Maria Theresa - Knowledge

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particularly amongst aristocrats who saw their power threatened by the reformers or those who feared that that greater literacy would expose the population to Protestant or Enlightenment ideas. Felbiger's reforms were nevertheless pushed through, as a result of the consistent support of Maria Theresa and her minister Franz Sales Greiner. The reform of the primary schools largely met Maria Theresa's aim of raising literacy standards, as evidenced by the higher proportions of children who attended school; this was particularly the case in the Archdiocese of Vienna, where school attendance increased from 40% in 1780 to a sensational 94% by 1807. Nevertheless, high rates of illiteracy persisted in some parts of Austria, half of the population was illiterate well into the 19th century, The teacher training colleges (in particular the Vienna Normal School) produced hundreds of new teachers who spread the new system over the following decades. However, the number of secondary schools decreased, since the quantity of new schools founded failed to make up for the numbers of Jesuit schools abolished. As a result, secondary schooling became more exclusive.

2391:, of 1775, Joseph complained that his mother intended to "abolish serfdom entirely and arbitrarily destroy the centuries-old property relations." He complained that "no consideration was being taken for the landlords, who were threatened with the loss of more than half their income. For many of them, who are carrying debts, this would mean financial ruin." By 1776, the court was polarized: on one side was a small reform party (including Maria Theresa, Raab, Blanc, Gebler and Greiner); on the conservative side were Joseph and the rest of the court. Joseph argued that it was difficult to find a middle way between the interests of the peasants and nobles; he suggested instead that the peasants negotiate with their landlords to reach an outcome. Joseph's biographer Derek Beales calls this change of course "puzzling". In the ensuing struggle, Joseph forced Blanc to leave the court. Because of the opposition, Maria Theresa was unable to carry out the planned reform and had to settle on a compromise. The system of serfdom was only abolished after Maria Theresa's death, in the 907: 966: 1109: 2451:

to rebuke him. She even wrote: "We never see each other except at dinner ... His temper gets worse every day ... Please burn this letter ... I just try to avoid public scandal." In another letter, also addressed to Joseph's companion, she complained: "He avoids me ... I am the only person in his way and so I am an obstruction and a burden ... Abdication alone can remedy matters." After much contemplation, she chose not to abdicate. Joseph himself often threatened to resign as co-regent and emperor, but he, too, was induced not to do so. Her threats of abdication were rarely taken seriously; Maria Theresa believed that her recovery from smallpox in 1767 was a sign that God wished her to reign until death. It was in Joseph's interest that she remained sovereign, for he often blamed her for his failures and thus avoided taking on the responsibilities of a monarch.

1641: 2938:, Dowager Empress of the Romans, Queen of Hungary, of Bohemia, of Dalmatia, of Croatia, of Slavonia, of Galicia, of Lodomeria, etc.; Archduchess of Austria; Duchess of Burgundy, of Styria, of Carinthia and of Carniola; Grand Princess of Transylvania; Margravine of Moravia; Duchess of Brabant, of Limburg, of Luxemburg, of Guelders, of Württemberg, of Upper and Lower Silesia, of Milan, of Mantua, of Parma, of Piacenza, of Guastalla, of Auschwitz and of Zator; Princess of Swabia; Princely Countess of Habsburg, of Flanders, of Tyrol, of Hainault, of Kyburg, of Gorizia and of Gradisca; Margravine of Burgau, of Upper and Lower Lusatia; Countess of Namur; Lady of the Wendish Mark and of Mechlin; Dowager Duchess of Lorraine and Bar, Dowager Grand Duchess of Tuscany. 826: 14140: 2952: 11313: 8207: 2624: 1128: 8891: 2359:, which was the basis for agriculture in eastern parts of her lands (particularly Bohemia, Moravia, Hungary and Galicia). Although Maria Theresa had initially been reluctant to meddle in such affairs, government interventions were made possible by the perceived need for economic power and the emergence of a functioning bureaucracy. The census of 1770–1771 gave the peasants opportunity to express their grievances directly to the royal commissioners and made evident to Maria Theresa the extent to which their poverty was the result of the extreme demands for forced labour (called " 2959: 1540: 1258: 2148:(who doubted the effectiveness of the technique), and ordered that it be tried on thirty-four newborn orphans and sixty-seven orphans between the ages of five and fourteen years. The trial was successful, establishing that inoculation was effective in protecting against smallpox, and safe (in the case of the test subjects). The empress therefore ordered the construction of an inoculation centre, and had herself and two of her children inoculated. She promoted inoculation in Austria by hosting a dinner for the first sixty-five inoculated children in 2439:. Believing that the emperor must possess enough land to maintain his standing as emperor, Maria Theresa, who was used to being assisted in the administration of her vast realms, declared Joseph to be her new co-ruler on 17 September 1765. From then on, mother and son had frequent ideological disagreements. The 22 million florins that Joseph inherited from his father was injected into the treasury. Maria Theresa had another loss in February 1766 when Haugwitz died. She gave her son absolute control over the military following the death of 2520: 9966: 49: 9406: 4121:

Herzogin zu Braband, zu Limburg, zu Luxemburg und zu Geldern, zu Württemberg, zu Ober- und Nieder-Schlesien, zu Milan, zu Mantua, zu Parma, zu Piacenza, zu Guastala, zu Auschwitz und Zator, Fürstin zu Schwaben, gefürstete Gräfin zu Habsburg, zu Flandern, zu Tirol, zu Hennegau, zu Kyburg, zu Görz und zu Gradisca, Markgräfin des Heiligen Römischen Reiches, zu Burgau, zu Ober- und Nieder-Lausitz, Gräfin zu Namur, Frau auf der Windischen Mark und zu Mecheln, Herzoginwitwe zu Lothringen und Baar, Großherzoginwitwe zu Toskana

2337: 1014: 1811: 520: 2615:), and she was still very much influenced by Catholicism from the previous era. Vocelka even stated that "taken as a whole the reforms of Maria Theresa appear more absolutist and centralist than enlightened, even if one must admit that the influence of enlightened ideas is visible to a certain degree." Despite being among the most successful Habsburg monarchs and remarkable leaders of the 18th century, Maria Theresa has not captured the interest of contemporary historians or media, perhaps due her hardened nature. 1250:, and she asserted that "the very existence of the Kingdom of Hungary, of our own person and children, and our crown, are at stake. Forsaken by all, we place our sole reliance in the fidelity and long-tried valor of the Hungarians." The response was rather boorish, with the queen being questioned and even heckled by members of the Diet; someone cried that she "better apply to Satan than the Hungarians for help." However, she managed to show her gift for theatrical displays by holding her son and heir, 2101:), composed of the state chancellor, three members of the high nobility and three knights, which served as a committee of experienced people who advised her. The council of state lacked executive or legislative authority; nevertheless, it showed the difference between the form of government employed by Maria Theresa and that of Frederick II of Prussia. Unlike the latter, Maria Theresa was not an autocrat who acted as her own minister. Prussia would adopt this form of government only after 1807. 2109:, he pursued a policy of "aristocratic enlightenment" that relied on persuasion to interact with the estates, and he was also willing to retract some of Haugwitz's centralization to curry favour with them. Nonetheless, the governing system remained centralised, and a strong institution made it possible for Kaunitz to increase state revenues substantially. In 1775, the Habsburg monarchy achieved its first balanced budget, and by 1780, the Habsburg state revenue had reached 50 million florins. 1838:. She even advocated for a state church and contemporary travelers criticized her regime as bigoted, intolerant and superstitious. However, she never allowed the church to interfere with what she considered to be prerogatives of a monarch and kept Rome at arm's length. She controlled the selection of archbishops, bishops and abbots. Overall, the ecclesiastical policies of Maria Theresa were enacted to ensure the primacy of state control in church-state relations. She was also influenced by 10855: 696: 1751: 14371: 1046:, which were claimed by his widow. The army had also been weakened due to these wars; instead of the full number of 160,000, the army had been reduced to about 108,000, and they were scattered in small areas from the Austrian Netherlands to Transylvania, and from Silesia to Tuscany. They were also poorly trained and discipline was lacking. Later Maria Theresa even made a remark: "as for the state in which I found the army, I cannot begin to describe it." 9664: 1892: 2404: 1993: 840:, and another one, named Maria Amalia, was born in 1724. The portraits of the imperial family show that Maria Theresa resembled Elisabeth Christine and Maria Anna. The Prussian ambassador noted that she had large blue eyes, fair hair with a slight tinge of red, a wide mouth and a notably strong body. Unlike many other members of the House of Habsburg, neither Maria Theresa's parents nor her grandparents were closely related to each other. 2643: 2053: 1289:. Maria Theresa, then in Hungary, wept on learning of the loss of Bohemia. Charles Albert was unanimously elected Holy Roman Emperor as Charles VII on 24 January 1742, which made him the only non-Habsburg to be in that position since 1440. The Queen, who regarded the election as a catastrophe, caught her enemies unprepared by insisting on a winter campaign; the same day he was elected emperor, Austrian troops under 2387:

peasants to work it on stipulated conditions. The nobles also claimed that the system of forced labour had no connection with the peasants' poverty, which was a result of the peasants' own wastefulness and the increased royal taxes. Somewhat surprisingly, the nobles were supported by Maria Theresa's son and co-ruler Joseph II, who had earlier called for the abolition of serfdom. In a letter to his brother

2302:. Education was to be multilingual; children were to be instructed first in their mother tongue and then in later years in German. Prizes were given to the most able students to encourage ability. Attention was also given to raising the status and pay of teachers, who were forbidden to take on outside employment. Teacher training colleges were established to train teachers in the latest techniques. 1384: 1158:

was inclined to consider such an arrangement, but the Queen and her advisers were not, fearing that any violation of the Pragmatic Sanction would invalidate the entire document. Maria Theresa's firmness soon assured Francis Stephen that they should fight for Silesia, and she was confident that she would retain "the jewel of the House of Austria". The resulting war with Prussia is known as the

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perception. Most importantly, she was ready to recognise the mental superiority of some of her advisers and to give way to a superior mind while enjoying support of her ministers even if their ideas differed from her own. Joseph, however, was never able to establish rapport with the same advisers, even though their philosophy of government was closer to Joseph's than to Maria Theresa's.

2085:). Thanks to this effort, by 1760 there was a class of government officials numbering around 10,000. However, Lombardy, the Austrian Netherlands and Hungary were almost completely untouched by this reform. In the case of Hungary, Maria Theresa was particularly mindful of her promise that she would respect the privileges in the kingdom, including the immunity of nobles from taxation. 2428:

withdrew from court life, public events, and theater. Throughout her widowhood, she spent the whole of August and the eighteenth of each month alone in her chamber, which negatively affected her mental health. She described her state of mind shortly after Francis's death: "I hardly know myself now, for I have become like an animal with no true life or reasoning power."

1230:(today's Bratislava), on 25 June 1741. She had spent months honing the equestrian skills necessary for the ceremony and negotiating with the Hungarian Diet. To appease those who considered her gender to be a serious obstacle, Maria Theresa assumed masculine titles. Thus, in nomenclature, Maria Theresa was archduke and king; normally, however, she was styled as queen. 644:. In defiance of the grave situation, she managed to secure the vital support of the Hungarians for the war effort. During the course of the war, Maria Theresa successfully defended her rule over most of the Habsburg monarchy, apart from the loss of Silesia and a few minor territories in Italy. Maria Theresa later unsuccessfully tried to recover Silesia during the 1914:

she wrote of the Jews: "I know of no greater plague than this race, which on account of its deceit, usury and avarice is driving my subjects into beggary. Therefore as far as possible, the Jews are to be kept away and avoided." Her animosity was such that she was willing to tolerate Protestant businessmen and financiers in Vienna, such as the Swiss-born

1734:. Maria Theresa blamed herself for her daughter's death for the rest of her life because, at the time, the concept of an extended incubation period was largely unknown and it was believed that Josepha had caught smallpox from the body of the late empress. The last in the family to be infected with the illness was the twenty-four year old 2144:(who in turn probably knew of it through her own correspondence with Frederick the Great). After unsuccessfully inviting the Sutton brothers from England to introduce their technique in Austria, Maria Theresa obtained information on current practices of smallpox inoculation in England. She overrode the objections of 1664:, died shortly after her first birthday. The second Maria Carolina was born feet first in 1748. As it became evident that she would not survive, preparations were hastily made to baptize her while still living; according to traditional Catholic belief, unbaptized infants would be condemned to eternity in 1922:

Moravia. Her first intention was to deport all Jews by 1 January, but having accepted the advice of her ministers, had the deadline postponed. The expulsion was executed only for Prague and only retracted in 1748 due to economic considerations and pressures from other countries, including Great Britain.

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However, Maria Theresa's attempts to extend the Raab system to the great estates belonging to the Bohemian nobles were fiercely resisted by the nobles. They claimed that the crown had no right to interfere with the serf system, since the nobles were the original owners of the land and had allowed the

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conflict with her son and nominal co-ruler Joseph II. The need for the reform became evident after the census of 1770–1771, which revealed the widespread illiteracy of the populace. Maria Theresa thereupon wrote to her rival Frederick II of Prussia to request him to allow the Silesian school reformer

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In light of the failure to reclaim Silesia during the Seven Years' War, the governing system was once again reformed to strengthen the state. The Directory was transformed into the United Austrian and Bohemian Chancellery in 1761, which was equipped with a separate, independent judiciary and separate

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In contrast to Maria Theresa's efforts to expel the Jews, she aimed to convert the Protestants (whom she regarded as heretics) to Catholicism. Commissions were formed to seek out secret Protestants and intern them in workhouses, where they would be given the chance to subscribe to approved statements

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was complex. Members of this order educated her, served as her confessors, and supervised the religious education of her eldest son. The Jesuits were powerful and influential in the early years of Maria Theresa's reign. However, the queen's ministers convinced her that the order posed a danger to her

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The relationship between Maria Theresa and Joseph was not without warmth but was complicated and their personalities clashed. Despite his intellect, Maria Theresa's force of personality often made Joseph cower. Sometimes, she openly admired his talents and achievements, but she was also not hesitant

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celebrating the wedding of his second surviving son, Leopold. Maria Theresa was devastated. Their eldest son, Joseph, became Holy Roman Emperor. Maria Theresa abandoned all ornamentation, had her hair cut short, painted her rooms black and dressed in mourning for the rest of her life. She completely

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In the 1770s, reform of the schooling system for all levels of society became a major policy. Stollberg-Rilinger notes that the reform of the primary schools in particular was the most long-lasting success of Maria Theresa's later reign, and one of the few policy agendas in which she was not in open

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and requested that Maria Theresa cede it, threatening to join her enemies if she refused. Maria Theresa decided to fight for the mineral-rich province. Frederick even offered a compromise: he would defend Maria Theresa's rights if she agreed to cede to him at least a part of Silesia. Francis Stephen

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to accept Francis Stephen as co-ruler, since they asserted that the sovereignty of Hungary could not be shared. Despite her love for him and his position as co-ruler, Maria Theresa never allowed her husband to decide matters of state and often dismissed him from council meetings when they disagreed.

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The Duchess of Lorraine's love for her husband was strong and possessive. The letters she sent to him shortly before their marriage expressed her eagerness to see him; his letters, on the other hand, were stereotyped and formal. She was very jealous of her husband and his infidelity was the greatest

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and was able to simultaneously evoke both esteem and affection in her subjects; a notable example was how she projected dignity and simplicity to awe the people in Pressburg before she was crowned as Queen (Regnant) of Hungary. Her 40-year reign was considered to be very successful when compared to

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are included in the list, from the immoral tendency or licentious nature of their writings; but many authors whom we consider as unexceptionable or harmless, experience a similar treatment." The censorship particularly affected works that were deemed to be against the Catholic religion. Ironically,

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The education reform was met with considerable opposition. Predictably, some of this came from peasants who wanted the children to work in the fields instead. Maria Theresa crushed the dissent by ordering the arrest of all those opposed. However, much of the opposition came from the imperial court,

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Maria Theresa's government confirmed (1743) and continued to uphold old privileges granted to their Eastern Orthodox subjects by previous Habsburg monarchs (emperors Leopold I, Joseph I and Charles VI), but at the same time, new reforms were enforced, establishing much firmer state control over the

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to be neutral. Therefore, she needed troops from Hungary in order to support the war effort. Although she had already won the admiration of the Hungarians, the number of volunteers was only in the hundreds. Since she required them in thousands or even tens of thousands, she decided to appear before

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In German: Maria Theresia von Gottes Gnaden Heilige Römische Kaiserinwitwe, Königin zu Ungarn, Böhmen, Dalmatien, Kroatien, Slavonien, Gallizien, Lodomerien, usw., Erzherzogin zu Österreich, Herzogin zu Burgund, zu Steyer, zu Kärnten und zu Crain, Großfürstin zu Siebenbürgen, Markgräfin zu Mähren,

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An additional prompt to reform was the famine which afflicted the empire in the early 1770s. Bohemia was particularly hard hit. Maria Theresa was increasingly influenced by the reformers Franz Anton von Blanc and Tobias Philipp von Gebler, who called for radical changes to the serf system to allow

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as dangerous to the state and actively tried to suppress them. She was probably the most anti-Jewish monarch of her time, having inherited the traditional prejudices of her ancestors and acquired new ones. This was a product of commonplace antisemitism and was not kept secret in her time. In 1777,

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Shortly after giving birth to the younger children, Maria Theresa was confronted with the task of marrying off the elder ones. She led the marriage negotiations along with the campaigns of her wars and the duties of state. She used them as pawns in dynastic games and sacrificed their happiness for

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was signed, whereby Louis XV promised to provide Austria with 130,000 men in addition to 12 million florins yearly. They would also continue the war in Continental Europe until Prussia could be compelled to abandon Silesia and Glatz. In return, Austria would cede several towns in the Austrian

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She has, as you well know, a terrible hatred for France, with which nation it is most difficult for her to keep on good terms, but she controls this passion except when she thinks to her advantage to display it. She detests Your Majesty, but acknowledges your ability. She cannot forget the loss of

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In 1770, she enacted a strict regulation of the sale of poisons, and apothecaries were obliged to keep a poison register recording the quantity and circumstances of every sale. If someone unknown tried to purchase a poison, that person had to provide two character witnesses before a sale could be

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after Joseph, who was opposed to her intentions, threatened to abdicate as emperor and co-ruler. In February 1780, after a number of Moravians publicly declared their faith, Joseph demanded a general freedom to worship. However, Maria Theresa refused to grant this for as long as she lived. In May

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According to Austrian historian Robert A. Kann, Maria Theresa was a monarch of above-average qualifications but intellectually inferior to Joseph and Leopold. Kann asserts that she nevertheless possessed qualities appreciated in a monarch: warm heart, practical mind, firm determination and sound

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with a model project on the crown lands in Bohemia: he was tasked to divide up the large estates into small farms, convert the forced labour contracts into leases, and enable the farmers to pass the leaseholds onto their children. Raab pushed the project through so successfully that his name was

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In December 1744, she proposed to her ministers the expulsion of around 10,000 Jews from Prague amid accusations that they were disloyal at the time of the Bavarian-French occupation during the War of the Austrian Succession. The order was then expanded to all Jews of Bohemia and major cities of

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and even sex between members of different religions. This Commission cooperated closely with the police, and the Commission even employed secret agents to investigate private lives of men and women with bad reputation. They were authorised to raid banquets, clubs, and private gatherings, and to

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extracted from crown lands. The central government was responsible for funding the army, although Haugwitz instituted taxation of the nobility, who had never before had to pay taxes. Moreover, after Haugwitz was appointed the head of the new central administrative agency, dubbed the Directory,

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who had urged him to concentrate on filling the treasury and equipping the army rather than on acquiring signatures of fellow monarchs. The Emperor, who spent his entire reign securing the Pragmatic Sanction, left Austria in an impoverished state, bankrupted by the recent Turkish war and the

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Maria Theresa found herself in a difficult situation. She did not know enough about matters of state and she was unaware of the weakness of her father's ministers. She decided to rely on her father's advice to retain his counselors and to defer to her husband, whom she considered to be more

864:. Her father allowed her to attend meetings of the council from the age of 14 but never discussed the affairs of state with her. Even though he had spent the last decades of his life securing Maria Theresa's inheritance, Charles never prepared his daughter for her future role as sovereign. 2347:

Maria Theresa endeavoured to increase the living standards and quality of life of the people, since she could see a causal link between peasant living standards, productivity and state revenue. The Habsburg government under her rule also tried to strengthen its industry through government

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Maria Theresa in fact contracted smallpox from her daughter-in-law. Throughout the city prayers were made for her recovery, and the sacrament was displayed in all churches. Joseph slept in one of his mother's antechambers and hardly left her bedside. On 1 June, Maria Theresa was given the

2865:. It has a portrait of the queen dressed for her coronation, alongside a portrait of her husband Emperor Francis I on the other side. The room was especially tailored in memory of the reconciliation between the monarch and the government and is used for official state receptions. 1273:, Elector of Bavaria, to her as sovereign. Maria Theresa, desperate and burdened by pregnancy, wrote plaintively to her sister: "I don't know if a town will remain to me for my delivery." She bitterly vowed to spare nothing and no one to defend her kingdom when she wrote to the 2260:

Throughout her reign, Maria Theresa made the promotion of education a priority. Initially this was focused on the wealthier classes. She permitted non-Catholics to attend university and allowed the introduction of secular subjects (such as law), which influenced the decline of

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of June 1742 ended hostilities between Austria and Prussia. With the First Silesian War at an end, the Queen soon made the recovery of Bohemia her priority. French troops fled Bohemia in the winter of the same year. On 12 May 1743, Maria Theresa was crowned Queen of Bohemia in

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to be quite good, but in all else, the Jesuits did not educate her well. Her spelling and punctuation were unconventional and she lacked the formal manner and speech which had characterised her Habsburg predecessors. Maria Theresa developed a close relationship with Countess

4107:... I speak politically now, not as a Christian. Nothing is so necessary and beneficial as religion. Would you allow everyone to act according to his fantasy? If there were no fixed cult, no subjection to the Church, where should we be? The law of might would take command." 1352:

in December 1745, ending the Second Silesian War). The wider war dragged on for another three years, with fighting in northern Italy and the Austrian Netherlands; however, the core Habsburg domains of Austria, Hungary and Bohemia remained in Maria Theresa's possession. The

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the circumstances under which she had ascended: "I found myself without money, without credit, without army, without experience and knowledge of my own and finally, also without any counsel because each one of them at first wanted to wait and see how things would develop."

