2368:
3395:
3353:
3297:
3283:
3269:
1808:
2109:
2094:
1793:
2004:
69:
2034:
1966:
3381:
2598:
3339:
3367:
2019:
1561:
3444:
3325:
2701:
1726:
2079:
3122:
3000:
1421:
1546:
3311:
2049:
3150:
3108:
3080:
3466:
3052:
1861:
1823:
2064:
2985:
2970:
3030:
2616:
3015:
882:". The theory behind this was that the Chinese emperor acted as the "Son of Heaven" and held a mandate to rule over everyone else in the world; but only as long as he served the people well. If the quality of rule became questionable because of repeated natural disasters such as flood or famine, or for other reasons, then rebellion was justified. This important concept legitimized the dynastic cycle or the change of dynasties. This principle made it possible even for peasants to found new dynasties, as happened with the Han and Ming dynasties, and for the establishment of
531:
329:
2955:
2653:
1636:
865:) succeeded to the throne. In some cases when the empress did not bear any children, the emperor would have a child with another of his many wives (all children of the emperor were said also to be the children of the empress, regardless of birth mother). In some dynasties the succession of the empress' eldest son was disputed, and because many emperors had large numbers of progeny, there were wars of succession between rival sons. In an attempt to resolve after-death disputes, the emperor, while still living, often designated a crown prince (
1696:
2516:
1501:
2498:
1711:
2791:
3494:
3220:
1842:
1516:
1606:
1891:
837:
1621:
1435:
1407:
3094:
2731:
2858:
2686:
1906:
1486:
1471:
2146:
1936:
1921:
2918:
1591:
2131:
1666:
2813:
1985:
3409:
1681:
2338:
2903:
2873:
3234:
2183:
1951:
1351:
2398:
2843:
2671:
2233:
1651:
2548:
2428:
2293:
1379:
1876:
2828:
2746:
2168:
3206:
3178:
1531:
2458:
2263:
1456:
2761:
1778:
1576:
2776:
2716:
2413:
2248:
2933:
1741:
2888:
2631:
3248:
2323:
1393:
3164:
3423:
1756:
3480:
87:
3192:
2584:
2530:
2213:
2566:
2480:
2353:
1365:
2198:
2367:
2383:
2308:
2278:
749:
The usual method for widespread geographic power consolidation was to involve the whole family. From generation to generation, the bonds weakened between the branches of family established as local rulers in different areas. After a sufficient period of time, their loyalty could no longer be assured,
611:
Traditional political theory holds that there can only be one legitimate Son of Heaven at any given time. However, identifying the "legitimate" emperor during times of division is not always uncontroversial, and therefore the exact number of legitimate emperors depends on where one stands on a number
1135:, the sovereign conventionally changed the era name semi-regularly during his or her reign. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, emperors simply chose one era name for their entire reign, and people often referred to past emperors with that title. In earlier dynasties, the emperors were known with a
1265:), were often referred to by their order of birthβe.g. Eldest Prince or Third Princess. Princes were often given titles of peerage once they reached adulthood. The emperor's brothers and uncles served in court by law, and held equal status with other court officials (
935:
As the emperor had, by law, an absolute position not to be challenged by anyone else, his or her subjects were to show the utmost respect in his or her presence, whether in direct conversation or otherwise. When approaching the imperial throne, one was expected to
852:
was hereditary, traditionally passed on from father to son in each dynasty. There are also instances where the throne is assumed by a younger brother, should the deceased emperor have no male offspring. By convention in most dynasties, the eldest son born to the
723:). In theory, the emperor's orders were to be obeyed immediately. He was elevated above all commoners, nobility and members of the Imperial family. Addresses to the emperor were always to be formal and self-deprecatory, even by the closest of family members.
812:
had a significant role in the power structure, as emperors often relied on a few of them as confidants, which gave them access to many court documents. In a few places, eunuchs wielded vast power; one of the most powerful eunuchs in
Chinese history was
773:, would cycle through high government officials rapidly, or simply leave top-ranking posts vacant, such that no one could threaten their power. During other reigns, certain officials in the civil bureaucracy wielded more power than the emperor himself.
505:
dynasties were founded by successful invaders of different ethnic groups. As part of their rule over China, they also went through the culturally appropriate rituals of formally declaring a new dynasty and taking on the
Chinese title of
1253:) usually received the greatest respect in the palace and was the decision maker in most family affairs. At times, especially when a young emperor was on the throne, she was the de facto ruler. The emperor's children, the princes (
1211:, in which the Empress was supreme. Every dynasty had its set of rules regarding the numerical composition of the harem. During the Qing dynasty, for example, imperial convention dictated that at any given time there should be one
2003:
972:) by the use of synonyms, homophones, or leaving out the final stroke of the taboo character. This linguistic feature can sometimes be used to date historical texts, by noting which words in parallel texts are altered.
1807:
2443:
2108:
871:). Even such a clear designation, however, was often thwarted by jealousy and distrust, whether it was the crown prince plotting against the emperor, or brothers plotting against each other. Some emperors, like the
2093:
1333:
school, however, argues that the interaction between politics and ethnicity was far more complex and that elements of these dynasties differed from and altered "native
Chinese" traditions concerning imperial rule.
1792:
3394:
3352:
3296:
276:
gained sanction as the official political theory. The absolute authority of the emperor came with a variety of governing duties and moral obligations; failure to uphold these was thought to remove the dynasty's
447:
carried similar shades of meaning. Alternate
English translations of the word include "The August Ancestor", "The Holy Ruler", or "The Divine Lord". On that account, some modern scholars translate the title as
428:
kings. In the 3rd century BC, the two titles had not previously been used together. The emperor of China, like the Zhou kings before him, and the Shang kings before them, was most commonly referred to as
3282:
3268:
3732:
3066:
808:
during the Qing, who for a time ruled jointly as co-regents. Where
Empresses Dowager were too weak to assume power, or her family too strongly opposed, court officials often seized control. Court
3136:
2033:
471:, was the first to become emperor while his father yet lived. It was said he granted the title during his father's life because he would not be done obeisance to by his own father, a commoner.
1965:
2597:
474:
Owing to political fragmentation, over the centuries, it has not been uncommon to have numerous claimants to the title of "Son of Heaven". The
Chinese political concept of the
1072:
In contrast to the
Western convention of using a regnal or personal name (e.g. George V) to refer to a sovereign, the emperor was referred to in the third person simply as
552:, who had reigned as the Xuantong Emperor, abdicated on 12 February 1912, ending the Qing dynasty as well as the imperial tradition altogether, after more than 2100 years.
886:
such as the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty and Manchu-led Qing dynasty. It was moral integrity and benevolent leadership that determined the holder of the "Mandate of Heaven".
