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty 3037:. He is notable for his promotion of the " 2709:Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty 2452: 782: 6173: 6078: 5745: 5407: 5315:had become a part of the imperial title: 3754:Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty 2940:(Muslim) naval raids, culminating in the 2644: 1981:, whence he recovered his throne in 705. 1617: 1304:. His reign was also marked by the first 576: 289:(Gr. Βασιλεύς), which had formerly meant 6154: 5580: 5556: 5300:is a purely historiographical invention. 4496:, Bulgaria and the rival Greek state of 422:in 312. In 324, he defeated the eastern 7812: 6252: 6211: 6178:. New York: Routledge. pp. 65–82. 6116: 6032: 5824: 5769: 5702: 5672:Gregory, Timothy E. (1991). "Zeno". In 5671: 5628: 5462: 5351:, whereby the regnal numbering follows 5316: 3097:in the East. Romanos promoted his sons 14: 9864: 6233: 6195:Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453 6051: 5977: 5757: 5395: 3418:failed. He died after a long illness. 1815:Born in 626 to Heraclius' second wife 8484: 8380: 7811: 7596: 7288: 6955: 6576: 6537: 6278: 6192: 6013: 5544: 5529: 5383: 5323:Société d'Études Latines de Bruxelles 5319:"Flavius : a Nicety of Protocol" 5233:List of Roman and Byzantine empresses 5136:, he was born on 8 February 1405. As 4573:until his assassination, and then by 4184:, a nephew of John II by his brother 4014:and the establishment of independent 3650:Μιχαὴλ Βρίγγας ὁ Στρατιωτικός/ὁ Γέρων 3155:and the recovery of Crete by general 7597: 6135: 5934: 5922: 5910: 5836: 5781: 5733: 5616: 5604: 5592: 5568: 5517: 5505: 5493: 4764:, his reign saw defeats against the 1163:, saw off challenges against him by 7299: 6117:Kazhdan, Alexander P., ed. (1991). 3587:number of monasteries, chiefly the 3326:15 December 1025– 12 November 1028 2367:General and son-in-law of Leo III, 2290:Second Arab Siege of Constantinople 1316:with Persia over the foundation of 1288:" (Latin: Dicorus), because of his 24: 6236:Justinian: Emperor, Soldier, Saint 6119:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 5985:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 5954:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 5887:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 5856:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 5801:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 5710:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 5679:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 5648:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 5470:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 5439:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 5228:Succession to the Byzantine Empire 4850:8 February 1347– 10 December 1354 1931:First Arab Siege of Constantinople 455:as "New Rome", popularly known as 25: 18:Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans 9898: 8422:Greek scholars in the Renaissance 5203:Family tree of Byzantine emperors 5118:Κωνσταντῖνος Δραγάσης Παλαιολόγος 4636:(23 years, 11 months and 10 days) 2681:General of Armenian origin, born 2437:(16 years, 11 months and 11 days) 1851:Heraclius Constantinus (Constans) 1827:in September 641 (or early 642). 1721:Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602–628 1487:(12 years, 10 months and 21 days) 998:(16 years, 11 months and 11 days) 807:(15 years, 11 months and 29 days) 513:was built. Constantius appointed 264:", although other titles such as 8461: 6515:Emperors/Despots of Thessalonica 6497:Eastern Roman/Byzantine emperors 6197:. London: University of London. 5187: 5173: 5100: 5080:(23 years, 4 months and 10 days) 5056: 5017: 4988: 4949: 4939:(10 years, 9 months and 13 days) 4920: 4895:(2 years, 10 months and 19 days) 4871: 4831: 4781: 4730: 4719:(26 years, 4 months and 21 days) 4697: 4674:(45 years, 5 months and 13 days) 4650: 4612: 4540: 4505: 4456: 4403: 4342: 4307: 4212: 4145: 4104: 4086:(37 years, 5 months and 16 days) 4062: 4047:(24 years, 7 months and 24 days) 4023: 4010:, as well as the arrival of the 3997:(37 years, 4 months and 14 days) 3973: 3930:(2 years, 11 months and 29 days) 3906: 3857: 3811: 3802:as co-emperors. After his death 3761: 3694: 3633: 3573:(12 years, 6 months and 30 days) 3549: 3497: 3462: 3423: 3378: 3344: 3329:(2 years, 10 months and 28 days) 3308: 3282:(49 years, 11 months and 5 days) 3257: 3210: 3164: 3114: 3060: 2987: 2953: 2931:(25 years, 8 months and 12 days) 2907: 2885:(18 years, 11 months and 5 days) 2861: 2799: 2789:(12 years, 3 months and 18 days) 2766: 2716: 2652: 2604: 2570: 2527: 2495:which condemned the practice of 2414: 2404:(4 years, 11 months and 25 days) 2380: 2339: 2328:(34 years, 2 months and 27 days) 2301: 2268:(24 years, 2 months and 24 days) 2244: 2196: 2158: 2112: 2069: 2036: 2001: 1938: 1883: 1848:Ἡράκλειος Κωνσταντῖνος (Κώνστας) 1832: 1781: 1736: 1676: 1651:(7 years, 10 months and 12 days) 1625: 1590:(20 years, 3 months and 14 days) 1563: 1536:(3 years, 10 months and 19 days) 1508: 1461: 1423:(38 years, 7 months and 13 days) 1395: 1340: 1261:(27 years, 2 months and 28 days) 1237: 1204: 1101: 1063: 974: 912: 898:(42 years, 2 months and 27 days) 875: 849:(13 years, 3 months and 14 days) 826: 726: 712:(14 years, 4 months and 12 days) 689: 647: 584: 532: 464: 433:, who had begun ushering in the 389:(30 years, 9 months and 27 days) 360: 197:who claimed the imperial title. 65: 6811:Decline of the Byzantine Empire 6633:Constantinian–Valentinianic era 6140:. London: Thames & Hudson. 6102:. Vol. IV. Paris: UNESCO. 6006: 5971: 5940: 5873: 5842: 5787: 5696: 5665: 5634: 5341: 5303: 5248:History of the Byzantine Empire 5127:(4 years, 4 months and 23 days) 5041:(34 years, 4 months and 5 days) 4915:, dying there on 28 June 1385. 4853:(7 years, 10 months and 2 days) 4805:(35 years, 1 month and 28 days) 4768:but successes in Europe, where 4529:(3 years, 9 months and 13 days) 4357:Ἀλέξιος Δούκας ὁ "Μούρτζουφλος" 4289:(8 years, 3 months and 10 days) 4236:(9 years, 6 months and 27 days) 3881:(6 years, 5 months and 23 days) 3718:(2 years, 2 months and 21 days) 3405:(7 years, 7 months and 28 days) 3368:(5 years, 4 months and 30 days) 3188:(6 years, 3 months and 25 days) 3014:(46 years, 5 months and 3 days) 2823:(25 years, 8 months and 4 days) 2676:(7 years, 5 months and 14 days) 2551:(8 years, 8 months and 26 days) 2542:Νικηφόρος ὁ Γενικός/ὁ Λογοθέτης 2475:(5 years, 2 months and 12 days) 2094:(6 years, 2 months and 14 days) 1988:Twenty Years' Anarchy (695–717) 1923:Third Council of Constantinople 1699:(30 years, 4 months and 6 days) 1386:. Officer and commander of the 634:Valentinianic dynasty (364–379) 491:(24 years, 1 month and 25 days) 347:Constantinian dynasty (306–363) 200:The following list starts with 9887:Byzantine Empire-related lists 7896:Great Palace of Constantinople 7637:Patriarchate of Constantinople 6956: 6217:Byzantium: The Early Centuries 5456: 5425: 5279: 5265: 4716:21 May 1294 – 12 October 1320 4564:(3 years, 4 months and 9 days) 3322:Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ Πορφυρογέννητος 3141:(3 years, 4 months and 6 days) 3005:Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ Πορφυρογέννητος 2740:(8 years, 9 months and 7 days) 2334:by hostile later chroniclers. 2140:(1 year, 6 months and 30 days) 1925:which condemned the heresy of 938:(6 years, 5 months and 2 days) 560:(1 year, 7 months and 23 days) 301:in Western Europe, the title " 13: 1: 5309:By the 4th century, the name 5253: 5243:Family tree of Roman emperors 5213:List of Trapezuntine emperors 4901: 4582: 4581:and imprisoned. John IV died 4486: 4433: 4178: 4164: 4125: 3895: 3731: 3724: 3579: 3240: 3194: 2894: 2844:Macedonian dynasty (867–1056) 2682: 2628:(1 year, 9 months and 9 days) 2514:Nikephorian dynasty (802–813) 2481: 2274: 2086: 1966: 1909: 1856: 1804: 1705: 1542: 1493: 1372: 1267: 1138: 1007: 985:"the Great" and "the Butcher" 617: 398: 8358:University of Constantinople 7939:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda 7289: 7089:Chartoularios tou vestiariou 6778:Byzantine successor states ( 6033:Gregory, Timothy E. (2005). 5365: 5274:carriere ouverte aux talents 5106: 5099: 5062: 5055: 5023: 5016: 4994: 4987: 4955: 4948: 4926: 4919: 4877: 4870: 4837: 4830: 4787: 4780: 4736: 4729: 4715: 4703: 4696: 4656: 4649: 4618: 4611: 4546: 4539: 4511: 4504: 4462: 4455: 4409: 4402: 4348: 4341: 4313: 4306: 4271: 4262: 4218: 4211: 4151: 4144: 4110: 4103: 4068: 4061: 4029: 4022: 3979: 3972: 3956:Komnenid dynasty (1081–1185) 3912: 3905: 3863: 3856: 3817: 3810: 3767: 3760: 3700: 3693: 3677:Komnenid dynasty (1057–1059) 3639: 3632: 3607:in the East, the revolts of 3555: 3548: 3503: 3496: 3468: 3461: 3429: 3422: 3384: 3377: 3350: 3343: 3314: 3307: 3263: 3256: 3216: 3209: 3170: 3163: 3120: 3113: 3066: 3059: 2993: 2986: 2959: 2952: 2913: 2906: 2879: 2867: 2860: 2805: 2798: 2772: 2765: 2722: 2715: 2658: 2651: 2610: 2603: 2576: 2538:"Genikos" or "the Logothete" 2533: 2458: 2451: 2420: 2386: 2345: 2338: 2307: 2300: 2250: 2243: 2202: 2195: 2164: 2157: 2118: 2111: 2099:Returned on the throne with 2075: 2068: 2042: 2035: 2007: 2000: 1944: 1937: 1889: 1882: 1855: 1838: 1831: 1787: 1780: 1753:Heraclius novus Constantinus 1742: 1735: 1682: 1675: 1631: 1624: 1569: 1562: 1514: 1507: 1467: 1460: 1413:Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus 1401: 1394: 1346: 1339: 1274:, he was a palace official ( 1243: 1236: 1210: 1203: 1107: 1100: 1069: 1062: 980: 973: 918: 911: 881: 874: 832: 825: 788: 781: 769:Theodosian dynasty (379–457) 732: 725: 695: 688: 653: 646: 590: 583: 538: 531: 470: 463: 420:Battle of the Milvian Bridge 366: 359: 81:6 January 1449 – 29 May 1453 7: 8028:Saint Catherine's Monastery 7084:Chartoularios tou sakelliou 7079:Logothetes tou stratiotikou 6577: 6351:Crisis of the Third Century 6079:Kaldellis, Anthony (2024). 6059:Washington State University 5166: 4858:A maternal relative of the 4195:Angelid dynasty (1185–1204) 3872:Μιχαὴλ Δούκας "Παραπινάκης" 3534:(1 year, 7 months, 20 days) 3055:) he compiled for his son. 2369:Count of the Opsician Theme 1750:Ἡράκλειος νέος Κωνσταντῖνος 1663:Heraclian dynasty (610–695) 1327:Justinian dynasty (518–602) 1171:, and secured peace in the 1028:Patriarch of Constantinople 209:of Greek instead of Latin. 