571:
952:), the chancellor in Liu Ruyi's principality, whom Lü Zhi respected because of his stern opposition to Emperor Gaozu's proposal to make Liu Ruyi crown prince, temporarily protected Liu Ruyi from harm by responding to Lü Zhi's order that, "The Prince of Zhao is ill and unfit for travelling over long distances." Lü Zhi then ordered Zhou Chang to come to the capital, had him detained, and then summoned Liu Ruyi again. Emperor Hui tried to save Liu Ruyi by intercepting his half-brother before the latter entered Chang'an, and kept Liu Ruyi by his side most of the time. Lü Zhi refrained from carrying out her plans for several months because she feared that she might harm Emperor Hui as well.
453:
did everything (臨朝聽政制, "linchao tingzheng zhi"). With the untimely death of her 22-year-old son, Emperor Hui, Empress
Dowager Lü subsequently proclaimed his two young sons emperor (known historically as Emperor Qianshao and Emperor Houshao respectively). She gained more power than ever before, and these two young emperors had no legitimacy as emperors in history; the history of this 8-year period is considered and recognized as the reign of Empress Dowager Lü. She dominated the political scene for 15 years until her death in August 180 BC, and is often depicted as the first woman to have ruled China. While four women are noted as having been politically active before her—
539:), went there bringing a single cent and said, "I offer 10,000 coins." Lü Wen saw Liu Bang and was so impressed with him on first sight, that he immediately stood up and welcomed Liu into the hall to sit beside him. Xiao He told Lü Wen that Liu Bang was not serious, but Liu ignored him and chatted with Lü. Lü Wen said, "I used to predict fortunes for many people but I've never seen someone so exceptional like you before." Lü Wen then offered his daughter Lü Zhi's hand in marriage to Liu Bang and they were wed. Lü Zhi bore Liu Bang a daughter (later
896:", a group of four reclusive wise men, to persuade Gaozu to change his decision. The four men promised to assist Liu Ying in future if he became emperor, and Gaozu was pleased to see that Liu Ying had their support. Gaozu told Concubine Qi, "I wanted to replace (the crown prince). Now I see that he has the support of those four men; he is fully fledged and difficult to unseat. Empress Lü is really in charge!" This marked the end of the dispute over the succession and affirmed Liu Ying's role as crown prince.
727:
966:). Several days later, Emperor Hui was taken to view the "human swine" and was shocked to learn that it was Concubine Qi. He cried loudly and became ill for a long time. He requested to see his mother and said, "This is something done not by a human. As the empress dowager's son, I'll never be able to rule the empire." From then on, Emperor Hui indulged himself in carnal pleasures and ignored state affairs, leaving all of them to his mother, and this caused power to fall completely into her hands.
1273:'s son, and his birth mother was executed by the empress dowager. He remarked that when he grew up he would make Empress Dowager Zhang pay for his mother's death. When Lü Zhi heard about this, she had the young emperor secretly confined in the palace and publicly announced that the emperor was seriously ill and unable to meet anyone. After some time, she told the imperial court that Emperor Qianshao was still sick and suffered from
444:, as a lesson for the aristocracy and other generals. In June 195 BC, with the death of Gaozu, Empress Lü became, as the widow of the late emperor and mother of the new emperor, Empress Dowager (皇太后, Huángtàihòu), and assumed a leadership role in her son's administration. Less than a year after Emperor Hui's accession to the throne, in 194 BC, Lü had one of the late Emperor Gaozu's consorts whom she deeply hated,
1310:
1077:(Princess Yuan of Lu's daughter) and made her empress. They did not have any children. It was alleged that Lü Zhi told Zhang Yan to adopt eight boys and have their mothers killed. There is uncertainty whether these children were Emperor Hui's; the traditional view is that they were not, while modern historians believe that they were born to his concubines.
633:(previously known as King Huai II of Chu) to appoint whoever conquered Guanzhong first (during the rebellion against the Qin dynasty) as king of that area. This marked the beginning of a four-year power struggle for supremacy over China between Liu Bang and Xiang Yu, from 206 BC to 202 BC, known as the
887:
with Liu Ruyi as crown prince, reasoning that the former was too "soft-hearted and weak" and that the latter resembled him more. Since Lü Zhi had strong rapport with many ministers, they generally opposed Gaozu's decision but the emperor seemed bent on deposing Liu Ying. Lü Zhi became worried and she
1011:
Lü Zhi then transferred another of Gaozu's sons, Liu Hui, the Prince of Liang, to Zhao, and forced him to marry a daughter of Lü Chan. The Lü clan grabbed the authority of Zhao and oversaw Liu Hui, thus making Liu Hui feel restricted. Princess Lü had a favored concubine of Liu Hui poisoned to death.