647:, there were a total 557 individuals who at one point or another claimed the title of Emperor, including several simultaneous claimants at various times. Some, such as
68:
3961:
384:, he adopted a new title to reflect his prestige as a ruler greater than the rulers before him. He called himself "Shi Huangdi", or the 'First Emperor'. Before this,
2652:
2048:
3443:
568:
for 12 days during a coup in 1917 but was overthrown again shortly after. Although permitted to remain in the palace, he absconded to the
Japanese concession in
4157:
3380:
2078:
2063:
663:
and founded their own empires as a rival government to challenge the legitimacy of and overthrow the existing emperor. Among the most famous emperors were
281:
and to justify its overthrow. In practice, emperors sometimes avoided the strict rules of succession and dynasties' purported "failures" were detailed in
4130:
754:, who disenfranchised and annihilated the nobilities of virtually all imperial relatives whose forebears had been enfeoffed by his own ancestor, Gaozu.
592:. He would be formally pardoned and released in 1959, working in a repair shop and as a researcher of literature and history until his death in 1967.
3884:"Volume I: The Early Years of the Han dynasty from 209 to 141 B.C. Part III: The Victor - The Basic Annals of Emperor Kao-tsu (Shih-chi 8)" p. 108-109.
2018:
636:. Adding the eight uncontroversial emperors that followed the Kangxi Emperor would give a grand total of 158 emperors from the First Emperor to Puyi.
878:
Unlike, for example, the
Japanese monarchy, Chinese political theory allowed for a change in the ruling house. This was based on the concept of the "
3338:
3366:
875:, after abolishing the position of Crown Prince, placed the succession papers in a sealed box, only to be opened and announced after his death.
966:'son', for a male emperor). The given names of all the emperor's deceased male ancestors were forbidden from being written, and were avoided (
757:
Apart from a few very energetic monarchs, the emperor usually delegated the majority of decision making to the civil bureaucracy (chiefly the
4568:
4429:
4336:
1560:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4593:
2700:
2212:
4464:
2999:
1725:
359:
3916:
2615:
940:
before the emperor. In a conversation with the emperor, it was considered a crime to compare oneself to the emperor in any way. It was
3760:
1545:
1094:'present emperor above'). Under the Qing, the emperor was usually styled 'His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of the Great Qing Dynasty,
4588:
4542:
4150:
1860:
1822:
1710:
1420:
1329:, and performed the traditional imperial obligations such as annual sacrifices to Heaven for rain and prosperity. The revisionist
3512:
376:
period, the regional lords overshadowed the king and began to usurp that title for themselves. In 221 BC, after the King of
3121:
3014:
2418:
1695:
589:
539:
4714:
4070:
3971:
3849:
3716:
3520:
3324:
2529:
2479:
358:
served a strong central monarch. Following a brutal succession crisis and relocation of the royal capital, the power of the
4492:
4477:
4227:
4143:
3516:
854:
3029:
3786:
3524:
3149:
4497:
3641:
3310:
2039:
1635:
632:. The Qing view, reported to Europe by the Jesuits, was that there had been 150 emperors from the First Emperor to the
557:
3107:
2984:
2969:
1297:, but there were also many Chinese emperors who were of non-Han ethnic origins. The most successful of these were the
1045:), the original Chinese first-person singular pronoun arrogated by Qin Shi Huang, functioning as an equivalent to the
4709:
4386:
4114:
3991:
3079:
2515:
1500:
17:
2790:
2497:
564:
with himself as the
Hongxian Emperor, however he abdicated the throne on 22 March 1916 after only 83 days. Puyi was
4694:
4487:
3733:"German prince's coup attempt recalls China's last emperor Aisin-Gioro Puyi, who was reinstated and removed, twice"
2954:
2084:
2054:
1284:
1102:', though this varied considerably. In historical texts, the present emperor was almost universally referred to as
285:
written by their successful replacements or even later dynasties. The power of the emperor was also limited by the
254:
3679:
3051:
2069:
561:
494:. As with the First Emperor, it remained very common to grant posthumous titles to the ancestors of the victors.
478:
essentially legitimized those claimants who emerged victorious. The proper list was considered those made by the
820:
The actual area ruled by the emperor of China varied from dynasty to dynasty. In some cases, such as during the
4673:
4635:
4618:
4369:
3811:
2857:
2730:
2521:
1971:
1485:
1290:
569:
2232:
1841:
4719:
4653:
4583:
4527:
4239:
3605:
3587:
2589:
2024:
1984:
1605:
1590:
1515:
792:. In fact, the vast majority of female rulers throughout Chinese Imperial history came to power by ruling as
412:
2685:
2197:
1680:
1016:
944:
to refer to the emperor by his or her given name, even for the emperor's own mother, who instead was to use
4573:
4331:
3649:
3567:
3507:
2812:
2489:
2382:
2262:
1665:
1620:
1470:
1271:). The emperor was always elevated above all others despite any chronological or generational superiority.
486:
of the preceding dynasty was considered one of the hallmarks of legitimacy, along with symbols such as the
421:
3610:
3592:
2842:
2412:
2337:
1905:
1890:
510:, in addition to the titles of their respective people, especially in the case of the Yuan dynasty. Thus,
417:
2872:
2307:
2247:
1990:
1310:
603:. He has worked for various local councils on China, and has no interest in the restoration of monarchy.