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ideas. One of the most important aspects of Jansenism was the advocacy of maximum freedom of national churches from Rome. Although Austria had always stressed the rights of the state in relation to the church, Jansenism provided new theoretical justification for this.

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Maria Theresa doubled the state revenue from 20 to 40 million florins between 1754 and 1764, though her attempt to tax clergy and nobility was only partially successful. These financial reforms greatly improved the economy. After Kaunitz became the head of the new

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1780, a group of Moravians who had assembled for a worship service on the occasion of her birthday were arrested and deported to Hungary. Freedom of religion was granted only in the Declaration of Tolerance issued by Joseph immediately after Maria Theresa's death.

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Maria Theresa's reform established secular primary schools, which children of both sexes from the ages of six to twelve were required to attend. The curriculum focused on social responsibility, social discipline, work ethic and the use of reason rather than mere

2462:. She even once argued, "What right have we to rob an innocent nation that it has hitherto been our boast to protect and support?" The duo argued that it was too late to abort now. Besides, Maria Theresa herself agreed with the partition when she realised that 1964:

in the 1750s. Her son and co-ruler Joseph regarded his mother's religious policies as "unjust, impious, impossible, harmful and ridiculous". Despite her policies, practical, demographic and economic considerations prevented her from expelling the Protestants

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In the third decade of her reign, Maria Theresa issued edicts that offered some state protection to her Jewish subjects. She forbade the forcible conversion of Jewish children to Christianity in 1762, and in 1763 she forbade Catholic clergy from extracting

2044:, a comprehensive document that regulated all major issues relating to the religious life of their Eastern Orthodox subjects and the administration of the Serbian Metropolitanate of Karlovci. Maria Theresa's rescript of 1779 was kept in force until 1868. 1788:

Maria Theresa was not just critical of Marie Antoinette. She disliked Leopold's reserve and often blamed him for being cold. She criticized Maria Carolina for her political activities, Ferdinand for his lack of organization, and Maria Amalia for her poor

2607:" in Austria, with a brand new approach toward governing: the measures undertaken by rulers became more modern and rational, and thoughts were given to the welfare of the state and the people. Many of her policies were not in line with the ideals of the 1522:

in 1763. Austria had to leave the Prussian territories that were occupied. Although Silesia remained under the control of Prussia, a new balance of power was created in Europe, and Austrian position was strengthened by it thanks to its alliance with the

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area, this "Potato War" caused a setback to the financial improvement that the empress had made. The 500,000 florins in annual revenue from 100,000 inhabitants of Innviertel were not comparable to the 100,000,000 florins that were spent during the war.

2590:. Joseph II, already co-sovereign of the Habsburg dominions, succeeded her and introduced sweeping reforms in the empire; Joseph produced nearly 700 edicts per year (or almost two per day), whereas Maria Theresa issued only about 100 edicts annually. 887:, was invited to Vienna. Even though Francis Stephen was his favourite candidate for Maria Theresa's hand, the Emperor considered other possibilities. Religious differences prevented him from arranging his daughter's marriage to the Protestant prince 2293:

ideas," although the ulterior motive was still to "meet the needs of an absolutist state, as an increasingly sophisticated and complicated society and economy required new administrators, officers, diplomats and specialists in virtually every area."

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At the end of the War of the Austrian Succession, Count Podewils was sent as an ambassador to the Austrian court by King Frederick II of Prussia. Podewils wrote detailed descriptions of Maria Theresa's physical appearance and how she spent her

1062:, Maria Theresa wanted to secure the imperial office for her husband, but Francis Stephen did not possess enough land or rank within the Holy Roman Empire. In order to make him eligible for the imperial throne and to enable him to vote in the 1934:

in the village of Orkuta. Notwithstanding her continuing strong dislike of Jews, Maria Theresa supported Jewish commercial and industrial activity in Austria. There were also parts of the realm where the Jews were treated better, such as

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next to the unsealed tomb of Empress Maria Josepha (Joseph's wife). Archduchess Josepha started showing smallpox rash two days after visiting the crypt and soon died. Maria Carolina was to replace her as the pre-determined bride of King

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other Habsburg rulers. Her reforms had transformed the empire into a modern state with a significant international standing. She centralised and modernised its institutions, and her reign was considered as the beginning of the era of "

2363:" in Czech) by the landlords. On some estates, the landlords demanded that the peasants work up to seven days per week in tilling the nobles' land, so that the only time available for the peasants to till their own land was at night. 4059:

It takes at least a week for the smallpox rash to appear after a person is infected. Since the rash appeared two days after Maria Josepha had visited the vault, the Archduchess must have been infected much before visiting the vault.

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One of Maria Theresa's greatest wishes was to have as many grandchildren as possible, but she had only about two dozen at the time of her death, of which all the eldest surviving daughters were named after her, with the exception of

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once wrote from Vienna: "he injudicious bigotry of the Empress may chiefly be attributed the deficiency . It is hardly credible how many books and productions of every species, and in every language, are proscribed by her. Not only

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in early 1762. In the meantime, France was losing badly in America and India, and thus they had reduced their subsidies by 50%. Since 1761, Kaunitz had tried to organise a diplomatic congress to take advantage of the accession of

1600:(b. & d. 1748). During this period, there was no rest for Maria Theresa during pregnancies or around the births; the war and child-bearing were carried on simultaneously. Five children were born during the peace between the 1793:

and haughtiness. The only child she did not constantly scold was Maria Christina, who enjoyed her mother's complete confidence, though she failed to please her mother in one aspect – she did not produce any surviving children.

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of Catholic faith. If they accepted, they were to be allowed to return to their homes. However, any sign of a return to Protestant practice was treated harshly, often by exile. Maria Theresa exiled Protestants from Austria to

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in 1757. Austrian and Russian troops even occupied Berlin for several days in August 1760. However, these victories did not enable the Habsburgs to win the war, as the French and Habsburg armies were destroyed by Frederick at

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and hoped for a son who would prevent the extinction of his dynasty and succeed him. Thus, the birth of Maria Theresa was a great disappointment to him and the people of Vienna; Charles never managed to overcome this feeling.

1738:. Although she recovered, she was badly scarred with pock marks from the illness. Maria Theresa's losses to smallpox, especially in the epidemic of 1767, were decisive in her sponsoring trials to prevent the illness through 1675:

Maria Theresa's mother, Empress Elisabeth Christine, died in 1750. Four years later, Maria Theresa's governess, Marie Karoline von Fuchs-Mollard, died. She showed her gratitude to Countess Fuchs by having her buried in the

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the benefit of the state. A devoted but self-conscious mother, she wrote to all of her children at least once a week and believed herself entitled to exercise authority over her children regardless of their age and rank.

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died without leaving any children. As a result, his territories were coveted by ambitious men, including Joseph, who tried to swap Bavaria for the Austrian Netherlands. This alarmed Frederick II of Prussia, and thus the

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In 1776, Austria outlawed torture, at the particular behest of Joseph II. Much unlike Joseph, but with the support of religious authorities, Maria Theresa was opposed to the abolition of torture. Born and raised between

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In a letter to Joseph, she wrote: "What, without a dominant religion? Toleration, indifferentism, are exactly the right means to undermine everything... What other restraint exists? None. Neither the gallows nor the

1254:, while weeping, and she dramatically consigned the future king to the defense of the "brave Hungarians". This act managed to win the sympathy of the members, and they declared that they would die for Maria Theresa. 5812: 2510:

erupted in 1778. Maria Theresa very unwillingly consented to the occupation of Bavaria, and a year later she made peace proposals to Frederick II despite Joseph's objections. Although Austria managed to gain the

2187:

The centralization of the Habsburg government necessitated the creation of a unified legal system. Previously, various lands in the Habsburg realm had their own laws. These laws were compiled and the resulting

2566:

Maria Theresa fell ill on 24 November 1780. Her physician, Dr. Störk, thought her condition serious, although her son Joseph was confident that she would recover in no time. By 26 November, she asked for the

1871:

monarchical authority. Not without much hesitation and regret, she issued a decree that removed them from all the institutions of the monarchy, and carried it out thoroughly. She forbade the publication of

1435:, since Louis XV was required to deploy troops in Germany and to provide subsidies of 25–30 million pounds a year to Maria Theresa that were vital for the Austrian war effort in Bohemia and Silesia. 675:. She also promoted commerce and the development of agriculture, and reorganised Austria's ramshackle military, all of which strengthened Austria's international standing. A pious Catholic, she despised 2289:

to move to Austria. Felbiger's first proposals were made law by December 1774. Austrian historian Karl Vocelka observed that the educational reforms enacted by Maria Theresa were "really founded on

1142:

of Bavaria, married to Maria Theresa's deprived cousin Maria Amalia and supported by Empress Wilhelmine Amalia, coveted portions of her inheritance. Maria Theresa did secure recognition from King

11082: 1652:, commissioned by Maria Theresa in remembrance of her daughters who died in childhood: Maria Johanna (1750–1762), Maria Elisabeth (1737–1740), Maria Carolina (1740–1741) and Maria Carolina (1748) 2068:

Maria Theresa was as conservative in matters of state as in those of religion, but she implemented significant reforms to strengthen Austria's military and bureaucratic efficiency. She employed

977:

Upon Gian Gastone's death on 9 July 1737, Francis Stephen ceded Lorraine and became Grand Duke of Tuscany. In 1738, Charles VI sent the young couple to make their formal entry into Tuscany. The

770:

which had placed his nieces behind his own daughters in the line of succession. Charles sought the other European powers' approval for disinheriting his nieces. They exacted harsh terms: in the

608:, who believed that a strong military and a rich treasury were more important than mere signatures. Eventually, Charles VI left behind a weakened and impoverished state, particularly due to the 1344:

Francis Stephen was elected Holy Roman Emperor on 13 September 1745. Prussia recognised Francis as emperor, and Maria Theresa once again recognised the loss of Silesia (with the exception of

1710:

likewise caught the disease in May 1767 and died a week later. Maria Theresa ignored the risk of infection and embraced her daughter-in-law before the sick chamber was sealed to outsiders.

1169:, who had been imprisoned by her father for his poor performance in the Turkish War. Neipperg took command of the Austrian troops in March. The Austrians suffered a crushing defeat at the 1058:

She dismissed the possibility that other countries might try to seize her territories and immediately started ensuring the imperial dignity for herself; since a woman could not be elected

2348:

interventions. After the loss of Silesia, they implemented subsidies and trade barriers to encourage the move of Silesian textile industry to northern Bohemia. In addition, they cut back

2582:, on hearing of her death, said that she had honored her throne and her sex, and although he had fought against her in three wars, he never considered her his enemy. With her death, the 2198:

was published, and this was a codification of the traditional criminal justice system since the Middle Ages. This criminal code allowed the possibility of establishing the truth through

922:

Francis Stephen remained at the imperial court until 1729, when he ascended the throne of Lorraine, but was not formally promised Maria Theresa's hand until 31 January 1736, during the

843:

Maria Theresa was a serious and reserved child who enjoyed singing and archery. She was barred from horse riding by her father, but she would later learn the basics for the sake of her

1477:

that followed was a decisive victory for Austria. Frederick lost one third of his troops, and before the battle was over, he had left the scene. Subsequently, Prussia was defeated at

1411:

from 1750 to 1753 to win over the French. Meanwhile, the British rebuffed requests from Maria Theresa to aid her in reclaiming Silesia, and Frederick II himself managed to secure the

2431:

Upon his accession to the imperial throne, Joseph ruled less land than his father had in 1740, since he had given up his rights over Tuscany to Leopold, and thus he only controlled

985:

was brief. Charles VI soon recalled them, as he feared he might die while his heiress was miles away in Tuscany. In the summer of 1738, Austria suffered defeats during the ongoing

1001:. The Viennese rioted at the cost of the war. Francis Stephen was popularly despised, as he was thought to be a cowardly French spy. The war was concluded the next year with the 2664:

A number of streets and squares were named after her throughout the empire as well as statues and monuments built. In Vienna a large bronze monument was built in her honour at

1461:, Maria Theresa's brother-in-law. However, he was appointed only because of his familial relations; he turned out to be an incompetent military leader, and he was replaced by 2383:. After the success of the program on the crown lands, Maria Theresa had it also implemented on the former Jesuit lands, as well as crown lands in other parts of her empire. 2748: 12167: 11075: 4016: 876:

was first considered to be the appropriate suitor, and he was supposed to visit Vienna and meet the Archduchess in 1723. These plans were forestalled by his death from

13278: 11902: 4019:: "Better the Turks before Vienna, better the surrender of the Netherlands to France, better every concession to Bavaria and Saxony, than the renunciation of Silesia!" 1086:

of the Lower Austrian Estates to her on 22 November 1740. It was an elaborate public event which served as a formal recognition and legitimation of her accession. The

2020:, but also regarding the political aspirations of the Habsburg court toward several neighbouring lands and regions in Southeastern Europe still held by the declining 14504: 13048: 11263: 2736: 1854:

Catholics. Although Maria Theresa was a very pious person, she also enacted policies that suppressed exaggerated display of piety, such as the prohibition of public

1138:

Immediately after her accession, a number of European sovereigns who had recognised Maria Theresa as heir broke their promises. Queen Elisabeth of Spain and Elector

1552:

Maria Theresa gave birth to sixteen children in nineteen years from 1737 to 1756. Thirteen survived infancy, but only ten survived into adulthood. The first child,

6865: 6590: 1777:

in Vienna. Maria Antonia's education was neglected, and when the French showed an interest in her, her mother went about educating her as best she could about the

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as the main foundation of university education. Furthermore, educational institutions were created to prepare officials for work in the state bureaucracy: the

1735: 1597: 415: 4032:

She explained her resolution to the Count furthermore: "I shall have all my armies, all my Hungarians killed off before I cede so much as an inch of ground."

3043: 2202:, and it also criminalised witchcraft and various religious offenses. Although this law came into force in Austria and Bohemia, it was not valid in Hungary. 2129:). Maria Theresa also banned the creation of new burial grounds without prior government permission, thus countering wasteful and unhygienic burial customs. 746:, before the eyes of their mother, Wilhelmine Amalia. It was clear that Maria Theresa would outrank them, even though their grandfather, Holy Roman Emperor 13433: 13266: 13173: 12923: 12800: 12795: 11877: 11746: 11381: 4074: 2754: 2688: 2571:, and on 28 November, the doctor told her that the time had come. On 29 November, she died surrounded by her remaining children. Her body is buried in the 7424:

Vocelka, Karl (2000). "Enlightenment in the Habsburg Monarchy: History of a Belated and Short-Lived Phenomenon". In Grell, Ole Peter; Porter, Roy (eds.).

13583: 12946: 11483: 873: 8206: 14129: 13088: 13006: 12876: 12852: 11892: 11524: 11151: 11126: 3131: 1657: 1632:, during the Seven Years' War, aged 39. Maria Theresa asserted that, had she not been almost always pregnant, she would have gone into battle herself. 1581: 1553: 1505:

on 3 November 1760, Maria Theresa realised that she could no longer reclaim Silesia without Russian support, which vanished after the death of Empress

395: 370: 12543: 3948:, etc). Maria Theresa, however, descended from Leopold I's third wife who was not closely related to him, and her parents were only distantly related. 12864: 12785: 11569: 11136: 11131: 3924:

Members of the Habsburg dynasty often married their close relatives; examples of such inbreeding were uncle-niece pairs (Maria Theresa's grandfather

3024: 1661: 1561: 943: 860:, who taught her etiquette. She was educated in drawing, painting, music and dancing – the disciplines which would have prepared her for the role of 837: 380: 13321: 12952: 12420: 12160: 11897: 9996: 9287: 2706: 1202: 582: 14321: 13967: 847:. The imperial family staged opera productions, often conducted by Charles VI, in which she relished participating. Her education was overseen by 711: 498: 12616: 1819: 1209:. Vienna was in a panic, as none of Maria Theresa's advisors had expected France to betray them. Francis Stephen urged Maria Theresa to reach a 14054: 12651: 11872: 11273: 11232: 11156: 6789:

Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans

3777: 1718:. When the news came in early June that she had survived the crisis, there was huge rejoicing at the court and amongst the populace of Vienna. 1695: 1585: 663:

sovereign with the counsel of her advisers. She promulgated institutional, financial, medical, and educational reforms, with the assistance of

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subjects were marked by special interests, relating not only to complex religious situations in various southern and eastern regions of the

14439: 13109: 12958: 12836: 12621: 11695: 11222: 558: 10954: 1556:(1737–1740), was born a little less than a year after the wedding. The child's sex caused great disappointment and so would the births of 1337:; Prussian troops sacked Prague in August 1744. The French plans fell apart when Charles VII died in January 1745. The French overran the 14429: 13827: 13453: 13290: 12646: 12578: 12153: 11922: 2041: 1987: 2278: 2097:, or exchequer, was tasked with the handling of all financial accounts. Meanwhile, in 1760, Maria Theresa created the Council of State ( 14534: 14499: 14414: 13547: 13033: 12700: 11867: 11599: 11574: 11503: 9240: 3312: 430: 2766: 727: 14419: 13076: 12759: 12636: 12050: 11630: 9823: 7913: 2502: 2352:

privileges, and internal duties on trade were either reformed or removed (such as the case for the Austrian-Bohemian lands in 1775).

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From an institutional perspective, in 1749, she founded the Supreme Judiciary as a court of final appeal for all hereditary lands.

1834:, and a devout one. She believed that religious unity was necessary for a peaceful public life and explicitly rejected the idea of 1621: 1404: 978: 664: 435: 13442: 10940: 14539: 14256: 13897: 13576: 13156: 13151: 13146: 12940: 12641: 12527: 12504: 12263: 11907: 11473: 3803: 2669: 2568: 2152:, waiting on the children herself. Maria Theresa was responsible for changing Austrian physicians' negative view of inoculation. 1715: 8026: 1725:

also showed signs of the disease. It was assumed that she had caught the infection when she went with her mother to pray in the

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above her head, reaffirming Maria Theresa's monarchical status. This was the last commissioned state portrait of Maria Theresa.

1629: 1431:, but after the agreement, they were united by a common cause against Prussia. However, historians have blamed this treaty for 445: 7534: 3835: 636:(who became Maria Theresa's greatest rival for most of her reign) promptly invaded and took the affluent Habsburg province of 586: 14524: 13787: 13179: 13104: 13082: 13023: 12996: 12716: 12611: 12563: 12553: 12470: 12356: 12080: 11932: 11761: 11726: 11705: 11690: 11635: 11554: 11463: 7821: 7468:

Yonan, Michael (2003). "Conceptualizing the Kaiserinwitwe: Empress Maria Theresa and Her Portraits". In Levy, Allison (ed.).