955:
One morning in the winter of 195–194 BC, Emperor Hui went for a hunting trip and did not bring Liu Ruyi with him because the latter refused to get out of bed. Lü Zhi's chance arrived, so she sent an assassin to force poisoned wine down Liu Ruyi's throat. The young prince was dead by the time
Emperor
988:
and he and
Emperor Hui attended a banquet hosted by the empress dowager. Emperor Hui honoured Liu Fei as an older half-brother and treated the latter respectfully. Lü Zhi felt offended and secretly instructed her servants to pour a cup of poisoned wine for Liu Fei, and then toasted him. Just as Liu
772:
and other ministers. During this time, Lü Zhi proved herself to be a competent administrator in domestic affairs, and she quickly established strong working relationships with many of Gaozu's officials, who admired her for her capability and feared her for her ruthlessness. After the war ended and
695:
In the autumn of 203 BC, Liu Bang and Xiang Yu came to a temporary reconciliation, known as the Treaty of Hong Canal, which divided China into west and east under their Han and
Western Chu domains respectively. As part of their agreement, Xiang Yu released Lü Zhi and Liu Bang's family and returned
452:
poisoned to death. Emperor Hui was shocked by his mother's cruelty and fell sick for a year, and thereafter no longer became involved in state affairs, and gave more power to his mother. As a result, Empress
Dowager Lü held the court, listened to the government, spoke on behalf of the emperor, and
1054:
Your
Lordship does not forget our land and writes a letter to us, we fear. I retreat to preserve myself. I'm old and frail, I'm losing hair and teeth, and I struggle to maintain balance when I move. Your Lordship has heard wrongly, you shouldn't defile yourself. Our people did not offend you, and
435:
She played a role in the rise and foundation of her husband, Emperor Gaozu, and his dynasty, and in some of the laws and customs laid down by him. Empress Lü, even in the absence of her husband from the capital, killed two prominent generals who played an important role in Gaozu's rise to power,
1039:
I'm a lonesome ruler born in marshes and raised in plains populated by livestock. I've visited your border numerous times and wanted to tour China. Your
Majesty is now alone and living in solitude. Since both of us are not happy and have nothing to entertain ourselves, I'm willing to use what I
834:
but the latter claimed that he was ill and sent his subordinates to assist Gaozu instead. After Chen Xi's rebellion was quelled, Gaozu heard rumours that Peng Yue was plotting against him too, and he had Peng arrested and stripped off his titles. Peng was demoted to the status of a commoner and
1085:
Emperor Hui died in 188 BC and was succeeded by
Emperor Qianshao, one of the children Empress Zhang adopted. Empress Dowager Lü closely monitored and controlled the imperial court and kept the whole army firmly in her hands, thus maintaining power more strongly than before. His death and the
1228:
accepted this move. When Wang Ling rebuked Chen Ping and Zhou Bo in private for going against
Emperor Gaozu's law, they rationalized that their compliance with the empress dowager's wishes was necessary to protect the empire and the Liu clan. Lü Zhi promoted Wang Ling to the position of
529:, then an assistant of the magistrate, was in charge of the seating arrangement and collection of gifts from guests at a banquet in Lü Wen's house, and he announced, "Those who do not offer more than 1,000 coins in gifts shall be seated outside the hall." Liu Bang (later
956:
Hui returned. Lü Zhi then had
Concubine Qi killed in an inhumane manner: she had Qi's hands and feet chopped off, eyes gouged out, ears burned, nose sliced off, tongue cut out, forced her to drink a potion that made her mute, and had her thrown into a
989:
Fei was about to drink the wine, Emperor Hui realised his mother's intention and grabbed Liu Fei's cup as if he would drink from it. Lü Zhi immediately jumped up and knocked the cup out of Emperor Hui's hand. Liu Fei then offered to give up an entire
1106:
As grandmother of the infant emperor, Lü Zhi retained her title as Empress Dowager and never claimed the title as Grand Empress Dowager. As a result, she played the role of an emperor and de facto filled the empty throne. She addressed herself as
924:
Lü Zhi did not harm most of Gaozu's other consorts and treated them according to the rules and customs of the imperial family. For example, consorts who bore male children that were instated as princes were granted the title of "Princess Dowager"
823:, she had Xiao summon Han to meet her in Changle Palace. There, the empress had Han Xin taken by surprise, captured, and subsequently executed in a torturous manner. Lü Zhi also ordered Han Xin's family and relatives to be put to death as well.
1191:
used when addressing the empress or empress dowager directly. The edicts (敕, chi) she issued were referred to as Sheng Zhe (聖制), which were the personal orders of the emperor. Conventional historians do not consider Emperor Qianshao a true
1239:) but the latter claimed that he was ill and declined, so she ordered him to return to his marquisate (Wang Ling held the title of Marquis of Anguo). Lü Zhi then appointed Chen Ping as Right Chancellor and her illicit lover Shen Yiji (
1044:
Lü Zhi was infuriated at the rude proposition, and in a heated court session, her generals advised her to rally an army and exterminate the Xiongnu immediately. As she was about to declare war, an outspoken attendant named
1049:
pointed out that the Xiongnu army was much more powerful than the Chinese. At Ji Bu's words, the court immediately fell into a fearful silence. Rethinking her plans, Lü Zhi rejected Modu's proposition humbly, as follows:
1256:'s brother) as the Prince of Lu. Over the next few years she instated several of her nephews and grandnephews as princes and marquises. In an unprecedented move, in 184 BC, Lü Zhi also granted her younger sister Lü Xu (
1277:, and was thus incapable of ruling. She then proposed that the emperor be replaced. The court complied with her wish, and Emperor Qianshao was deposed and put to death. He was succeeded by his brother, Liu Yi (
1004:, the Prince of Zhao. Liu You married Lü Zhi's niece but was caught having an affair with another woman, so Lü Zhi's niece reported to her aunt that Liu You was plotting a rebellion. Lü Zhi summoned Liu You to
939:(Qi's son) and Liu Ying. Liu Ruyi, the Prince of Zhao, was away in his principality, so Lü Zhi targeted Concubine Qi. She had Qi stripped of her position, treated like a convict (head shaved, in
843:). During his journey to Qingyi, Peng Yue encountered Lü Zhi, who wanted to have him killed. He pleaded with her to spare his life and let him return to his hometown in Changyi (昌邑; present-day
757:, there were still unstable areas in the empire, requiring the new government to launch military campaigns to pacify these regions thereafter. Gaozu placed Empress Lü Zhi and the crown prince
2719:
1086:
succession of an immature child left power completely and solely in the hands of Empress Dowager Lü, and as a regent, legitimized her as the first female absolute ruler in
916:. She exerted more influence during the reign of her son than she had when she was empress, and she became the powerful and effective lead figure in his administration.
816:
before departing from Chang'an for Julu, and it was alleged that Han Xin was involved in the rebellion. Lü Zhi became wary of Han Xin, and after consulting the
1102:"Emperor Hui died and the prince was established as emperor, the Empress Dowager presiding over court and issuing edicts, and gave a general imperial pardon."