2902:
2827:
2745:
2182:
2145:
1935:
1920:
4699:
4412:
4220:
3682:
in December 1915, but abdicated after 83 days. Puyi was reinstated as Emperor for 12 days in 1917 in a
2917:
2557:
2539:
2397:
2322:
2277:
2223:
1950:
1866:
491:
73:
30:
3020:
2775:
2760:
2715:
2457:
2442:
2427:
2292:
2130:
1455:
4704:
4630:
4326:
3657:
3531:
2848:
2670:
2238:
2887:
2167:
1530:
394:'august', 'sovereign') was most commonly seen as a reverential epithet for a deceased ancestor, and
4364:
4255:
4210:
3736:
3536:
3127:
3005:
2863:
2833:
2751:
2736:
2706:
2463:
2373:
2343:
2268:
1875:
1650:
805:
750:
and the taxes they collected sapped the imperial coffers. This led to situations like the reign of
455:
On occasion, the father of the ascended emperor was still alive. Such an emperor was titled as the
218:
4085:
2583:
2352:
4453:
2818:
2796:
2781:
2766:
2721:
2691:
2630:
2603:
2547:
2388:
2313:
2253:
2203:
2188:
824:, political power in East Asia was effectively split among several governments; nonetheless, the
809:
684:
585:
543:
1777:
1575:
2893:
2878:
2621:
2565:
2448:
2433:
2403:
2358:
2328:
2298:
2009:
1596:
1321:, and the Mongols of the Yuan dynasty. The orthodox historical view sees these as dynasties as
914:
726:
In practice, however, the power of the emperor varied between different emperors and different
680:
483:
355:
459:('grand imperial sire'). The practice was initiated by Qin Shi Huang, who gave the title as a
4472:
4374:
4296:
4260:
3833:
3093:
2676:
2173:
821:
777:
738:βexamples include Qin Shi Huang, emperors Gaozu and Guangwu of Han, Emperor Taizong of Tang,
479:
381:
351:
282:
258:
4105:
Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China
1740:
1434:
910:
2908:
1911:
1626:
1566:
1461:
1406:
672:
596:
3408:
3233:
3219:
3065:
2932:
788:, the emperor's mother, would usually possess significant political power, along with the
8:
4537:
4522:
4316:
2151:
2114:
1941:
1926:
1881:
1828:
1641:
1611:
1551:
1536:
1521:
1491:
1163:'collapse of the imperial chariot') and an emperor that had just died was referred to as
902:
776:
The emperor's position, unless deposed in a rebellion, was always hereditary, usually by
758:
328:
1350:
530:
301:
to his ancestors' policies and dynastic traditions, such as those first detailed in the
4645:
4188:
4040:
4032:
3841:
3683:
3205:
2136:
2099:
1896:
1847:
1813:
1476:
1099:
1049:. In front of subjects, the emperor may also refer to themselves self-deprecatingly as
1032:
883:
565:
250:
222:
3177:
1015:'Son of Heaven'). The emperor was also alluded to indirectly through reference to the
542:
was created to rule alongside the emperor, as part of an attempt to turn China into a
4547:
4532:
4482:
4291:
4200:
4183:
4110:
4103:
4066:
4058:
4044:
3987:
3967:
3845:
3712:
3653:
3645:
3330:
1798:
1783:
1755:
1701:
1581:
1506:
1326:
1243:. Although the emperor had the highest status by law, by tradition and precedent the
1208:
1128:
930:
879:
872:
751:
727:
676:
475:
440:
323:
290:
278:
3869:
3422:
1293:
to historical situations. Most Chinese emperors have been considered members of the
797:
4281:
4265:
4175:
4024:
3648:
and forming the first humans out of clay, as well as the invention of agriculture,
3552:
3428:
3386:
3372:
3344:
3247:
3239:
3211:
3163:
3155:
2923:
1330:
1280:
1116:
836:
306:
286:
262:
242:
200:
128:
3191:
3135:
734:, emperors founding a dynasty usually consolidated the empire through comparative
4552:
3829:
3825:
3790:
3644:, mythical godly rulers and culture heroes credited with feats like ordering the
3499:
3414:
3400:
3358:
3302:
3197:
3183:
3169:
3141:
3071:
3035:
2990:
1731:
1378:
1244:
1140:
906:
785:
577:
460:
192:
1392:
1364:
4442:
4437:
4379:
4311:
4193:
4167:
4135:
3562:
3557:
3546:
3485:
3316:
3253:
3113:
3099:
3085:
3057:
1356:
781:
770:
762:
743:
731:
696:
692:
688:
633:
621:
463:
to his own father, as was already common for monarchs of any stratum of power.
456:
294:
238:
226:
4028:
3783:
780:. As a result, many emperors ascended the throne while still children. During
249:. The lineage of emperors descended from a paternal family line constituted a
4688:
4517:
4215:
4004:
3986:"ηηεεΈδΈεζ·ε²", p.5, Publisher: Chung Hwa Book Company, Year: 2006, Author: ιΈιι«,
3541:
3225:
2636:
2607:
1994:
1294:
1095:
890:
825:
814:
664:
660:
425:
332:
246:
230:
151:
91:
3894:
2975:
1195:). In addition, the emperor would typically have several other consorts and
1143:
which was sometimes combined with the temple name (e.g. Emperor Shengzu Ren
612:
of succession disputes. The two most notable such controversies are whether
4598:
4447:
3471:
2662:
2658:
2535:
1440:
1426:
1314:
1302:
1132:
941:
918:
898:
644:
629:
625:
502:
498:
377:
373:
340:
298:
273:
3493:
4623:
4407:
4286:
4232:
3675:
3449:
2960:
2553:
1975:
1956:
1832:
1412:
1370:
1136:
789:
739:
668:
640:
600:
553:
511:
468:
406:
269:
4036:
4578:
3941:
Wilkinson, Endymion. (2018). Chinese History, a New Manual. Pp 9-8, 684
3288:
2575:
2507:
1398:
652:
648:
1151:
for the Kangxi Emperor). The passing of an emperor was referred to as
715:), and his written proclamations were called 'directives from above' (
4321:
4306:
2938:
2283:
2219:
1746:
1322:
1196:
894:
841:
817:
during the Ming. Occasionally, other nobles seized power as regents.
766:
735:
573:
487:
3814:
John Wiley & Sons (Chichester), 2012. Accessed 22 December 2013.
4417:
4402:
2503:
1851:
1761:
1671:
1306:
1046:
656:
581:
464:
302:
234:
989:'bottom of the steps'), corresponding to "Your Imperial Majesty",
3274:
2661:, posthumously made emperor by his son, the first emperor of the
2571:
2485:
1716:
1686:
1384:
1318:
1298:
617:
613:
519:
449:
196:
1181:
The imperial family was made up of the emperor and the empress (
584:
as a prisoner of war, where he was held in the Siberian city of
229:. In traditional Chinese political theory, the emperor was the "
4301:
3823:
3761:"The legacy of Yuan Shikai, China's disastrous first president"
1656:
937:
905:. Many women, however, did become de facto leaders, usually as
793:
515:
208:
86:
4341:
3836:; Manley, Bill; Manuel, Mark (2009). Harrison, Thomas (ed.).
3880:
Sima Qian (author) & Burton Watson (translator) (1971).
4346:
3950:
Intorcetta, Prospero. (1687). Confucius Sinarum Philosophus
801:
769:. Paranoid emperors, like Emperor Wu of Han and the Ming's
549:
161:
1769:
297:
during some dynasties. An emperor was also constrained by
1139:
given after their death. Most emperors were also given a
588:. In 1950, he was extradited to China and imprisoned in
4086:
Sinicization vs. Manchuness: The Success of Manchu Rule
4065:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 4β102.
3604:
3586:
411:
389:
380:
completed the conquest of the various kingdoms of the
3917:"Just call me Jin, says the man who would be emperor"
924:
3461:
796:
on behalf of their sons; prominent examples include
628:
ceased to be the legitimate dynasty in favor of the
1289:Recent scholarship is wary of applying present-day
1187:) as the primary consort and Mother of the Nation (
707:
The emperor's words were considered sacred edicts (
4102:
3808:The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions
1325:polities as they adopted Han culture, claimed the
420:) was an apical ancestor, originally referring to
4063:A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China
4686:
4165:
572:in 1924. In 1934 he was installed as emperor of
245:. Emperors were worshiped posthumously under an
3784:Baxter–Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction
1447:
4569:Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers
4151:
3635:
3625:
3452:as the Hongxian Emperor of China (1915β1916)
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1182:
1168:
1107:
1077:
1064:
1054:
1040:
1010:
984:
967:
949:
866:
828:that there was but one ruler was maintained.