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despite Maria Theresa's protestations. Her sense of justice pushed her to reject the idea of partition, which would hurt the

1640: 590: 17: 7097:

Religion and nationality in Western Ukraine: the Greek Catholic Church and Ruthenian National Movement in Galicia, 1867–1900

14549: 14509: 14449: 14424: 14271: 14216: 13917: 13842: 13141: 12894: 12754: 12533: 12521: 12413: 12335: 11751: 11736: 11609: 11468: 11453: 11181: 9990: 9280: 3362: 3258: 1722: 1613: 1531:. Maria Theresa herself decided to focus on domestic reforms and refrain from undertaking any further military operations. 1458: 1278: 1223: 1117: 425: 5893: 1216:

Contrary to all expectations, the young Queen gained significant support from Hungary. Her coronation as Queen of Hungary

1050:

experienced, on other matters. Both decisions later gave cause for regret. Ten years later, Maria Theresa recalled in her

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Maria Theresa and her husband are interred in the double tomb which she had inscribed as a widow. They lie buried in the

1687: 1573: 844: 811: 390: 191: 14360: 12004: 3994:

Francis Stephen was at the time Grand Duke of Tuscany, but Tuscany had not been part of the Holy Roman Empire since the

1281:: "My mind is made up. We must put everything at stake to save Bohemia." On 26 October, the Elector of Bavaria captured 14479: 14346: 14047: 13992: 13569: 13215: 12014: 11821: 11806: 11756: 11614: 11594: 11544: 11539: 10892: 7828: 7500: 7458: 7414: 7395: 7240: 7028: 6926: 6875: 6851: 6794:

Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living

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She was particularly concerned with the sexual morality of her subjects. Thus, she established a Chastity Commission (

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wished to exit the war with possession of Silesia. Before the war started, Kaunitz had been sent as an ambassador to

1274: 986: 903:, and the betrothal to Charles was broken off. Maria Theresa, who had become close to Francis Stephen, was relieved. 819: 613: 13491: 6703: 1333:

Prussia became anxious at Austrian advances on the Rhine frontier, and Frederick again invaded Bohemia, beginning a

754:, which gave precedence to the daughters of the elder brother. Her father was the only surviving male member of the 14454: 14326: 14296: 14281: 14236: 14201: 13972: 13942: 13927: 13847: 13762: 13316: 12826: 12631: 12548: 12075: 11478: 10898: 10874: 10767: 10719: 10654: 10622: 10429: 10373: 10121: 9707: 9604: 9555: 9116: 8467: 8454: 7780: 7756: 6637: 3741: 3683: 3535: 2141: 2093:

in 1762, which was a ministry of finances that controlled all revenues from the monarchy. In addition to this, the

1357:, which concluded the eight-year conflict, recognised Prussia's possession of Silesia, and Maria Theresa ceded the 1354: 1162:. The invasion of Silesia by Frederick was the start of a lifelong enmity; she referred to him as "that evil man". 1143: 857: 795: 739: 221: 8758: 7311:

Roider, Karl A. (1972). "The Perils of Eighteenth-Century Peacemaking: Austria and the Treaty of Belgrade, 1739".

2486: 1173:

in April 1741. France drew up a plan to partition Austria between Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony and Spain: Bohemia and

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was renamed in her honor in 1779, as Maria-Theresiapolis, sometimes spelled as Maria-Theresiopel or Theresiopel.

2081:) in 1749, he initiated a radical centralization of state institutions down to the level of the District Office ( 1731: 1270: 1139: 734:, were her godmothers. Most descriptions of her baptism stress that the infant was carried ahead of her cousins, 151: 12318: 8810: 8703: 1785:, in which she often reproached her for laziness and frivolity and scolded her for failing to conceive a child. 683:, and on certain occasions she ordered their expulsion to remote parts of the realm. She also advocated for the 519: 14514: 14316: 13962: 13272: 13248: 13028: 12981: 12964: 12882: 12568: 12558: 12291: 12281: 12273: 12085: 12055: 12024: 11981: 11887: 11852: 11564: 11448: 11404: 11247: 11166: 11161: 11030: 10968: 10916: 10904: 10886: 10868: 10775: 10711: 10614: 10525: 10517: 10485: 10445: 10206: 10081: 10008: 9954: 9893: 9885: 9846: 9547: 9392: 9376: 9296: 9191: 9186: 9141: 8951: 8825: 8799: 8763: 8728: 8525: 8519: 8488: 7479: 7435: 7372: 7351: 7301: 7280: 7200: 7179: 7158: 7131: 7106: 7068: 7049: 7004: 6983: 6958: 6822: 3499: 3177: 3154: 2507: 2388: 2069: 1601: 1593: 1589: 1103: 707: 676: 668: 641: 597: 488: 440: 410: 405: 204: 141: 31: 8794: 8779: 6915:

Bronza, Boro (2010). "The Habsburg Monarchy and the Projects for Division of the Ottoman Balkans, 1771–1788".

2229:

arrest those suspected of violating social norms. The punishments included whipping, deportation, or even the

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Her regime was also known for institutionalising censorship of publications and learning. English author Sir

1895: 1691: 1565: 1251: 1166: 959: 884: 747: 731: 656: 652: 550: 385: 323: 214: 8698: 2791:

was issued during her reign but was continued to be struck afterwards and became legal tender as far as the

2174:

She is most unusually ambitious and hopes to make the House of Austria more renowned than it has ever been.

1572:, to whom she had repeatedly prayed for a male child during the pregnancy. Maria Theresa's favourite child, 1473:. Frederick himself was startled by Lobositz; he eventually re-grouped for another attack in June 1757. The 14529: 14484: 14306: 14084: 14063: 13952: 13295: 12764: 11927: 11811: 11312: 11042: 10828: 10751: 10687: 10574: 10477: 10413: 10325: 10198: 10089: 10042: 9942: 9515: 9492: 9384: 9136: 9111: 8718: 8574: 8482: 8448: 8342: 7931: 4090: 3895: 3890: 2951: 2905: 2888: 2712: 1412: 1039: 935: 923: 743: 609: 12442:. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished and outlawed in 1919. 12186: 6757: 14291: 13937: 13912: 13822: 13242: 12986: 12721: 12538: 12307: 12065: 12034: 12020: 11847: 11816: 11361: 11191: 10590: 10333: 10309: 10161: 10105: 10065: 2881: 2029: 2009: 1983: 1439: 1420: 899:. However, other European powers compelled him to renounce the pact he had made with the Queen of Spain, 239: 8748: 8743: 14206: 13767: 13099: 13038: 12176: 11958: 11675: 11584: 11355: 11227: 11036: 11024: 10980: 10934: 10679: 10341: 10317: 10287: 10279: 10255: 10145: 9352: 8820: 8815: 8805: 8784: 8505: 7922: 6843: 2587: 2270: 1799: 1703: 1486: 1127: 947: 767: 680: 601: 166: 7535:

Maria Theresa, (1717–1780) Archduchess of Austria (1740–1780) Queen of Hungary and Bohemia (1740–1780)

2858: 14301: 13947: 13342: 12900: 12743: 12711: 12600: 12106: 11882: 11685: 11498: 11268: 11186: 10974: 10541: 10190: 10137: 9919: 9650: 9447: 9202: 8876: 8769: 8733: 8597: 8537: 8242: 8223: 7749: 7715: 7634: 7584: 6839: 4015:

The day after the entrance of Prussia into Silesia, Francis Stephen exclaimed to the Prussian envoy,

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for this purpose, she was aided by Gerard van Swieten who was considered to be an "enlightened" man.

2286: 1617: 1450: 751: 170: 161: 81: 8411: 7226: 6918:

Empires and Peninsulas: Southeastern Europe between Karlowitz and the Peace of Adrianople, 1699–1829

6739: 2623: 2374:

By late 1772, Maria Theresa had decided on more radical reform. In 1773, she entrusted her minister

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Maria Theresa's father compelled Francis Stephen to renounce his rights to Lorraine and told him: "

3166: 3078: 1930:

from her Jewish subjects. In 1764, she ordered the release of those Jews who had been jailed for a

1707: 779: 735: 8639: 1781:

and the French. Maria Theresa kept up a fortnightly correspondence with Maria Antonia, now called

1660:

died from stomach cramps at the age of three. Her third child, the first of three daughters named

14166: 13892: 13702: 11000: 10986: 10821: 10598: 9360: 9225: 8861: 8253: 8185: 8155: 8132: 7864: 7807: 3074: 2757:. Her granddaughter Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily became Holy Roman Empress as well in 1792. 2528: 2463: 2440: 2213:(also called Herrucina), who was the last prosecuted witch in Zagreb following her intervention. 2180: 2073: 2072:, who modernised the empire by creating a standing army of 108,000 men, paid for with 14 million 1645: 1470: 1462: 1269:

In 1741, the Austrian authorities informed Maria Theresa that the Bohemian populace would prefer

1150: 1043: 1033:

Charles VI died on 20 October 1740, probably of mushroom poisoning. He had ignored the advice of

888: 771: 633: 9628: 8738: 7251: 7211: 7079: 2057: 14519: 14399: 14246: 13882: 13867: 12737: 12594: 12429: 12111: 12060: 10533: 9932: 9754: 9197: 8531: 8273: 8125: 8095: 8059: 7529: 7522: 3081:(1739–1767) – second cousin, had issue from his first marriage (two daughters, who died young) 2631: 2604: 2572: 2467: 1858:. Furthermore, she significantly reduced the number of religious holidays and monastic orders. 1677: 1519: 1515: 1234: 1034: 939: 605: 243: 9028: 8149: 7838: 2470:

would do it with or without Austrian participation. Maria Theresa claimed and eventually took

1146:, who had not accepted the Pragmatic Sanction during her father's lifetime, in November 1740. 14554: 14079: 13812: 13658: 13592: 13483: 13467: 13368: 13337: 12790: 12377: 12200: 11012: 10928: 10295: 10214: 9437: 9253: 8866: 8279: 8191: 8140: 8107: 7617: 7123: 3193: 2848: 2843:'s school from 1741 depicting her in the Hungarian coronation dress hangs in the centre. All 2665: 2471: 2392: 2324: 1847: 1466: 1444: 1424: 1362: 1243: 1238: 896: 815: 625: 570: 12313: 8173: 8119: 8113: 6787: 2649: 1672:

assured her that the infant was still living when baptized, but many at court doubted this.

1564:(1740–1741). While fighting to preserve her inheritance, Maria Theresa gave birth to a son, 531:(Maria Theresia Walburga Amalia Christina; 13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was ruler of the 14409: 14404: 14341: 14266: 14241: 14196: 14099: 13987: 13907: 13862: 13752: 13742: 13515: 13347: 12661: 12454: 12258: 12216: 11953: 11427: 11018: 11006: 10910: 10549: 10349: 9813: 9207: 9047: 8991: 8856: 8830: 8543: 8372: 8334: 8317: 8261: 8234: 8179: 8167: 8053: 8036: 7874: 7341: 6975: 3189: 2958: 2875: 2862: 2788: 2608: 2375: 2341: 2290: 2246: 1876: 1835: 1778: 1482: 1408: 1338: 1186: 892: 787: 617: 574: 542: 281: 11937: 8609: 8215: 8089: 8077: 7983: 3961:

Rather than using the formal manner and speech, Maria Theresa spoke (and sometimes wrote)

2149: 1576:, was born on her 25th birthday, four days before the defeat of the Austrian army at 8: 14286: 14261: 14231: 14221: 14089: 13932: 13902: 13837: 13832: 13797: 13782: 13757: 13747: 13712: 13653: 13605: 13043: 12694: 12492: 12242: 11589: 10263: 10247: 10239: 9777: 9730: 9594: 9505: 9460: 9414: 9326: 9313: 9244: 9067: 8931: 8917: 8386: 8290: 8071: 7708: 7594: 3995: 3473: 3343: 3201: 2935: 2646: 2628: 2579: 2540: 2160:

in any eating or drinking vessels; the only permitted material for this purpose was pure

1605: 1577: 1539: 1506: 1493: 1478: 1400: 1378: 1369:, wishing to prevent potential future wars with Austria, returned them to Maria Theresa. 1334: 1322: 1309: 1257: 1074:

of the Austrian and Bohemian lands on 21 November 1740. It took more than a year for the

645: 1423:

of 1 May 1756. Thus, the efforts of Kaunitz and Starhemberg managed to pave a way for a

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was established in Vienna in 1746 to educate nobles' sons, a military school named the

2145: 2118: 1879:

bull, which was in favour of the Jesuits, and promptly confiscated their property when

1690:

survived a bout of the disease, followed in January 1757 by Maria Theresa's eldest son

1669: 1656:

Four of Maria Theresa's children died before reaching adolescence. Her eldest daughter

1498: 1454: 1396: 1170: 1159: 1059: 1002: 915: 799: 672: 621: 546: 63: 54: 2519: 1742:, and subsequently insisting on members of the imperial family receiving inoculation. 1474: 1388: 1213:

with Prussia, as did Great Britain. Maria Theresa reluctantly agreed to negotiations.

659:, who were officially her co-rulers in Austria and Bohemia, Maria Theresa ruled as an 14156: 14148: 13877: 13872: 13852: 13692: 13683: 13668: 12268: 12145: 11091: 10667: 10562: 10227: 9867: 9836: 9800: 9720: 9166: 9081: 9033: 8976: 8422: 8361: 8309: 7698: 7660: 7496: 7475: 7454: 7431: 7410: 7391: 7368: 7347: 7332: 7297: 7276: 7236: 7196: 7175: 7154: 7127: 7102: 7064: 7045: 7024: 7000: 6979: 6954: 6922: 6871: 6847: 6833: 6818: 5840: 5832: 4791: 2874:

She has appeared as the main figure in a number of films and series such as the 1951

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was erected at the Porta Galla in celebration, where it remains today. Their stay in

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recognised the sanction. France, Spain, Saxony, Bavaria, and Prussia later reneged.

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Archduchess Maria Antonietta, Abbess of Imperial and Royal Convent for Noble Ladies

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By July, attempts at conciliation had completely collapsed. Maria Theresa's ally,

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are conducted in this room with the signing taking place underneath her portrait.

2575:

in Vienna next to her husband in a coffin she had inscribed during her lifetime.

2408: 2274: 1970: 1899: 1831: 1790: 1514:, as he did not really care about Germany. Finally, the war was concluded by the 1286: 1075: 1067: 684: 562: 508: 8405: 1490: 1165:

As Austria was short of experienced military commanders, Maria Theresa released

1070:(which she could not do because of her sex), Maria Theresa made Francis Stephen 48: 13772: 12286: 12221: 12030: 12010: 11423: 11351: 9249: 8601: 8353: 7846: 7669: 6153: 4104: 2796: 2653: 2524: 2478: 2367:

the peasants to make a living. In 1771–1778, Maria Theresa issued a series of "

2355:

In the late part of her reign, Maria Theresa undertook reform of the system of

2249:, which is why she only slowly followed humanitarian reforms on the continent. 2021: 1815: 1774: 1726: 1702:

likewise died in agony from the disease. In November 1763, Joseph's first wife

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Little more than a year after her birth, Maria Theresa was joined by a sister,

807: 803: 791: 775: 700: 600:, died on 20 October 1740. Charles VI paved the way for her accession with the 578: 566: 310: 11565:

Archduchess Hermine, Abbess of the Theresian Royal and Imperial Ladies Chapter

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Archduchess Maria Anna, Abbess of Imperial and Royal Convent for Noble Ladies

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was founded by her in 1757 and remained in existence until after World War I.

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The question of Maria Theresa's marriage was raised early in her childhood.

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in 1774 that concluded the war, Austria entered into negotiations with the

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from 1740 until her death in 1780, and the only woman to hold the position

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The army of Maria Theresa: The Armed Forces of Imperial Austria, 1740–1780

918:. Charles VI (in the red-plumed hat) is seated at the center of the table. 766:

to the Habsburg realms the moment she was born; Charles VI had issued the

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In April 1770, Maria Theresa's youngest daughter, Maria Antonia, married

1750: 1739: 1025:, on 22 November 1740. The pregnant queen is on way to hear High Mass at 11903:

Elisabeth Franziska, Countess Countess von Waldburg zu Zeil und Hohenems

8679: 5813:"An End to Witch Trials in Austria: Reconsidering the Enlightened State" 5258: 5256: 2824:

with Bohemian crystal glass was named in her honour and is known as the

2245:

eras, she found it difficult to fit into the intellectual sphere of the

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Emperor Francis died on 18 August 1765, while he and the court were in

1944: 1511: 1261:

Engraved by Gustav Adolph Müller after Martin van Mytens, the Younger,

1177:

would be ceded to Bavaria, whose Elector would become emperor, whereas

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of France demanded that Maria Theresa's fiancé surrender his ancestral

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A number of her descendants were named in her honour. These include:

2474:; in the words of Frederick, "the more she cried, the more she took". 2403: 1891: 1698:

at the age of fifteen. In December 1762, her twelve-year-old daughter

1194: 14161: 14109: 14104: 13697: 13624: 9663: 8629: 6200: 6198: 5961: 5959: 5562: 5253: 5139: 2886:, an Austria-Czech television miniseries from 2017. In the 2006 film 2535:

It is unlikely that Maria Theresa ever completely recovered from the

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to Maria Theresa was taken on the same day in the Ritterstube of the

1082:

The first display of the new queen's authority was the formal act of

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all repudiated the sanction they had recognised during his lifetime.

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attack in 1767, as 18th-century writers asserted. She suffered from

1686:

was a constant threat to members of the royal family. In July 1749,

1303:

Silesia, nor her grief over the soldiers she lost in wars with you.

12000: 8649: 7548: 7469: 6210: 6131: 6068: 5971: 3143: 3104:(1738–1822), her second cousin, had issue (one stillborn daughter) 2839:

palace is named in her honour and a large state portrait of her by

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Confirmation of Serbian privileges, issued by Maria Theresa in 1743

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in return for its recognition of the Pragmatic Sanction. In total,

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and spent his entire reign securing it. He neglected the advice of

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The city & the crown: Vienna and the imperial court, 1600–1740

7293:

Shylock's children: economics and Jewish identity in modern Europe

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was founded by her in 1746 and is one of Austria's finest schools.

1489:

near Glatz in June 1760. Hungarian and Croat light hussars led by

1365:. France had successfully conquered the Austrian Netherlands, but 13663: 13196:

Maria Henrietta, Princess of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst

10813: 8664: 8644: 7296:. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. 7195:. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. 7150: 7145:

The greatest killer: smallpox in history, with a new introduction

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Years before, she appeared as a minor character in the 1938 film

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issued (in another change of course) by Joseph II as sole ruler.