686:). Lü Zhi and Liu Bang's family were captured by Chu forces and held hostage. During this period of time, Lü Zhi started an illicit affair with Shen Yiji (
1358:
In the aftermath of Lü Zhi's death, her clan members were overthrown from their positions of power and massacred, in an event historically known as the
946:
Lü Zhi then summoned Liu Ruyi, who was around the age of 12 then, to Chang'an, intending to kill him together with his mother. However Zhou Chang (
2699:
1210:), a rule that Lü Zhi herself had a hand in creating. In spite of this, Lü Zhi attempted to install some of her kinsmen as princes. The Right
1008:
and had him imprisoned and deprived of food. Liu You was afraid of committing suicide and eventually starved to death, in February 181 BC.
855:, where he was subsequently executed on false charges of treason. Lü Zhi ordered Peng Yue's body to be mutilated and had Peng's clan
1065:
policy of marrying Han princesses to Xiongnu chieftains and paying tribute to the Xiongnu in exchange for peace between both sides.
2194:
672:
In the summer of 205 BC, Liu Bang took advantage of the situation when Xiang Yu was occupied with suppressing rebellions in the
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for help, and the latter analysed that Gaozu was changing the succession on grounds of favouritism. Zhang Liang invited the "
2841:
2695:
2203:
1298:
1197:
409:
525:, settled there, and became a close friend of the county magistrate. Many influential men in town came to visit Lü Wen.
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2083:
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should be pardoned. We've two imperial carriages and eight fine steeds, which we graciously offer to Your Lordship.
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2836:
2816:
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2477:
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1248:
Lü Zhi then proceeded to make her kin nobles. Her first step was to install her maternal grandson Zhang Yan (張偃;
629:
region) directly north of his own fief. Guanzhong was rightfully Liu Bang's, according to an earlier promise by
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2731:
2683:
2138:
1913:
893:
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in AD 25, posthumously replaced Lü Zhi as "Empress Gao" in Gaozu's temple with another of Gaozu's concubines,
680:. Xiang Yu immediately withdrew from Qi and launched a counterattack, defeating Liu Bang's forces at Suishui (
20:
2826:
2043:
578:(202 BC – 8 AD) ceramic statuette of a seated woman and court attendant holding up her robes, from a tomb in
357:
249:
2786:
856:
562:. Lü Zhi and her two children remained with her father and family for most of the time during this period.
2831:
2187:
1560:
1362:. The masterminds of this coup d'état included ministers who previously served Emperor Gaozu, including
27:
2417:
2336:
570:
1874:
2811:
2432:
1524:
889:
702:). Liu Bang later renounced the truce and attacked Xiang Yu, eventually defeating the latter at the
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2555:
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2012:
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had previously decreed that no non-imperial clan members could become princes (not including the
777:
returned, she remained in power and she was always influential in many of the country's affairs.
425:
82:
2245:
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to do so exclusively. Lü Zhi's position as regent was first recorded in the official history of
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2771:
2711:
2687:
2180:
2008:
2004:
1344:
1290:
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429:
86:
1803:
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158:
610:) as his domain. However, Liu Bang's family, including Lü Zhi and her children, remained in
1926:(單于不忘弊邑，賜之以書，弊邑恐懼。退而自圖，年老氣衰，發齒墮落，行步失度，單于過聽，不足以自污。弊邑無罪，宜在見赦。竊有御車二乘，馬二駟，以奉常駕。) Ban Gu et al.
1413:
1322:
1262:) the title of Marquise of Lingguang, in a separate fief from that of the latter's husband
1203:
905:
774:
750:
530:
393:
191:
1015:
For the matters above, Lü Zhi was criticized for "having murdered three princes of Zhao".
8:
2600:
2502:
2482:
2315:
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2240:
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994:
880:
540:
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2003:] (in Chinese) (punctuated ed.). Beijing: Imperial Household Department. vols.
106:(15 years) (mother of the emperor 195–188 BC, and grandmother of the emperor 188–180 BC)
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2472:
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1702:
1423:
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817:
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78:
1293:. Like his predecessor Emperor Qianshao, Liu Hong is generally not regarded as a real
2610:
2590:
2492:
2467:
2250:
2148:
2102:
1741:
1294:
1270:
1253:
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943:, dressed in prison garb), and forced to do hard labour in the form of milling rice.
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599:
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142:
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935:, whom Lü Zhi greatly resented because of the dispute over the succession between
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2530:
2377:
2310:
1735:
1087:
913:
844:
827:
809:
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797:, of whose military capabilities both she and her husband had been apprehensive.
793:, two of Emperor Gaozu's subjects who contributed greatly to the founding of the
417:
413:
38:
2402:
1173:
1145:
867:
In his late years, Emperor Gaozu started favouring one of his younger consorts,
726:
43:
2172:
2066:
1855:
875:, who was instated as Prince of Zhao in 198 BC, displacing Lü Zhi's son-in-law
293:
2407:
1899:(孤僨之君，生於沮澤之中，長於平野牛馬之域，數至邊境，願游中國。陛下獨立，孤僨獨居。兩主不樂，無以自虞，願以所有，易其所無。) Ban Gu et al.
1834:
Ess, Hans van (2006). "Praise and Slander: The evocation of Empress Lü in the
2760:
2658:
2605:
2487:
2362:
2295:
1804:
Women Shall Not Rule: Imperial Wives and Concubines in China from Han to Liao
1674:
692:), one of Liu Bang's followers, who was also held captive together with her.