580:puppet state.In 1945, he was captured by the
525:
434:
399:
50:
4017:East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine
3678:was installed as Emperor in the short-lived
800:of the Han, as well as the empress dowagers
599:and hypothetical claimant to the throne is
4158:
4144:
1342:
1019:. Servants often addressed the emperor as
831:
4543:Grand coordinator and provincial governor
3966:. Harvard University Press. p. 594.
975:The emperor was never to be addressed as
765:), the military, and in some periods the
3755:
3753:
2804:
2644:
1176:
921:, and Empress Dowager Cixi of the Qing.
835:
529:
350: – 771 BC), Chinese
327:
217:) was the superlative title held by the
4100:
3882:Records of the Grand Historian of China
3824:Harrison, Thomas; Blanshard, Alastair;
3802:
3800:
1770:Jin and Northern and Southern dynasties
1115:Generally, emperors also ruled with an
1035:'). The emperor referred to himself as
335:escaping assassination (3rd century AD)
14:
4687:
4057:
3923:. Nine Entertainment. 27 November 2004
3838:The Great Empires of the Ancient World
3706:
1127:). Since the adoption of era names by
590:Fushun War Criminals Management Centre
540:Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet
4139:
4003:
3980:
3959:
3775:
3750:
1173:'the emperor of the great journey').
534:Imperial standard of the Qing Emperor
317:
257:in most cases theoretically followed
3797:
3549:β an honorific for a retired emperor
659:, declared themselves the emperors,
4561:
24:
4094:
3642:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
3435:
2057:(July or August 440 β 20 June 465)
2040:Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei
925:Styles, names and forms of address
844:, the only female emperor of China
558:President of the Republic of China
29:For the volcano in Indonesia, see
25:
4731:
4124:
3832:; Jenner, W. J. F.; Kaizer, Ted;
3640:) were also terms applied to the
2471:
2072:(October 13, 467 β April 26, 499)
3492:
3478:
3464:
3442:
3421:
3407:
3393:
3379:
3365:
3351:
3337:
3323:
3309:
3295:
3281:
3267:
3246:
3232:
3218:
3204:
3190:
3176:
3162:
3148:
3134:
3120:
3106:
3092:
3078:
3064:
3050:
3028:
3013:
2998:
2983:
2968:
2953:
2931:
2916:
2901:
2886:
2871:
2856:
2841:
2826:
2811:
2789:
2774:
2759:
2744:
2729:
2714:
2699:
2684:
2669:
2651:
2629:
2614:
2596:
2582:
2564:
2546:
2528:
2514:
2496:
2478:
2456:
2441:
2426:
2411:
2396:
2381:
2366:
2351:
2336:
2321:
2306:
2291:
2276:
2261:
2246:
2231:
2211:
2196:
2181:
2166:
2144:
2129:
2107:
2092:
2085:Emperor Mingyuan of Northern Wei
2077:
2062:
2055:Emperor Wencheng of Northern Wei
2047:
2032:
2017:
2012:(19 September 430 β 12 July 464)
2002:
1983:
1964:
1949:
1934:
1919:
1904:
1889:
1874:
1859:
1840:
1821:
1806:
1791:
1776:
1754:
1739:
1724:
1709:
1694:
1679:
1664:
1649:
1634:
1619:
1604:
1589:
1574:
1559:
1544:
1529:
1514:
1499:
1484:
1469:
1454:
1433:
1419:
1405:
1391:
1377:
1363:
1349:
1285:Ethnic groups in Chinese history
1059:'the morally-deficient one') or
790:male members of her birth family
85:
67:
4109:. New York: Thames and Hudson.
4079:
4051:
3997:
3953:
3944:
3935:
3909:
3887:
3874:
3858:
3817:
3709:Encyclopedia of Chinese History
3260:
3043:
2946:
2159:
2070:Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei
1719:(243 β January or February 284)
1207:), ranked by importance into a
889:There has been only one lawful
98:
4370:Three Lords and Nine Ministers
3866:Records of the Grand Historian
3725:
3700:
3669:
3615:
3598:
3580:
2522:Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang
2122:
1231:, plus an unlimited number of
1204:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1124:
1120:
1091:
1087:
1082:'His Majesty the Emperor') or
1028:
1024:
1002:
998:
963:
959:
862:
858:
720:
716:
712:
708:
606:
368:
261:. The emperor of China was an
213:
138:
13:
1:
4584:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
4007:(2016). "Mapping Time in the
3794:. 2011. Accessed 22 Dec 2013.
3707:Dillon, Michael, ed. (2017).
3693:
2590:Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou
2025:Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei
909:. Prominent examples include
840:An 18th century depiction of
344:
94:, the first emperor of China
4715:Government of Imperial China
3568:Emperor at home, king abroad
3508:Chinese emperors family tree
1274:
730:. Generally, in the Chinese
7:
3789:September 27, 2013, at the
3457:
1448:Han, Xin and Three Kingdoms
897:, who briefly replaced the
480:official dynastic histories
221:who ruled various imperial
10:
4736:
4413:Bureau of Military Affairs
4337:Territorial administration
4221:Heirloom Seal of the Realm
3868:, "Gaozu's Basic Annals",
3781:Baxter, William & al.
3711:. Routledge. p. 182.
1867:Emperor Gao of Southern Qi
1687:Emperor Zhaolie of Shu Han
1337:
1278:
928:
620:had legitimacy during the
526:End of the imperial system
492:Heirloom Seal of the Realm
439:'Son of Heaven'), who was
390:
321:
105:Mid 19th century depiction
74:Heirloom Seal of the Realm
31:Emperor of China (volcano)
28:
4644:
4631:Embroidered Uniform Guard
4611:
4510:
4463:
4428:
4395:
4357:
4274:
4248:
4174:
4029:10.1163/26669323-04301004
3636:
3626:
3532:Tributary system of China
2849:Emperor Guangzong of Song
2239:Emperor Zhongzong of Tang
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1183:
1169:
1108:
1078:
1065:
1055:
1041:
1017:imperial dragon symbology
1011:
985:
968:
950:
867:
443:to rule. The appellation
435:
400:
363:
204:
178:
167:
157:
147:
133:
123:
118:
114:
110:
84:
80:
66:
59:
51:
48:
40:
4710:Deified Chinese monarchs
4594:Administrative divisions
3737:South China Morning Post
3573:
3537:List of Chinese monarchs
3128:Emperor Yingzong of Ming
3006:Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan
2864:Emperor Ningzong of Song
2834:Emperor Xiaozong of Song
2752:Emperor Shenzong of Song
2737:Emperor Yingzong of Song
2707:Emperor Zhenzong of Song
2464:Emperor Zhaozong of Tang
2419:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang
2374:Emperor Jingzong of Tang
2344:Emperor Xianzong of Tang
2269:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang
1672:Emperor Da of Eastern Wu
702:
624:, and at what point the
595:The current head of the
484:compilation of a history
372:) waned, and during the
4695:Chinese-language titles
4454:Secretariat-Chancellery
3960:BarmΓ©, Geremie (2008).