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Maria Theresa is credited, however, in ending the witch hunts in

2199: 1940: 1936: 1867: 1395:

Frederick of Prussia's invasion of Saxony in August 1756 began a

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Maria Theresa started her 40-year reign when her father, Emperor

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Isabella Clara Eugenia, Co-sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands

11777:

Maria Henrietta, Princess Gottfried of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst

11762:

Karoline Marie, Princess August Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

4073:

The eldest surviving daughters of Maria Theresa's children were

1447:, who in turn would grant his Italian duchies to Maria Theresa. 1419:, to negotiate an agreement with France, and the result was the 651:

Although she was expected to cede power to her husband, Emperor

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Empress Maria Theresa and the Politics of Habsburg Imperial Art

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Stadt Chronik Wien: 2000 Jahre in Daten, Dokumenten und Bildern

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from the Netherlands, he also employed a fellow Dutchman named

1294: 1282: 1022: 951: 742:, the daughters of Charles VI's elder brother and predecessor, 715: 699:

Painting of three-year-old Maria Theresa within the gardens of

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could be used as a basis for legal unification. In 1769, the

2013: 1918:, since she wanted to break free from the Jewish financiers. 1665: 1247: 852: 6591:"A Habsburg to Be Reckoned With: Two Books on Maria Theresa" 6085: 6083: 6005: 6003: 5870: 3350:

and Navarre. Had children but no grandchildren. Executed by

1580:. Five more children were born during the war: (the second) 718:, six months after the death of her elder brother, Archduke 706:

The second and eldest surviving child of Holy Roman Emperor

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Maria Theresia: Die Kaiserin in ihrer Zeit. Eine Biographie

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22nd Volunteer Cavalry Division 'Maria Theresa' (1943–1945)

2157: 2140:, which she had learned of through her correspondence with 1906: 1721:

In October 1767, Maria Theresa's sixteen-year-old daughter

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effectuated. Three years later, she prohibited the use of

2032:. Those reforms were initiated by royal patents, known as 1543:

Maria Theresa with her family, 1754, by Martin van Meytens

1242:

the Hungarian Diet on 11 September 1741 while wearing the

6474: 6440: 6438: 6398: 6396: 6381: 6347: 6345: 6270: 6246: 6080: 6000: 5894:"What made Austria's Maria Theresa a one-of-a-kind ruler" 5756: 5744: 5732: 5696: 5684: 5603: 5475: 5410: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5052: 5050: 5035: 4689: 4667: 4665: 4578: 4319: 4317: 4315: 2817:) in Bohemia was constructed in 1780 and named after her. 2749:

Princess Maria Teresa of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1867–1909)

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Maria Anna Josepha, Electoral Princess of the Palatinate

7495:. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. 6425: 6423: 6022: 6020: 6018: 5647: 5645: 5620: 5618: 5550: 5451: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5388: 5386: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5202: 5091: 5062: 5023: 4566: 4476: 4464: 2000:

The policies of Maria Theresa's government toward their

1453:

commanded the Austrian troops. Following the indecisive

1237:, now became her enemy, and George II declared the 14139: 6570: 6558: 6522: 6498: 6408: 5983: 5792: 5720: 5657: 5630: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5487: 5359: 5335: 4987: 4975: 4951: 4939: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4814: 4802: 4725: 4713: 4701: 4626: 4556: 4554: 4524: 4488: 4440: 4404: 4380: 4341: 4193: 4191: 2857:

The Maria Theresa Room is the most elegant room in the

1898:, Maria Theresa's eldest son and co-ruler, in 1775, by 714:, Archduchess Maria Theresa was born on 13 May 1717 in 12175: 6971:

Religion and the Enlightenment: from Descartes to Kant

6890:"Illyrian privileges and the Romanians from the Banat" 6510: 6435: 6393: 6369: 6357: 6342: 6330: 6294: 6282: 6222: 6095: 5103: 5074: 5047: 5011: 4927: 4915: 4891: 4867: 4737: 4677: 4662: 4638: 4614: 4539: 4358: 4356: 4329: 4312: 4288: 4203: 4134: 2598:

Maria Theresa understood the importance of her public

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Geschichte Österreichs: Kultur, Gesellschaft, Politik

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Enlightenment and Reform in Eighteenth-Century Europe

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Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1817–1886)

2477:

A few years after the partition, Russia defeated the

1694:. In January 1761, the disease killed her second son 946:. The couple were married on 12 February 1736 at the 9234:

During his reign obtained non-hereditary royal title

7367:. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press. 6814:

Joseph II: In the shadow of Maria Theresa, 1741–1780

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died from the disease. Joseph's second wife Empress

13591: 12438:Generations are numbered by male-line descent from 7471:

Widowhood and Visual Culture in Early Modern Europe

6758:"Maria Theresia: Eine Frau, die alles im Blick hat" 6534: 6148: 6146: 5347: 5151: 4602: 4452: 4416: 4392: 4368: 4353: 4146: 2672:was constructed in her memory as recently as 2013. 2379:identified with the program, which became known as 13110:Margaretha Klementine, Princess of Thurn and Taxis 11696:Margarethe Klementine, Princess of Thurn and Taxis 9580: 9312: 7404: 7381: 7142: 7094: 6870:. Translated by Simpson, CA. New York: Routledge. 6638:"Modern Re-strikes: Maria Theresa Taler in Silver" 6240: 6216: 6204: 6189: 6177: 6137: 6125: 6074: 6062: 6050: 6038: 5977: 5965: 5544: 5532: 5520: 5508: 5404: 5262: 5247: 5232: 5220: 5196: 5184: 5172: 5145: 5133: 4512: 4252: 4173: 3998:. His only possessions within the Empire were the 774:, Great Britain demanded that Austria abolish the 11767:Maria Christina, Hereditary Princess of Salm-Salm 7272:The Jews of Hungary: history, culture, psychology 4158: 3054:died in childhood likely from smallpox, no issue 2501:) to Austria. Subsequently, on 30 December 1777, 2024:and inhabited by an Eastern Orthodox population. 1097: 446:Maximilian Francis, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne 14505:Knights of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary 14391: 13180:Princess Karoline Marie of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 11631:Auguste Ferdinande, Princess Luitpold of Bavaria 6143: 2755:Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1862–1933) 2707:Maria Theresa of Austria-Este, Queen of Sardinia 2689:Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1762–1770) 12185:Generations start with the daughters-in-law of 7407:Maria Theresa: The Habsburg Empress in Her Time 7346:. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. 1969:. In 1777, she abandoned the idea of expelling 1805: 1680:along with the members of the imperial family. 301:Vienna, Archduchy of Austria, Holy Roman Empire 13500:Duchess Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg 13441: 11651:Maria Luisa, Princess of Isenburg and Büdingen 11090: 3778:Albert Ernest I, Prince of Oettingen-Oettingen 2930:Her title after the death of her husband was: 1977: 14445:18th-century women from the Holy Roman Empire 14322:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 14048: 13968:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 13577: 13427: 12755:Eleanor, Queen of Poland, Duchess of Lorraine 12414: 12161: 11076: 10829: 10050: 9281: 8582: 7907: 3240:Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela of Austria 2627:Oath of allegiance ceremony of cabinet II of 722:, and was baptised on that same evening. The 712:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 541:(in her own right). She was the sovereign of 499:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 13232:Elisabeth Marie, Princess of Windisch-Graetz 12390:also a princess of Lorraine in her own right 11701:|Archduke Joseph August, Palatine of Hungary 7882: 6935: 6704:"300th Anniversary of Maria Theresa's Birth" 5876: 2125:, who founded the Viennese Medicine School ( 1802:, her eldest granddaughter by Maria Amalia. 1415:with them. Subsequently, Maria Theresa sent 969:Maria Theresa in 1730, by Venetian painter, 11772:Maria Anna, Princess Elias of Bourbon-Parma 7192:A history of the Habsburg Empire, 1526–1918 2042:Declaratory Rescript of the Illyrian Nation 1988:Declaratory Rescript of the Illyrian Nation 1745: 1443:Netherlands to the son-in-law of Louis XV, 910:Maria Theresa and Francis Stephen at their 14465:Burials at St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna 14055: 14041: 13584: 13570: 13548:Princess Maria Antonia of the Two Sicilies 13434: 13420: 13089:Maria Luisa, Princess of Isenburg-Büdingen 12421: 12407: 12168: 12154: 12025:Archduchess Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este 11187:Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples and Sicily 11083: 11069: 10998:Held in pretence, no implied sovereignty: 10836: 10822: 10057: 10043: 9295: 9288: 9274: 8589: 8575: 7914: 7900: 6867:A History of the Habsburg Empire 1700–1918 4223:"Pragmatic Sanction of Emperor Charles VI" 4215: 2799:. The Austrian Mint continues to issue it. 2281:for future diplomats was created in 1754. 1754:The dowager empress with family, 1776, by 431:Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples and Sicily 47: 13261:Margarita, Marchioness Taliani di Marchio 12667:Maria Maddalena, Grand Duchess of Tuscany 12637:Maria Christina, Princess of Transylvania 11843:Helena, Hereditary Duchess of Württemberg 11580:Archduke Joseph Karl, Palatine of Hungary 7430:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7275:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. 7174:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7077: 7037: 6817:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6480: 6468: 6387: 6312: 6276: 6089: 6009: 5914: 5762: 5738: 5702: 5690: 5609: 5416: 5208: 5097: 5068: 5029: 5005: 4993: 4981: 4969: 4945: 4820: 4808: 4785: 4770:"Making Maria Theresia 'King' Of Hungary" 4731: 4719: 4707: 4632: 4545: 4506: 4494: 4446: 4410: 4347: 4282: 4209: 4140: 4108: 3346:(1754–1793) and became Marie Antoinette, 2743:Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1849–1919) 2503:Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria 2220:) in 1752 to clamp down on prostitution, 2089:financial bodies. She also refounded the 1814:Maria Theresa and her family celebrating 1485:in Brandenburg on 12 August 1759, and at 14062: 13147:Margarete Sophie, Duchess of Württemberg 13019:Maria Theresa, Queen of the Two Sicilies 12997:Marie Caroline, Crown Princess of Saxony 12081:Maria Carolina, Crown Princess of Saxony 11787:Archduke Albrecht Franz, Duke of Teschen 9174: 9089: 9055: 9021: 8984: 8939: 8905: 7360: 7013: 6944: 6860: 6588: 6528: 5666: 5636: 5568: 5109: 5085: 5056: 5041: 4957: 4933: 4921: 4897: 4873: 4743: 4695: 4683: 4656: 4644: 4620: 4533: 4323: 4033: 4020: 3966: 3102:Prince Albert of Saxony, Duke of Teschen 2641: 2622: 2618: 2518: 2402: 2335: 2051: 1991: 1890: 1809: 1749: 1639: 1538: 1382: 1256: 1126: 1107: 1012: 964: 905: 824: 762:Maria Theresa replaced Maria Josepha as 694: 640:in the eight-year conflict known as the 464:Maria Theresia Walburga Amalia Christina 436:Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este 339: 11535:Maria Teresa, Queen of the Two Sicilies 10064: 8596: 7921: 7444: 7423: 7289: 7224: 7140: 7115: 6722:"Blog : Maria Theresa Chandeliers" 6576: 6564: 6552: 6504: 6414: 5994: 5798: 5786: 5750: 5726: 5678: 5496: 5481: 5365: 5341: 5017: 4671: 4061: 3804:Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen 3313:Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa 2767:SMS Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia 2670:Maria Theresia Garden Square (Uzhhorod) 2454:Joseph and Prince Kaunitz arranged the 1850:and emphasized their equal status with 1635: 1433:France's devastating defeats in the war 1017:Maria Theresa's procession through the 989:. The Turks reversed Austrian gains in 960:Maria Wilhelmina, Princess of Auersperg 942:upon the death of childless Grand Duke 728:Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg 690: 14: 14392: 14022:Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein 13476:Archduchess Maria Maddalena of Austria 13077:Princess Auguste Ferdinande of Bavaria 13039:Marie Henriette, Queen of the Belgians 12959:Maria Leopoldine, Electress of Bavaria 11585:Marie Henriette, Queen of the Belgians 11223:Maria Leopoldine, Electress of Bavaria 7339: 7310: 7249: 7167: 7119:A History of Modern Germany: 1648–1840 6992: 6921:. Berlin: LIT Verlag. pp. 51–62. 6914: 6884: 6831: 6810: 6774: 6516: 6444: 6429: 6402: 6375: 6363: 6351: 6336: 6300: 6288: 6228: 6113: 6101: 6026: 5950: 5891: 5887: 5885: 5714: 5651: 5624: 5580: 5556: 5433: 5392: 5305: 5293: 4909: 4861: 4608: 4596: 4584: 4560: 4518: 4386: 4306: 4246: 4197: 4152: 4003: 3982: 3949: 3757: 3637: 3633: 3623: 3515: 3405: 3401: 3113:Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria 3090:Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria 3006:Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria 2079:Directorium in publicis et cameralibus 1042:; the treasury contained only 100,000 343: 14036: 13565: 13492:Princess Marguerite Louise of Orléans 13415: 13389:also an infanta of Spain and Portugal 13285:Hedwig, Countess of Stolberg-Stolberg 13186:Princess Maria Christina of Salm-Salm 12941:Maria Clementina, Duchess of Calabria 12765:Claudia Felicitas, Holy Roman Empress 12493:Isabella, Queen of Denmark and Norway 12487:Eleanor, Queen of Portugal and France 12402: 12149: 11979: 11947:Great-great-great-great-grandchildren 11918:Hedwig, Countess of Stolberg-Stolberg 11570:Archduke Stephen, Palatine of Hungary 11474:Maria Clementina, Duchess of Calabria 11464:Archduke Alexander Leopold of Austria 11402: 11330: 11192:Ferdinand I, Archduke of Austria-Este 11102: 11064: 10817: 10038: 9917: 9579: 9311: 9269: 8570: 7895: 7530:Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria 7488: 7467: 7268: 7253:Maria Theresa – The Last Conservative 7209: 7092: 7058: 6967: 6656:"What are Maria Theresa Chandeliers?" 6589:Mitchell, A. Wess (28 January 2022). 6540: 6492: 6456: 6264: 6252: 5926: 5857: 5774: 5597: 5469: 5445: 5377: 5353: 5317: 5274: 5157: 5121: 4885: 4849: 4832: 4767: 4755: 4572: 4482: 4470: 4458: 4434: 4422: 4398: 4374: 4362: 4335: 4294: 4270: 4258: 4182: 4167: 4047: 3901:List of people with the most children 3833: 3823: 3819: 3807: 3801: 3791: 3775: 3765: 3761: 3745: 3739: 3729: 3716:Elisabeth Juliane of Holstein-Norburg 3713: 3703: 3699: 3687: 3681: 3671: 3655: 3645: 3641: 3617: 3607: 3591: 3581: 3577: 3565: 3559: 3549: 3533: 3523: 3519: 3503: 3497: 3487: 3471: 3461: 3457: 3445: 3439: 3429: 3413: 3409: 3278:Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria 3221:Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria 3044:Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria 2407:Maria Theresa as a widow in 1773, by 2040:(1777), and finalized in 1779 by the 13508:Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria 13348:Maria-Anna, Princess Piotr Galitzine 13279:Elisabeth, Countess of Waldburg-Zeil 13191:Princess Maria Anna of Bourbon Parma 12744:Margarita Teresa, Holy Roman Empress 12722:Maria Leopoldine, Holy Roman Empress 12544:Maria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg 12373:Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria 12336:Eleonore of Austria, Queen of Poland 11469:Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary 11454:Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany 8555:Debatable or disputed rulers are in 7405:Stollberg-Rilinger, Barbara (2022). 7382:Stollberg-Rilinger, Barbara (2017). 7188: 6910:from the original on 2 January 2019. 6626:from the original on 4 October 2023. 6324: 5938: 5810: 5457: 5329: 3363:Archduke Maximilian Franz of Austria 3332:Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria 3259:Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria 2925: 2731:Maria Theresa of Austria (1816–1867) 2719:Maria Theresa of Austria (1801–1855) 2695:Maria Theresa of Austria (1767–1827) 2209:, opposing the methods used against 1459:Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine 1197:to Prussia, and the entire Austrian 14440:18th-century Austrian women writers 13532:Princess Maria Ferdinanda of Saxony 13524:Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily 13353:Sophie, Princess of Windisch-Graetz 13322:Princess Elisabeth of Liechtenstein 13157:Princess Elisabeth of Liechtenstein 13083:Maria Isabella, Countess of Trapani 13055:Maria Beatrix, Countess of Montizón 13049:Maria Theresa, Countess of Chambord 12987:Maria Leopoldina, Empress of Brazil 12982:Marie Louise, Empress of the French 12871:Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen 12781:Maria Antonia, Electress of Bavaria 12499:Maria, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia 12066:Maria Leopoldina, Queen of Portugal 12035:Duchess Caroline Augusta of Bavaria 11782:Isabella, Princess Georg of Bavaria 11671:Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen 11641:Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany 11636:Maria Isabella, Countess of Trapani 11279:Maria Beatrix, Countess of Montizón 11264:Maria Theresa, Countess of Chambord 11147:Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen 7829:Duchess consort of Lorraine and Bar 6740:"History and Styles of Chandeliers" 5882: 3836:Christine Friederike of Württemberg 3594:Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt 3155:Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria 1372: 1246:. She began addressing the Diet in 883:Leopold Clement's younger brother, 391:Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen 24: 14430:18th-century German letter writers 14347:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily 13993:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily 13105:Maria Dorothea, Duchess of Orléans 12965:Maria Ludovika, Empress of Austria 12601:Catalina Micaela, Duchess of Savoy 12177:Princesses of Lorraine by marriage 12015:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily 11691:Maria Dorothea, Duchess of Orléans 11540:Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen 11248:Maria Ludovika, Empress of Austria 11177:Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela 10853: 10843: 7474:. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing. 7427:Toleration in Enlightenment Europe 7101:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press. 6947:The War of the Austrian Succession 4083:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily 3132:Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria 2971:found on the Maria Theresa Thaler 2701:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily 2142:Maria Antonia, Electress of Saxony 1560:, the eldest surviving child, and 934:to accommodate his father-in-law, 25: 14566: 14535:Monarchs of Galicia and Lodomeria 14500:Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary 14415:18th-century archdukes of Austria 13317:Charlotte, Duchess of Mecklenburg 13216:Mechthildis, Princess Czartoryski 12717:Isabella Clara, Duchess of Mantua 12440:Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor 12430:Austrian archduchesses by descent 11807:Mechthildis, Princess Czartoryska 11520:Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany 11494:Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria 11459:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen 11366:Princess Maria Josepha of Bavaria 10704:Frederick IV of the Empty Pockets 7511: 5858:Balog, Zdenko (1 February 2017). 3980:No renunciation, no archduchess." 3658:Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick 3416:Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor 3290:Ferdinand IV of Naples and Sicily 3077:(1741–1763), married 2) Princess 2921:Titles, styles, honours, and arms 2896:portrayed Maria Theresa opposite 2764:The Imperial and Royal Navy ship 2725:Maria Teresa of Savoy (1803–1879) 2634:in the Maria Theresa Room of the 2586:died out and was replaced by the 2195:Constitutio Criminalis Theresiana 1481:in Saxony on 14 October 1758, at 1417:Georg Adam, Prince of Starhemberg 360: 14420:18th-century monarchs of Bohemia 14370: 14369: 14237:Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut 14138: 13848:Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut 13763:Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy 13291:Margaret, Princess of Monteleone 13013:Maria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia 12953:Maria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia 12827:Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress 12707:Maria Anna, Electress of Bavaria 12579:Joanna, Grand Duchess of Tuscany 12274:Catherine Henriette de Bourbon, 12005:Duchess Elisabeth of Württemberg 11923:Margaret, Princess of Monteleone 11732:Louise, Crown Princess of Saxony 11311: 9964: 9662: 9404: 8889: 8205: 7865:Grand Duchess consort of Tuscany 7290:Penslar, Derek Jonathan (2001). 7171:The Habsburg monarchy, 1618–1815 7023:. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. 6936:Brandstätter, Christian (1986). 6780: 6750: 6732: 6714: 6696: 6678: 6662:. 27 August 2020. Archived from 6648: 6630: 6608: 6582: 5851: 5811:Kern, Edmund M. (January 1999). 5804: 4114: 3742:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick 3684:Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick 3536:Philip William, Elector Palatine 2957: 2950: 2913:, in which she was portrayed by 2861:, the official residence of the 2835:) in the Leopoldine Wing of the 2806:was named in her honour in 1890. 2179:Prussian ambassador's letter to 2063: 1905:Maria Theresa regarded both the 1628:. She delivered her last child, 1308:Prussian ambassador's letter to 1144:Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia 958:problem of their marriage, with 858:Marie Karoline von Fuchs-Mollard 665:Wenzel Anton of Kaunitz-Rietberg 518: 222:Grand Duchess consort of Tuscany 27:Habsburg ruler from 1740 to 1780 14332:Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary 14012:Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 13593:Queens and empresses of Germany 13168:Luise, Crown Princess of Saxony 13115:Maria Theresa, Queen of Bavaria 13100:Maria Christina, Queen of Spain 12992:Clementina, Princess of Salerno 12929:Maria Theresia, Queen of Saxony 12901:Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples 12837:Princess Maria Anna of Lorraine 12712:Cecilia Renata, Queen of Poland 12122:Archduchess Maria Anna Karolina 12071:Clementina, Princess of Salerno 11831:Great-great-great-grandchildren 11676:Maria Christina, Queen of Spain 11575:Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska 11530:Maria Teresa, Queen of Sardinia 11444:Maria Theresia, Queen of Saxony 11295:Maria Theresa, Queen of Bavaria 11218:Maria Teresa, Queen of Sardinia 7250:Morris, Constance Lily (1937). 7210:Mahan, Jabez Alexander (1932). 7153:: University of Chicago Press. 7063:. London: David & Charles. 6978:: Westminster John Knox Press. 5892:Krämer, Klaus (15 March 2017). 4761: 4096: 4067: 4053: 4039: 4026: 4009: 3988: 3972: 3955: 3918: 3344:Louis XVI of France and Navarre 3323:). Duke of Breisgau from 1803. 2775:Military Order of Maria Theresa 2485:. Following the signing of the 2136:epidemic of 1767, she promoted 2038:Regulamentum Illyricae Nationis 1547: 1291:Ludwig Andreas von Khevenhüller 895:and her sister, Maria Anna, to 891:. In 1725, he betrothed her to 335: 14540:Mothers of Holy Roman Emperors 14359:For Empresses after 1806, see 14317:Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick 14202:Beatrice, Countess of Burgundy 14017:Victoria of the United Kingdom 13963:Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick 13484:Princess Vittoria della Rovere 13468:Princess Christina of Lorraine 13237:Helena, Duchess of Württemberg 12907:Maria Antonia, Queen of France 12883:Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma 12822:Maria Josepha, Queen of Poland 12738:Maria Theresa, Queen of France 12695:Maria Anna, Holy Roman Empress 12341:Élisabeth Marguerite d'Orléans 12292:Henriette Catherine de Joyeuse 12282:Marguerite-Philippe du Cambout 12056:Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma 12051:Archduchess Ludovika Elisabeth 11980: 11449:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor 11403: 11274:Archduke Ferdinand Karl Viktor 11233:Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph 11197:Maria Antonia, Queen of France 11167:Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor 11162:Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma 7757:Queen of Galicia and Lodomeria 7409:. Princeton University Press. 7361:Spielman, John Philip (1993). 7126:: Princeton University Press. 3500:Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor 2969:Coat of arms of Maria Theresa, 2847:ceremonies of a newly elected 2508:War of the Bavarian Succession 2117:After Maria Theresa recruited 2070:Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz 1950: 1602:War of the Austrian Succession 1534: 1104:War of the Austrian Succession 1098:War of the Austrian Succession 979:Triumphal Arch of the Lorraine 962:, as his best-known mistress. 829:Archduchess Maria Theresa, by 669:Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz 655:, and her eldest son, Emperor 642:War of the Austrian Succession 489:Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor 441:Maria Antonia, Queen of France 411:Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor 406:Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma 32:Maria Theresa (disambiguation) 13: 1: 14460:Burials at the Imperial Crypt 14435:18th-century Austrian writers 14312:Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg 13958:Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg 13540:Princess Maria Anna of Saxony 13454:Archduchess Joanna of Austria 13296:Ilona, Duchess of Mecklenburg 12791:Maria Anna, Queen of Portugal 12455:Kunigunde, Duchess of Bavaria 12357:Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans 12259:Princess Catherine of Navarre 12217:Princess Christina of Denmark 11928:Ilona, Duchess of Mecklenburg 11331: 11142:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor 8689: 7822:Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans 4087:Maria Theresa of Austria-Este 3906: 3562:Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg 3442:Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor 3374:Archbishop-Elector of Cologne 3315:, heiress of Breisgau and of 3301:Archduke Ferdinand of Austria 3178:Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II 2966:Coat of arms of Maria Theresa 2656:in the Maria Theresa Room of 2483:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) 2398: 2309: 1501:in 1757. After the defeat in 851:. Contemporaries thought her 845:Hungarian coronation ceremony 820:Diet of the Holy Roman Empire 732:Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg 614:Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739) 386:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor 324:Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor 14525:Habsburg monarchs of Bohemia 14307:Claudia Felicitas of Austria 13953:Claudia Felicitas of Austria 13516:Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain 13243:Rosa, Duchess of Württemberg 13201:Princess Isabella of Bavaria 12528:Joanna, Princess of Portugal 12505:Catherine, Queen of Portugal 12319:Claude-Françoise of Lorraine 11908:Archduke Franz Karl Salvator 11848:Rosa, Duchess of Württemberg 11428:Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain 10720:Maximilian I the Last Knight 10623:Maximilian I the Last Knight 10374:Maximilian I the Last Knight 10170:Frederick II the Quarrelsome 9256:from the Wittelsbach dynasty 7078:Goldsmith, Margaret (1936). 6835:A Concise History of Austria 5571:, pp. 166–167, 196–197. 4128: 3911: 3896:Kings of Hungary family tree 3891:Kings of Bohemia family tree 3196:from 1765 (abdicated 1790), 3063:Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II 3016:died in childhood, no issue 2255: 1806:Religious views and policies 1668:. Maria Theresa's physician 1457:in 1756, he was replaced by 1413:Treaty of Westminster (1756) 1297:, Charles Albert's capital. 