637:. Xiang Yu initially took no action against Liu Bang's family. In the eighth
490:
2285:
279:
34:
1403:). In 187 BC, he was granted the posthumous title of "Prince Xuan of Lü" (
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2627:
2572:
2512:
2497:
2449:
2354:
2343:
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2227:
2212:
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1953:
1348:
1336:
1132:
1095:
1032:
1005:
985:
801:
794:
762:
711:
706:
in 202 BC and unifying China under his rule. Liu Bang proclaimed himself
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615:
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555:
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171:
122:
94:
1080:
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2255:
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673:
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1321:
Lü Zhi died of illness at the age of 61 in 180 BC and was interred in
1117:
2520:
2367:
2265:
1983:
1789:
1777:
1371:
1332:
1274:
1035:, who wrote as follows in a letter meant to intimidate and mock her:
1012:
Liu Hui was distressed and committed suicide in fear in July 181 BC.
908:
died and was succeeded by Liu Ying, who became historically known as
677:
626:
2115:
Notable Women of China: Shang Dynasty to the Early Twentieth Century
1131:), a first-person pronoun reserved for use by the emperor after the
663:
and fetch his family. However Xiang Yu mobilised troops to Yangxia (
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2545:
2535:
2412:
2397:
2387:
2270:
1987:
1659:
1637:
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Lü Zhi also played a role in the death of another of Gaozu's sons,
936:
919:
876:
872:
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them to Liu. Lü Zhi was given the title of "Queen Consort of Han" (
595:
579:
482:
458:
449:
441:
448:, put to death in a cruel manner. She also had Concubine Qi's son
2635:
2427:
1680:
1670:
1367:
1225:
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In 191 BC, at Lü Zhi's insistence, Emperor Hui married his niece
1024:
1001:
978:, the Prince of Qi, Emperor Gaozu's eldest son born to Lady Cao (
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852:
840:
820:
813:
786:
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607:
606:" and given the lands in the remote Bashu region (in present-day
583:
526:
469:—Lü was the perhaps first woman to have ruled over united China.
437:
2540:
2392:
2021:
1580:), older brother, posthumously known as "Prince Zhao of Zhao" (
1340:
1178:
1150:
1122:
1091:
1028:
940:
851:), and the empress pretended to agree. Peng Yue was brought to
506:
454:
421:
365:
58:
1478:), older brother, posthumously known as "Prince Daowu of Lü" (
1309:
1068:
931:) in their respective sons' principalities. One exception was
780:
1991:
1061:
1046:
472:
1760:
Lady Lü's names were not found in her biographies in either
1740:. Vol. 1. Columbia University Press. pp. 267–284.
1957:, vol. 13, "Biographies of Empresses" (後改令稱詔，羣臣上書曰陛下，自稱曰朕).
1269:
Around 184 BC, Emperor Qianshao discovered that he was not
731:
969:
424:
during the short reigns of Emperor Hui and his successors
1625:), Lü Shizhi's son, instated as Prince of Zhao in 181 BC.
550:
Liu Bang later participated in the rebellion against the
2095:
War With The Xiongnu - A Translation From Zizhi tongjian
1023:
In 192 BC, Lü Zhi received a marriage proposal from the
835:
exiled to the remote Qingyi County (青衣縣; in present-day
997:. Lü Zhi accepted the offer and allowed him to leave.
26:"Lü Zhi" redirects here. For the conservationist, see
1355:. Lü Zhi was enshrined in a separate temple instead.
1081:
As empress dowager: grandmother and an acting emperor
812:, the Marquis of Yangxia. A year before, Chen Xi met
721:
565:
312:
298:
284:
765:and making key decisions in court, assisted by the
883:'s husband). Gaozu had the intention of replacing
714:. He instated Lü Zhi as his empress and their son
621:Later that year, Liu Bang attacked and seized the
477:Lü Zhi was born in Shanfu County (單父; present-day
1941:Book of Han, Volume 94, Traditions of the Xiongnu
1928:Book of Han, Volume 94, Traditions of the Xiongnu
1901:Book of Han, Volume 94, Traditions of the Xiongnu
614:, which was a territory of Xiang Yu's kingdom of
2758:
2202:
1339:(AD 9 – AD 23), Lü Zhi's body was desecrated by
920:Roles in the deaths of Concubine Qi and Liu Ruyi
899:
2112:
1968:Book of the Later Han, Biography of Liu Xuanzi.
1220:) opposed her decision but the Left Chancellor
1163:used when addressing the emperor directly, not
785:Lü Zhi is known for her roles in the deaths of
676:to attack and capture Western Chu's capital of
669:) and prevented the Han forces from advancing.
400:. They had two known children, Liu Ying (later
1018:
862:
16:Empress Regent of the Han dynasty (241–180 BC)
2188:
1768:; her names were found in annotations to the
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1493:), Lü Ze's son, instated as Prince Su of Lü (
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408:. Lü was the first woman to assume the title
254:
240:
1917:, v. 100, Burton Watson translation page 249
993:from his principality to Lü Zhi's daughter,
830:'s revolt, he requested reinforcements from
515:). To flee from enemies, her father Lü Wen (
1640:'s wife, instated as Marquise of Linguang (
1069:Emperor Hui's marriage to Empress Zhang Yan
781:Roles in the deaths of Han Xin and Peng Yue
416:. After Gaozu's death, she was honoured as
2195:
2181:
1595:), Lü Shizhi's son, Marquis of Jiancheng (
473:Family background and marriage to Liu Bang
1875:Volume 9, Biography of Empress Dowager Lü
1726:
1308:
1059:However, she continued implementing the
912:. Lü Zhi was honoured by Emperor Hui as
761:(Lü Zhi's son) in charge of the capital
725:
641:, Liu Bang sent his followers, Wang Xi (
569:
1737:Records of the Grand Historian of China
1461:), Lü Changxu's son, Marquis of Fuliu (
1040:possess to exchange for what you lack.
970:Treatment of Emperor Gaozu's other sons
598:divided the former Qin Empire into the
590:In early 206 BC, after the fall of the
340:(241–18 August 180 BC), courtesy name
19:For other people named Empress Lü, see
2759:
1542:), Lü Tai's son, Marquis of Dongping (
1343:rebels when they raided Gaozu's tomb.