3021:Jayaatu Khan Tugh TemΓΌr
2819:Emperor Gaozong of Song
2797:Emperor Qinzong of Song
2782:Emperor Huizong of Song
2767:Emperor Zhezong of Song
2722:Emperor Renzong of Song
2692:Emperor Taizong of Song
2389:Emperor Wenzong of Tang
2314:Emperor Daizong of Tang
2254:Emperor Ruizong of Tang
2204:Emperor Gaozong of Tang
2189:Emperor Taizong of Tang
2087:(392 β 24 December 423)
1732:King Wushun of Huaiyang
1343:Early dynasties and Qin
1311:Jin dynasty (1115β1234)
832:Heredity and succession
685:Emperor Taizong of Tang
639:By one count, from the
544:constitutional monarchy
289:, which was staffed by
4131:PRC Qin Shi Huang site
3834:Llewellen-Jones, Lloyd
2894:Emperor Duzong of Song
2879:Emperor Lizong of Song
2622:Wang Jian (Former Shu)
2449:Emperor Xizong of Tang
2434:Emperor Yizong of Tang
2404:Emperor Wuzong of Tang
2359:Emperor Muzong of Tang
2329:Emperor Dezong of Tang
2299:Emperor Suzong of Tang
2284:Emperor Shengwu of Yan
2010:Emperor Xiaowu of Song
1957:Emperor Houzhu of Chen
1704:(79 β 13 February 106)
1597:Emperor Guangwu of Han
1313:, who later ruled the
1241:Second Class Attendant
1217:Imperial Noble Consort
845:
538:In 1911, the title of
535:
522:and emperor of China.
467:, who established the
354:with power over their
336:
312:Ancestral Instructions
182:12 February 1912
4528:Imperial Commissioner
4473:Ministry of Personnel
4375:Three Ducal Ministers
4297:Imperial examinations
4261:Mandarin (bureaucrat)
4101:Paludan, Ann (1998).
4023:(43). Brill: 61β122.
3921:Sydney Morning Herald
2805:Southern Song dynasty
2677:Emperor Taizu of Song
2645:Northern Song dynasty
2174:Emperor Gaozu of Tang
1237:First Class Attendant
1177:Consorts and children
929:Further information:
839:
822:Southern Song dynasty
778:agnatic primogeniture
742:of the Yuan, and the
695:of the Ming, and the
562:restore dynastic rule
533:
422:the deified ancestors
382:Warring States period
331:
259:agnatic primogeniture
173:(2244β2245 years ago)
4720:Chinese royal titles
4636:Qing Imperial Guards
4619:Tang Imperial Guards
2909:Emperor Gong of Song
2624:(847 β July 11, 918)
1912:Emperor Xuan of Chen
1717:Emperor Mo of Sun Wu
1627:Emperor Zhang of Han
1567:Emperor Cheng of Han
1462:Emperor Gaozu of Han
1005:'holy highness') or
979:. Instead, one used
893:in Chinese history,
597:House of Aisin-Gioro
287:imperial bureaucracy
4538:Imperial Clan Court
4523:Remonstrance Bureau
4493:Ministry of Justice
4478:Ministry of Revenue
4332:Historical capitals
4317:Academies (Shuyuan)
3806:Nadeau, Randall L.
3684:failed coup attempt
2152:Emperor Yang of Sui
2115:Emperor Huai of Jin
1942:Emperor Fei of Chen
1927:Emperor Wen of Chen
1882:Emperor Wu of Liang
1642:Emperor Xian of Han
1612:Emperor Ming of Han
1552:Emperor Yuan of Han
1537:Emperor Xuan of Han
1522:Emperor Zhao of Han
1492:Emperor Jing of Han
763:Central Secretariat
514:was simultaneously
356:particular fiefdoms
4059:Hucker, Charles O.
3963:The Forbidden City
3842:Getty Publications
2504:Emperor Zhuangzong
2137:Emperor Wen of Sui
2100:Emperor Min of Jin
1897:Emperor Wu of Chen
1814:Emperor Hui of Jin
1657:Emperor Wen of Wei
1477:Emperor Wen of Han
1259:) and princesses (
1100:Ten Thousand Years
1084:Dangjin Huangshang
1033:ten thousand years
911:Empress Dowager LΓΌ
884:conquest dynasties
846:
536:
441:divinely appointed
337:
318:Origin and history
299:filial obligations
283:official histories
148:First monarch
4700:Emperors of China
4682:
4681:
4607:
4606:
4548:Viceroys in China
4533:Grand Secretariat
4506:
4505:
4498:Ministry of Works
4483:Ministry of Rites
4430:Three Departments
4387:Translated titles
4292:Five Directorates
4072:978-957-638-285-7
3973:978-0-674-02779-4
3851:978-0-89236-987-4
3718:978-0-415-42699-2
3331:Yongzheng Emperor
1799:Emperor An of Jin
1784:Emperor Wu of Jin
1702:Emperor He of Han
1582:Emperor Ai of Han
1507:Emperor Wu of Han
1327:Mandate of Heaven
1291:ethnic categories
1131:and up until the
1129:Emperor Wu of Han
931:Chinese sovereign
880:Mandate of Heaven
873:Yongzheng Emperor
826:political fiction
752:Emperor Wu of Han
687:of the Tang, the
476:Mandate of Heaven
410:
324:Chinese sovereign
291:scholar-officials
279:Mandate of Heaven
189:
188:
158:Last monarch
103:221β210 BC).