10: 9903: 9776:Constantine XI Palaiologos 9727:Andronikos III Palaiologos 9614:Nikephoros III Botaneiates 8417:Neo-Byzantine architecture 8381: 7038:Comes sacrarum largitionum 6155:Mitchell, Stephen (2015). 5223:List of Byzantine usurpers 4643:reconquered Constantinople 4598: 4389: 4198: 3959: 3747: 3744:Doukid dynasty (1059–1081) 3680: 3646:"Stratiotikos" / "the Old" 3273:Βασίλειος ὁ Βουλγαροκτόνος 2847: 2706: 2517: 2234: 2231:Isaurian dynasty (717–802) 1991: 1666: 1330: 964: 772: 637: 350: 254:of all Emperors preceding 195:various usurpers or rebels 30:For Roman emperors before 29: 9852: 9784: 9749:Andronikos IV Palaiologos 9717:Andronikos II Palaiologos 9542:Constantine IX Monomachos 9230: 9127: 9010: 8837: 8675: 8523: 8444: 8387: 8376: 8297: 8197: 8155: 8100: 8045: 8000: 7987:Sant'Apollinare in Classe 7972: 7929: 7861: 7831: 7822: 7818: 7807: 7749: 7607: 7603: 7592: 7514: 7460: 7399: 7356: 7308: 7295: 7284: 7243: 7218: 7187: 7146: 7137: 7112: 7056: 7020: 6973: 6966: 6962: 6951: 6824: 6740: 6687: 6618: 6589: 6585: 6572: 6338: 6313: 6238:. New York: Basic Books. 6193:Nicol, Donald M. (1993). 6138:The Emperors of Byzantium 4592: 4383: 4192: 3953: 3935:Born in 1001, he was the 3741: 3674: 3623: 3515:Θεοδώρα ἡ Πορφυρογέννητος 3132:Ῥωμανὸς ὁ Πορφυρογέννητος 2841: 2761:, reinforced iconoclasm. 2759:Muslim conquest of Sicily 2703:Amorian dynasty (820–867) 2700: 2642: 2511: 2228: 1985: 1956:Ἰουστινιανὸς ὁ Ῥινότμητος 1933:, and died of dysentery. 1711:as the eldest son of the 1660: 1615: 1324: 958: 766: 631: 574: 379:Fl. Valerius Constantinus 344: 163: 149: 135: 127: 119: 109: 99: 94: 90: 86: 64: 60: 53: 45: 9882:Lists of medieval people 9712:Michael VIII Palaiologos 7561:Droungarios of the Fleet 6052:Hooker, Richard (2007). 5258: 4480:(32 years and 11 months) 3626:Non-dynastic (1056–1057) 3045:De administrando imperio 2493:Second Council of Nicaea 1915:(16 years and 10 months) 1864:(26 years and 10 months) 1725:Muslim conquest of Syria 1185:western line of emperors 961:Leonid dynasty (457–518) 439:First Ecumenical Council 46:Emperor and Autocrat of 9567:Eudokia Makrembolitissa 9201:Tiberius II Constantine 8075:Early Byzantine mosaics 7437:Domestic of the Schools 6377:(27 BC–AD 68) 6253:Wickham, Chris (2009). 5288:were never used in the 5181:Byzantine Empire portal 4427:(16 years and 6 months) 4373:captured Constantinople 3888:Eudokia Makrembolitissa 3842:Eudokia Makrembolitissa 3667:stratiotikos logothetes 3664:A court bureaucrat and 3412:John the Orphanotrophos 2319:Κωνσταντῖνος Κοπρώνυμος 1132:(14 years and 8 months) 1124:(11 months and 11 days) 1054:to the Isaurian leader 989:Λέων ὁ Μέγας / Μακέλλης 9722:Michael IX Palaiologos 8392:Byzantine commonwealth 7154:Praetorian prefectures 7074:Logothetes tou genikou 7048:Quaestor sacri palatii 7043:Comes rerum privatarum 6816:Fall of Constantinople 6755:Sack of Constantinople 6491:Western Roman emperors 6423:Year of the 6 Emperors 6399:Year of the 5 Emperors 6393:Nerva–Antonine dynasty 6381:Year of the 4 Emperors 6375:Julio-Claudian dynasty 6319:List of Roman emperors 6234:Sarris, Peter (2023). 6176:Authority in Byzantium 6035:A History of Byzantium 5317:Cameron, Alan (1988). 5218:List of Roman usurpers 5208:List of Roman emperors 5142:Principality of Achaea 5007:(4 months and 30 days) 4886:Ἀνδρόνικος Παλαιολόγος 4754:(13 years and 22 days) 4745:Ἀνδρόνικος Παλαιολόγος 4665:Ἀνδρόνικος Παλαιολόγος 4366:(2 months and 16 days) 4353:Doukas "Mourtzouphlos" 4268: 3835:(3 years and 9 months) 3785:(7 years and 6 months) 3564:Κωνσταντῖνος Μονομάχος 3043: 3039:Macedonian Renaissance 2645:Non-dynastic (813–820) 2558:Logothetes tou genikou 2362:(2 years and 5 months) 1810:(8 months and 25 days) 1763:(3 months and 14 days) 1618:Non-dynastic (602–610) 1450: 1115:Ζήνων (Ταρασικοδίσσας) 1016: 819:Battle of the Frigidus 752:(5 months and 10 days) 611:(7 months and 21 days) 577:Non-dynastic (363–364) 481:Fl. Iulius Constantius 401:272 as the son of the 36:List of Roman emperors 9816:Thessalonian emperors 9810:Trapezuntine emperors 9771:John VIII Palaiologos 9766:Manuel II Palaiologos 9737:John VI Kantakouzenos 9653:Andronikos I Komnenos 9490:Constantine Lekapenos 8518:and empresses regnant 8092:Komnenian renaissance 8087:Macedonian period art 7992:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo 7964:Walls of Thessaloniki 7064:Logothetes tou dromou 6679:Twenty Years' Anarchy 6643:Valentinianic dynasty 6638:Constantinian dynasty 6509:Emperors of Trebizond 6473:Valentinianic dynasty 6467:Constantinian dynasty 5420:Karayannopoulous 2000 5093:Union of the Churches 4973:(5 months and 3 days) 4846:Ἰωάννης Καντακουζηνός 4824:Matthew Kantakouzenos 4816:John VI Kantakouzenos 4812:destructive civil war 4331:(6 months and 8 days) 4267: 4244:(6 months and 8 days) 3921:Νικηφόρος Βοτανειάτης 3540:death. She nominated 3524:(1 month and 22 days) 3486:(1 month and 22 days) 3477:Ζωὴ ἡ Πορφυρογέννητος 3447:(4 months and 8 days) 3234:(6 years and 30 days) 3084:(24 years and 3 days) 2593:(2 months and 4 days) 2127:Φιλιππικός (Βαρδάνης) 1994:Twenty Years' Anarchy 1745:Heraclius Constantine 1526:Tiberius Constantinus 1523:Τιβέριος Κωνσταντῖνος 1366:(9 years and 23 days) 1320:. He died childless. 1227:(1 year and 7 months) 640:Valentinianic dynasty 550:Fl. Claudius Iulianus 547:Ἰουλιανὸς ὁ Ἀποστάτης 353:Constantinian dynasty 323:hereditary succession 202:Constantine the Great 9754:John VII Palaiologos 9702:Theodore II Laskaris 9562:Constantine X Doukas 9502:Nikephoros II Phokas 8289:Units of measurement 8023:Panagia Gorgoepikoos 7916:Pammakaristos Church 7764:Corpus Juris Civilis 7715:Missionary activity 7174:Exarchate of Ravenna 7000:Imperial bureaucracy 6365:Eastern Roman Empire 6361:Western Roman Empire 6219:. Guild Publishing. 6213:Norwich, John Julius 6136:Lygo, Kevin (2022). 6014:Elton, Hugh (2018). 5347:Often enumerated as 5158:final Ottoman attack 5114:Dragases Palaiologos 4686:protracted civil war 4441:Constantine Laskaris 3868:Doukas "Parapinakes" 3297:conquest of Bulgaria 3197:912 to the powerful 3091:Leo Phokas the Elder 2976:(1 year and 26 days) 2942:Sack of Thessalonica 2694:Byzantine Iconoclasm 2294:Byzantine Iconoclasm 1452:corpus juris civilis 1410:Ἰουστινιανὸς ὁ Μέγας 1284:. He was nicknamed " 1252:Ἀναστάσιος ὁ Δίκορος 864:Western Roman Empire 719:Battle of Adrianople 682:cerebral haemorrhage 674:(1 month and 2 days) 625:protector domesticus 376:Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ Μέγας 222:Western Roman Empire 179:Eastern Roman Empire 9685:Theodore I Laskaris 9670:Alexios III Angelos 9648:Alexios II Komnenos 9572:Romanos IV Diogenes 9527:Romanos III Argyros 9473:Romanos I Lekapenos 7813:Culture and society 7676:Ecumenical councils 7179:Exarchate of Africa 7169:Quaestura exercitus 7033:Magister officiorum 7028:Praetorian prefects 6671:Byzantine Dark Ages 6066:on 24 February 1999 5925:, pp. 298–300. 5839:, pp. 178–180. 5827:, pp. 228–230. 5760:, pp. 122–124. 5748:, pp. 276–277. 5138:Despot of the Morea 5071:Ἰωάννης Παλαιολόγος 5032:Μανουὴλ Παλαιολόγος 5002:17 September 1390 – 4964:Ἰωάννης Παλαιολόγος 4796:Ἰωάννης Παλαιολόγος 4575:Michael Palaiologos 4231:12 September 1185 – 4160:Ἀνδρόνικος Κομνηνός 4123:24 September 1180 – 3846:Battle of Manzikert 3776:Κωνσταντῖνος Δούκας 3659:(1 year and 8 days) 3269:"the Bulgar-Slayer" 3225:Ἰωάννης ὁ Τσιμισκὴς 2876:Βασίλειος ὁ Μακεδών 2731:Μιχαὴλ ὁ ἐξ Ἀμορίου 2219:(less than 2 years) 2185:(less than 2 years) 2175:Artemius Anastasius 2172:Ἀρτέμιος Ἀναστάσιος 2103:support. Named son 2051:Τιβέριος (Ἀψίμαρος) 1899:Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ νέος 1717:Heraclius the Elder 1548:, commander of the 1428:Born in 482/483 at 1181:Theodoric the Great 247:(25 December 800). 9872:Byzantine emperors 9804:Britannic emperors 9798:Palmyrene emperors 9732:John V Palaiologos 9675:Alexios IV Angelos 9624:Constantine Doukas 9619:Alexios I Komnenos 9607:Constantine Doukas 9590:Michael VII Doukas 9552:Michael VI Bringas 9118:Romulus Augustulus 8741:Trebonianus Gallus 8734:Herennius Etruscus 8516:Byzantine emperors 8230:Flags and insignia 7876:Baths of Zeuxippus 7759:Codex Theodosianus 7649:Oriental Orthodoxy 6607:Later Roman Empire 6503:Emperors of Nicaea 6479:Theodosian dynasty 6449:Britannic emperors 5980:Kazhdan, Alexander 5949:Kazhdan, Alexander 5882:Kazhdan, Alexander 5851:Kazhdan, Alexander 5796:Kazhdan, Alexander 5705:Kazhdan, Alexander 5674:Kazhdan, Alexander 5643:Kazhdan, Alexander 5465:Kazhdan, Alexander 5434:Kazhdan, Alexander 5298:Byzantine emperors 5036:16 February 1391 – 4996:John V Palaiologos 4970:17 September 1390 4928:John V Palaiologos 4762:John Kantakouzenos 4712:Μιχαὴλ Παλαιολόγος 4669:11 December 1282 – 4627:Μιχαὴλ Παλαιολόγος 4269: 4253:. He was deposed, 4169:12 September 1185 4083:24 September 1180 3780:23 November 1059 – 3713:1 September 1057 – 3656:30/31 August 1057 3544:as her successor. 3442:10 December 1041 – 3438:Μιχαὴλ ὁ Καλαφάτης 3392:"the Paphlagonian" 3363:15 November 1028 – 3293:Vladimir I of Kiev 3049:) and ceremonies ( 2892:Theme of Macedonia 2880:24 September 867 – 2850:Macedonian dynasty 2399:14 September 775 – 2375:and tonsured him. 2292:and initiated the 1969:10 July 685 – 695 1580:Mauricius Tiberius 1577:Μαυρίκιος Τιβέριος 1298:Revolt of Vitalian 1148:comes domesticorum 775:Theodosian dynasty 515:Constantius Gallus 245:Holy Roman emperor 236:coronation of the 173:The foundation of 100:First monarch 9877:Lists of monarchs 9859: 9858: 9697:John III Vatatzes 9643:Manuel I Komnenos 9382:Michael I Rangabe 9226: 9225: 9068:Petronius Maximus 8667:Severus Alexander 8635:Septimius Severus 8478: 8477: 8440: 8439: 8397:Byzantine studies 8372: 8371: 8368: 8367: 8183:Alexander Romance 8041: 8040: 8018:Nea Moni of Chios 7881:Blachernae Palace 7803: 7802: 7799: 7798: 7769:Code of Justinian 7617:Eastern Orthodoxy 7588: 7587: 7584: 7583: 7510: 7509: 7384:Scholae Palatinae 7280: 7279: 7276: 7275: 7245:Foreign relations 7239: 7238: 7133: 7132: 6947: 6946: 6943: 6942: 6746:(1204–1453) 6531: 6530: 6526: 6525: 6435:Illyrian emperors 6417:Barracks emperors 6266:978-0-67002-098-0 6245:978-0-213-76478-4 6226:978-0-39453-778-8 6204:978-0-52143-991-6 6185:978-1-40943-608-9 6166:978-1-11831-242-1 6147:978-0-50002-329-7 6109:978-9-23102-813-7 6090:978-0-19754-932-2 6044:978-0-63123-513-2 6025:978-1-10845-631-9 5619:, pp. 47–48. 