1289:), and was also historically known as
314:
2176:
1652:
1610:), Lü Shizhi's son, Marquis of Buqi (
1397:), sometimes referred to as Lü Gong (
1939:(因獻馬，遂和親。至孝文即位，復修和親。) Ban Gu et al.
1822:vol. 55, House of the Marquis of Liu
1297:, so he is also not included in the
1196:, so he is usually omitted from the
1833:
1299:list of emperors of the Han dynasty
1198:list of emperors of the Han dynasty
13:
2139:Empress of the Western Han dynasty
800:In 196 BC, Gaozu left the capital
722:As empress and paramount authority
566:Life during the Chu–Han Contention
14:
2853:
2113:Bennet Peterson, Barbara (2000).
1982:
1868:
1815:
1795:
1378:, was installed on the throne as
1313:Tomb of Empress Lü in Changling,
974:Around the winter of 195-194 BC,
960:. She called Qi a "human swine" (
59:Empress regent of the Han dynasty
2601:Grand Empress Dowager Qiongcheng
1729:"The Basic Annals of Empress Lu"
1443:Siblings and their descendants:
1283:), who was renamed to Liu Hong (
533:), then a minor patrol officer (
2596:Grand Empress Dowager Shangguan
1960:
1946:
1933:
1920:
1824:: "我欲易之，彼四人輔之，羽翼已成，難動矣。呂后真而主矣！"
1679:The character of Jia Matiza in
1508:), Lü Tai's son, Prince of Lü (
1374:. Liu Heng, a son of Gaozu and
2001:Records of the Grand Historian
1914:Records of the Grand Historian
1906:
1893:
1880:
1862:
1827:
1809:
1762:Records of the Grand Historian
1754:
1720:
1673:in the 2012 television series
1632:
1621:
1606:
1591:
1582:
1576:
1555:
1544:
1538:
1519:
1510:
1504:
1495:
1489:
1480:
1474:
1457:
1448:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1285:
1279:
1258:
1183:
1155:
1127:
894:Four Whiteheads of Mount Shang
602:. Liu Bang was named "King of
517:
511:
396:, the founding emperor of the
392:), was the empress consort of
388:
383:
379:
370:
361:
353:
313:
299:
285:
255:
241:
1:
2822:Han dynasty empresses dowager
2797:3rd-century BC Chinese people
2782:Han dynasty imperial consorts
2720:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
1708:
1523:), Lü Tai's son, instated as
1135:. Officials addressed her as
900:As empress dowager and Regent
625:(three kingdoms covering the
543:) and a son, Liu Ying (later
169:18 August 180 BC (aged 60–61)
104:1 June 195 – 18 August 180 BC
2802:2nd-century BC women regents
2792:3rd-century BC Chinese women
2204:Empresses of the Han dynasty
1966:(發掘諸陵，取其寶貨，遂污辱呂后屍。) Fan Ye.
1713:
1559:), Lü Ze's son, instated as
826:When Gaozu was putting down
7:
2842:Mothers of Chinese emperors
1691:
1019:Marriage proposal from Modu
863:Dispute over the succession
344:(娥姁) and commonly known as
21:Empress Lü (disambiguation)
10:
2858:
2483:Empress Dowager Qiongcheng
1976:
1856:10.1163/156852606779969824
1165:Dianxia, Imperial Highness
753:(Liu Bang)'s victory over
521:) brought their family to
32:
25:
18:
2807:Chu–Han contention people
2672:
2649:
2626:
2619:
2591:Grand Empress Dowager Dou
2571:
2564:
2511:
2478:Empress Dowager Shangguan
2448:
2441:
2353:
2324:
2226:
2219:
2210:
2160:
2155:
2145:
2136:
2124:
1664:The Beauty of the Emperor
1642:
1612:
1597:
1565:
1529:
1463:
1438:), personal name unknown.
1434:
1385:
1327:
1271:Empress Dowager Zhang Yan
1241:
1235:
1216:
1172:
1144:
1116:
980:
962:
948:
927:
698:
688:
682:
665:
655:
649:
643:
535:
502:
331:
327:
306:
292:
278:
271:
266:
262:
248:
234:
229:
225:
221:
217:Lü Wen, Prince Xuan of Lü
213:
197:
187:
177:
165:
152:
148:
138:
128:
120:
110:
100:
92:
74:
64:
57:
52:
2611:Grand Empress Dowager Fu
2586:Grand Empress Dowager Bo
2581:Grand Empress Dowager Lü
1995:
1304:
804:to suppress a revolt in
236:Traditional Chinese
28:Lü Zhi (conservationist)
2566:Grand empresses dowager
1877:: "此非人所為。臣為太后子，終不能治天下。"
1687:is based on Empress Lü.
1137:Bixia, Imperial Majesty
426:Emperor Qianshao of Han
250:Simplified Chinese
121:Empress consort of the
93:Empress dowager of the
2837:2nd-century BC regents
2817:Chinese female regents
1325:'s tomb in Changling (
1318:
1291:Emperor Houshao of Han
1245:) as Left Chancellor.
1104:
1057:
1042:
871:, who bore him a son,
746:
743:Shaanxi History Museum
653:), to meet Wang Ling (
587:
2767:3rd-century BC births
2055:Book of the Later Han
1850:(2). Brill: 221–254.
1685:The Dandelion Dynasty
1312:
1100:
1052:
1037:
729:
573:
558:, nominally-ruled by
2827:Emperor Gaozu of Han
2621:Posthumous empresses
2503:Empress Dowager Wang
1414:Emperor Gaozu of Han
710:and established the
554:under the insurgent
531:Emperor Gaozu of Han
192:Emperor Gaozu of Han
2787:Han dynasty regents
2531:Empress Dowager Dou
2468:Empress Dowager Dou
2117:. M.E. Sharpe, Inc.