18:Emperors of China
16:(Redirected from
4727:
4705:Chinese monarchs
4559:
4558:
4426:
4425:
4327:Tributary system
4282:Nine-rank system
4266:Scholar-official
4256:Grand Chancellor
4160:
4153:
4146:
4137:
4136:
4120:
4108:
4088:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4001:
3995:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3957:
3951:
3948:
3942:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3891:
3885:
3878:
3872:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3830:Coningham, Robin
3821:
3815:
3804:
3795:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3757:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3704:
3687:
3673:
3661:
3639:
3638:
3629:
3628:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3602:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3584:
3553:Celestial Empire
3502:
3497:
3496:
3488:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3474:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3446:
3429:Xuantong Emperor
3425:
3411:
3397:
3387:Xianfeng Emperor
3383:
3373:Daoguang Emperor
3369:
3355:
3345:Qianlong Emperor
3341:
3327:
3313:
3299:
3285:
3271:
3250:
3240:Taichang Emperor
3236:
3222:
3212:Longqing Emperor
3208:
3194:
3180:
3166:
3156:Chenghua Emperor
3152:
3138:
3124:
3110:
3096:
3082:
3068:
3054:
3032:
3017:
3002:
2987:
2972:
2957:
2935:
2924:Emperor Duanzong
2920:
2905:
2890:
2875:
2860:
2845:
2830:
2815:
2793:
2778:
2763:
2748:
2733:
2718:
2703:
2688:
2673:
2655:
2633:
2618:
2604:Emperor Yuanzong
2600:
2586:
2568:
2550:
2532:
2518:
2500:
2482:
2460:
2445:
2430:
2415:
2400:
2385:
2370:
2355:
2340:
2325:
2310:
2295:
2280:
2265:
2250:
2235:
2215:
2200:
2185:
2170:
2148:
2133:
2111:
2096:
2081:
2066:
2051:
2036:
2021:
2006:
1987:
1968:
1953:
1938:
1923:
1908:
1893:
1878:
1863:
1844:
1825:
1810:
1795:
1780:
1758:
1743:
1728:
1713:
1698:
1683:
1668:
1653:
1638:
1623:
1608:
1593:
1578:
1563:
1548:
1533:
1518:
1503:
1494:(188 BC β141 BC)
1488:
1473:
1458:
1437:
1423:
1409:
1395:
1381:
1367:
1353:
1331:New Qing History
1281:Conquest dynasty
1270:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1172:
1171:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1126:
1122:
1111:
1110:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1080:
1068:
1067:
1058:
1057:
1044:
1043:
1030:
1026:
1014:
1013:
1004:
1000:
988:
987:
971:
970:
965:
961:
953:
952:
870:
869:
864:
860:
722:
718:
714:
710:
566:briefly restored
438:
437:
419:
416:
405:
403:
402:
393:
392:
370:
365:
349:
346:
307:Huang-Ming Zuxun
263:absolute monarch
243:all under Heaven
215:
206:
185:
174:
143:
140:
135:
129:Imperial Majesty
104:
102:
100:
89:
71:
55:
54:
53:
44:
38:
37:
21:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4678:
4640:
4612:Imperial guards
4603:
4557:
4553:Mandarin square
4502:
4488:Ministry of War
4459:
4424:
4396:Middle Imperial
4391:
4353:
4270:
4244:
4170:
4164:
4127:
4117:
4097:
4095:Further reading
4092:
4091:
4084:
4080:
4073:
4056:
4052:
4002:
3998:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3936:
3926:
3924:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3900:
3898:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3879:
3875:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3844:. p. 254.
3840:. Los Angeles:
3822:
3818:
3805:
3798:
3791:Wayback Machine
3780:
3776:
3766:
3764:
3763:. China Project
3759:
3758:
3751:
3741:
3739:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3719:
3705:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3690:
3680:Empire of China
3674:
3670:
3665:
3664:
3620:
3616:
3603:
3599:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3500:Monarchy portal
3498:
3491:
3484:
3479:
3477:
3470:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3453:
3447:
3438:
3436:Empire of China
3431:
3426:
3417:
3415:Guangxu Emperor
3412:
3403:
3401:Tongzhi Emperor
3398:
3389:
3384:
3375:
3370:
3361:
3359:Jiaqing Emperor
3356:
3347:
3342:
3333:
3328:
3319:
3314:
3305:
3303:Shunzhi Emperor
3300:
3291:
3286:
3277:
3272:
3263:
3256:
3251:
3242:
3237:
3228:
3223:
3214:
3209:
3200:
3198:Jiajing Emperor
3195:
3186:
3184:Zhengde Emperor
3181:
3172:
3170:Hongzhi Emperor
3167:
3158:
3153:
3144:
3142:Jingtai Emperor
3139:
3130:
3125:
3116:
3111:
3102:
3097:
3088:
3083:
3074:
3072:Jianwen Emperor
3069:
3060:
3055:
3046:
3039:
3036:Rinchinbal Khan
3033:
3024:
3018:
3009:
3003:
2994:
2988:
2979:
2973:
2964:
2958:
2949:
2942:
2936:
2927:
2921:
2912:
2906:
2897:
2891:
2882:
2876:
2867:
2861:
2852:
2846:
2837:
2831:
2822:
2816:
2807:
2800:
2794:
2785:
2779:
2770:
2764:
2755:
2749:
2740:
2734:
2725:
2719:
2710:
2704:
2695:
2689:
2680:
2674:
2665:
2656:
2647:
2640:
2634:
2625:
2619:
2610:
2601:
2592:
2587:
2578:
2569:
2560:
2551:
2542:
2533:
2524:
2519:
2510:
2501:
2492:
2483:
2474:
2467:
2461:
2452:
2446:
2437:
2431:
2422:
2416:
2407:
2401:
2392:
2386:
2377:
2371:
2362:
2356:
2347:
2341:
2332:
2326:
2317:
2311:
2302:
2296:
2287:
2281:
2272:
2266:
2257:
2251:
2242:
2236:
2227:
2216:
2207:
2201:
2192:
2186:
2177:
2171:
2162:
2155:
2149:
2140:
2134:
2125:
2118:
2112:
2103:
2097:
2088:
2082:
2073:
2067:
2058:
2052:
2043:
2037:
2028:
2022:
2013:
2007:
1998:
1988:
1979:
1972:Emperor Wenxuan
1969:
1960:
1954:
1945:
1939:
1930:
1924:
1915:
1909:
1900:
1894:
1885:
1879:
1870:
1864:
1855:
1845:
1836:
1826:
1817:
1811:
1802:
1796:
1787:
1781:
1772:
1765:
1759:
1750:
1744:
1735:
1729:
1720:
1714:
1705:
1699:
1690:
1684:
1675:
1669:
1660:
1654:
1645:
1639:
1630:
1624:
1615:
1609:
1600:
1594:
1585:
1579:
1570:
1564:
1555:
1549:
1540:
1534:
1525:
1519:
1510:
1504:
1495:
1489:
1480:
1474:
1465:
1459:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1429:
1424:
1415:
1410:
1401:
1396:
1387:
1382:
1373:
1368:
1359:
1354:
1345:
1340:
1287:
1277:
1245:empress dowager
1179:
1165:Daixing Huangdi
1141:posthumous name
1069:'lonely one').