5607:, pp. 45–46. 5508:, pp. 30–31. 5164: 5163: 5128: 5081: 5042: 5008: 5004:16 February 1391 4974: 4940: 4896: 4854: 4820:another civil war 4806: 4755: 4720: 4684:co-emperor. In a 4675: 4637: 4633:11 December 1282 4565: 4561:25 December 1261 4530: 4524:3 November 1254 – 4520:Θεόδωρος Λάσκαρις 4481: 4428: 4418:Θεόδωρος Λάσκαρις 4367: 4361:27 January 1204 – 4332: 4290: 4245: 4237: 4173: 4132: 4087: 4048: 3998: 3931: 3882: 3836: 3786: 3719: 3715:22 November 1059 3709:Ἰσαάκιος Κομνηνός 3660: 3593:Mangana Monastery 3589:Nea Moni of Chios 3574: 3535: 3528:11 January 1055 – 3525: 3511:"the Purple-born" 3487: 3473:"the Purple-born" 3448: 3406: 3402:10 December 1041 3396:Μιχαὴλ ὁ Παφλαγών 3369: 3330: 3301:Fatimid Caliphate 3283: 3279:15 December 1025 3235: 3229:11 December 969 – 3189: 3157:Nikephoros Phokas 3142: 3128:"the Purple-born" 3085: 3079:17 December 920 – 3075:Ῥωμανὸς Λεκαπηνός 3025:Nicholas Mystikos 3015: 2977: 2932: 2886: 2824: 2820:24 September 867 2790: 2741: 2735:25 December 820 – 2677: 2629: 2594: 2552: 2499:and restored the 2476: 2438: 2432:8 September 780 – 2405: 2363: 2329: 2325:14 September 775 2269: 2220: 2186: 2141: 2095: 2059: 2023: 1973: 1916: 1865: 1811: 1764: 1700: 1652: 1646:23 November 602 – 1591: 1537: 1488: 1482:14 November 565 – 1424: 1367: 1294:Byzantine coinage 1262: 1228: 1199:with the papacy. 1133: 1125: 1088: 999: 939: 899: 850: 808: 798:Θεοδόσιος ὁ Μέγας 753: 713: 675: 612: 601:Claudius Iovianus 561: 492: 390: 299:Holy Roman Empire 171: 170: 144:Blachernae Palace 110:Last monarch 16:(Redirected from 9894: 9707:John IV Laskaris 9680:Alexios V Doukas 9665:Isaac II Angelos 9631:John II Komnenos 9557:Isaac I Komnenos 9517:Constantine VIII 9507:John I Tzimiskes 9234:Byzantine Empire 9008: 9007: 8505: 8498: 8491: 8482: 8481: 8465: 8378: 8377: 8321:Imperial Library 8267:Byzantine Greeks 8008:Daphni Monastery 7959:Panagia Chalkeon 7954:Hagios Demetrios 7921:Prison of Anemas 7871:Basilica Cistern 7829: 7828: 7820: 7819: 7809: 7808: 7664:West Syriac Rite 7654:Alexandrian Rite 7605: 7604: 7598:Religion and law 7594: 7593: 7529:Maritime themata 7485:Palaiologan army 7338:Military manuals 7306: 7305: 7297: 7296: 7286: 7285: 7144: 7143: 7120:Megas logothetes 6971: 6970: 6964: 6963: 6953: 6952: 6826:By modern region 6747: 6694: 6693:(717–1204) 6625: 6587: 6586: 6574: 6573: 6565:Byzantine Empire 6558: 6551: 6544: 6535: 6534: 6341: 6340: 6299: 6292: 6285: 6276: 6275: 6270: 6249: 6230: 6208: 6189: 6170: 6151: 6132: 6113: 6094: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6062:. Archived from 6048: 6029: 6000: 5999: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5914: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5846: 5840: 5834: 5828: 5822: 5816: 5815: 5791: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5669: 5663: 5662: 5638: 5632: 5626: 5620: 5614: 5608: 5602: 5596: 5590: 5584: 5578: 5572: 5566: 5560: 5554: 5548: 5542: 5533: 5527: 5521: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5497: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5387: 5381: 5359: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5307: 5301: 5290:Byzantine Empire 5283: 5277: 5269: 5197: 5192: 5191: 5190: 5183: 5178: 5177: 5176: 5160:on 29 May 1453. 5144:and brought the 5126: 5122:6 January 1449 – 5119: 5104: 5079: 5077:31 October 1448 5072: 5060: 5049:Battle of Ankara 5040: 5033: 5021: 5006: 4992: 4972: 4965: 4953: 4938: 4924: 4906: 4903: 4894: 4890:12 August 1376 – 4887: 4875: 4852: 4847: 4835: 4804: 4797: 4785: 4776:were recovered. 4753: 4746: 4734: 4718: 4713: 4701: 4673: 4666: 4654: 4635: 4631:1 January 1259 – 4628: 4616: 4587: 4584: 4563: 4559:16 August 1258 – 4556: 4555:Ἰωάννης Λάσκαρις 4544: 4528: 4521: 4509: 4491: 4488: 4479: 4477:3 November 1254 4472: 4471:Ἰωάννης Βατάτζης 4460: 4449:Empire of Nicaea 4438: 4435: 4426: 4419: 4407: 4396:Empire of Nicaea 4365: 4358: 4346: 4330: 4328:27 January 1204 4323: 4311: 4288: 4281: 4243: 4242:27 January 1204 4235: 4228: 4227:Ἰσαάκιος Ἄγγελος 4216: 4183: 4180: 4171: 4167:September 1183 – 4166: 4161: 4149: 4138:Maria of Antioch 4130: 4127: 4120: 4119:Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός 4108: 4085: 4078: 4077:Μανουὴλ Κομνηνός 4066: 4046: 4042:15 August 1118 – 4039: 4038:Ἰωάννης Κομνηνός 4027: 3996: 3989: 3988:Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός 3977: 3929: 3922: 3910: 3900: 3897: 3880: 3876:1 October 1071 – 3873: 3861: 3834: 3830:1 January 1068 – 3827: 3826:Ῥωμανὸς Διογένης 3815: 3784: 3777: 3765: 3736: 3733: 3729: 3726: 3717: 3710: 3698: 3658: 3654:31 August 1056 – 3651: 3637: 3581: 3572: 3570:11 January 1055 3565: 3553: 3533: 3523: 3516: 3501: 3485: 3478: 3466: 3446: 3439: 3427: 3404: 3397: 3382: 3367: 3360: 3348: 3328: 3323: 3317:Constantine VIII 3312: 3281: 3277:10 January 976 – 3274: 3261: 3242: 3233: 3226: 3214: 3196: 3187: 3185:11 December 969 3180: 3168: 3140: 3136:9 November 959 – 3133: 3118: 3083: 3081:20 December 944 3076: 3064: 3048: 3023:, and Patriarch 3021:Zoe Karbonopsina 3013: 3006: 2991: 2975: 2968: 2957: 2930: 2923: 2911: 2896: 2884: 2877: 2872:"the Macedonian" 2865: 2822: 2818:20 January 842 – 2815: 2814:Μιχαὴλ ὁ Μέθυσος 2803: 2788: 2781: 2770: 2739: 2732: 2720: 2692:in 813. Revived 2687: 2684: 2675: 2673:25 December 820 2668: 2656: 2627: 2620: 2608: 2592: 2585: 2574: 2563:Battle of Pliska 2550: 2546:31 October 802 – 2543: 2531: 2486: 2483: 2474: 2467: 2456: 2436: 2429: 2418: 2403: 2401:8 September 780 2396: 2384: 2361: 2354: 2343: 2327: 2320: 2315:"the Dung-named" 2305: 2279: 2276: 2267: 2260: 2248: 2218: 2211: 2200: 2184: 2177: 2162: 2139: 2135:4 November 711 – 2132: 2116: 2093: 2088: 2080:"the Slit-nosed" 2073: 2057: 2052: 2040: 2021: 2016: 2005: 1971: 1968: 1961: 1952:"the Slit-nosed" 1942: 1914: 1911: 1904: 1887: 1863: 1859:5 November 641 – 1858: 1853: 1836: 1809: 1806: 1799: 1785: 1762: 1755: 1740: 1713:Exarch of Africa 1710: 1707: 1698: 1696:11 February 641 1691: 1680: 1650: 1643: 1629: 1589: 1587:27 November 602 1582: 1567: 1547: 1544: 1535: 1528: 1512: 1498: 1495: 1486: 1479: 1465: 1455: 1422: 1420:14 November 565 1415: 1399: 1380:Justiniana Prima 1377: 1374: 1365: 1358: 1344: 1269: 1260: 1253: 1241: 1226: 1219: 1208: 1195:resulted in the 1175:by enticing the 1140: 1131: 1123: 1119:29 January 474 – 1116: 1105: 1086: 1079: 1067: 1021: 1018:magister militum 1009: 997: 993:7 February 457 – 990: 978: 937: 930: 916: 897: 890: 879: 860:Byzantine Empire 848: 844:17 January 395 – 841: 830: 806: 802:19 January 379 – 799: 786: 751: 744: 730: 711: 704: 693: 673: 666: 651: 622: 619: 610: 608:17 February 364 603: 588: 559: 555:3 November 361 – 552: 536: 490: 483: 468: 400: 388: 381: 364: 328: 327: 279:and followed by 258:was officially " 69: 49: 43: 42: 21: 9902: 9901: 9897: 9896: 9895: 9893: 9892: 9891: 9862: 9861: 9860: 9855: 9848: 9792:Gallic emperors 9780: 9468:Constantine VII 9249:Constantine III 9236: 9233: 9222: 9131: 9123: 9062:Valentinian III 9050:Constantius III 9044:Priscus Attalus 9028:Constantine III 9014: 9006: 8896:Valerius Valens 8841: 8833: 8679: 8671: 8630:Didius Julianus 8610:Marcus Aurelius 8527: 8519: 8509: 8479: 8474: 8471: 8436: 8412:Cyrillic script 8383: 8364: 8309: 8293: 8193: 8175:Digenes Akritas 8151: 8096: 8037: 8001:Other locations 7996: 7968: 7925: 7857: 7846:Cross-in-square 7814: 7795: 7745: 7599: 7580: 7506: 7456: 7452:Varangian Guard 7395: 7369:East Roman army 7364:Late Roman army 7352: 7291: 7272: 7235: 7214: 7183: 7129: 7108: 7104:Epi ton deeseon 7094:Epi tou eidikou 7052: 7016: 6958: 6939: 6926: 6829: 6827: 6820: 6806:Palaiologan era 6748: 6745: 6736: 6707:Nikephorian era 6695: 6692: 6683: 6626: 6624:(330–717) 6623: 6614: 6594: 6581: 6568: 6562: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6484: 6454: 6443:Gallic emperors 6429:Gordian dynasty 6410: 6405:Severan dynasty 6387:Flavian dynasty 6334: 6333: 6309: 6303: 6273: 6267: 6246: 6227: 6205: 6186: 6167: 6148: 6129: 6110: 6091: 6069: 6067: 6045: 6026: 6009: 6004: 6003: 5996: 5976: 5972: 5965: 5945: 5941: 5933: 5929: 5921: 5917: 5909: 5905: 5898: 5878: 5874: 5867: 5847: 5843: 5835: 5831: 5823: 5819: 5812: 5792: 5788: 5780: 5776: 5768: 5764: 5756: 5752: 5744: 5740: 5732: 5728: 5721: 5701: 5697: 5690: 5670: 5666: 5659: 5639: 5635: 5627: 5623: 5615: 5611: 5603: 5599: 5591: 5587: 5579: 5575: 5567: 5563: 5555: 5551: 5543: 5536: 5528: 5524: 5516: 5512: 5504: 5500: 5492: 5488: 5481: 5461: 5457: 5450: 5430: 5426: 5418: 5414: 5406: 5402: 5394: 5390: 5382: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5362: 5349:Constantine III 5346: 5342: 5308: 5304: 5284: 5280: 5270: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5193: 5188: 5186: 5179: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5146:Duchy of Athens 5123: 5117: 5116: 5112: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5003: 4998: 4969: 4968:14 April 1390 – 4963: 4962: 4935: 4931:(second reign) 4930: 4904: 4891: 4885: 4884: 4845: 4844: 4802:12 August 1376 4801: 4795: 4794: 4766:Ottoman emirate 4750: 4744: 4743: 4721: 4711: 4710: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4607: 4597: 4585: 4571:George Mouzalon 4560: 4554: 4553: 4526:16 August 1258 4525: 4519: 4518: 4489: 4476: 4475:December 1221 – 4470: 4469: 4436: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4398: 4388: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4327: 4322:Ἀλέξιος Ἄγγελος 4321: 4320: 4285: 4280:Ἀλέξιος Ἄγγελος 4279: 4278: 4241: 4240:1 August 1203 – 4239: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4207: 4197: 4181: 4168: 4159: 4158: 4128:September 1183 4124: 4118: 4117: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4016:Crusader states 3994:15 August 1118 3993: 3987: 3986: 3968: 3958: 3926: 3925:27 March 1078 – 3920: 3919: 3898: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3832:1 October 1071 3831: 3825: 3824: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3756: 3746: 3734: 3727: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3689: 3679: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3645: 3628: 3609:George Maniakes 3569: 3563: 3562: 3530:31 August 1056 3529: 3527: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3401: 3400:11 April 1034 – 3395: 3394: 3390: 3364: 3359:Ῥωμανὸς Ἀργυρός 3358: 3357: 3321: 3320: 3289:Basil Lekapenos 3278: 3272: 3271: 3268: 3231:10 January 976 3230: 3224: 3223: 3184: 3183:16 August 963 – 3179:Νικηφόρος Φωκᾶς 3178: 3177: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3011:9 November 959 3010: 3004: 3003: 3001:Porphyrogenitus 2999: 2996:Constantine VII 2972: 2966: 2965: 2927: 2926:29 August 886 – 2921: 2920: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2856: 2846: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2786:20 January 842 2785: 2784:2 October 829 – 2779: 2778: 2751:Thomas the Slav 2745:Born in 770 at 2736: 2730: 2729: 2711: 2705: 2685: 2672: 2667:Λέων ὁ Ἀρμένιος 2666: 2665: 2647: 2638:as co-emperor. 