1698:Lü Clan Disturbance
1636:), younger sister,
1430:Princess Yuan of Lu
1412:Husband: Liu Bang,
1360:Lü Clan Disturbance
1347:, who restored the
1331:). Near the end of
1250:Princess Yuan of Lu
995:Princess Yuan of Lu
881:Princess Yuan of Lu
541:Princess Yuan of Lu
406:Princess Yuan of Lu
350:traditional Chinese
204:Princess Yuan of Lu
182:Changling Mausoleum
2832:Deaths from rabies
2556:Empress Dowager He
2526:Empress Dowager Ma
2493:Empress Dowager Fu
2463:Empress Dowager Bo
2458:Empress Dowager Lü
1727:Sima Qian (1961).
1703:Emperor Hui of Han
1653:In popular culture
1424:Emperor Hui of Han
1380:Emperor Wen of Han
1319:
910:Emperor Hui of Han
747:
635:Chu–Han Contention
588:
545:Emperor Hui of Han
485:) during the late
467:Queen Dowager Xuan
402:Emperor Hui of Han
376:Empress Gao of Han
358:simplified Chinese
208:Emperor Hui of Han
132:202– 1 June 195 BC
2754:
2753:
2443:Empresses dowager
2276:Empress Shangguan
2221:Empresses consort
2171:
2170:
2149:Empress Zhang Yan
2146:Succeeded by
2107:978-1-4490-0605-1
1452:), older sister.
1254:Empress Zhang Yan
737:, excavated from
718:as crown prince.
631:Emperor Yi of Chu
600:Eighteen Kingdoms
335:
334:
323:
322:
273:Standard Mandarin
143:Empress Zhang Yan
2849:
2812:People from Heze
2197:
2190:
2183:
2174:
2173:
2163:Empress of China
2122:
2121:
2118:
2016:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1950:
1944:
1937:
1931:
1924:
1918:
1910:
1904:
1897:
1891:
1884:
1878:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1831:
1825:
1813:
1807:
1799:
1793:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1733:
1724:
1658:Portrayed as by
1645:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1624:
1623:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1608:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1568:
1567:
1558:
1557:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1532:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1451:
1450:
1437:
1436:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1395:
1391:Father: Lü Wen (
1330:
1329:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1281:
1261:
1260:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1219:
1218:
1185:
1176:
1157:
1148:
1129:
1120:
983:
982:
965:
964:
951:
950:
930:
929:
904:In June 195 BC,
708:Emperor of China
704:Battle of Gaixia
701:
700:
691:
690:
685:
684:
668:
667:
658:
657:
652:
651:
646:
645:
538:
537:
520:
519:
513:
504:
410:Empress of China
390:
385:
381:
372:
363:
355:
319:
318:
317:
302:
301:
288:
287:
264:
263:
258:
257:
244:
243:
83:Emperor Qianshao
50:
49:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2668:
2645:
2622:
2615:
2567:
2560:
2507:
2444:
2437:
2378:Empress Zhangde
2349:
2320:
2222:
2215:
2206:
2201:
2166:
2151:
2142:
2126:Chinese royalty
2093:Yap, Joseph P.
1997:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1947:
1938:
1934:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1907:
1898:
1894:
1885:
1881:
1867:
1863:
1832:
1828:
1814:
1810:
1801:Keith McMahon,
1800:
1796:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1731:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1694:
1655:
1561:Prince of Liang
1388:
1345:Emperor Guangwu
1307:
1088:Chinese history
1083:
1071:
1021:
972:
922:
914:empress dowager
902:
865:
845:Jinxiang County
783:
724:
568:
475:
430:Emperor Houshao
418:empress dowager
414:paramount power
374:) and formally
206:
183:
170:
157:
133:
105:
87:Emperor Houshao
85:
81:
69:
48:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2855:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2752:
2751:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2340:
2332:
2330:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2177:
2169:
2168:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2144:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2120:
2119:
2110:
2091:
2067:Zizhi Tongjian
2059:
2047:
2018:
2017:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1959:
1945:
1932:
1919:
1905:
1892:
1888:Zizhi Tongjian
1879:
1861:
1826:
1808:
1794:
1753:
1746:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1677:
1667:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1617:
1602:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1534:
1515:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1427:
1417:
1410:
1387:
1384:
1306:
1303:
1082:
1079:
1070:
1067:
1020:
1017:
971:
968:
921:
918:
901:
898:
864:
861:
782:
779:
723:
720:
647:) and Xue Ou (
567:
564:
474:
471:
428:and Liu Hong (
333:
332:
329:
328:
325:
324:
321:
320:
310:
304:
303:
296:
290:
289:
282:
276:
275:
269:
268:
267:Transcriptions
260:
259:
252:
246:
245:
238:
232:
231:
227:
226:
223:
222:
219:
218:
215:
211:
210:
201:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
181:
179:
175:
174:
167:
163:
162:
154:
150:
149:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
90:
89:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
55:
54:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2854:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2777:180 BC deaths
2775:
2773:
2772:241 BC births
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2659:Consort Liang
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2606:Wang Zhengjun
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2488:Wang Zhengjun
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2363:Guo Shengtong
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2296:Wang Zhengjun
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2165:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2141:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2097:. Chapter 2.
2096:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1969:
1963:
1956:
1955:
1949:
1942:
1936:
1929:
1923:
1916:
1915:
1909:
1902:
1896:
1889:
1883:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1749:
1747:9780253340276
1743:
1739:
1738:
1730:
1723:
1719:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1669:Portrayed by
1668:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1639:
1629:
1618:
1603:
1588:
1587:
1573:
1562:
1552:
1535:
1526:
1525:Prince of Yan
1516:
1501:
1500:
1499:) in 186 BC.