933:
927:
907:Empress Dowager
903:Wu Zhou dynasty
855:Empress consort
834:
786:Empress Dowager
782:minority reigns
705:
609:
560:, attempted to
528:
461:posthumous name
347:
326:
320:
227:Chinese empires
193:Chinese history
184:(112 years ago)
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4443:Zhongshu Sheng
4440:
4438:Shangshu Sheng
4434:
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4405:
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4377:
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4312:Hanlin Academy
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4168:Imperial China
4166:Government of
4163:
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4125:External links
4123:
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4005:Nylan, Michael
3996:
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3563:Khan of Heaven
3560:
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3547:Taishang Huang
3544:
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3486:History portal
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3315:
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3259:
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3252:
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3140:
3133:
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3126:
3119:
3117:
3114:Xuande Emperor
3112:
3105:
3103:
3100:Hongxi Emperor
3098:
3091:
3089:
3086:Yongle Emperor
3084:
3077:
3075:
3070:
3063:
3061:
3058:Hongwu Emperor
3056:
3049:
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2472:Five dynasties
2470:
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2462:
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2178:
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2135:
2128:
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2119:
2113:
2106:
2104:
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2083:
2076:
2074:
2068:
2061:
2059:
2053:
2046:
2044:
2038:
2031:
2029:
2023:
2016:
2014:
2008:
2001:
1999:
1989:
1982:
1980:
1970:
1963:
1961:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1940:
1933:
1931:
1925:
1918:
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1357:Yellow Emperor
1355:
1348:
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1341:
1339:
1336:
1276:
1273:
1178:
1175:
926:
923:
833:
830:
798:Empress LΓΌ Zhi
771:Hongwu Emperor
744:Kangxi Emperor
732:dynastic cycle
704:
701:
697:Kangxi Emperor
693:Yongle Emperor
689:Hongwu Emperor
634:Kangxi Emperor
622:Three Kingdoms
608:
605:
527:
524:
457:Taishang Huang
348: 1046 BC
319:
316:
241:right to rule
239:divine mandate
187:
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4518:Three Bureaus
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4511:Late Imperial
4509:
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4264:
4262:
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4251:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4216:Son of Heaven
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4187:
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4132:
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4118:
4116:0-500-05090-2
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3993:
3992:962-8885-12-X
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3826:Bryce, Trevor
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3542:Dragon Throne
3540:
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3405:
3402:
3396:
3391:
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3377:
3374:
3368:
3363:
3360:
3354:
3349:
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3326:
3321:
3318:
3312:
3307:
3304:
3298:
3293:
3290:
3284:
3279:
3276:
3270:
3265:
3264:
3255:
3249:
3244:
3241:
3235:
3230:
3227:
3226:Wanli Emperor
3221:
3216:
3213:
3207:
3202:
3199:
3193:
3188:
3185:
3179:
3174:
3171:
3165:
3160:
3157:
3151:
3146:
3143:
3137:
3132:
3129:
3123:
3118:
3115:
3109:
3104:
3101:
3095:
3090:
3087:
3081:
3076:
3073:
3067:
3062:
3059:
3053:
3048:
3047:
3037:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2951:
2950:
2940:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2798:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2649:
2648:
2638:
2637:Wang Yanzheng
2632:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2612:
2609:
2608:Southern Tang
2605:
2599:
2594:
2591:
2585:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2572:Emperor Taizu
2567:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2554:Emperor Gaozu
2549:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2536:Emperor Gaozu
2531:
2526:
2523:
2517:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2486:Emperor Taizu
2481:
2476:
2475:
2465:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2153:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2116:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1995:Northern Zhou
1992:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1819:
1816:(259/260-307)
1815:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1763:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1482:
1479:(202 β157 BC)
1478:
1472:
1467:
1464:(256 β195 BC)
1463:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1442:
1436:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1389:
1386:
1380:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1295:Han ethnicity
1292:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1221:Noble Consort
1218:
1214:
1210:
1198:
1174:
1166:
1154:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1118:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1096:Son of Heaven
1085:
1075:
1074:Huangdi Bixia
1070:
1062:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1034:
1022:
1018:
1008:
996:
992:
982:
978:
973:
957:
954:), or simply
947:
943:
939:
932:
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
901:with her own
900:
896:
892:
891:queen regnant
887:
885:
881:
876:
874:
856:
851:
848:The title of
843:
838:
829:
827:
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818:
816:
815:Wei Zhongxian
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
755:
753:
747:
746:of the Qing.
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
700:
699:of the Qing.
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
665:Qin Shi Huang
662:
661:Son of Heaven
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
604:
602:
598:
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387:
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357:
353:
352:vassal rulers
342:
334:
333:Qin Shi Huang
330:
325:
315:
313:
309:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
247:imperial cult
244:
240:
236:
232:
231:Son of Heaven
228:
224:
220:
216:
210:
202:
198:
194:
181:
177:
170:
166:
163:
160:
156:
153:
152:Qin Shi Huang
150:
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130:
126:
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117:
113:
109:
93:
92:Qin Shi Huang
88:
83:
79:
75:
70:
65:
58:
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39:
36:
32:
27:
19:
4599:Zongli Yamen
4448:Menxia Sheng
4275:Institutions
4205:
4104:
4081:
4062:
4053:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
3999:
3982:
3962:
3955:
3946:
3937:
3925:. Retrieved
3920:
3911:
3901:19 September
3899:. Retrieved
3897:. Britannica
3889:
3881:
3876:
3865:
3860:
3837:
3819:
3807:
3782:
3777:
3767:19 September
3765:. Retrieved
3742:19 September
3740:. Retrieved
3727:
3708:
3702:
3671:
3631:
3621:
3617:
3600:
3582:
3472:China portal
3261:Qing dynasty
3044:Ming dynasty
2947:Yuan dynasty
2663:Song dynasty
2659:Zhao Hongyin
2224:Zhou dynasty
2160:Tang dynasty
1829:Emperor Yuan
1599:(5 BCβ57 AD)
1509:(156 β87 BC)
1441:Qin Shihuang
1427:Emperor Shun
1315:Qing dynasty
1303:Liao dynasty
1288:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1180:
1164:
1152:
1133:Ming dynasty
1114:
1103:
1083:
1073:
1071:
1060:
1050:
1036:
1020:
1006:
994:
990:
980:
976:
974:
955:
945:
934:
913:of the Han,
899:Tang dynasty
888:
877:
849:
847:
819:
775:
756:
748:
725:
706:
683:of the Han,
645:Qing dynasty
638:
630:Yuan dynasty
626:Song dynasty
610:
594:
548:
537:
507:
496:
473:
454:
444:
430:
395:
385:
374:Eastern Zhou
367:
341:Western Zhou
338:
311:
305:
274:Confucianism
267:
212:
190:
171:221 BC
137:
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26:
4624:Shence Army
4408:Jimi system
4287:Nine Courts
4233:Consort kin
3864:Sima Qian,
3676:Yuan Shikai
3450:Yuan Shikai
3038:(1326β1332)
3023:(1304β1332)
3008:(1285β1320)
2993:(1281β1311)
2978:(1265β1307)
2963:(1215β1294)
2961:Kublai Khan
2941:(1272β1279)
2926:(1270β1278)
2911:(1271β1323)
2896:(1240β1274)
2881:(1205β1264)
2866:(1168β1224)
2851:(1147β1200)
2836:(1127β1194)
2821:(1104β1187)
2799:(1100β1161)
2784:(1082β1135)
2769:(1077β1100)
2754:(1048β1085)
2739:(1032β1067)
2724:(1010β1063)
2490:Later Liang
2123:Sui dynasty
1976:Northern Qi
1833:Eastern Jin
1614:(28β 7 5AD)
1554:(75 β33 BC)
1539:(91 β49 BC)
1524:(94 β74 BC)
1413:Emperor Yao
1371:Yan Emperor
1137:temple name
915:Empress Liu
759:chancellery
740:Kublai Khan
679:as well as
671:, emperors
669:Qin dynasty
641:Qin dynasty
607:Enumeration
601:Jin Yuzhang
554:Yuan Shikai
512:Kublai Khan
469:Han dynasty
339:During the
270:Han dynasty
268:During the
191:Throughout
41:Emperor of
4689:Categories
4579:Lifan Yuan
3812:pp. 54 ff.