2624: 2623:2 October 811 – 2618: 2617: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2522: 2516: 2484: 2472:31 October 802 2471: 2470:19 August 797 – 2465: 2464: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2359:2 November 743 2358: 2352: 2351: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2277: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2239: 2233: 2215: 2209: 2208: 2181: 2173: 2171: 2170: 2136: 2128: 2126: 2125: 2091:4 November 711 2090: 2089:21 August 705 – 2083:(second reign) 2082: 2050: 2049: 2014: 2013: 1996: 1990: 1962: 1957: 1955: 1954: 1950: 1929:, repelled the 1908: 1907:September 668 – 1900: 1898: 1897: 1894: 1860: 1849: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1807:5 November 641 1803: 1794: 1793: 1759: 1751: 1749: 1748: 1708: 1695: 1694:5 October 610 – 1689: 1688: 1671: 1665: 1647: 1638: 1637: 1620: 1595:Born in 539 at 1586: 1585:14 August 582 – 1578: 1576: 1575: 1545: 1532: 1531:5 October 578 – 1524: 1522: 1521: 1496: 1483: 1474: 1473: 1419: 1411: 1409: 1408: 1375: 1362: 1353: 1352: 1335: 1329: 1308:raids into the 1257: 1251: 1250: 1223: 1222:9 January 475 – 1217: 1216: 1129: 1127: 1126: 1120: 1114: 1113: 1083: 1077: 1076: 995:18 January 474 994: 988: 987: 969: 963: 935:27 January 457 934: 933:25 August 450 – 925: 924: 894: 888: 887: 845: 839: 838: 804:17 January 395 803: 797: 796: 793: 777: 771: 749:19 January 379 748: 739: 738: 708: 702: 701: 670: 662: 660: 659: 642: 636: 620: 607: 599: 597: 596: 579: 568:Sassanid Persia 556: 548: 546: 545: 488:3 November 361 487: 479: 477: 476: 385: 377: 375: 374: 371: 355: 349: 82: 80: 74: 56: 47: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9900: 9890: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9857: 9856: 9853: 9850: 9849: 9847: 9846: 9845: 9844: 9839: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9813: 9807: 9801: 9795: 9788: 9786: 9782: 9781: 9779: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9751: 9746: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9628: 9616: 9611: 9587: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9547:Theodora (III) 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9443: 9438: 9426: 9414: 9409: 9397: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9362:Constantine VI 9359: 9354: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9326:Theodosius III 9323: 9318: 9313: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9271:Constantine IV 9268: 9263: 9251: 9246: 9240: 9238: 9228: 9227: 9224: 9223: 9221: 9220: 9215: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9135: 9133: 9129:Eastern Empire 9125: 9124: 9122: 9121: 9114: 9109: 9102: 9095: 9090: 9083: 9078: 9071: 9064: 9059: 9052: 9047: 9040: 9024: 9018: 9016: 9012:Western Empire 9005: 9004: 8997: 8985:Magnus Maximus 8981: 8979:Valentinian II 8976: 8971: 8966: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8932: 8925: 8918: 8913: 8911:Constantius II 8908: 8906:Constantine II 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8845: 8843: 8835: 8834: 8832: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8774: 8769: 8761: 8756: 8738: 8726: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8683: 8681: 8673: 8672: 8670: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8605:Antoninus Pius 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8531: 8529: 8528:27 BC – AD 235 8521: 8520: 8508: 8507: 8500: 8493: 8485: 8476: 8475: 8473: 8472: 8470: 8469: 8459: 8454: 8448: 8445: 8442: 8441: 8438: 8437: 8435: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8388: 8385: 8384: 8374: 8373: 8370: 8369: 8366: 8365: 8363: 8362: 8361: 8360: 8350: 8345: 8344: 8343: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8312: 8310: 8308: 8307: 8304: 8298: 8295: 8294: 8292: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8270: 8269: 8259: 8258: 8257: 8252: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8201: 8199: 8195: 8194: 8192: 8191: 8186: 8179: 8178: 8177: 8167: 8161: 8159: 8153: 8152: 8150: 8149: 8144: 8143: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8106: 8104: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8078: 8077: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8051: 8049: 8043: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8004: 8002: 7998: 7997: 7995: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7978: 7976: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7944:Byzantine Bath 7941: 7935: 7933: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7867: 7865: 7863:Constantinople 7859: 7858: 7856: 7855: 7854: 7853: 7848: 7838: 7832: 7826: 7816: 7815: 7805: 7804: 7801: 7800: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7772: 7771: 7761: 7755: 7753: 7747: 7746: 7744: 7743: 7738: 7737: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7672: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7646: 7645: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7622:Byzantine Rite 7613: 7611: 7601: 7600: 7590: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7582: 7581: 7579: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7547: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7526: 7520: 7518: 7512: 7511: 7508: 7507: 7505: 7504: 7502:Grand domestic 7499: 7498: 7497: 7492: 7482: 7481: 7480: 7475: 7468:Komnenian army 7464: 7462: 7458: 7457: 7455: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7403: 7401: 7397: 7396: 7394: 7393: 7392: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7366: 7360: 7358: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7350: 7345: 7343:Military units 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7313:Battle tactics 7309: 7303: 7293: 7292: 7282: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7249: 7247: 7241: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7233: 7228: 7222: 7220: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7191: 7189: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7150: 7148: 7141: 7135: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7127: 7122: 7116: 7114: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7060: 7058: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7024: 7022: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7014: 7009: 7008: 7007: 7005:Medieval Greek 6997: 6996: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6974: 6968: 6960: 6959: 6949: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6899: 6898: 6893: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6832: 6830: 6825: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6764: 6763: 6762: 6760:Fourth Crusade 6751: 6749: 6741: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6717:Macedonian era 6714: 6709: 6704: 6698: 6696: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6681: 6676: 6675: 6674: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6650:Theodosian era 6647: 6646: 6645: 6640: 6629: 6627: 6619: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6612: 6611: 6610: 6597: 6595: 6590: 6583: 6582: 6570: 6569: 6561: 6560: 6553: 6546: 6538: 6529: 6528: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6518: 6512: 6506: 6494: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6482: 6476: 6470: 6464: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6452: 6446: 6440: 6439: 6438: 6432: 6426: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6371: 6368: 6367: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6332: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6311: 6310: 6308:by time period 6306:Roman emperors 6302: 6301: 6294: 6287: 6279: 6272: 6271: 6265: 6250: 6244: 6231: 6225: 6209: 6203: 6190: 6184: 6171: 6165: 6152: 6146: 6133: 6127: 6114: 6108: 6095: 6089: 6076: 6049: 6043: 6030: 6024: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6002: 6001: 5994: 5970: 5963: 5939: 5937:, p. 301. 5927: 5915: 5913:, p. 296. 5903: 5896: 5872: 5865: 5841: 5829: 5817: 5810: 5786: 5774: 5772:, p. 311. 5762: 5750: 5746:Kaldellis 2024 5738: 5726: 5719: 5695: 5688: 5664: 5657: 5633: 5621: 5609: 5597: 5585: 5573: 5561: 5549: 5547:, p. 120. 5534: 5532:, p. 119. 5522: 5510: 5498: 5486: 5479: 5455: 5448: 5424: 5422:, p. 183. 