1486:
1485:
1471:
1454:
1453:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1323:Emperor Gaozu
1316:
1311:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1204:Emperor Gaozu
1201:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1078:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1051:
1048:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1007:
1003:
998:
996:
992:
987:
977:
967:
959:
953:
944:
942:
938:
934:
917:
915:
911:
907:
906:Emperor Gaozu
897:
895:
891:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
833:
829:
824:
822:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
798:
796:
792:
788:
778:
776:
775:Emperor Gaozu
771:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
751:Emperor Gaozu
744:
741:, now in the
740:
736:
733:
728:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
693:
679:
675:
670:
662:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
585:
581:
577:
572:
563:
561:
557:
553:
548:
546:
542:
532:
528:
524:
514:
508:
500:
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492:
491:courtesy name
488:
484:
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470:
468:
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460:
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451:
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443:
439:
433:
431:
427:
423:
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391:
377:
373:
367:
359:
351:
347:
343:
339:
330:
326:
316:
311:
309:
305:
297:
295:
291:
283:
281:
277:
274:
270:
265:
261:
253:
251:
247:
239:
237:
233:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
209:
205:
202:
200:
196:
193:
190:
186:
180:
176:
173:
168:
164:
160:
155:
151:
147:
144:
141:
137:
131:
127:
124:
119:
116:
113:
109:
103:
99:
96:
91:
88:
84:
80:
77:
73:
67:
63:
60:
56:
51:
46:
45:
40:
36:
29:
22:
2708:N. Dynasties
2704:S. Dynasties
2664:Consort Song
2580:
2457:
2418:Empress Song
2403:Liang Nüying
2337:Empress Wang
2316:Empress Wang
2291:Empress Wang
2286:Huo Chengjun
2235:
2161:
2157:New creation
2156:
2137:
2133:New dynasty
2132:
2114:
2094:
2065:
2053:
2025:
2000:
1992:
1967:
1962:
1952:
1948:
1940:
1935:
1927:
1922:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1895:
1887:
1886:Sima Guang.
1882:
1869:
1864:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1816:
1811:
1802:
1797:
1785:
1781:
1774:Shiji Suoyin
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1736:
1722:
1684:
1663:
1569:) in 181 BC.
1533:) in 181 BC.
1446:Lü Changxu (
1357:
1320:
1268:
1247:
1224:and general
1208:vassal kings
1202:
1182:
1164:
1154:
1136:
1126:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1084:
1072:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1043:
1038:
1027:
1022:
1014:
1010:
999:
973:
954:
945:
933:Concubine Qi
923:
903:
869:Concubine Qi
866:
857:exterminated
825:
799:
784:
748:
694:
671:
620:
589:
560:King Huai II
549:
510:
494:
476:
446:Concubine Qi
434:
387:
375:
369:
345:
341:
337:
336:
280:Hanyu Pinyin
230:Chinese name
42:
35:Chinese name
2700:16 Kingdoms
2651:Eastern Han
2628:Western Han
2573:Western Han
2513:Eastern Han
2498:Zhao Feiyan
2450:Western Han
2433:Empress Cao
2408:Deng Mengnü
2383:Empress Yin
2355:Eastern Han
2344:Empress Shi
2327:Xin dynasty
2306:Zhao Feiyan
2251:Empress Dou
2228:Western Han
2213:Han dynasty
2167:202–195 BC
2143:202–195 BC
2099:AuthorHouse
2027:Book of Han
1954:Book of Wei
1786:Han Shu Zhu
1766:Book of Han
1646:) in 184 BC
1574:Lü Shizhi (
1349:Han dynasty
1337:Xin dynasty
1231:Grand Tutor
1214:Wang Ling (
1133:Qin dynasty
1096:Book of Han
984:), visited
890:Zhang Liang
888:approached
808:started by
795:Han dynasty
749:Even after
712:Han dynasty
639:lunar month
616:Western Chu
592:Qin dynasty
576:Western Han
556:Chu kingdom
552:Qin dynasty
487:Qin dynasty
479:Shan County
398:Han dynasty
389:Hàn Gāo Hòu
172:Han dynasty
123:Han dynasty
95:Han dynasty
79:Emperor Hui
39:family name
2761:Categories
2692:3 Kingdoms
2641:Lady Gouyi
2423:Empress He
2373:Empress Ma
2311:Empress Fu
2301:Empress Xu
2281:Xu Pingjun
2256:Empress Bo
2246:Empress Lü
2236:Empress Lü
2062:Sima Guang
2044:97, Part 1
1890:, vol. 13.
1709:References
1675:King's War
1604:Lü Zhong (
1422:Liu Ying,
1419:Children:
1376:Consort Bo
1353:Consort Bo
1212:Chancellor
991:commandery
818:chancellor
767:chancellor
674:Qi kingdom
623:Three Qins
612:Pei County
523:Pei County
463:Lady Nanzi
346:Empress Lü
294:Wade–Giles
115:Consort Bo
70:(15 years)
68:195–180 BC
2521:Yin Lihua
2368:Yin Lihua
2266:Chen Jiao
2241:Zhang Yan
1990:(1739) .
1984:Sima Qian
1790:Yan Shigu
1778:Sima Zhen
1714:Citations
1553:Lü Chan (
1517:Lü Tong (
1455:Lü Ping (
1372:Guan Ying
1364:Chen Ping
1333:Wang Mang
1317:, Shaanxi
1275:psychosis
1222:Chen Ping
1194:sovereign
1189:honorific
1161:honorific
1075:Zhang Yan
859:as well.
730:Lü Zhi's
678:Pengcheng
627:Guanzhong
139:Successor
134:(7 years)
111:Successor
2551:Dou Miao
2546:Liang Na
2536:Deng Sui
2473:Wang Zhi
2413:Dou Miao
2398:Liang Na
2388:Deng Sui
2271:Wei Zifu
2261:Wang Zhi
2101:. 2009.
2070:, vols.
2030:, vols.