1112:Maria Theresa being crowned 1040:War of the Polish Succession 1008: 924:War of the Polish Succession 616:. Moreover, upon his death, 610:War of the Polish Succession 7: 14550:Mothers of Italian monarchs 14510:People of the Silesian Wars 14450:18th-century dukes of Parma 14425:18th-century queens regnant 14292:Maria Leopoldine of Austria 14227:Yolande, Queen of Jerusalem 14162:Theophanu of Constantinople 13938:Maria Leopoldine of Austria 13913:Anne of Bohemia and Hungary 13823:Imagina of Isenburg-Limburg 13044:Adelaide, Queen of Sardinia 12569:Barbara, Duchess of Ferrara 11590:Adelaide, Queen of Sardinia 11202:Archduke Maximilian Francis 11152:Archduchess Maria Elisabeth 11127:Archduchess Maria Elisabeth 10567:Styria, Carinthia, Carniola 7059:Duffy, Christopher (1977). 3884: 3382: 3269:died of smallpox, no issue 3250:died of smallpox, no issue 2869: 2112: 2030:Metropolitanate of Karlovci 2010:Eastern Orthodox Christians 1984:Metropolitanate of Karlovci 1978:Eastern Orthodox Christians 1846:Maria Theresa promoted the 1820:Archduchess Maria Christina 1512:George III of Great Britain 1440:Second Treaty of Versailles 1403:. Maria Theresa and Prince 874:Leopold Clement of Lorraine 867: 396:Archduchess Maria Elisabeth 371:Archduchess Maria Elisabeth 240:Duchess consort of Lorraine 10: 14571: 14545:Mothers of German monarchs 14495:Grand duchesses of Tuscany 14365:the corresponding template 14207:Constance, Queen of Sicily 14105:Saint Richardis of Nordgau 13768:Constance, Queen of Sicily 13443:Grand Duchesses of Tuscany 13395:also a princess of Tuscany 13343:Walburga, Countess Douglas 13211:Renata, Princess Radziwill 13137:Princess Gisela of Bavaria 12750:Maria Anna, Queen of Spain 12662:Constance, Queen of Poland 12612:Elisabeth, Queen of France 12559:Eleanor, Duchess of Mantua 12554:Catherine, Queen of Poland 12534:Elisabeth, Queen of Poland 12471:Margaret, Duchess of Savoy 11797:Renata, Princess Radziwiłł 11727:Archduke Leopold Ferdinand 11706:Archduke Ladislaus Philipp 11555:Archduchess Maria Karoline 11356:Princess Isabella of Parma 11228:Francis IV, Duke of Modena 11172:Archduchess Maria Carolina 11137:Archduchess Maria Karolina 11092:House of Habsburg-Lorraine 10358:Ladislaus I the Posthumous 9868:House of Habsburg-Lorraine 8506:House of Habsburg-Lorraine 8203: 7886:Links to related articles 7168:Ingrao, Charles W (2000). 7141:Hopkins, Donald R (2002). 7044:. New York: Viking Press. 7038:Crankshaw, Edward (1970). 6844:Cambridge University Press 6803: 6726:Classicalchandeliers.co.uk 4768:Varga, Benedek M. (2020). 4002:and County of Falkenstein. 3751: 3635: 3509: 3403: 3391:Ancestors of Maria Theresa 2588:House of Habsburg-Lorraine 2340:Maria Theresa depicted on 2331: 2271:Theresian Military Academy 2127:Wiener Medizinische Schule 2056:Maria Theresa in 1762, by 2047: 2034:Regulamentum privilegiorum 1981: 1866:Her relationship with the 1861: 1800:Princess Carolina of Parma 1421:First Treaty of Versailles 1376: 1355:Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle 1101: 768:Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 602:Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 416:Archduchess Maria Carolina 381:Archduchess Maria Carolina 29: 14480:Queens regnant of Hungary 14355: 14302:Margaret Theresa of Spain 14147: 14136: 14070: 14001: 13948:Margaret Theresa of Spain 13677: 13638: 13599: 13449: 13401:also a princess of Modena 13377: 13361: 13330: 13304: 13224: 13124: 13064: 12974: 12916: 12845: 12814: 12773: 12730: 12675: 12587: 12522:Maria, Holy Roman Empress 12514: 12479: 12463: 12447: 12436: 12386: 12365: 12349: 12328: 12300: 12251: 12238:Princess Claude of France 12230: 12209: 12193: 12183: 12107:Franz Joseph I of Austria 12099: 12043: 11992: 11988: 11975: 11946: 11878:Archduchess Maria Antonia 11830: 11752:Archduke Leopold Salvator 11747:Archduchess Maria Theresa 11737:Archduke Joseph Ferdinand 11715:Great-great-grandchildren 11714: 11623: 11610:Archduke Rainer Ferdinand 11512: 11436: 11415: 11411: 11398: 11382:Archduchess Maria Theresa 11374: 11343: 11339: 11326: 11309: 11288:Great-great-grandchildren 11287: 11269:Francis V, Duke of Modena 11256: 11210: 11182:Archduchess Maria Josepha 11119: 11115: 11098: 11051: 10996: 10851: 10666: 10561: 10226: 10181: 10082:Leopold I the Illustrious 10072: 9973: 9962: 9931: 9927: 9920:Grand Duchy of Luxembourg 9913: 9866: 9835: 9812: 9789: 9719: 9671: 9660: 9593: 9589: 9575: 9504: 9459: 9436: 9413: 9402: 9327:Elder House of Luxembourg 9325: 9321: 9307: 9221: 9165: 9080: 9046: 9014: 8975: 8930: 8898: 8887: 8849: 8688: 8617: 8608: 8553: 8504: 8421: 8396: 8371: 8352: 8333: 8308: 8289: 8252: 8233: 8214: 8046: 7947: 7938: 7929: 7871: 7862: 7852: 7845: 7835: 7826: 7813: 7806: 7796: 7785: 7772: 7765: 7754: 7750:First Partition of Poland 7743: 7713: 7705: 7695: 7624: 7614: 7601: 7582: 7574: 7569: 7542: 7325:10.1017/s0008938900015478 7093:Himka, John-Paul (1999). 6616:"The History of Subotica" 5829:10.1017/S006723780001599X 5817:Austrian History Yearbook 5187:, pp. 507, 935 n193. 4787:10.1017/S0018246X20000151 3930:Margaret Theresa of Spain 3821: 3813: 3785: 3763: 3759: 3723: 3701: 3693: 3665: 3643: 3639: 3601: 3579: 3571: 3543: 3521: 3517: 3481: 3459: 3451: 3423: 3407: 3123:died unmarried, no issue 3035:died unmarried, no issue 2593: 2456:First Partition of Poland 2287:Johann Ignaz von Felbiger 752:Mutual Pact of Succession 514: 504: 494: 484: 472: 463: 458: 454: 426:Archduchess Maria Josepha 421:Archduchess Maria Johanna 353: 317: 305: 291: 264: 260: 249: 238: 227: 220: 210: 200: 190: 179: 157: 147: 137: 126: 116: 108: 98: 87: 80: 69: 62: 46: 41: 14490:Austrian Roman Catholics 14337:Maria Josepha of Bavaria 13983:Maria Josepha of Bavaria 13793:Isabella II of Jerusalem 13383:also an infanta of Spain 12657:Margaret, Queen of Spain 12627:Anna, Holy Roman Empress 12539:Anna, Duchess of Bavaria 11913:Archduke Hubert Salvator 11742:Archduke Peter Ferdinand 11681:Archduke Charles Stephen 11661:Archduke Johann Salvator 11656:Archduke Ludwig Salvator 11484:Archduchess Maria Amalia 10607:Frederick V the Peaceful 10366:Frederick V the Peaceful 10154:Frederick I the Catholic 9975:House of Nassau-Weilburg 9673:House of Valois-Burgundy 9002:Ladislaus the Posthumous 7800:Maria Josepha of Bavaria 7591: 7313:Central European History 7213:Maria Theresa of Austria 7081:Maria Theresa of Austria 5860:"Magda Logomer Herucina" 5124:, pp. 266–271, 313. 4079:Maria Theresa of Tuscany 4075:Maria Theresa of Austria 3620:Maria Theresa of Austria 3192:(1745–1792), had issue. 3169:(1751–1802), had issue. 3167:Ferdinand, Duke of Parma 3079:Marie Josepha of Bavaria 2977: 2831:The Maria Theresa Room ( 2611:(such as her support of 2487:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca 1826:Like all members of the 1746:Dynastic marriage policy 1263:Maria Theresa of Austria 1185:would be granted to the 1133:Queen Regnant of Hungary 1114:Queen Regnant of Hungary 1029:before receiving homage. 750:, had his sons sign the 587:Grand Duchess of Tuscany 14455:Antisemitism in Austria 14327:Maria Amalia of Austria 14167:Cunigunde of Luxembourg 13893:Elizabeth of Luxembourg 13703:Cunigunde of Luxembourg 11822:Archduke Joseph Francis 11757:Archduke Franz Salvator 11615:Archduke Heinrich Anton 11595:Archduke Leopold Ludwig 11545:Archduke Karl Ferdinand 11525:Archduchess Maria Luisa 11157:Archduke Charles Joseph 10162:Leopold VI the Glorious 10098:Adalbert the Victorious 8850:1198–1306 (Kings) 8254:Capetian House of Anjou 7781:Maria Amalia of Austria 7489:Yonan, Michael (2011). 7445:Vocelka, Karl (2009) . 7269:Patai, Raphael (1996). 7225:Mitford, Nancy (1970). 6999:. London: I.B. Tauris. 6968:Byrne, James M (1997). 6945:Browning, Reed (1994). 6940:. Kremayr und Scheriau. 6832:Beller, Steven (2006). 6241:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 6217:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 6205:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 6190:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 6178:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 6158:Encyclopædia Britannica 6138:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 6126:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 6075:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 6063:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 6051:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 6039:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 5978:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 5966:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 5545:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 5533:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 5521:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 5509:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 5405:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 5263:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 5248:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 5233:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 5221:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 5197:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 5185:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 5173:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 5146:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 5134:Stollberg-Rilinger 2017 4227:Encyclopædia Britannica 4091:Marie Thérèse of France 3292:(1751–1825); had issue 3075:Isabella Maria of Parma 2942: 2859:Sándor Palace, Budapest 2713:Marie Thérèse of France 2529:Capuchin Church, Vienna 2497:(subsequently known as 2464:Frederick II of Prussia 2441:Leopold Joseph von Daun 2181:Frederick II of Prussia 1960:, including 2,600 from 1886: 1646:Franz Anton Maulbertsch 1471:Ernst Gideon von Laudon 1463:Leopold Joseph von Daun 1151:Frederick II of Prussia 1027:St. Stephen's Cathedral 944:Gian Gastone de' Medici 634:Frederick II of Prussia 581:. By marriage, she was 401:Archduke Charles Joseph 14247:Elizabeth of Pomerania 14120:Anna of Constantinople 14110:Ageltrude of Benevento 13883:Elisabeth of Nuremberg 13868:Elizabeth of Pomerania 13828:Elisabeth of Carinthia 13267:Princess Maria Antonia 12127:Archduke Ludwig Viktor 12112:Maximilian I of Mexico 12091:Archduchess Maria Anna 12061:Ferdinand I of Austria 11863:Archduchess Margaretha 11858:Archduchess Immaculata 11802:Archduke Karl Albrecht 11646:Archduke Karl Salvator 11560:Archduke Wilhelm Franz 11053:* denotes titular Duke 10858: 10615:Albert VI the Prodigal 10334:Albert III the Pigtail 10280:Leopold I the Glorious 10256:Rudolf II the Debonair 10146:Leopold V the Virtuous 9933:House of Orange-Nassau 9755:Isabella Clara Eugenia 8692:870–1198 (Dukes) 8276:(1382–1385; 1386–1395) 8062:(1038–1041; 1044–1046) 7788:Empress consort of the 7635:Archduchess of Austria 7523:Catholic Encyclopaedia 7116:Holborn, Hajo (1982). 6993:Beales, Derek (2005). 6811:Beales, Derek (1987). 4774:The Historical Journal 4093:(by Marie Antoinette). 3025:Archduchess Maria Anna 2940: 2833:Maria-Theresien-Zimmer 2770:was laid down in 1891. 2661: 2639: 2632:Alexander Schallenberg 2605:enlightened absolutism 2559:. She later developed 2532: 2468:Catherine II of Russia 2420: 2344: 2176: 2167: 2060: 1997: 1902: 1883:suppressed the order. 1830:, Maria Theresa was a 1823: 1758: 1732:Ferdinand IV of Naples 1653: 1544: 1516:Treaty of Hubertusburg 1399:and sparked the wider 1392: 1305: 1266: 1235:Augustus III of Poland 1224:St. Martin's Cathedral 1135: 1124: 1118:St. Martin's Cathedral 1035:Prince Eugene of Savoy 1030: 974: 940:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 919: 833: 703: 606:Prince Eugene of Savoy 376:Archduchess Maria Anna 162:Archduchess of Austria 14515:Daughters of emperors 14262:Bianca Maria of Milan 14080:Ermengarde of Hesbaye 13813:Gertrude of Hohenberg 13659:Matilda of Ringelheim 13462:Donna Bianca Cappello 12683:Anna, Queen of France 12632:Anna, Queen of Poland 12378:Marie Louise de Rohan 12201:Antoinette of Bourbon 12076:Archduke Joseph Franz 11933:Archduke Joseph Árpád 11479:Archduke Anton Victor 10857: 10696:William the Courteous 10680:Rudolf IV the Founder 10583:William the Courteous 10342:Albert IV the Patient 10318:Rudolf IV the Founder 10215:Ottokar II of Bohemia 10191:Vladislaus of Moravia 9438:House of Hohenstaufen 8640:Přemysl the Ploughman 7340:Roider, Karl (1973). 7189:Kann, Robert (1980). 6708:Lightingcompany.co.uk 4085:(by Maria Carolina), 3474:Maria Anna of Austria 3194:Grand Duke of Tuscany 2932: 2849:government of Austria 2809:The garrison town of 2666:Maria-Theresien-Platz 2645: 2626: 2619:Memorials and honours 2522: 2472:Galicia and Lodomeria 2406: 2393:Serfdom Patent (1781) 2339: 2218:Keuschheitskommission 2172: 2055: 1995: 1982:Further information: 1894: 1813: 1753: 1643: 1542: 1527:in Madrid, Parma and 1467:Franz Moritz von Lacy 1451:Maximilian von Browne 1425:Diplomatic Revolution 1386: 1300: 1285:and declared himself 1260: 1244:Holy Crown of Hungary 1239:Electorate of Hanover 1131:Maria Theresa as the 1130: 1111: 1016: 968: 909: 828: 698: 571:Galicia and Lodomeria 18:Empress Maria Theresa 14475:Holy Roman Empresses 14470:Nobility from Vienna 14361:Empresses of Austria 14267:Isabella of Portugal 14197:Richenza of Northeim 14100:Richilde of Provence 14064:Holy Roman Empresses 13988:Maria Luisa of Spain 13908:Isabella of Portugal 13863:Anna von Schweidnitz 13818:Isabella of Burgundy 13808:Elisabeth of Bavaria 13753:Gertrude of Sulzbach 13743:Richenza of Northeim 12647:Gregoria Maximiliana 12617:Margaret (1567–1633) 12607:Anna, Queen of Spain 12117:Archduke Karl Ludwig 11893:Archduke Franz Josef 11792:Archduchess Eleonora 11666:Archduchess Mathilda 10688:Leopold III the Just 10575:Leopold III the Just 10326:Leopold III the Just 10272:Frederick I the Fair 10218:(claimant 1251–1278) 10210:(claimant 1250–1268) 10207:Frederick I of Baden 10202:(claimant 1248–1250) 10194:(claimant 1246–1247) 10138:Henry II Jasomirgott 10130:Leopold the Generous 10122:Leopold III the Good 9814:House of Wittelsbach 8913:Henry the Carinthian 8841:Vladislaus III Henry 8235:House of Wittelsbach 7875:Maria Luisa of Spain 7856:Anna Maria Franziska 7661:Countess of Flanders 7088:: Arthur Barker Ltd. 6642:Muenzeoesterreich.at 6315:, pp. 268, 271. 6065:, pp. 712–714.. 5199:, pp. 497, 508. 4017:Major General Borcke 3190:Maria Luisa of Spain 3073:married 1) Princess 2863:President of Hungary 2789:Maria Theresa thaler 2376:Franz Anton von Raab 2058:Jean-Étienne Liotard 1971:Moravian Protestants 1877:Apostolicum pascendi 1836:religious toleration 1636:Illnesses and deaths 1339:Austrian Netherlands 1205:joined Frederick at 1187:Electorate of Saxony 889:Frederick of Prussia 726:empresses, her aunt 691:Birth and early life 575:Austrian Netherlands 342:; died 282:Archduchy of Austria 73:13 September 1745 – 30:For other uses, see 14530:Monarchs of Croatia 14485:Austrian princesses 14287:Maria Anna of Spain 14257:Eleanor of Portugal 14232:Isabella of England 14222:Constance of Aragon 14095:Engelberga of Parma 14090:Ermengarde of Tours 13933:Maria Anna of Spain 13903:Bianca Maria Sforza 13898:Eleanor of Portugal 13838:Beatrice of Silesia 13833:Margaret of Brabant 13798:Isabella of England 13788:Margaret of Austria 13783:Constance of Aragon 13758:Adelaide of Vohburg 13748:Gertrude of Comburg 13733:Constance of Sicily 13713:Gunhilda of Denmark 13654:Cunigunde of Swabia 13606:Carolingian dynasty 13034:Elisabeth Franziska 12652:Eleanor (1582–1620) 12314:Béatrice de Cusance 12276:Légitimée de France 12243:Catherine of Cleves 12086:Archduke Franz Karl 11888:Archduchess Assunta 11853:Archduchess Dolores 11624:Great-grandchildren 11257:Great-grandchildren 11238:Archduke Maximilian 10264:Rudolf III the Good 10114:Leopold II the Fair 10066:Monarchs of Austria 9314:County of Luxemburg 9245:Wittelsbach dynasty 8739:Boleslaus the Brave 8291:House of Luxembourg 7923:Monarchs of Hungary 7839:Catherine Opalińska 7709:Emperor Charles VII 7595:Emperor Charles VII 7235:: Hamish Hamilton. 7228:Frederick the Great 6762:Bundespraesident.at 6555:, pp. 154–155. 6471:, pp. 336–338. 6255:, pp. 116–117. 6243:, pp. 740–742. 6192:, pp. 731–733. 6180:, pp. 726–731. 6128:, pp. 726–728. 5917:, pp. 167–168. 5789:, pp. 157–158. 5681:, pp. 221–222. 5583:, pp. 243–258. 5523:, pp. 647–666. 5511:, pp. 644–647. 5460:, pp. 189–190. 5265:, pp. 504–515. 5148:, pp. 306–310. 4587:, pp. 182–183. 4575:, pp. 145–146. 4485:, pp. 262–263. 4473:, pp. 261–262. 4089:(by Ferdinand) and 3996:Peace of Westphalia 3231:died during birth. 3202:Archduke of Austria 2936:by the Grace of God 2900:in the title role. 2647:Hungarian President 2629:Austrian chancellor 2580:Frederick the Great 2578:Her longtime rival 2541:shortness of breath 1779:court of Versailles 1438:On 1 May 1757, the 1335:Second Silesian War 1323:St. Vitus Cathedral 1310:Frederick the Great 1275:Bohemian chancellor 1203:Marshall Belle-Isle 1052:Political Testament 583:Duchess of Lorraine 253:12 February 1736 – 14297:Eleonora of Mantua 14282:Eleonora of Mantua 14212:Beatrice of Swabia 14192:Matilda of England 14072:Carolingian Empire 13843:Isabella of Aragon 13778:Beatrice of Swabia 13738:Matilda of England 13679:Kingdom of Germany 13645:Kingdom of Germany 13620:Liutgard of Saxony 12308:Nicole de Lorraine 12264:Margherita Gonzaga 11898:Archduke Karl Pius 11838:Archduke Gottfried 11605:Archduke Sigismund 11550:Archduke Friedrich 10859: 10712:Sigismund the Rich 10591:Leopold IV the Fat 10288:Albert II the Wise 10199:Herman VI of Baden 10090:Henry I the Strong 10074:House of Babenberg 9582:Duchy of Luxemburg 8785:Svatopluk the Lion 8373:House of Jagiellon 8335:House of Jagiellon 7818:Title last held by 7777:Title last held by 7639:Duchess of Brabant 7578:Emperor Charles VI 7264:: Alfred A. Knopf. 5008:, pp. 99–100. 4659:, pp. 42, 44. 3946:Mariana of Austria 3942:Philip IV of Spain 3934:Philip II of Spain 3198:Holy Roman Emperor 2894:Marianne Faithfull 2845:oath of allegiance 2841:Martin van Meytens 2662: 2652:with US President 2640: 2533: 2421: 2345: 2146:Gerard van Swieten 2119:Gerard van Swieten 2061: 1998: 1903: 1824: 1759: 1670:Gerard van Swieten 1654: 1630:Maximilian Francis 1545: 1455:Battle of Lobositz 1397:Third Silesian War 1393: 1267: 1171:Battle of Mollwitz 1160:First Silesian War 1136: 1125: 1064:imperial elections 1060:Holy Roman Empress 1031: 1003:Treaty of Belgrade 975: 948:Augustinian Church 920: 916:Martin van Meytens 834: 704: 673:Gerard van Swieten 591:Holy Roman Empress 533:Habsburg dominions 183:20 October 1740 – 130:20 October 1740 – 64:Holy Roman Empress 55:Martin van Meytens 14388: 14387: 14383: 14382: 14342:Ludovica of Spain 14157:Adelaide of Italy 14149:Holy Roman Empire 14085:Judith of Bavaria 14030: 14029: 13878:Sophia of Bavaria 13873:Joanna of Bavaria 13853:Blanche of Valois 13693:Adelaide of Italy 13684:Holy Roman Empire 13669:Adelaide of Italy 13559: 13558: 13409: 13408: 12622:Maria (1584–1649) 12396: 12395: 12269:Christina of Salm 12143: 12142: 12139: 12138: 12135: 12134: 11971: 11970: 11967: 11966: 11812:Archduke Leo Karl 11394: 11393: 11390: 11389: 11320:Holy Roman Empire 11307: 11306: 11303: 11302: 11058: 11057: 10989: (1854–1859) 10965: (1808-1814) 10964: 10951: (1808-1814) 10950: 10937: (1765–1802) 10901: (1694–1727) 10883: (1592–1622) 10811: 10810: 10804: 10796: 10792:Sigismund Francis 10788: 10784:Ferdinand Charles 10780: 10772: 10764: 10756: 10748: 10740: 10732: 10724: 10716: 10708: 10700: 10692: 10684: 10673: 10668:House of Habsburg 10659: 10651: 10643: 10635: 10627: 10619: 10611: 10603: 10595: 10587: 10579: 10568: 10563:House of Habsburg 10554: 10546: 10538: 10530: 10522: 10514: 10506: 10502:Francis I Stephen 10498: 10490: 10482: 10474: 10473:(1657, 1665–1705) 10466: 10462:Sigismund Francis 10458: 10454:Ferdinand Charles 10450: 10442: 10434: 10433:(1590, 1619–1637) 10426: 10418: 10410: 10402: 10394: 10386: 10378: 10370: 10362: 10354: 10346: 10338: 10330: 10322: 10314: 10306: 10300: 10292: 10284: 10276: 10268: 10260: 10252: 10244: 10233: 10228:House of Habsburg 10219: 10211: 10203: 10195: 10174: 10166: 10158: 10150: 10142: 10134: 10126: 10118: 10110: 10102: 10094: 10086: 10032: 10031: 10028: 10027: 10024: 10023: 9909: 9908: 9905: 9904: 9898: 9890: 9882: 9859: 9851: 9837:House of Habsburg 9828: 9805: 9782: 9774: 9766: 9759: 9751: 9743: 9735: 9721:House of Habsburg 9712: 9703: 9695: 9687: 9655: 9647: 9636: 9625: 9617: 9609: 9571: 9570: 9567: 9566: 9560: 9552: 9544: 9536: 9528: 9520: 9497: 9489: 9478: 9452: 9429: 9397: 9389: 9381: 9373: 9365: 9357: 9349: 9341: 9263: 9262: 9217: 9216: 9167:Habsburg-Lorraine 9161: 9160: 9076: 9075: 9042: 9041: 9010: 9009: 8971: 8970: 8926: 8925: 8885: 8884: 8564: 8563: 8471: 8423:House of Habsburg 8310:House of Habsburg 8201: 8200: 8144: 8136: 7881: 7880: 7872:Succeeded by 7858:of Saxe-Lauenburg 7836:Succeeded by 7797:Succeeded by 7790:Holy Roman Empire 7699:Emperor Joseph II 7696:Succeeded by 7615:Succeeded by 7592:Succeeded by 7549:House of Habsburg 5877:Brandstätter 1986 5753:, pp. 64–65. 5559:, pp. 51–62. 5484:, pp. 32–33. 5044:, pp. 80–82. 4972:, pp. 96–97. 4698:, pp. 52–53. 4509:, pp. 25–26. 4389:, pp. 25–26. 4338:, pp. 24–25. 4297:, pp. 21–22. 4285:, pp. 19–21. 3952:, pp. 20–21. 3881: 3880: 3877: 3876: 3380: 3379: 3228:17 September 1748 3225:17 September 1748 3120:22 September 1808 2975: 2974: 2926:Titles and styles 2584:House of Habsburg 2316:Nathaniel Wraxall 2190:Codex Theresianus 2150:Schönbrunn Palace 2028:Serbian Orthodox 2006:Habsburg monarchy 1873:Pope Clement XIII 1828:House of Habsburg 1771:Dauphin of France 1596:and (the second) 1350:Treaty of Dresden 1318:Treaty of Breslau 1265:, 1742, engraving 1167:Marshall Neipperg 987:Russo-Turkish War 932:Duchy of Lorraine 912:wedding breakfast 901:Elisabeth Farnese 756:House of Habsburg 526: 525: 468: 467: 286:Holy Roman Empire 16:(Redirected from 14562: 14373: 14372: 14252:Barbara of Cilli 14242:Anna of Świdnica 14217:Maria of Brabant 14187:Eupraxia of Kiev 14172:Gisela of Swabia 14142: 14141: 14130:Anna of Provence 14125:Bertila of Parma 14057: 14050: 14043: 14034: 14033: 13943:Eleonora Gonzaga 13928:Eleonora Gonzaga 13918:Maria of Austria 13888:Barbara of Cilli 13728:Eupraxia of Kiev 13708:Gisela of Swabia 13586: 13579: 13572: 13563: 13562: 13436: 13429: 13422: 13413: 13412: 13255:Maria Inmaculata 13162:Maria Antonietta 13152:Maria Annunciata 12642:Catherine Renata 12423: 12416: 12409: 12400: 12399: 12170: 12163: 12156: 12147: 12146: 11990: 11989: 11977: 11976: 11954:Archduke Dominic 11873:Archduke Leopold 11817:Archduke Wilhelm 11413: 11412: 11400: 11399: 11341: 11340: 11328: 11327: 11315: 11117: 11116: 11100: 11099: 11085: 11078: 11071: 11062: 11061: 11045:* (2010–present) 10958: 10944: 10838: 10831: 10824: 10815: 10814: 10802: 10794: 10786: 10778: 10770: 10762: 10754: 10746: 10738: 10730: 10722: 10714: 10706: 10698: 10690: 10682: 10671: 10657: 10649: 10641: 10633: 10625: 10617: 10609: 10601: 10593: 10585: 10577: 10566: 10552: 10544: 10542:Francis Joseph I 10536: 10528: 10520: 10512: 10504: 10496: 10488: 10480: 10472: 10464: 10456: 10448: 10440: 10432: 10424: 10416: 10408: 10400: 10392: 10384: 10376: 10368: 10360: 10352: 10344: 10336: 10328: 10320: 10312: 10304: 10298: 10296:Otto I the Merry 10290: 10282: 10274: 10266: 10258: 10250: 10242: 10231: 10217: 10209: 10201: 10193: 10172: 10164: 10156: 10148: 10140: 10132: 10124: 10116: 10108: 10106:Ernest the Brave 10100: 10092: 10084: 10059: 10052: 10045: 10036: 10035: 9968: 9929: 9928: 9915: 9914: 9896: 9888: 9880: 9857: 9849: 9826: 9803: 9791:House of Bourbon 9780: 9772: 9764: 9757: 9749: 9741: 9733: 9710: 9701: 9693: 9685: 9666: 9653: 9642: 9631: 9623: 9615: 9607: 9595:House of Limburg 9591: 9590: 9577: 9576: 9558: 9550: 9542: 9534: 9526: 9518: 9506:House of Limburg 9495: 9484: 9473: 9450: 9427: 9408: 9395: 9387: 9379: 9371: 9363: 9355: 9347: 9339: 9323: 9322: 9309: 9308: 9290: 9283: 9276: 9267: 9266: 9241:Elector Palatine 9172: 9171: 9087: 9086: 9053: 9052: 9019: 9018: 8998: 8982: 8981: 8937: 8936: 8903: 8902: 8893: 8836:Henry Bretislaus 8714:Saint Wenceslaus 8691: 8615: 8614: 8591: 8584: 8577: 8568: 8567: 8466: 8398:House of Zápolya 8354:House of Hunyadi 8216:House of Přemysl 8209: 8139: 8131: 7945: 7944: 7916: 7909: 7902: 7893: 7892: 7883: 7853:Preceded by 7716:Queen of Bohemia 7706:Preceded by 7627:Queen of Hungary 7604:Duchess of Parma 7585:Queen of Bohemia 7575:Preceded by 7565: 7564:29 November 1780 7558: 7540: 7539: 7506: 7485: 7464: 7453:: Heyne Verlag. 