5412: 5408:Morrisson 2013 5400: 5388: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5353:Constantine II 5340: 5302: 5286:Regnal numbers 5278: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5184: 5168: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5130: 5120: 5109:Constantine XI 5105: 5097: 5096: 5083: 5075:21 July 1425 – 5073: 5061: 5053: 5052: 5044: 5034: 5022: 5014: 5013: 5010: 5000: 4999:(third reign) 4993: 4985: 4984: 4976: 4966: 4954: 4946: 4945: 4942: 4936:14 April 1390 4932: 4925: 4917: 4916: 4898: 4888: 4876: 4868: 4867: 4856: 4848: 4836: 4828: 4827: 4808: 4800:15 July 1341 – 4798: 4786: 4778: 4777: 4757: 4747: 4739:Andronikos III 4735: 4727: 4726: 4723: 4714: 4702: 4694: 4693: 4690:Andronikos III 4677: 4667: 4655: 4647: 4646: 4639: 4629: 4617: 4609: 4608: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4567: 4557: 4545: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4522: 4510: 4502: 4501: 4483: 4473: 4461: 4453: 4452: 4430: 4424:November 1221 4420: 4408: 4400: 4399: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4369: 4363:12 April 1204 4359: 4347: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4326:19 July 1203 – 4324: 4312: 4304: 4303: 4296:Fourth Crusade 4292: 4284:8 April 1195 – 4282: 4270: 4260: 4259: 4247: 4229: 4217: 4209: 4208: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4189: 4175: 4162: 4150: 4142: 4141: 4134: 4121: 4109: 4101: 4100: 4089: 4081:8 April 1143 – 4079: 4067: 4059: 4058: 4050: 4040: 4028: 4020: 4019: 4000: 3992:1 April 1081 – 3990: 3978: 3970: 3969: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3950: 3943:Anatolic Theme 3933: 3923: 3915:Nikephoros III 3911: 3903: 3902: 3884: 3878:24 March 1078 3874: 3862: 3854: 3853: 3838: 3828: 3816: 3808: 3807: 3788: 3778: 3766: 3758: 3757: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3721: 3711: 3699: 3691: 3690: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3662: 3652: 3638: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3620: 3576: 3568:12 June 1042 – 3566: 3558:Constantine IX 3554: 3546: 3545: 3537: 3517: 3502: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3479: 3467: 3459: 3458: 3450: 3444:20 April 1042 3440: 3428: 3420: 3419: 3408: 3398: 3383: 3375: 3374: 3371: 3365:11 April 1034 3361: 3349: 3341: 3340: 3332: 3324: 3313: 3305: 3304: 3285: 3275: 3262: 3254: 3253: 3237: 3227: 3215: 3207: 3206: 3191: 3181: 3169: 3161: 3160: 3149:Joseph Bringas 3144: 3134: 3119: 3111: 3110: 3095:John Kourkouas 3087: 3077: 3065: 3057: 3056: 3017: 3007: 2992: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2969: 2958: 2950: 2949: 2934: 2924: 2912: 2904: 2903: 2888: 2882:29 August 886 2878: 2866: 2858: 2857: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2826: 2816: 2810:"the Drunkard" 2804: 2796: 2795: 2792: 2782: 2771: 2763: 2762: 2743: 2737:2 October 829 2733: 2721: 2713: 2712: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2679: 2669: 2663:"the Armenian" 2657: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2639: 2631: 2621: 2619:Μιχαὴλ Ῥαγγαβέ 2609: 2601: 2600: 2596: 2590:2 October 811 2586: 2575: 2567: 2566: 2554: 2544: 2532: 2524: 2523: 2518:Main article: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2478: 2468: 2457: 2449: 2448: 2440: 2434:19 August 797 2430: 2423:Constantine VI 2419: 2411: 2410: 2407: 2397: 2395:Λέων ὁ Χάζαρος 2385: 2377: 2376: 2365: 2355: 2344: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2321: 2306: 2298: 2297: 2271: 2263:25 March 717 – 2261: 2259:Λέων ὁ Ἴσαυρος 2255:"the Isaurian" 2249: 2241: 2240: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2222: 2212: 2205:Theodosius III 2201: 2193: 2192: 2188: 2178: 2163: 2155: 2154: 2143: 2133: 2117: 2109: 2108: 2097: 2084: 2074: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2053: 2041: 2033: 2032: 2025: 2017: 2006: 1998: 1997: 1992:Main article: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1975: 1964: 1963:(first reign) 1943: 1935: 1934: 1918: 1905: 1892:Constantine IV 1888: 1880: 1879: 1867: 1854: 1837: 1829: 1828: 1813: 1800: 1786: 1778: 1777: 1766: 1756: 1741: 1733: 1732: 1702: 1692: 1681: 1673: 1672: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1648:5 October 610 1644: 1630: 1622: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1593: 1583: 1568: 1560: 1559: 1539: 1533:14 August 582 1529: 1513: 1505: 1504: 1490: 1484:5 October 578 1480: 1466: 1458: 1457: 1426: 1416: 1400: 1392: 1391: 1378:at Bederiana ( 1369: 1359: 1345: 1337: 1336: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1302:Acacian Schism 1264: 1256:11 April 491 – 1254: 1242: 1234: 1233: 1230: 1220: 1209: 1201: 1200: 1197:Acacian Schism 1135: 1121:9 January 475 1117: 1106: 1098: 1097: 1090: 1080: 1068: 1060: 1059: 1001: 991: 979: 971: 970: 967:Leonid dynasty 962: 959: 956: 955: 941: 931: 917: 909: 908: 901: 891: 880: 872: 871: 852: 842: 831: 823: 822: 810: 800: 787: 779: 778: 770: 767: 764: 763: 760:Magnus Maximus 755: 747:9 August 378 – 745: 731: 723: 722: 715: 707:28 March 364 – 705: 694: 686: 685: 677: 667: 661:Οὐαλεντινιανός 652: 644: 643: 635: 632: 629: 628: 614: 604: 589: 581: 580: 578: 575: 572: 571: 563: 553: 543:"the Apostate" 537: 529: 528: 494: 484: 473:Constantius II 469: 461: 460: 457:Constantinople 392: 382: 365: 357: 356: 348: 345: 342: 341: 338: 335: 332: 230:historiography 187:Ottoman Empire 175:Constantinople 169: 168: 165: 161: 160: 151: 147: 146: 137: 133: 132: 129: 125: 124: 121: 117: 116: 114:Constantine XI 111: 107: 106: 101: 97: 96: 92: 91: 88: 87: 84: 83: 77:Constantine XI 70: 62: 61: 58: 57: 54: 51: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9899: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9869: 9867: 9851: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9834: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9817: 9814: 9811: 9808: 9805: 9802: 9799: 9796: 9793: 9790: 9789: 9787: 9783: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9761: 9760: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9744: 9743: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9692: 9691: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9660: 9659: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9638: 9637: 9632: 9629: 9626: 9625: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9609: 9608: 9603: 9602: 9597: 9596: 9591: 9588: 9585: 9584: 9579: 9578: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9492: 9491: 9486: 9485: 9480: 9479: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9453: 9452: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9436: 9435: 9430: 9429:Theodora (II) 9427: 9424: 9423: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9407: 9406: 9401: 9398: 9395: 9394: 9389: 9388: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9352: 9351: 9350: 9344: 9343: 9339: 9337: 9336:Constantine V 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9321:Anastasius II 9319: 9317: 9314: 9311: 9310: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9284: 9283: 9278: 9277: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9261: 9260: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9235: 9229: 9219: 9216: 9213: 9212: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9176: 9175: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9144:Theodosius II 9142: 9140: 9137: 9136: 9134: 9130: 9126: 9120: 9119: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9107: 9103: 9101: 9100: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9088: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9076: 9072: 9070: 9069: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9057: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9045: 9041: 9038: 9037: 9036: 9030: 9029: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9019: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9003: 9002: 8998: 8995: 8994: 8993: 8987: 8986: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8964: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8952:Valentinian I 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8937: 8933: 8931: 8930: 8926: 8924: 8923: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8881: 8877: 8875: 8874:Constantine I 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8864:Constantius I 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8846: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8784: 8783: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8767: 8766: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8754: 8753: 8748: 8747: 8742: 8739: 8736: 8735: 8730: 8727: 8724: 8723: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8684: 8682: 8678: 8674: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8657: 8656: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8532: 8530: 8526: 8522: 8517: 8513: 8506: 8501: 8499: 8494: 8492: 8487: 8486: 8483: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8449: 8447: 8446: 8443: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8389: 8386: 8379: 8375: 8359: 8356: 8355: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8316:Encyclopedias 8314: 8313: 8311: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8299: 8296: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8268: 8265: 8264: 8263: 8260: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8247: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8240:Hellenization 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8202: 8200: 8198:Everyday life 8196: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8173: 8172: 8171: 8170:Acritic songs 8168: 8166: 8163: 8162: 8160: 8158: 8154: 8148: 8145: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8127: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8107: 8105: 8103: 8099: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8076: 8073: 8072: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8052: 8050: 8048: 8044: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8013:Hosios Loukas 8011: 8009: 8006: 8005: 8003: 7999: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7975: 7971: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7936: 7934: 7932: 7928: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7864: 7860: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7843: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7810: 7806: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7770: 7767: 7766: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7756: 7754: 7752: 7748: 7742: 7739: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7716: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7686:Monophysitism 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7659:Armenian Rite 7657: 7655: 7652: 7651: 7650: 7647: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7619: 