1988:Sima Tan
1692:See also
1660:Joe Chen
1638:Fan Kuai
1502:Lü Jia (
1487:Lü Tai (
1315:Xianyang
1264:Fan Kuai
1252:'s son,
1006:Chang'an
986:Chang'an
937:Liu Ruyi
885:Liu Ying
877:Zhang Ao
873:Liu Ruyi
849:Shandong
832:Peng Yue
802:Chang'an
791:Peng Yue
763:Chang'an
759:Liu Ying
755:Xiang Yu
739:Xianyang
716:Liu Ying
596:Xiang Yu
586:province
580:Xianyang
483:Shandong
459:Yi Jiang
450:Liu Ruyi
442:Peng Yue
75:Monarchs
33:In this
2636:Lady Li
2428:Fu Shou
2024:et al.
1977:Sources
1782:Han Shu
1681:Ken Liu
1671:Qin Lan
1630:Lü Xu (
1619:Lü Lu (
1589:Lü Ze (
1536:Lü Pi (
1472:Lü Ze (
1368:Zhou Bo
1295:monarch
1226:Zhou Bo
1184:Diànxià
1169:Chinese
1141:Chinese
1113:Chinese
1094:in the
1025:Xiongnu
1002:Liu You
976:Liu Fei
958:latrine
853:Luoyang
841:Sichuan
828:Chen Xi
821:Xiao He
814:Han Xin
810:Chen Xi
787:Han Xin
770:Xiao He
661:Nanyang
608:Sichuan
584:Shaanxi
527:Xiao He
499:Chinese
438:Han Xin
436:namely
300:Lü Chih
161:, China
65:Regency
2732:W. Xia
2674:Xia →
2541:Yan Ji
2393:Yan Ji
2105:
2050:Fan Ye
2022:Ban Gu
1844:Nan Nü
1840:Hanshu
1780:) and
1744:
1666:series
1386:Family
1370:, and
1341:Chimei
1187:), an
1181::
1179:pinyin
1171::
1159:), an
1153::
1151:pinyin
1143::
1125::
1123:pinyin
1115::
1092:Ban Gu
1029:chanyu
941:stocks
509::
507:pinyin
501::
489:. Her
465:, and
455:Fu Hao
422:regent
404:) and
371:Lǚ Hòu
368::
366:pinyin
360::
352::
338:Lü Zhi
286:Lǚ Zhì
214:Father
188:Spouse
178:Burial
159:Shanfu
156:241 BC
129:Tenure
101:Tenure
53:Lü Zhi
37:, the
2676:Shang
1999:[
1993:Shiji
1870:Shiji
1836:Shiji
1817:Shiji
1770:Shiji
1732:(PDF)
1305:Death
1156:Bìxià
1062:heqin
1047:Ji Bu
837:Ya'an
659:) in
394:Gaozu
199:Issue
2748:Qing
2744:Ming
2740:Yuan
2728:Song
2724:Liao
2716:Tang
2680:Zhou
2103:ISBN
1838:and
1742:ISBN
1481:呂悼武王
1435:魯元公主
1128:Zhèn
1109:Zhen
1033:Modu
806:Julu
789:and
735:seal
732:jade
493:was
440:and
420:and
412:and
342:E'xu
166:Died
153:Born
2736:Jīn
2712:Sui
2696:Jìn
2688:Han
2684:Qin
1852:doi
1842:".
1788:by
1776:by
1764:or
1683:'s
1662:in
1643:臨光侯
1613:不其侯
1598:建成侯
1586:).
1583:趙昭王
1577:呂釋之
1545:東平侯
1496:呂肅王
1484:).
1464:扶柳侯
1449:呂長姁
1406:呂宣王
1335:'s
1242:審食其
928:王太妃
699:漢王妃
689:審食其
604:Han
547:).
512:Éxǔ
495:Exu
432:).
384:汉高后
380:漢高后
308:IPA
41:is
2763::
2746:→
2742:→
2738:→
2734:/
2730:/
2726:/
2722:→
2718:→
2714:→
2710:→
2706:/
2702:→
2698:/
2694:→
2690:→
2686:→
2682:→
2678:→
2088:13
2086:,
2084:12
2082:,
2080:10
2078:,
2074:,
2064:.
2052:.
2042:,
2038:,
2034:,
2013:49
2011:,
2007:,
1996:史記
1986:;
1873:,
1846:.
1820:,
1792:).
1734:.
1633:呂嬃
1622:呂祿
1616:).
1607:呂種
1601:).
1592:呂則
1566:梁王
1556:呂產
1548:).
1539:呂庀
1530:燕王
1520:呂通
1514:).
1511:呂王
1505:呂嘉
1490:呂台
1475:呂澤
1467:).
1458:呂平
1409:).
1400:呂公
1394:呂文
1382:.
1366:,
1328:長陵
1301:.
1286:劉弘
1280:劉義
1266:.
1259:呂須
1236:太傅
1217:王陵
1200:.
1177:;
1174:殿下
1149:;
1146:陛下
1121:;
1098::
981:曹氏
963:人彘
949:周昌
847:,
839:,
683:睢水
666:陽夏
656:王陵
650:薛歐
644:王吸
618:.
594:,
582:,
574:A
536:亭長
518:呂文
505:;
503:娥姁
481:,
461:,
457:,
386:;
382:;
364:;
362:吕后
356:;
354:呂后
256:吕雉
242:呂雉
44:Lü
2346:)
2342:(
2339:)
2335:(
2329:)
2325:(
2196:e
2189:t
2182:v
2109:.
2090:.
2076:9
2072:7
2058:.
2046:.
2040:3
2036:2
2032:1
2015:.
2009:9
2005:8
1943:.
1930:.
1903:.
1858:.
1854::
1848:8
1784:(
1772:(
1750:.
1563:(
1527:(
1432:(
1426:.
1416:.
1233:(
1167:(
1139:(
1118:朕
1111:(
925:(
879:(
745:.
497:(
378:(
348:(
47:.
30:.
23:.
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