7449:(3rd ed.). 7441: 7420: 7401: 7378: 7357: 7336: 7307: 7286: 7265: 7246: 7221: 7206: 7185: 7164: 7148: 7137: 7112: 7100: 7089: 7074: 7055: 7034: 7010: 6989: 6964: 6941: 6932: 6911: 6909: 6894: 6881: 6857: 6828: 6798: 6797: 6784: 6778: 6772: 6766: 6765: 6754: 6748: 6747: 6746:. 26 April 2021. 6736: 6730: 6729: 6718: 6712: 6711: 6700: 6694: 6693: 6682: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6666:on 7 August 2021 6660:Glowlighting.com 6652: 6646: 6645: 6634: 6628: 6627: 6612: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6586: 6580: 6574: 6568: 6562: 6556: 6550: 6544: 6538: 6532: 6526: 6520: 6514: 6508: 6502: 6496: 6490: 6484: 6478: 6472: 6466: 6460: 6454: 6448: 6442: 6433: 6427: 6418: 6412: 6406: 6400: 6391: 6385: 6379: 6373: 6367: 6361: 6355: 6349: 6340: 6334: 6328: 6322: 6316: 6310: 6304: 6298: 6292: 6286: 6280: 6274: 6268: 6262: 6256: 6250: 6244: 6238: 6232: 6226: 6220: 6214: 6208: 6202: 6193: 6187: 6181: 6175: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6150: 6141: 6140:, pp. 728f. 6135: 6129: 6123: 6117: 6111: 6105: 6099: 6093: 6087: 6078: 6077:, pp. 713f. 6072: 6066: 6060: 6054: 6048: 6042: 6036: 6030: 6024: 6013: 6007: 5998: 5992: 5981: 5980:, pp. 708f. 5975: 5969: 5963: 5954: 5948: 5942: 5936: 5930: 5924: 5918: 5912: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5896:. Deutsche Welle 5889: 5880: 5874: 5868: 5867: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5808: 5802: 5796: 5790: 5784: 5778: 5772: 5766: 5760: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5724: 5718: 5712: 5706: 5700: 5694: 5688: 5682: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5655: 5649: 5640: 5634: 5628: 5622: 5613: 5607: 5601: 5595: 5584: 5578: 5572: 5566: 5560: 5554: 5548: 5542: 5536: 5530: 5524: 5518: 5512: 5506: 5500: 5494: 5485: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5461: 5455: 5449: 5443: 5437: 5431: 5420: 5414: 5408: 5402: 5396: 5390: 5381: 5375: 5369: 5363: 5357: 5351: 5345: 5339: 5333: 5327: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5291: 5278: 5272: 5266: 5260: 5251: 5245: 5236: 5235:, pp. 508f. 5230: 5224: 5218: 5212: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5136:, pp. 291f. 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4925: 4919: 4913: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4789: 4765: 4759: 4753: 4747: 4741: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4693: 4687: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4660: 4654: 4648: 4642: 4636: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4327: 4321: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4219: 4213: 4207: 4201: 4195: 4186: 4180: 4171: 4165: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4122: 4118: 4112: 4100: 4094: 4071: 4065: 4057: 4051: 4043: 4037: 4030: 4024: 4013: 4007: 4000:Duchy of Teschen 3992: 3986: 3976: 3970: 3959: 3953: 3922: 3397: 3396: 3388: 3387: 3308:24 December 1806 3285:7 September 1814 3247:23 December 1762 3188:married Infanta 3159:26 February 1746 3070:20 February 1790 3032:19 November 1789 2982: 2981: 2961: 2954: 2947: 2946: 2906:Marie Antoinette 2889:Marie Antoinette 2279:Oriental Academy 2277:in 1751, and an 2183: 2095:Hofrechenskammer 2002:Eastern Orthodox 1916:Johann von Fries 1881:Pope Clement XIV 1783:Marie Antoinette 1648:in the Hofburg, 1606:Seven Years' War 1401:Seven Years' War 1379:Seven Years' War 1373:Seven Years' War 1346:Austrian Silesia 1312: 1155:Duchy of Silesia 971:Rosalba Carriera 893:Charles of Spain 792:United Provinces 772:Treaty of Vienna 764:heir presumptive 730:and grandmother 646:Seven Years' War 522: 456: 455: 364: 347: 345: 341: 337: 298: 295:29 November 1780 274: 272: 256: 234: 186: 185:29 November 1780 167:Queen of Hungary 133: 132:19 December 1741 94: 93:29 November 1780 82:Queen of Bohemia 76: 51: 39: 38: 21: 14570: 14569: 14565: 14564: 14563: 14561: 14560: 14559: 14390: 14389: 14384: 14379: 14351: 14182:Bertha of Savoy 14177:Agnes of Poitou 14143: 14134: 14115:Ota of Neustria 14066: 14061: 14031: 14026: 13997: 13858:Anne of Bavaria 13723:Bertha of Savoy 13718:Agnes of Poitou 13682: 13673: 13643: 13634: 13604: 13595: 13590: 13560: 13555: 13445: 13440: 13410: 13405: 13373: 13362:18th generation 13357: 13331:17th generation 13326: 13305:16th generation 13300: 13225:15th generation 13220: 13125:14th generation 13120: 13065:13th generation 13060: 12975:12th generation 12970: 12917:11th generation 12912: 12877:Maria Elisabeth 12853:Maria Elisabeth 12846:10th generation 12841: 12810: 12806:Maria Magdalena 12786:Maria Elisabeth 12769: 12726: 12671: 12583: 12510: 12475: 12459: 12443: 12432: 12427: 12397: 12392: 12382: 12361: 12345: 12324: 12296: 12247: 12226: 12205: 12189: 12179: 12174: 12144: 12131: 12095: 12039: 11984: 11963: 11959:Archduke Eduard 11942: 11868:Archduke Rainer 11826: 11710: 11619: 11600:Archduke Ernest 11508: 11504:Archduke Rudolf 11432: 11407: 11386: 11370: 11335: 11322: 11319: 11318:Armorial of the 11316: 11299: 11283: 11252: 11206: 11111: 11094: 11089: 11059: 11054: 11047: 10992: 10983: (1849–54) 10977: (1847–49) 10971: (1814–47) 10931: (1748–65) 10925: (1740–48) 10919: (1735–40) 10913: (1731–35) 10907: (1727–31) 10895: (1646–94) 10889: (1622–46) 10877: (1586–92) 10871: (1556–86) 10865: (1545–47) 10847: 10842: 10812: 10807: 10670: 10662: 10599:Ernest the Iron 10565: 10557: 10230: 10222: 10177: 10068: 10063: 10033: 10020: 9977: 9969: 9960: 9935: 9923: 9901: 9870: 9862: 9839: 9831: 9816: 9808: 9793: 9785: 9723: 9715: 9675: 9667: 9658: 9597: 9585: 9563: 9508: 9500: 9463: 9455: 9440: 9432: 9417: 9409: 9400: 9329: 9317: 9303: 9294: 9264: 9259: 9213: 9175:1780–1918 9157: 9090:1526–1780 9072: 9056:1471–1526 9038: 9022:1457–1471 9006: 8996: 8985:1437–1457 8967: 8940:1310–1437 8922: 8906:1306–1310 8894: 8881: 8845: 8684: 8604: 8595: 8565: 8560: 8549: 8500: 8417: 8392: 8367: 8348: 8329: 8304: 8285: 8248: 8229: 8210: 8197: 8042: 7934: 7925: 7920: 7877: 7868: 7860: 7857: 7847:Italian royalty 7841: 7832: 7819: 7802: 7793: 7789: 7778: 7760: 7752: 7747: 7731: 7721: 7719: 7711: 7701: 7685: 7675: 7673: 7664: 7659: 7646: 7637: 7633: 7620: 7618:Philip of Spain 7611: 7597: 7588: 7580: 7559: 7553: 7552: 7545: 7514: 7509: 7503: 7482: 7461: 7438: 7417: 7398: 7375: 7354: 7304: 7283: 7243: 7203: 7182: 7161: 7134: 7109: 7071: 7052: 7031: 7007: 6986: 6961: 6953:: Alan Sutton. 6929: 6907: 6892: 6886:Bocşan, Nicolae 6878: 6854: 6825: 6806: 6801: 6786: 6785: 6781: 6773: 6769: 6756: 6755: 6751: 6744:Nonsololuce.com 6738: 6737: 6733: 6720: 6719: 6715: 6702: 6701: 6697: 6684: 6683: 6679: 6669: 6667: 6654: 6653: 6649: 6636: 6635: 6631: 6614: 6613: 6609: 6599: 6597: 6587: 6583: 6575: 6571: 6563: 6559: 6551: 6547: 6539: 6535: 6527: 6523: 6515: 6511: 6503: 6499: 6491: 6487: 6479: 6475: 6467: 6463: 6455: 6451: 6443: 6436: 6428: 6421: 6413: 6409: 6401: 6394: 6386: 6382: 6374: 6370: 6362: 6358: 6350: 6343: 6335: 6331: 6323: 6319: 6311: 6307: 6299: 6295: 6287: 6283: 6275: 6271: 6263: 6259: 6251: 6247: 6239: 6235: 6227: 6223: 6219:, p. 739.. 6215: 6211: 6203: 6196: 6188: 6184: 6176: 6172: 6162: 6160: 6152: 6151: 6144: 6136: 6132: 6124: 6120: 6112: 6108: 6100: 6096: 6088: 6081: 6073: 6069: 6061: 6057: 6049: 6045: 6037: 6033: 6025: 6016: 6008: 6001: 5993: 5984: 5976: 5972: 5964: 5957: 5949: 5945: 5937: 5933: 5925: 5921: 5913: 5909: 5899: 5897: 5890: 5883: 5875: 5871: 5856: 5852: 5809: 5805: 5797: 5793: 5785: 5781: 5773: 5769: 5761: 5757: 5749: 5745: 5737: 5733: 5725: 5721: 5713: 5709: 5701: 5697: 5689: 5685: 5677: 5673: 5665: 5658: 5650: 5643: 5635: 5631: 5623: 5616: 5608: 5604: 5596: 5587: 5579: 5575: 5567: 5563: 5555: 5551: 5543: 5539: 5531: 5527: 5519: 5515: 5507: 5503: 5495: 5488: 5480: 5476: 5468: 5464: 5456: 5452: 5444: 5440: 5432: 5423: 5415: 5411: 5403: 5399: 5391: 5384: 5376: 5372: 5364: 5360: 5352: 5348: 5340: 5336: 5328: 5324: 5316: 5312: 5304: 5300: 5292: 5281: 5273: 5269: 5261: 5254: 5246: 5239: 5231: 5227: 5219: 5215: 5207: 5203: 5195: 5191: 5183: 5179: 5171: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5144: 5140: 5132: 5128: 5120: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5084: 5075: 5067: 5063: 5055: 5048: 5040: 5036: 5028: 5024: 5016: 5012: 5004: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4980: 4976: 4968: 4964: 4956: 4952: 4944: 4940: 4932: 4928: 4920: 4916: 4908: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4884: 4880: 4872: 4868: 4860: 4856: 4848: 4839: 4831: 4827: 4819: 4815: 4807: 4803: 4766: 4762: 4754: 4750: 4742: 4738: 4730: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4694: 4690: 4682: 4678: 4670: 4663: 4655: 4651: 4643: 4639: 4631: 4627: 4619: 4615: 4607: 4603: 4595: 4591: 4583: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4559: 4552: 4544: 4540: 4532: 4525: 4517: 4513: 4505: 4501: 4493: 4489: 4481: 4477: 4469: 4465: 4457: 4453: 4445: 4441: 4433: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4409: 4405: 4397: 4393: 4385: 4381: 4373: 4369: 4361: 4354: 4346: 4342: 4334: 4330: 4322: 4313: 4305: 4301: 4293: 4289: 4281: 4277: 4269: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4245: 4241: 4231: 4229: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4208: 4204: 4196: 4189: 4181: 4174: 4166: 4159: 4151: 4147: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4125: 4119: 4115: 4101: 4097: 4072: 4068: 4058: 4054: 4044: 4040: 4031: 4027: 4014: 4010: 3993: 3989: 3977: 3973: 3963:Viennese German 3960: 3956: 3938:Anna of Austria 3923: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3887: 3882: 3385: 3367:8 December 1756 3348:Queen of France 3339:16 October 1793 3336:2 November 1755 3266:15 October 1767 3244:4 February 1750 3210:King of Bohemia 3206:King of Hungary 3139:18 January 1761 3136:1 February 1745 3051:25 January 1741 3048:12 January 1740 3010:5 February 1737 2980: 2970: 2945: 2934:Maria Theresa, 2928: 2923: 2872: 2621: 2596: 2409:Anton von Maron 2401: 2334: 2312: 2275:Wiener Neustadt 2273:was founded in 2258: 2185: 2178: 2170: 2115: 2066: 2050: 2008:, inhabited by 1990: 1980: 1953: 1900:Anton von Maron 1889: 1864: 1848:Greek Catholics 1808: 1748: 1688:Maria Christina 1658:Maria Elisabeth 1638: 1582:Maria Elisabeth 1574:Maria Christina 1554:Maria Elisabeth 1550: 1537: 1475:Battle of Kolín 1445:Philip of Parma 1389:Battle of Kolín 1381: 1375: 1363:Philip of Spain 1314: 1307: 1287:King of Bohemia 1106: 1100: 1076:Diet of Hungary 1068:King of Bohemia 1011: 897:Philip of Spain 885:Francis Stephen 870: 693: 509:Catholic Church 450: 358: 357: 349: 333: 329: 326: 313: 300: 296: 276: 270: 268: 254: 232: 231:12 July 1737 – 184: 175: 131: 92: 74: 58: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14568: 14558: 14557: 14552: 14547: 14542: 14537: 14532: 14527: 14522: 14517: 14512: 14507: 14502: 14497: 14492: 14487: 14482: 14477: 14472: 14467: 14462: 14457: 14452: 14447: 14442: 14437: 14432: 14427: 14422: 14417: 14412: 14407: 14402: 14386: 14385: 14381: 14380: 14378: 14377: 14367: 14356: 14353: 14352: 14350: 14349: 14344: 14339: 14334: 14329: 14324: 14319: 14314: 14309: 14304: 14299: 14294: 14289: 14284: 14279: 14274: 14272:Maria of Spain 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14184: 14179: 14174: 14169: 14164: 14159: 14153: 14151: 14145: 14144: 14137: 14135: 14133: 14132: 14127: 14122: 14117: 14112: 14107: 14102: 14097: 14092: 14087: 14082: 14076: 14074: 14068: 14067: 14060: 14059: 14052: 14045: 14037: 14028: 14027: 14025: 14024: 14019: 14014: 14008: 14006: 13999: 13998: 13996: 13995: 13990: 13985: 13980: 13975: 13970: 13965: 13960: 13955: 13950: 13945: 13940: 13935: 13930: 13925: 13920: 13915: 13910: 13905: 13900: 13895: 13890: 13885: 13880: 13875: 13870: 13865: 13860: 13855: 13850: 13845: 13840: 13835: 13830: 13825: 13820: 13815: 13810: 13805: 13800: 13795: 13790: 13785: 13780: 13775: 13773:Irene Angelina 13770: 13765: 13760: 13755: 13750: 13745: 13740: 13735: 13730: 13725: 13720: 13715: 13710: 13705: 13700: 13695: 13689: 13687: 13675: 13674: 13672: 13671: 13666: 13661: 13656: 13650: 13648: 13636: 13635: 13633: 13632: 13627: 13622: 13617: 13611: 13609: 13597: 13596: 13589: 13588: 13581: 13574: 13566: 13557: 13556: 13554: 13553: 13545: 13537: 13529: 13521: 13513: 13505: 13497: 13489: 13481: 13473: 13465: 13459: 13450: 13447: 13446: 13439: 13438: 13431: 13424: 13416: 13407: 13406: 13404: 13403: 13397: 13391: 13385: 13378: 13375: 13374: 13372: 13371: 13365: 13363: 13359: 13358: 13356: 13355: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13334: 13332: 13328: 13327: 13325: 13324: 13319: 13314: 13308: 13306: 13302: 13301: 13299: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13282: 13276: 13270: 13264: 13258: 13252: 13246: 13240: 13234: 13228: 13226: 13222: 13221: 13219: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13177: 13171: 13165: 13159: 13154: 13149: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13128: 13126: 13122: 13121: 13119: 13118: 13112: 13107: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13086: 13080: 13074: 13068: 13066: 13062: 13061: 13059: 13058: 13052: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13024:Maria Caroline 13021: 13016: 13010: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12978: 12976: 12972: 12971: 12969: 12968: 12962: 12956: 12950: 12944: 12938: 12932: 12926: 12920: 12918: 12914: 12913: 12911: 12910: 12904: 12898: 12892: 12886: 12880: 12874: 12868: 12865:Maria Carolina 12862: 12856: 12849: 12847: 12843: 12842: 12840: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12824: 12818: 12816: 12815:9th generation 12812: 12811: 12809: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12777: 12775: 12774:8th generation 12771: 12770: 12768: 12767: 12762: 12757: 12752: 12747: 12741: 12734: 12732: 12731:7th generation 12728: 12727: 12725: 12724: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12698: 12692: 12686: 12679: 12677: 12676:6th generation 12673: 12672: 12670: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12624: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12604: 12598: 12591: 12589: 12588:5th generation 12585: 12584: 12582: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12536: 12531: 12525: 12518: 12516: 12515:4th generation 12512: 12511: 12509: 12508: 12502: 12496: 12490: 12483: 12481: 12480:3rd generation 12477: 12476: 12474: 12473: 12467: 12465: 12464:2nd generation 12461: 12460: 12458: 12457: 12451: 12449: 12448:1st generation 12445: 12444: 12437: 12434: 12433: 12426: 12425: 12418: 12411: 12403: 12394: 12393: 12387: 12384: 12383: 12381: 12380: 12375: 12369: 12367: 12366:8th generation 12363: 12362: 12360: 12359: 12353: 12351: 12350:7th generation 12347: 12346: 12344: 12343: 12338: 12332: 12330: 12329:6th generation 12326: 12325: 12323: 12322: 12316: 12311: 12304: 12302: 12301:5th generation 12298: 12297: 12295: 12294: 12289: 12287:Marie de Rohan 12284: 12279: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12255: 12253: 12252:4th generation 12249: 12248: 12246: 12245: 12240: 12234: 12232: 12231:3rd generation 12228: 12227: 12225: 12224: 12219: 12213: 12211: 12210:2nd generation 12207: 12206: 12204: 12203: 12197: 12195: 12194:1st generation 12191: 12190: 12184: 12181: 12180: 12173: 12172: 12165: 12158: 12150: 12141: 12140: 12137: 12136: 12133: 12132: 12130: 12129: 12124: 12119: 12114: 12109: 12103: 12101: 12097: 12096: 12094: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12053: 12047: 12045: 12041: 12040: 12038: 12037: 12027: 12017: 12007: 11996: 11994: 11986: 11985: 11973: 11972: 11969: 11968: 11965: 11964: 11962: 11961: 11956: 11950: 11948: 11944: 11943: 11941: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11883:Archduke Anton 11880: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11840: 11834: 11832: 11828: 11827: 11825: 11824: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11718: 11716: 11712: 11711: 11709: 11708: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11686:Archduke Eugen 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11627: 11625: 11621: 11620: 11618: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11516: 11514: 11510: 11509: 11507: 11506: 11501: 11499:Archduke Louis 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11440: 11438: 11434: 11433: 11431: 11430: 11419: 11417: 11409: 11408: 11396: 11395: 11392: 11391: 11388: 11387: 11385: 11384: 11378: 11376: 11372: 11371: 11369: 11368: 11358: 11347: 11345: 11337: 11336: 11324: 11323: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11304: 11301: 11300: 11298: 11297: 11291: 11289: 11285: 11284: 11282: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11260: 11258: 11254: 11253: 11251: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11214: 11212: 11208: 11207: 11205: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11189: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11123: 11121: 11113: 11112: 11096: 11095: 11088: 11087: 11080: 11073: 11065: 11056: 11055: 11052: 11049: 11048: 11046: 11040: 11034: 11028: 11022: 11016: 11010: 11004: 10997: 10994: 10993: 10991: 10990: 10984: 10978: 10972: 10966: 10952: 10938: 10932: 10926: 10920: 10914: 10908: 10902: 10896: 10890: 10884: 10878: 10872: 10866: 10852: 10849: 10848: 10845:Dukes of Parma 10841: 10840: 10833: 10826: 10818: 10809: 10808: 10806: 10805: 10797: 10789: 10781: 10773: 10765: 10757: 10749: 10741: 10733: 10725: 10717: 10709: 10701: 10693: 10685: 10676: 10674: 10664: 10663: 10661: 10660: 10652: 10644: 10636: 10628: 10620: 10612: 10604: 10596: 10588: 10580: 10571: 10569: 10559: 10558: 10556: 10555: 10547: 10539: 10531: 10523: 10515: 10507: 10499: 10491: 10483: 10475: 10467: 10459: 10451: 10443: 10435: 10427: 10419: 10411: 10403: 10395: 10387: 10379: 10371: 10363: 10355: 10347: 10339: 10331: 10323: 10315: 10307: 10301: 10293: 10285: 10277: 10269: 10261: 10253: 10245: 10236: 10234: 10224: 10223: 10221: 10220: 10212: 10204: 10196: 10187: 10185: 10179: 10178: 10176: 10175: 10167: 10159: 10151: 10143: 10135: 10127: 10119: 10111: 10103: 10095: 10087: 10078: 10076: 10070: 10069: 10062: 10061: 10054: 10047: 10039: 10030: 10029: 10026: 10025: 10022: 10021: 10019: 10018: 10012: 10006: 10000: 9997:Marie-Adélaïde 9994: 9988: 9981: 9979: 9978:(1890–present) 9971: 9970: 9963: 9961: 9959: 9958: 9952: 9946: 9939: 9937: 9925: 9924: 9911: 9910: 9907: 9906: 9903: 9902: 9900: 9899: 9891: 9883: 9874: 9872: 9864: 9863: 9861: 9860: 9852: 9843: 9841: 9833: 9832: 9830: 9829: 9820: 9818: 9810: 9809: 9807: 9806: 9797: 9795: 9787: 9786: 9784: 9783: 9775: 9767: 9752: 9744: 9736: 9727: 9725: 9717: 9716: 9714: 9713: 9705: 9696: 9688: 9679: 9677: 9669: 9668: 9661: 9659: 9657: 9656: 9648: 9637: 9626: 9618: 9610: 9601: 9599: 9587: 9586: 9573: 9572: 9569: 9568: 9565: 9564: 9562: 9561: 9553: 9545: 9537: 9529: 9521: 9512: 9510: 9502: 9501: 9499: 9498: 9490: 9479: 9467: 9465: 9461:House of Namur 9457: 9456: 9454: 9453: 9444: 9442: 9434: 9433: 9431: 9430: 9421: 9419: 9415:House of Namur 9411: 9410: 9403: 9401: 9399: 9398: 9390: 9382: 9374: 9366: 9358: 9350: 9342: 9333: 9331: 9319: 9318: 9305: 9304: 9293: 9292: 9285: 9278: 9270: 9261: 9260: 9258: 9257: 9250:Prince-elector 9247: 9238: 9235: 9232: 9226:Duke of Poland 9222: 9219: 9218: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9211: 9205: 9203:Francis Joseph 9200: 9195: 9189: 9184: 9178: 9176: 9169: 9163: 9162: 9159: 9158: 9156: 9155: 9150: 9147:Charles Albert 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9093: 9091: 9084: 9078: 9077: 9074: 9073: 9071: 9070: 9065: 9059: 9057: 9050: 9044: 9043: 9040: 9039: 9037: 9036: 9031: 9025: 9023: 9016: 9012: 9011: 9008: 9007: 9005: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8988: 8986: 8979: 8973: 8972: 8969: 8968: 8966: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8949: 8947:John the Blind 8943: 8941: 8934: 8928: 8927: 8924: 8923: 8921: 8920: 8915: 8909: 8907: 8900: 8896: 8895: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8882: 8880: 8879: 8877:Wenceslaus III 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8853: 8851: 8847: 8846: 8844: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8821:Conrad II Otto 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8695: 8693: 8686: 8685: 8683: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8621: 8619: 8612: 8606: 8605: 8594: 8593: 8586: 8579: 8571: 8562: 8561: 8554: 8551: 8550: 8548: 8547: 8541: 8538:Francis Joseph 8535: 8529: 8523: 8517: 8510: 8508: 8502: 8501: 8499: 8498: 8492: 8486: 8480: 8474: 8473: 8472: 8458: 8452: 8446: 8440: 8434: 8427: 8425: 8419: 8418: 8416: 8415: 8412:John Sigismund 8409: 8402: 8400: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8390: 8384: 8377: 8375: 8369: 8368: 8366: 8365: 8358: 8356: 8350: 8349: 8347: 8346: 8339: 8337: 8331: 8330: 8328: 8327: 8321: 8314: 8312: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8302: 8295: 8293: 8287: 8286: 8284: 8283: 8277: 8271: 8265: 8258: 8256: 8250: 8249: 8247: 8246: 8239: 8237: 8231: 8230: 8228: 8227: 8220: 8218: 8212: 8211: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8198: 8196: 8195: 8189: 8183: 8177: 8171: 8165: 8159: 8153: 8147: 8146: 8145: 8137: 8123: 8117: 8111: 8105: 8099: 8093: 8087: 8081: 8075: 8069: 8063: 8057: 8050: 8048: 8044: 8043: 8041: 8040: 8034: 8024: 8010: 7996: 7980: 7966: 7951: 7949: 7942: 7940:House of Árpád 7936: 7935: 7930: 7927: 7926: 7919: 7918: 7911: 7904: 7896: 7888: 7887: 7879: 7878: 7873: 7870: 7861: 7854: 7850: 7849: 7843: 7842: 7837: 7834: 7825: 7817: 7811: 7810: 7808:French royalty 7804: 7803: 7798: 7795: 7784: 7776: 7770: 7769: 7767:German royalty 7763: 7762: 7753: 7748: 7741: 7740: 7712: 7707: 7703: 7702: 7697: 7694: 7622: 7621: 7616: 7613: 7599: 7598: 7593: 7590: 7581: 7576: 7572: 7571: 7570:Regnal titles 7567: 7566: 7546: 7544:Maria Theresa 7543: 7538: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7513: 7512:External links 7510: 7508: 7507: 7502:978-0271037226 7501: 7486: 7480: 7465: 7460:978-3453216228 7459: 7442: 7436: 7421: 7416:978-0691179063 7415: 7402: 7397:978-3406697487 7396: 7379: 7373: 7358: 7352: 7337: 7319:(3): 195–207. 