7618: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7595: 7591: 7577: 7576:Naval battles 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7531: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7521: 7519: 7517: 7513: 7503: 7500: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7486: 7483: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7470: 7469: 7466: 7465: 7463: 7459: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7398: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7371: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7355: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7287: 7283: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7246: 7242: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7217: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7186: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7151: 7149: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7136: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7111: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7099:Protasekretis 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7055: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7019: 7013: 7010: 7006: 7003: 7002: 7001: 6998: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6979: 6976: 6975: 6972: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6954: 6950: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6925: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6833: 6831: 6823: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6768: 6765: 6761: 6758: 6757: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6750: 6744: 6739: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6727:Komnenian era 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6691: 6686: 6680: 6677: 6672: 6668: 6667: 6666: 6665:Heraclian era 6663: 6661: 6660:Justinian era 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6634: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6622: 6617: 6609: 6608: 6604: 6603: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6575: 6571: 6566: 6559: 6554: 6552: 6547: 6545: 6540: 6539: 6536: 6516: 6513: 6510: 6507: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6492: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6480: 6477: 6474: 6471: 6468: 6465: 6462: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6450: 6447: 6444: 6441: 6436: 6433: 6430: 6427: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6406: 6403: 6400: 6397: 6394: 6391: 6388: 6385: 6382: 6379: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6369: 6366: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6342: 6337: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6312: 6307: 6300: 6295: 6293: 6288: 6286: 6281: 6280: 6277: 6268: 6262: 6258: 6257: 6251: 6247: 6241: 6237: 6232: 6228: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6200: 6196: 6191: 6187: 6181: 6177: 6172: 6168: 6162: 6158: 6153: 6149: 6143: 6139: 6134: 6130: 6128:0-19-504652-8 6124: 6120: 6115: 6111: 6105: 6101: 6096: 6092: 6086: 6082: 6077: 6065: 6061: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6046: 6040: 6036: 6031: 6027: 6021: 6017: 6012: 6011: 5997: 5995:0-19-504652-8 5991: 5987: 5986: 5981: 5974: 5966: 5964:0-19-504652-8 5960: 5956: 5955: 5950: 5943: 5936: 5931: 5924: 5919: 5912: 5907: 5899: 5897:0-19-504652-8 5893: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5876: 5868: 5866:0-19-504652-8 5862: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5845: 5838: 5833: 5826: 5821: 5813: 5811:0-19-504652-8 5807: 5803: 5802: 5797: 5790: 5784:, p. 98. 5783: 5778: 5771: 5766: 5759: 5754: 5747: 5742: 5736:, p. 73. 5735: 5730: 5722: 5720:0-19-504652-8 5716: 5712: 5711: 5706: 5699: 5691: 5689:0-19-504652-8 5685: 5681: 5680: 5675: 5668: 5660: 5658:0-19-504652-8 5654: 5650: 5649: 5644: 5637: 5631:, p. 90. 5630: 5625: 5618: 5613: 5606: 5601: 5595:, p. 45. 5594: 5589: 5583:, p. 94. 5582: 5581:Mitchell 2015 5577: 5571:, p. 42. 5570: 5565: 5559:, p. 90. 5558: 5557:Mitchell 2015 5553: 5546: 5541: 5539: 5531: 5526: 5520:, p. 33. 5519: 5514: 5507: 5502: 5496:, p. 30. 5495: 5490: 5482: 5480:0-19-504652-8 5476: 5472: 5471: 5466: 5459: 5451: 5449:0-19-504652-8 5445: 5441: 5440: 5435: 5428: 5421: 5416: 5410:, p. 72. 5409: 5404: 5397: 5392: 5386:, p. 72. 5385: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5371: 5358: 5357:Heraclius II. 5354: 5350: 5344: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5314: 5313: 5306: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5282: 5275: 5268: 5264: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5185: 5182: 5171: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5134:Helena Dragaš 5131: 5129: 5121: 5115: 5111: 5110: 5103: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5089: 5084: 5082: 5074: 5068: 5066: 5059: 5054: 5050: 5045: 5043: 5038:21 July 1425 5035: 5029: 5027: 5020: 5015: 5011: 5009: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4986: 4982: 4977: 4975: 4967: 4961: 4959: 4952: 4947: 4943: 4941: 4934:1 July 1379 – 4933: 4929: 4923: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4899: 4897: 4889: 4883: 4881: 4880:Andronikos IV 4874: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4842:Kantakouzenos 4841: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4807: 4799: 4793: 4791: 4784: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4758: 4756: 4751:15 June 1341 4749:24 May 1328 – 4748: 4742: 4740: 4733: 4728: 4724: 4722: 4709: 4707: 4700: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4678: 4676: 4668: 4662: 4660: 4659:Andronikos II 4653: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4638: 4630: 4624: 4622: 4615: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4591: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4566: 4558: 4552: 4550: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4531: 4523: 4517: 4515: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4484: 4482: 4474: 4468: 4466: 4459: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4431: 4429: 4421: 4415: 4413: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4368: 4360: 4354: 4352: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4333: 4325: 4319: 4317: 4310: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4291: 4286:18 July 1203 4283: 4277: 4275: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4246: 4233:8 April 1195 4230: 4224: 4222: 4215: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4191: 4187: 4176: 4174: 4163: 4157: 4155: 4148: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4133: 4122: 4116: 4114: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4088: 4080: 4074: 4072: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4049: 4044:8 April 1143 4041: 4035: 4033: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4012:First Crusade 4009: 4005: 4001: 3999: 3991: 3985: 3983: 3976: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3939: 3934: 3932: 3927:1 April 1081 3924: 3918: 3916: 3909: 3904: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3883: 3875: 3869: 3867: 3860: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3837: 3829: 3823: 3821: 3814: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3787: 3779: 3773: 3771: 3770:Constantine X 3764: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3740: 3722: 3720: 3712: 3706: 3704: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3673: 3669: 3668: 3663: 3661: 3653: 3647: 3643: 3636: 3631: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3613:Leo Tornikios 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3577: 3575: 3567: 3561: 3559: 3552: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3536: 3531: 3521:12 June 1042 3518: 3512: 3508: 3507: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3488: 3483:12 June 1042 3480: 3474: 3472: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3449: 3441: 3435: 3434:"the Caulker" 3433: 3426: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3407: 3399: 3393: 3389: 3388: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3370: 3362: 3356: 3354: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3284: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3238: 3236: 3228: 3222: 3220: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3192: 3190: 3182: 3176: 3174: 3173:Nikephoros II 3167: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3153:Sayf al-Dawla 3150: 3145: 3143: 3138:15 March 963 3135: 3129: 3125: 3124: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3086: 3078: 3072: 3070: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3053: 3052:De ceremoniis 3047: 3046: 3040: 3036: 3035: 3030: 3029:Sayf al-Dawla 3026: 3022: 3018: 3016: 3008: 3002: 2998: 2997: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2978: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2933: 2925: 2919: 2917: 2910: 2905: 2901: 2893: 2889: 2887: 2873: 2871: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2825: 2817: 2811: 2809: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2791: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2769: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2742: 2734: 2728: 2727:"the Amorian" 2726: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2680: 2678: 2671:11 July 813 – 2670: 2664: 2662: 2655: 2650: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2630: 2622: 2616: 2614: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2595: 2588:26 July 811 – 2587: 2581: 2580: 2573: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2559: 2555: 2553: 2545: 2539: 2537: 2530: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2479: 2477: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2439: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2417: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2406: 2398: 2392: 2390: 2383: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2364: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2330: 2323:18 June 741 – 2322: 2316: 2312: 2311: 2310:Constantine V 2304: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2272: 2270: 2262: 