3694:References
3289:Hong Taiji
2991:KΓΌlΓΌg Khan
2976:TemΓΌr Khan
2709:(968β1022)
2639:(died 951)
2576:Later Zhou
2508:Later Tang
2286:(703β757)
1991:Emperor Wu
1848:Emperor Wu
1569:(51 β7 BC)
1399:Emperor Ku
1279:See also:
1233:Noble Lady
1197:concubines
1098:, Lord of
995:Shengshang
991:Huangshang
653:Huang Chao
649:Li Zicheng
360:Zhou kings
322:See also:
255:succession
4646:Dynasties
4322:Censorate
4307:Guozijian
4045:171943719
4015:Tables".
3927:2 October
3654:astrology
2939:Zhao Bing
2694:(939β997)
2679:(927β976)
2558:Later Han
2540:Later Jin
2466:(867β904)
2451:(862β888)
2436:(833β873)
2421:(810β859)
2406:(814β846)
2391:(809β840)
2376:(809β827)
2361:(795β824)
2346:(778β820)
2331:(742β805)
2316:(727β779)
2301:(711β762)
2271:(685β762)
2256:(662β716)
2241:(656β710)
2226:(690β705)
2220:Wu Zetian
2206:(628β683)
2191:(598β649)
2176:(566β635)
2154:(569β618)
2139:(541β604)
2117:(284-313)
2102:(300-318)
2042:(507-531)
2027:(371β409)
1997:(543β578)
1978:(526β559)
1959:(553β604)
1944:(554β570)
1929:(522β566)
1914:(530β582)
1899:(503β559)
1884:(464β549)
1869:(427β482)
1854:(363β422)
1835:(276-323)
1801:(382-419)
1786:(236β290)
1764:(207-271)
1747:Wang Mang
1734:(died 25)
1689:(162β223)
1674:(182β252)
1659:(187β226)
1644:(181β234)
1584:(27 β1BC)
1323:sinicized
1275:Ethnicity
1229:Concubine
1031:'lord of
895:Wu Zetian
842:Wu Zetian
767:censorate
736:autocracy
728:dynasties
574:Manchukuo
556:, former
488:Nine Ding
343:dynasty (
237:with the
223:dynasties
179:Abolition
168:Formation
4418:Shumishi
4403:Jiedushi
4184:Monarchy
4176:Nobility
4061:(1985).
4037:90006244
3787:Archived
3650:clothing
3458:See also
2218:Empress
1852:Liu Song
1762:Liu Shan
1629:(56β 88)
1307:Jurchens
1227:and six
1117:era name
1047:royal we
1021:Wansuiye
761:and the
677:Han Wudi
657:Yuan Shu
582:Red Army
578:Japanese
465:Liu Bang
303:Ming-era
235:autocrat
219:monarchs
61:Imperial
4249:Offices
4228:Empress
4206:Emperor
4189:Dynasty
3608:
3590:
3513:Ancient
3275:Nurhaci
2222:of the
1385:Zhuanxu
1338:Gallery
1319:Manchus
1317:as the
1309:of the
1301:of the
1299:Khitans
1225:Consort
1223:, four
1213:Empress
1153:Jiabeng
946:Huangdi
917:of the
850:emperor
810:eunuchs
794:regents
681:Guangwu
667:of the
643:to the
618:Shu Han
614:Cao Wei
570:Tianjin
520:Mongols
518:of the
508:Huangdi
490:or the
450:thearch
445:Huangdi
424:of the
415:
295:eunuchs
251:dynasty
214:HuÑngdì
201:Chinese
197:Emperor
119:Details
101:
4302:Taixue
4201:Titles
4113:
4069:
4043:
4035:
4013:Hanshu
3990:
3970:
3895:"Puyi"
3848:
3715:
3660:, etc.
3630:) and
3521:Middle
1305:, the
1219:, two
1215:, one
1051:Guaren
1007:Tianzi
938:kowtow
784:, the
655:, and
516:khagan
482:; the
431:Tianzi
293:, and
253:, and
233:", an
211::
209:pinyin
203::
4589:Ranks
4342:Yamen
4240:Harem
4194:Cycle
4041:S2CID
4033:JSTOR
4009:Shiji
3658:music
3622:Huang
3611:Ι’Κ·Λ€aΕ
3574:Notes
3517:Early
1209:harem
1149:θη₯δ»ηεΈ
1145:ε£η₯δ»ηεΈ
1104:Shang
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942:taboo
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418:tΛ€eks
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4669:Yuan
4664:Liao
4659:Tang
4562:Qing
4365:King
4347:Tusi
4211:List
4111:ISBN
4067:ISBN
4011:and
3988:ISBN
3968:ISBN
3929:2022
3903:2024
3846:ISBN
3769:2024
3744:2024
3713:ISBN
3593:Ι’Κ·aΕ
3525:Late
1283:and
1239:and
1170:倧θ‘ηεΈ
1092:ηΆδ»ηδΈ
1088:ε½δ»ηδΈ
1079:ηεΈιδΈ
1037:zhen
919:Song
804:and
802:Cixi
691:and
576:, a
550:Puyi
503:Qing
501:and
499:Yuan
497:The
369:wΓ ng
162:Puyi
127:His
4654:Han
4025:doi
3646:sky
2606:of
2574:of
2556:of
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1974:of
1850:of
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863:ε«‘ι·ε
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