2256: 2254: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2227: 2223: 2221: 2216:25 March 717 2213: 2207: 2206: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2187: 2179: 2176: 2169: 2168: 2167:Anastasius II 2161: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2145:A general of 2144: 2142: 2134: 2131: 2124: 2122: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2096: 2085: 2081: 2079: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2060: 2054: 2048: 2046: 2039: 2034: 2030: 2027:General from 2026: 2024: 2018: 2012: 2011: 2004: 1999: 1995: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1974: 1965: 1960: 1953: 1949: 1948: 1941: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1927:Monothelitism 1924: 1919: 1917: 1906: 1903: 1896: 1895:"the Younger" 1893: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1866: 1852: 1845: 1844:"the Bearded" 1842: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1812: 1802:11 February – 1801: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1770:Fabia Eudokia 1767: 1765: 1758:11 February – 1757: 1754: 1747: 1746: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1703: 1701: 1693: 1687: 1686: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1659: 1655: 1653: 1645: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1628: 1623: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1592: 1584: 1581: 1574: 1573: 1566: 1561: 1557: 1556: 1551: 1540: 1538: 1530: 1527: 1520: 1518: 1511: 1506: 1502: 1491: 1489: 1481: 1478: 1472: 1471: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1453: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1425: 1418:1 April 527 – 1417: 1414: 1407: 1405: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1370: 1368: 1363:1 August 527 1360: 1357: 1351: 1350: 1343: 1338: 1334: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1290:heterochromia 1287: 1283: 1279: 1278: 1273: 1265: 1263: 1255: 1249: 1247: 1240: 1235: 1231: 1229: 1221: 1215: 1214: 1207: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1136: 1134: 1118: 1112: 1111: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1089: 1084:November 474 1081: 1078:Λέων ὁ μικρός 1075: 1073: 1066: 1061: 1057: 1056:Tarasicodissa 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1020: 1019: 1013: 1006: 1002: 1000: 992: 986: 984: 977: 972: 968: 957: 953: 949: 946: 942: 940: 932: 929: 923: 922: 915: 910: 906: 902: 900: 892: 886: 885: 884:Theodosius II 878: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 851: 843: 837: 836: 829: 824: 820: 816: 811: 809: 801: 795: 792: 785: 780: 776: 765: 761: 756: 754: 746: 743: 737: 736: 729: 724: 720: 716: 714: 709:9 August 378 706: 700: 699: 692: 687: 683: 678: 676: 671:28 March 364 669:26 February – 668: 665: 664:Valentinianus 658: 657: 656:Valentinian I 650: 645: 641: 630: 626: 615: 613: 606:27 June 363 – 605: 602: 595: 594: 587: 582: 573: 569: 564: 562: 554: 551: 544: 542: 535: 530: 526: 525: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 495: 493: 485: 482: 475: 474: 467: 462: 458: 454: 450: 449: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 425: 421: 417: 414:. Proclaimed 413: 409: 406: 405: 397: 393: 391: 384:25 July 306 – 383: 380: 373: 370: 369:Constantine I 363: 358: 354: 343: 339: 336: 333: 330: 329: 326: 324: 320: 316: 314: 310: 306: 305: 300: 296: 292: 288: 287: 282: 278: 277: 274: 269: 268: 263: 262: 257: 253: 248: 246: 242: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 210: 207: 203: 198: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 166: 162: 159: 156: 153:Unspecified, 152: 148: 145: 141: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 115: 112: 108: 105: 104:Constantine I 102: 98: 93: 89: 85: 79: 78: 73: 72:Last to reign 68: 63: 59: 52: 44: 41: 37: 33: 32:Constantine I 19: 9759:Andronikos V 9757: 9740: 9688: 9656: 9634: 9622: 9605: 9599: 9593: 9581: 9575: 9488: 9482: 9476: 9449: 9432: 9420: 9403: 9391: 9385: 9372:Nikephoros I 9347: 9346: 9340: 9307: 9304:Justinian II 9299:Tiberius III 9289:Justinian II 9280: 9274: 9257: 9209: 9181:Anastasius I 9172: 9116: 9112:Julius Nepos 9104: 9097: 9085: 9073: 9066: 9054: 9042: 9033: 9032: 9026: 8999: 8990: 8989: 8983: 8974:Theodosius I 8961: 8934: 8927: 8920: 8891:Maximinus II 8878: 8780: 8763: 8750: 8744: 8732: 8720: 8653: 8615:Lucius Verus 8515: 8181: 7949:Hagia Sophia 7931:Thessalonica 7906:Hagia Sophia 7886:Chora Church 7824:Architecture 7701:Great Schism 7691:Paulicianism 7669:Miaphysitism 7524:Karabisianoi 6977: 6828:or territory 6788:Thessalonica 6772:Latin Empire 6767:Frankokratia 6742: 6702:Isaurian era 6689: 6620: 6605: 6601:Roman Empire 6591: 6496: 6324:Roman Empire 6255: 6235: 6216: 6194: 6175: 6156: 6137: 6118: 6099: 6080: 6068:. Retrieved 6064:the original 6057: 6034: 6015: 6007:Bibliography 5983: 5973: 5952: 5942: 5930: 5918: 5906: 5885: 5875: 5854: 5844: 5832: 5825:Gregory 2005 5820: 5799: 5789: 5777: 5770:Norwich 1989 5765: 5753: 5741: 5729: 5708: 5698: 5677: 5667: 5646: 5636: 5629:Wickham 2009 5624: 5612: 5600: 5588: 5576: 5564: 5552: 5525: 5513: 5501: 5489: 5468: 5458: 5437: 5427: 5415: 5403: 5391: 5356: 5348: 5343: 5329:(1): 26–33. 5326: 5322: 5310: 5305: 5281: 5273: 5267: 5195:Lists portal 5125: 5124:29 May 1453 5108: 5086: 5078: 5064: 5039: 5025: 5005: 4981:Thessalonica 4971: 4957: 4937: 4893: 4892:1 July 1379 4879: 4851: 4839: 4803: 4789: 4752: 4738: 4717: 4705: 4672: 4671:24 May 1328 4658: 4634: 4621:Michael VIII 4620: 4562: 4548: 4527: 4513: 4494:Latin Empire 4478: 4464: 4425: 4411: 4364: 4350: 4329: 4315: 4287: 4273: 4234: 4220: 4170: 4154:Andronikos I 4153: 4129: 4112: 4084: 4070: 4045: 4031: 4008:Seljuk Turks 3995: 3981: 3936: 3928: 3914: 3879: 3865: 3833: 3819: 3783: 3782:23 May 1067 3769: 3716: 3702: 3665: 3657: 3641: 3617:Great Schism 3605:Seljuk Turks 3571: 3557: 3532: 3522: 3505: 3484: 3470: 3445: 3431: 3403: 3386: 3366: 3352: 3339:and exiled. 3327: 3315: 3280: 3265: 3232: 3218: 3186: 3172: 3139: 3121: 3082: 3068: 3050: 3032: 3012: 3009:6 June 913 – 2994: 2974: 2971:11 May 912 – 2961: 2929: 2922:Λέων ὁ Σοφός 2915: 2890:Born in the 2883: 2869: 2821: 2807: 2787: 2773: 2738: 2724: 2674: 2660: 2626: 2625:11 July 813 2612: 2591: 2577: 2556: 2549: 2548:26 July 811 2536:Nikephoros I 2535: 2473: 2460: 2435: 2428:Κωνσταντῖνος 2421: 2402: 2391:"the Khazar" 2388: 2360: 2346: 2326: 2308: 2266: 2265:18 June 741 2252: 2217: 2203: 2183: 2180:4 June 713 – 2174: 2166: 2138: 2129: 2120: 2092: 2078:Justinian II 2077: 2056: 2045:Tiberius III 2044: 2020: 2008: 1970: 1958: 1947:Justinian II 1945: 1913: 1912:10 July 685 1902:Constantinus 1901: 1891: 1862: 1861:15 July 668 1850: 1840: 1808: 1796: 1795:Ἡρακλεωνᾶς, 1788: 1761: 1752: 1743: 1728: 1697: 1683: 1649: 1640: 1632: 1588: 1579: 1570: 1553: 1534: 1525: 1516: 1485: 1476: 1468: 1446:Hagia Sophia 1437: 1421: 1412: 1403: 1364: 1361:9 July 518 – 1355: 1347: 1285: 1277:silentiarius 1275: 1259: 1246:Anastasius I 1245: 1225: 1211: 1146: 1130:9 April 491 1128:August 476 – 1122: 1108: 1093: 1085: 1082:18 January – 1074:"the Little" 1071: 1010:400, and of 996: 982: 944: 936: 927: 919: 896: 895:28 July 450 882: 856:Roman Empire 847: 833: 805: 791:Theodosius I 790: 750: 741: 733: 710: 696: 672: 663: 654: 624: 609: 600: 591: 558: 557:26 June 363 549: 540: 522: 511:Hagia Sophia 507:Nicene Creed 489: 486:22 May 337 – 480: 471: 446: 423: 415: 402: 387: 378: 368: 317: 302: 294: 284: 280: 271: 265: 259: 249: 218:Theodosius I 214:Roman Empire 211: 199: 190: 172: 164:Pretender(s) 154: 140:Great Palace 75: 71: 40: 9818:(1224–1242) 9812:(1204–1461) 9601:Konstantios 9478:Christopher 9451:Constantine 9441:Michael III 9422:Constantine 9405:Constantine 9387:Theophylact 9316:Philippicus 9266:Constans II 9191:Justinian I 9087:Severus III 9035:Constans II 8789:Claudius II 8765:Silbannacus 8712:Gordian III 8687:Maximinus I 8655:Diadumenian 8432:Megali Idea 8407:Byzantinism 8110:Agriculture 7901:Hagia Irene 7734:Kievan Rus' 7711:Mount Athos 7534:Cibyrrhaeot 7478:Vestiaritai 7333:Mercenaries 7210:Catepanates 7069:Sakellarios 6988:Family tree 6913:Mesopotamia 6732:Angelid era 6712:Amorian era 6517:(1224–1246) 6511:(1204–1461) 6505:(1204–1261) 6499:(395–1453) 6461:Tetrarchies 6329:Family tree 5758:Sarris 2023 5396:Hooker 2007 5294:patronymics 5150:Turahan Bey 5067:Palaiologos 5028:Palaiologos 4960:Palaiologos 4905: 1352 4882:Palaiologos 4860:Palaiologoi 4792:Palaiologos 4741:Palaiologos 4708:Palaiologos 4661:Palaiologos 4623:Palaiologos 4601:Palaiologos 4586: 1305 4514:Theodore II 4490: 1192 4437: 1174 4274:Alexios III 4182: 1118 3917:Botaneiates 3899: 1090 3892:Constantine 3866:Michael VII 3800:Konstantios 3735: 1061 3728: 1005 3481:21 April – 3353:Romanos III 3107:Christopher 3105:(alongside 3103:Constantine 2973:6 June 913 2928:11 May 912 2808:Michael III 2690:Constantine 2636:Theophylact 2282:Germanikeia 2137:3 June 713 2121:Philippicus 2047:(Apsimarus) 1959:Iustinianus 1841:Constans II 1821:Constans II 1760:25 May 641 1519:Constantine 1517:Tiberius II 1475:Ἰουστῖνος, 1406:"the Great" 1404:Justinian I 1354:Ἰουστῖνος, 1272:Dyrrhachium 1258:9 July 518 1224:August 476 1189:Monophysite 1087:(10 months) 1038:to recover 926:Μαρκιανός, 893:1 May 408 – 794:"the Great" 740:Γρατιανός, 478:Κωνστάντιος 408:Constantius 386:22 May 337 372:"the Great" 241:Charlemagne 191:symbasileis 131:29 May 1453 9866:Categories 9595:Andronikos 9583:Nikephoros 9532:Michael IV 9497:Romanos II 9417:Theophilos 9412:Michael II 9393:Staurakios 9377:Staurakios 9349:Nikephoros 9342:Artabasdos 9254:Heraclonas 9211:Theodosius 9169:Basiliscus 8929:Nepotianus 8922:Magnentius 8916:Constans I 8869:Severus II 8849:Diocletian 8794:Quintillus 8759:Aemilianus 8752:Volusianus 8697:Gordian II 8662:Elagabalus 8525:Principate 8427:Third Rome 8353:University 8336:Philosophy 8326:Inventions 8189:Historians 8157:Literature 8140:Varangians 7982:San Vitale 7911:Hippodrome 7891:City Walls 7791:Mutilation 7786:Hexabiblos 7706:Bogomilism 7696:Iconoclasm 7566:Megas doux 7556:Greek fire 7539:Aegean Sea 7412:Kleisourai 7389:Excubitors 7379:Bucellarii 7231:Despotates 7200:Kleisourai 7139:Provincial 6983:Coronation 6957:Governance 6722:Doukid era 6655:Leonid era 6419:(235–284) 6346:Principate 6259:. Viking. 5545:Elton 2018 5530:Elton 2018 5384:Nicol 1993 5254:References 5088:autokrator 4706:Michael IX 4682:Michael IX 4599:See also: 4422:May 1205 – 4412:Theodore I 4390:See also: 4337:February. 4316:Alexios IV 4199:See also: 4113:Alexios II 3960:See also: 3820:Romanos IV 3796:Andronikos 3748:See also: 3681:See also: 3642:Michael VI 3615:, and the 3560:Monomachos 3542:Michael VI 3519:21 April – 3387:Michael IV 3123:Romanos II 2967:Ἀλέξανδρος 2918:"the Wise" 2900:Paulicians 2848:See also: 2775:Theophilos 2725:Michael II 2707:See also: 2686: 755 2584:Σταυράκιος 2579:Staurakios 2501:veneration 2497:iconoclasm 2485: 752 2357:June 741 – 2353:Ἀρτάβασδος 2348:Artabasdos 2278: 685 2235:See also: 2214:late 715 – 2123:(Bardanes) 2055:698 – 705 2019:695 – 698 1972:(10 years) 1790:Heraclonas 1709: 575 1667:See also: 1605:Theodosius 1601:Cappadocia 1550:Excubitors 1546: 535 1497: 520 1442:Belisarius 1388:Excubitors 1376: 450 1331:See also: 1218:Βασιλίσκος 1213:Basiliscus 1187:. His pro- 1177:Ostrogoths 1157:Basiliscus 1036:expedition 965:See also: 846:1 May 408 773:See also: 638:See also: 621: 332 499:Magnentius 431:Diocletian 351:See also: 304:Autokrator 158:hereditary 123:11 May 330 48:the Romans 9837:Classical 9822:Empresses 9806:(286–296) 9800:(267–273) 9794:(260–274) 9537:Michael V 9463:Alexander 9276:Heraclius 9244:Heraclius 9196:Justin II 9106:Glycerius 9093:Anthemius 8963:Procopius 8901:Martinian 8880:Maxentius 8809:Florianus 8782:Saloninus 8777:Gallienus 8746:Hostilian 8722:Philip II 8692:Gordian I 8640:Caracalla 8575:Vespasian 8570:Vitellius 8255:Octoechos 8135:Silk Road 7627:Hesychasm 7495:Paramonai 7442:Hetaireia 7374:Foederati 7263:Diplomacy 7258:Diplomats 7164:Provinces 6993:Empresses 6796:Trebizond 6592:Preceding 6493:(395–476) 6481:(378–455) 6475:(364–392) 6469:(305–363) 6463:(293–313) 6451:(286–297) 6445:(260–274) 6437:(268–284) 6431:(238–244) 6407:(193–235) 6401:(192–193) 6070:25 August 5935:Lygo 2022 5923:Lygo 2022 5911:Lygo 2022 5837:Lygo 2022 5782:Lygo 2022 5734:Lygo 2022 5617:Lygo 2022 5605:Lygo 2022 5593:Lygo 2022 5569:Lygo 2022 5518:Lygo 2022 5506:Lygo 2022 5494:Lygo 2022 5366:Citations 5154:Mehmed II 5095:in 1439. 5065:John VIII 5026:Manuel II 4909:Selymbria 4864:civil war 4351:Alexios V 4172:(2 years) 4131:(3 years) 3982:Alexios I 3938:strategos 3804:his widow 3597:Pechenegs 3432:Michael V 3221:Tzimiskes 3203:Theophano 3071:Lekapenos 3069:Romanos I 2962:Alexander 2613:Michael I 2286:Commagene 2210:Θεοδόσιος 2182:late 715 2130:Filepicus 2058:(7 years) 2022:(3 years) 1797:Heraclius 1690:Ἡράκλειος 1685:Heraclius 1609:Chalcedon 1597:Arabissus 1470:Justin II 1434:Macedonia 1430:Tauresium 1312:and by a 1248:"Dicorus" 1193:Henotikon 1048:Isaurians 1042:from the 948:Pulcheria 928:Marcianus 905:Anthemius 889:Θεοδόσιος 862:—and the 742:Gratianus 453:Byzantium 331:Portrait 319:Dynasties 293:, though 291:sovereign 273:Imperator 256:Heraclius 206:Byzantium 150:Appointer 136:Residence 128:Abolition 120:Formation 9832:Usurpers 9827:Augustae 9785:See also 9690:Nicholas 9512:Basil II 9309:Tiberius 9294:Leontius 9282:Tiberius 9259:Tiberius 9237:610–1453 9232:Eastern/ 9186:Justin I 9139:Arcadius 9099:Olybrius 9081:Majorian 9022:Honorius 9001:Eugenius 8936:Vetranio 8886:Licinius 8859:Galerius 8854:Maximian 8839:Dominate 8829:Numerian 8799:Aurelian 8772:Valerian 8717:Philip I 8707:Balbinus 8702:Pupienus 8650:Macrinus 8625:Pertinax 8620:Commodus 8585:Domitian 8550:Claudius 8545:Caligula 8540:Tiberius 8535:Augustus 8348:Scholars 8341:Rhetoric 8331:Medicine 8306:Learning 8205:Calendar 8082:Painters 7781:Basilika 7719:Bulgaria 7681:Arianism 7632:Hayhurum 7609:Religion 7571:Admirals 7490:Allagion 7422:Droungos 7328:Generals 7290:Military 7253:Treaties 7159:Dioceses 6978:Emperors 6891:Sardinia 6871:Dalmatia 6851:Bulgaria 6841:Anatolia 6800:Theodoro 6794: / 6790: / 6782: / 6395:(96–192) 6356:Dominate 6215:(1989). 5335:41540754 5167:See also 4958:John VII 4913:appanage 4774:Thessaly 4551:Laskaris 4516:Laskaris 4467:Vatatzes 4465:John III 4414:Laskaris 4392:Laskaris 4251:Bulgaria 4221:Isaac II 4156:Komnenos 4115:Komnenos 4073:Komnenos 4071:Manuel I 4034:Komnenos 4006:and the 3984:Komnenos 3962:Komnenos 3947:Komnenos 3822:Diogenes 3705:Komnenos 3683:Komnenos 3603:and the 3591:and the 3506:Theodora 3455:Theodora 3266:Basil II 2946:Simeon I 2831:Theodora 2780:Θεόφιλος 2153:troops. 2151:Opsician 2147:Armenian 2105:Tiberius 2015:Λεόντιος 2010:Leontius 1876:Mizizios 1872:Syracuse 1729:basileus 1477:Iustinus 1432:(Taor), 1384:Dardania 1356:Iustinus 1349:Justin I 1300:and the 1094:Augustus 1040:Carthage 1003:Born in 952:gangrene 868:Honorius 840:Ἀρκάδιος 835:Arcadius 815:Eugenius 684:in 375. 616:Born in 598:Ἰοβιανός 524:Caesares 503:Arianism 435:Dominate 427:Licinius 424:Augustus 416:Augustus 404:Augustus 394:Born at 295:Augustus 286:Basileus 281:Augustus 261:Augustus 238:Frankish 226:Augustus 181:, which 155:de facto 55:Imperial 9842:Eastern 9742:Matthew 9636:Alexios 9484:Stephen 9446:Basil I 9331:Leo III 9206:Maurice 9149:Marcian 9132:395–610 9056:Joannes 9015:395–480 8969:Gratian 8842:284–610 8824:Carinus 8804:Tacitus 8680:235–285 8600:Hadrian 8457:Outline 8402:Museums 8302:Science 8279:Slavery 8235:Gardens 8215:Cuisine 8147:Dynatoi 8115:Coinage 8102:Economy 8070:Mosaics 8033:Mystras 7974:Ravenna 7836:Secular 7724:Moravia 7473:Pronoia 7447:Akritai 7432:Tagmata 7407:Themata 7348:Revolts 7318:Battles 7226:Kephale 7195:Themata 7125:Mesazon 6967:Central 6903:Maghreb 6856:Corsica 6846:Armenia 6836:Albania 6579:History 6389:(69–96) 6383:(68–69) 5982:(ed.). 5951:(ed.). 5884:(ed.). 5853:(ed.). 5798:(ed.). 5707:(ed.). 5676:(ed.). 5645:(ed.). 5467:(ed.). 5436:(ed.). 5312:Flavius 4840:John VI 4579:blinded 4549:John IV 4377:blinded 4318:Angelos 4300:Nicaean 4276:Angelos 4255:blinded 4223:Angelos 4201:Angelos 4097:Hungary 4055:Alexios 4032:John II 4004:Normans 3941:of the 3850:blinded 3792:Michael 3703:Isaac I 3644:Bringas 3601:Balkans 3599:in the 3355:Argyros 3337:blinded 3246:crushed 3099:Stephen 3034:dynatoi 2938:Saracen 2870:Basil I 2753:, lost 2747:Amorium 2615:Rangabe 2445:blinded 2373:blinded 2253:Leo III 2029:Isauria 1979:Cherson 1817:Martina 1774:Martina 1639:Φωκᾶς, 1572:Maurice 1310:Balkans 1286:Dikoros 1282:Ariadne 1270:430 at 1173:Balkans 1161:Vandals 1143:Isauria 1141:425 in 1052:Ariadne 1044:Vandals 1012:Bessian 945:Augusta 921:Marcian 817:at the 735:Gratian 448:solidus 396:Naissus 309:Ῥωμαῖοι 267:Dominus 185:to the 95:Details 9604:& 9580:& 9487:& 9458:Leo VI 9434:Thekla 9390:& 9357:Leo IV 9279:& 9218:Phocas 9174:Marcus 9159:Leo II 9075:Avitus 8992:Victor 8957:Valens 8947:Jovian 8942:Julian 8814:Probus 8749:& 8729:Decius 8677:Crisis 8595:Trajan 8467:Portal 8382:Impact 8262:People 8210:Cities 8060:Enamel 7841:Sacred 7776:Ecloga 7642:Saints 7551:Dromon 7427:Bandon 7417:Tourma 7400:Middle 7323:Beacon 7205:Bandon 7188:Middle 7057:Middle 7012:Senate 6935:Thrace 6918:Serbia 6896:Sicily 6881:Greece 6866:Cyprus 6784:Epirus 6780:Nicaea 6690:Middle 6567:topics 6344:Early 6263: 6242: 6223: 6201: 6182: 6163: 6144: 6125: 6106: 6087: 6041: 6022: 5992: 5961: 5894: 5863: 5808: 5717: 5686: 5655: 5477: 5446: 5333: 4911:as an 4790:John V 4770:Epirus 4498:Epirus 4445:Nicaea 3772:Doukas 3750:Doukas 3584:Lesbos 3416:Sicily 3219:John I 3199:Phokas 3175:Phokas 2916:Leo VI 2835:Bardas 2489:Athens 2466:Εἰρήνη 2389:Leo IV 2101:Bulgar 1825:Senate 1634:Phocas 1555:Caesar 1501:Sophia 1438:consul 1306:Bulgar 1179:under 1169:Verina 1072:Leo II 703:Οὐάλης 698:Valens 593:Jovian 541:Julian 519:Julian 443:Nicaea 412:Helena 340:Notes 337:Reign 276:Caesar 34:, see 9400:Leo V 9367:Irene 9154:Leo I 8819:Carus 8590:Nerva 8580:Titus 8560:Galba 8512:Roman 8452:Index 8284:Death 8274:Women 8245:Music 8225:Dress 8220:Dance 8165:Novel 8125:Trade 8120:Mints 8065:Glass 8055:Icons 7851:Domes 7729:Serbs 7544:Samos 7357:Early 7147:Early 7021:Early 6930:Syria 6908:Malta 6886:Italy 6876:Egypt 6861:Crete 6792:Morea 6621:Early 6425:(238) 5331:JSTOR 5276:..." 5259:Notes 4485:Born 4432:Born 4186:Isaac 4177:Born 4093:Isaac 3723:Born 3578:Born 2755:Crete 2661:Leo V 2505:icons 2480:Born 2461:Irene 2273:Born 1704:Born 1641:Focas 1541:Born 1492:Born 1371:Born 1266:Born 1165:Illus 1153:Aspar 1137:Born 1024:Aspar 1005:Dacia 983:Leo I 334:Name 252:title 234:papal 9756:(w. 9739:(w. 9687:(w. 9658:John 9655:(w. 9633:(w. 9621:(w. 9592:(w. 9574:(w. 9475:(w. 9448:(w. 9431:(w. 9419:(w. 9402:(w. 9384:(w. 9345:(w. 9306:(w. 9273:(w. 9256:(w. 9208:(w. 9171:(w. 9164:Zeno 9031:(w. 8988:(w. 8779:(w. 8743:(w. 8731:(w. 8719:(w. 8652:(w. 8645:Geta 8565:Otho 8555:Nero 8514:and 8250:Lyra 8130:silk 7741:Jews 7516:Navy 7461:Late 7301:Army 7268:Wars 7219:Late 7113:Late 6743:Late 6363:and 6261:ISBN 6240:ISBN 6221:ISBN 6199:ISBN 6180:ISBN 6161:ISBN 6142:ISBN 6123:ISBN 6104:ISBN 6085:ISBN 6072:2015 6039:ISBN 6020:ISBN 5990:ISBN 5959:ISBN 5892:ISBN 5861:ISBN 5806:ISBN 5715:ISBN 5684:ISBN 5653:ISBN 5475:ISBN 5444:ISBN 4772:and 4603:and 4394:and 4203:and 3964:and 3798:and 3752:and 3685:and 3611:and 3250:Rus' 3248:the 3101:and 2852:and 1318:Dara 1167:and 1110:Zeno 1032:West 517:and 410:and 315:). 311:and 250:The 183:fell 167:None 9577:Leo 9522:Zoe 8768:(?) 8047:Art 7751:Law 3471:Zoe 2503:of 2487:in 2280:in 1870:to 1382:), 1314:war 521:as 441:at 313:Rûm 243:as 9868:: 9598:, 9481:, 6056:. 5537:^ 5374:^ 5327:47 5325:. 5321:. 4902:c. 4822:. 4588:. 4583:c. 4500:. 4487:c. 4434:c. 4179:c. 4165:c. 4126:c. 3896:c. 3848:, 3794:, 3737:. 3732:c. 3725:c. 3580:c. 3241:c. 3195:c. 3159:. 2948:. 2895:c. 2683:c. 2565:. 2482:c. 2296:. 2284:, 2275:c. 2087:c. 1967:c. 1910:c. 1878:. 1857:c. 1805:c. 1776:. 1715:, 1706:c. 1611:. 1599:, 1543:c. 1494:c. 1373:c. 1268:c. 1139:c. 1022:, 1008:c. 954:. 762:. 721:. 618:c. 399:c. 142:, 9762:) 9745:) 9693:) 9661:) 9639:) 9627:) 9610:) 9586:) 9493:) 9454:) 9437:) 9425:) 9408:) 9396:) 9353:) 9312:) 9285:) 9262:) 9214:) 9177:) 9039:) 8996:) 8785:) 8755:) 8737:) 8725:) 8658:) 8504:e 8497:t 8490:v 6802:) 6798:– 6786:– 6673:" 6669:" 6557:e 6550:t 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