7308: 7302: 7287: 7281: 7266: 7247: 7242:978-0241019221 7241: 7222: 7207: 7201: 7186: 7180: 7165: 7159: 7138: 7132: 7113: 7107: 7090: 7075: 7069: 7056: 7050: 7035: 7030:978-1405142915 7029: 7015:Ćirković, Sima 7011: 7005: 6990: 6984: 6965: 6959: 6942: 6933: 6928:978-3643106117 6927: 6912: 6882: 6877:978-0582090071 6876: 6862:Berenger, Jean 6858: 6853:978-0521473057 6852: 6829: 6823: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6799: 6779: 6767: 6749: 6731: 6713: 6710:. 11 May 2017. 6695: 6677: 6647: 6629: 6607: 6581: 6579:, p. 202. 6569: 6567:, p. 156. 6557: 6545: 6533: 6521: 6519:, p. 197. 6509: 6507:, p. 287. 6497: 6495:, p. 335. 6485: 6483:, p. 272. 6481:Goldsmith 1936 6473: 6469:Crankshaw 1970 6461: 6459:, p. 334. 6449: 6447:, p. 196. 6434: 6419: 6417:, p. 154. 6407: 6405:, p. 195. 6392: 6390:, p. 285. 6388:Crankshaw 1970 6380: 6378:, p. 194. 6368: 6366:, p. 185. 6356: 6354:, p. 183. 6341: 6339:, p. 182. 6329: 6327:, p. 157. 6317: 6313:Crankshaw 1970 6305: 6303:, p. 192. 6293: 6291:, p. 194. 6281: 6279:, p. 267. 6277:Crankshaw 1970 6269: 6267:, p. 112. 6257: 6245: 6233: 6231:, p. 346. 6221: 6209: 6207:, p. 739. 6194: 6182: 6170: 6142: 6130: 6118: 6106: 6104:, p. 188. 6094: 6092:, p. 138. 6090:Goldsmith 1936 6079: 6067: 6055: 6053:, p. 709. 6043: 6041:, p. 710. 6031: 6014: 6012:, p. 308. 6010:Crankshaw 1970 5999: 5997:, p. 200. 5982: 5970: 5968:, p. 714. 5955: 5943: 5941:, p. 179. 5931: 5929:, p. 242. 5919: 5915:Goldsmith 1936 5907: 5881: 5879:, p. 163. 5869: 5850: 5803: 5801:, p. 158. 5791: 5779: 5777:, p. 230. 5767: 5765:, p. 309. 5763:Crankshaw 1970 5755: 5743: 5741:, p. 310. 5739:Crankshaw 1970 5731: 5729:, p. 160. 5719: 5707: 5705:, p. 196. 5703:Crankshaw 1970 5695: 5693:, p. 195. 5691:Crankshaw 1970 5683: 5671: 5656: 5641: 5629: 5614: 5612:, p. 192. 5610:Crankshaw 1970 5602: 5585: 5573: 5561: 5549: 5547:, p. 666. 5537: 5535:, p. 665. 5525: 5513: 5501: 5499:, p. 201. 5486: 5474: 5472:, p. 203. 5462: 5450: 5448:, p. 254. 5438: 5421: 5419:, p. 313. 5417:Crankshaw 1970 5409: 5407:, p. 644. 5397: 5382: 5380:, p. 253. 5370: 5368:, p. 222. 5358: 5346: 5344:, p. 223. 5334: 5332:, p. 187. 5322: 5320:, p. 251. 5310: 5298: 5296:, p. 194. 5279: 5277:, p. 271. 5267: 5252: 5250:, p. 511. 5237: 5225: 5223:, p. 508. 5213: 5211:, p. 273. 5209:Crankshaw 1970 5201: 5189: 5177: 5175:, p. 507. 5162: 5150: 5138: 5126: 5114: 5102: 5100:, p. 242. 5098:Crankshaw 1970 5090: 5073: 5071:, p. 240. 5069:Crankshaw 1970 5061: 5046: 5034: 5032:, p. 238. 5030:Crankshaw 1970 5022: 5020:, p. 158. 5010: 5006:Crankshaw 1970 4998: 4994:Crankshaw 1970 4986: 4982:Crankshaw 1970 4974: 4970:Crankshaw 1970 4962: 4960:, p. 114. 4950: 4946:Crankshaw 1970 4938: 4926: 4914: 4902: 4890: 4888:, p. 151. 4878: 4866: 4854: 4852:, p. 122. 4837: 4835:, p. 121. 4825: 4821:Crankshaw 1970 4813: 4809:Crankshaw 1970 4801: 4780:(2): 233–254. 4760: 4758:, p. 118. 4748: 4736: 4732:Crankshaw 1970 4724: 4720:Crankshaw 1970 4712: 4708:Crankshaw 1970 4700: 4688: 4676: 4674:, p. 218. 4661: 4649: 4637: 4633:Crankshaw 1970 4625: 4613: 4601: 4599:, p. 189. 4589: 4577: 4565: 4550: 4546:Crankshaw 1970 4538: 4536:, p. 207. 4523: 4511: 4507:Crankshaw 1970 4499: 4495:Crankshaw 1970 4487: 4475: 4463: 4451: 4447:Goldsmith 1936 4439: 4437:, p. 261. 4427: 4415: 4411:Crankshaw 1970 4403: 4391: 4379: 4367: 4352: 4348:Crankshaw 1970 4340: 4328: 4311: 4299: 4287: 4283:Crankshaw 1970 4275: 4273:, p. 228. 4263: 4251: 4249:, p. 128. 4239: 4214: 4210:Crankshaw 1970 4202: 4200:, p. 129. 4187: 4172: 4157: 4145: 4141:Goldsmith 1936 4132: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4113: 4109:Crankshaw 1970 4095: 4081:(by Leopold), 4066: 4052: 4050:, p. 230. 4038: 4025: 4008: 4006:, p. 190. 3987: 3971: 3969:, p. 206. 3954: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3886: 3883: 3879: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3838: 3832: 3829: 3828: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3793: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3774: 3771: 3770: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3738: 3735: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3660: 3654: 3651: 3650: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3616: 3613: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3596: 3590: 3587: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3558: 3555: 3554: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3532: 3529: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3496: 3493: 3492: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3476: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3438: 3435: 3434: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3393: 3392: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3377: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3360: 3356: 3355: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3324: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3293: 3286: 3283: 3282:13 August 1752 3280: 3275: 3271: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3213: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3170: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3147: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3117:13 August 1743 3115: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3082: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3041: 3037: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3029:6 October 1738 3027: 3022: 3018: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2962: 2955: 2944: 2941: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2883:Maria Theresia 2871: 2868: 2867: 2866: 2855: 2852: 2829: 2818: 2815:Theresienstadt 2807: 2800: 2797:Southeast Asia 2785: 2778: 2771: 2761: 2760: 2759: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2654:George W. Bush 2620: 2617: 2595: 2592: 2573:Imperial Crypt 2525:Imperial Crypt 2479:Ottoman Empire 2400: 2397: 2333: 2330: 2311: 2308: 2257: 2254: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2114: 2111: 2065: 2062: 2049: 2046: 2022:Ottoman Empire 1979: 1976: 1952: 1949: 1888: 1885: 1863: 1860: 1816:Saint Nicholas 1807: 1804: 1756:Heinrich Füger 1747: 1744: 1727:Imperial Crypt 1678:Imperial Crypt 1662:Maria Carolina 1637: 1634: 1618:Maria Carolina 1616:, (the third) 1598:Maria Carolina 1568:, named after 1562:Maria Carolina 1549: 1546: 1536: 1533: 1429:Ottoman Empire 1377:Main article: 1374: 1371: 1359:Duchy of Parma 1299: 1271:Charles Albert 1222:took place in 1140:Charles Albert 1102:Main article: 1099: 1096: 1088:oath of fealty 1021:, a square on 1010: 1007: 869: 866: 831:Andreas Möller 776:Ostend Company 720:Leopold Johann 701:Hofburg Palace 692: 689: 524: 523: 516: 512: 511: 506: 502: 501: 496: 492: 491: 486: 482: 481: 476: 470: 469: 466: 465: 461: 460: 452: 451: 449: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 367: 365: 351: 350: 331: 327: 322: 321: 319: 315: 314: 311:Imperial Crypt 309: 307: 303: 302: 299:(aged 63) 293: 289: 288: 266: 262: 261: 258: 257: 251: 247: 246: 236: 235: 233:18 August 1765 229: 225: 224: 218: 217: 212: 208: 207: 202: 198: 197: 194: 188: 187: 181: 177: 176: 174: 173: 164: 158: 155: 154: 152:Charles Albert 149: 145: 144: 139: 135: 134: 128: 124: 123: 118: 114: 113: 112:Charles Albert 110: 106: 105: 102: 96: 95: 91:12 May 1743 – 89: 85: 84: 78: 77: 75:18 August 1765 71: 67: 66: 60: 59: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14567: 14556: 14553: 14551: 14548: 14546: 14543: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14526: 14523: 14521: 14520:Queen mothers 14518: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14501: 14498: 14496: 14493: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14483: 14481: 14478: 14476: 14473: 14471: 14468: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14438: 14436: 14433: 14431: 14428: 14426: 14423: 14421: 14418: 14416: 14413: 14411: 14408: 14406: 14403: 14401: 14400:Maria Theresa 14398: 14397: 14395: 14376: 14368: 14366: 14362: 14358: 14357: 14354: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14328: 14325: 14323: 14320: 14318: 14315: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14303: 14300: 14298: 14295: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14277:Anna of Tyrol 14275: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14154: 14152: 14150: 14146: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14121: 14118: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14091: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14077: 14075: 14073: 14069: 14065: 14058: 14053: 14051: 14046: 14044: 14039: 14038: 14035: 14023: 14020: 14018: 14015: 14013: 14010: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14003:German Empire 14000: 13994: 13991: 13989: 13986: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13978:Maria Theresa 13976: 13974: 13971: 13969: 13966: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13944: 13941: 13939: 13936: 13934: 13931: 13929: 13926: 13924: 13923:Anna of Tyrol 13921: 13919: 13916: 13914: 13911: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13899: 13896: 13894: 13891: 13889: 13886: 13884: 13881: 13879: 13876: 13874: 13871: 13869: 13866: 13864: 13861: 13859: 13856: 13854: 13851: 13849: 13846: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13836: 13834: 13831: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13816: 13814: 13811: 13809: 13806: 13804: 13803:Bianca Lancia 13801: 13799: 13796: 13794: 13791: 13789: 13786: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13751: 13749: 13746: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13719: 13716: 13714: 13711: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13701: 13699: 13696: 13694: 13691: 13690: 13688: 13685: 13680: 13676: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13652: 13651: 13649: 13646: 13641: 13637: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13621: 13618: 13616: 13613: 13612: 13610: 13607: 13602: 13598: 13594: 13587: 13582: 13580: 13575: 13573: 13568: 13567: 13564: 13552: 13549: 13546: 13544: 13541: 13538: 13536: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13514: 13512: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13501: 13498: 13496: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13482: 13480: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13469: 13466: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13452: 13451: 13448: 13444: 13437: 13432: 13430: 13425: 13423: 13418: 13417: 13414: 13402: 13398: 13396: 13392: 13390: 13386: 13384: 13380: 13379: 13376: 13370: 13367: 13366: 13364: 13360: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13335: 13333: 13329: 13323: 13320: 13318: 13315: 13313: 13310: 13309: 13307: 13303: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13286: 13283: 13280: 13277: 13274: 13271: 13268: 13265: 13262: 13259: 13256: 13253: 13250: 13247: 13244: 13241: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13229: 13227: 13223: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13181: 13178: 13175: 13174:Maria Theresa 13172: 13169: 13166: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13142:Marie Valerie 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13129: 13127: 13123: 13116: 13113: 13111: 13108: 13106: 13103: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13090: 13087: 13084: 13081: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13069: 13067: 13063: 13056: 13053: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13014: 13011: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12979: 12977: 12973: 12966: 12963: 12960: 12957: 12954: 12951: 12948: 12945: 12942: 12939: 12936: 12933: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12924:Maria Theresa 12922: 12921: 12919: 12915: 12908: 12905: 12902: 12899: 12896: 12895:Maria Josepha 12893: 12890: 12887: 12884: 12881: 12878: 12875: 12872: 12869: 12866: 12863: 12860: 12857: 12854: 12851: 12850: 12848: 12844: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12832:Maria Theresa 12830: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12819: 12817: 12813: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12801:Maria Josepha 12799: 12797: 12796:Maria Theresa 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12778: 12776: 12772: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12745: 12742: 12739: 12736: 12735: 12733: 12729: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12702: 12699: 12696: 12693: 12690: 12687: 12684: 12681: 12680: 12678: 12674: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605: 12602: 12599: 12596: 12593: 12592: 12590: 12586: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12529: 12526: 12523: 12520: 12519: 12517: 12513: 12506: 12503: 12500: 12497: 12494: 12491: 12488: 12485: 12484: 12482: 12478: 12472: 12469: 12468: 12466: 12462: 12456: 12453: 12452: 12450: 12446: 12441: 12435: 12431: 12424: 12419: 12417: 12412: 12410: 12405: 12404: 12401: 12391: 12385: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12370: 12368: 12364: 12358: 12355: 12354: 12352: 12348: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12333: 12331: 12327: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12309: 12306: 12305: 12303: 12299: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12277: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12256: 12254: 12250: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12235: 12233: 12229: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12214: 12212: 12208: 12202: 12199: 12198: 12196: 12192: 12188: 12182: 12178: 12171: 12166: 12164: 12159: 12157: 12152: 12151: 12148: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12104: 12102: 12100:Grandchildren 12098: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12048: 12046: 12042: 12036: 12033: 12032: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12022: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12012: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12002: 11998: 11997: 11995: 11991: 11987: 11983: 11978: 11974: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11951: 11949: 11945: 11939: 11938:Archduke Géza 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11835: 11833: 11829: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11719: 11717: 11713: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11628: 11626: 11622: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11517: 11515: 11513:Grandchildren 11511: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11489:Archduke John 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11441: 11439: 11435: 11429: 11426: 11425: 11421: 11420: 11418: 11414: 11410: 11406: 11401: 11397: 11383: 11380: 11379: 11377: 11373: 11367: 11364: 11363: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11353: 11349: 11348: 11346: 11342: 11338: 11334: 11329: 11325: 11321: 11314: 11296: 11293: 11292: 11290: 11286: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11261: 11259: 11255: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11243:Archduke Karl 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11215: 11213: 11211:Grandchildren 11209: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11124: 11122: 11118: 11114: 11110: 11106: 11105:Maria Theresa 11101: 11097: 11093: 11086: 11081: 11079: 11074: 11072: 11067: 11066: 11063: 11050: 11044: 11041: 11039:* (1977–2010) 11038: 11035: 11032: 11029: 11026: 11023: 11020: 11017: 11014: 11011: 11008: 11005: 11003:* (1859–1907) 11002: 10999: 10995: 10988: 10985: 10982: 10979: 10976: 10975:Charles Louis 10973: 10970: 10967: 10962: 10956: 10953: 10948: 10942: 10939: 10936: 10933: 10930: 10927: 10924: 10923:Maria Theresa 10921: 10918: 10915: 10912: 10909: 10906: 10903: 10900: 10897: 10894: 10891: 10888: 10885: 10882: 10879: 10876: 10873: 10870: 10867: 10864: 10861: 10860: 10856: 10850: 10846: 10839: 10834: 10832: 10827: 10825: 10820: 10819: 10816: 10801: 10798: 10793: 10790: 10785: 10782: 10777: 10774: 10769: 10768:Ferdinand III 10766: 10761: 10758: 10753: 10750: 10745: 10742: 10737: 10734: 10729: 10726: 10721: 10718: 10713: 10710: 10705: 10702: 10697: 10694: 10689: 10686: 10681: 10678: 10677: 10675: 10669: 10665: 10656: 10655:Ferdinand III 10653: 10648: 10645: 10640: 10637: 10632: 10629: 10624: 10621: 10616: 10613: 10608: 10605: 10600: 10597: 10592: 10589: 10584: 10581: 10576: 10573: 10572: 10570: 10564: 10560: 10551: 10548: 10543: 10540: 10535: 10532: 10527: 10524: 10519: 10516: 10511: 10508: 10503: 10500: 10495: 10494:Maria Theresa 10492: 10487: 10484: 10479: 10476: 10471: 10468: 10463: 10460: 10455: 10452: 10447: 10444: 10439: 10436: 10431: 10430:Ferdinand III 10428: 10423: 10420: 10415: 10412: 10407: 10404: 10399: 10398:Maximilian II 10396: 10391: 10388: 10383: 10380: 10375: 10372: 10367: 10364: 10359: 10356: 10351: 10348: 10343: 10340: 10335: 10332: 10327: 10324: 10319: 10316: 10311: 10308: 10303:Frederick II 10302: 10297: 10294: 10289: 10286: 10281: 10278: 10273: 10270: 10265: 10262: 10257: 10254: 10249: 10246: 10241: 10238: 10237: 10235: 10229: 10225: 10216: 10213: 10208: 10205: 10200: 10197: 10192: 10189: 10188: 10186: 10184: 10180: 10171: 10168: 10163: 10160: 10155: 10152: 10147: 10144: 10139: 10136: 10131: 10128: 10123: 10120: 10115: 10112: 10107: 10104: 10099: 10096: 10091: 10088: 10083: 10080: 10079: 10077: 10075: 10071: 10067: 10060: 10055: 10053: 10048: 10046: 10041: 10040: 10037: 10016: 10013: 10010: 10007: 10004: 10001: 9998: 9995: 9992: 9989: 9986: 9983: 9982: 9980: 9976: 9972: 9967: 9956: 9953: 9950: 9947: 9944: 9941: 9940: 9938: 9934: 9930: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9912: 9895: 9892: 9887: 9884: 9879: 9876: 9875: 9873: 9869: 9865: 9856: 9853: 9848: 9845: 9844: 9842: 9838: 9834: 9825: 9824:Maximilian II 9822: 9821: 9819: 9815: 9811: 9802: 9799: 9798: 9796: 9792: 9788: 9779: 9776: 9771: 9768: 9763: 9756: 9753: 9748: 9745: 9740: 9737: 9732: 9729: 9728: 9726: 9722: 9718: 9709: 9706: 9700: 9697: 9692: 9689: 9684: 9681: 9680: 9678: 9674: 9670: 9665: 9652: 9649: 9646: 9643:(1411–1415), 9641: 9638: 9635: 9630: 9627: 9622: 9619: 9614: 9613:Wenceslaus II 9611: 9606: 9603: 9602: 9600: 9596: 9592: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9574: 9557: 9554: 9549: 9546: 9541: 9538: 9533: 9530: 9525: 9522: 9517: 9514: 9513: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9494: 9491: 9488: 9485:(1197–1214), 9483: 9480: 9477: 9474:(1197–1247), 9472: 9469: 9468: 9466: 9462: 9458: 9449: 9446: 9445: 9443: 9439: 9435: 9426: 9423: 9422: 9420: 9416: 9412: 9407: 9394: 9391: 9386: 9383: 9378: 9375: 9370: 9367: 9362: 9359: 9354: 9351: 9346: 9343: 9338: 9335: 9334: 9332: 9328: 9324: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9298: 9291: 9286: 9284: 9279: 9277: 9272: 9271: 9268: 9255: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9242: 9239: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9230:Piast dynasty 9227: 9224: 9223: 9220: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9179: 9177: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9164: 9154: 9153:Maria Theresa 9151: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9127:Ferdinand III 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9094: 9092: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9079: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9063:Vladislaus II 9061: 9060: 9058: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9045: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9026: 9024: 9020: 9017: 9013: 9003: 9000: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8974: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8958:Wenceslaus IV 8956: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8944: 8942: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8929: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8910: 8908: 8904: 8901: 8897: 8892: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8872:Wenceslaus II 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8854: 8852: 8848: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8826:Wenceslaus II 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8801: 8800:Vladislaus II 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8775:Bretislaus II 8773: 8771: 8768: 8765: 8764:Vratislaus II 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8729:Boleslaus III 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8696: 8694: 8687: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8622: 8620: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8607: 8603: 8599: 8592: 8587: 8585: 8580: 8578: 8573: 8572: 8569: 8558: 8552: 8545: 8542: 8539: 8536: 8533: 8530: 8527: 8524: 8521: 8518: 8515: 8512: 8511: 8509: 8507: 8503: 8496: 8495:Maria Theresa 8493: 8490: 8487: 8484: 8481: 8478: 8475: 8469: 8465: 8464: 8462: 8461:Ferdinand III 8459: 8456: 8453: 8450: 8447: 8444: 8441: 8438: 8435: 8432: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8424: 8420: 8413: 8410: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8399: 8395: 8388: 8385: 8382: 8381:Vladislaus II 8379: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8370: 8363: 8360: 8359: 8357: 8355: 8351: 8344: 8341: 8340: 8338: 8336: 8332: 8325: 8322: 8319: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8311: 8307: 8300: 8297: 8296: 8294: 8292: 8288: 8281: 8278: 8275: 8272: 8269: 8266: 8263: 8260: 8259: 8257: 8255: 8251: 8244: 8241: 8240: 8238: 8236: 8232: 8225: 8222: 8221: 8219: 8217: 8213: 8208: 8193: 8190: 8187: 8184: 8181: 8178: 8175: 8172: 8169: 8166: 8163: 8162:Ladislaus III 8160: 8157: 8154: 8151: 8148: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8121: 8118: 8115: 8112: 8109: 8106: 8103: 8100: 8097: 8094: 8091: 8088: 8085: 8082: 8079: 8076: 8073: 8070: 8067: 8064: 8061: 8058: 8055: 8052: 8051: 8049: 8045: 8038: 8035: 8032: 8028: 8025: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8011: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7997: 7994: 7990: 7986: 7985: 7981: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7967: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7953: 7952: 7950: 7948:Grand Princes 7946: 7943: 7941: 7937: 7933: 7928: 7924: 7917: 7912: 7910: 7905: 7903: 7898: 7897: 7894: 7890: 7889: 7885: 7884: 7876: 7867: 7866: 7859: 7851: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7831: 7830: 7824: 7823: 7816: 7812: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7792: 7791: 7783: 7782: 7775: 7771: 7768: 7764: 7759: 7758: 7751: 7746: 7742: 7739: 7736: 7735: 7730: 7727: 7726: 7718: 7717: 7710: 7704: 7700: 7693: 7690: 7689: 7684: 7681: 7680: 7672: 7671: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7623: 7619: 7610: 7609: 7605: 7600: 7596: 7587: 7586: 7579: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7556: 7551: 7550: 7541: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7525: 7524: 7519: 7518:Maria Theresa 7516: 7515: 7504: 7498: 7494: 7493: 7487: 7483: 7477: 7473: 7472: 7466: 7462: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7443: 7439: 7433: 7429: 7428: 7422: 7418: 7412: 7408: 7403: 7399: 7393: 7390:: C.H. Beck. 7389: 7385: 7380: 7376: 7370: 7366: 7365: 7359: 7355: 7349: 7345: 7344: 7343:Maria Theresa 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7309: 7305: 7299: 7295: 7294: 7288: 7284: 7278: 7274: 7273: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7254: 7248: 7244: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7229: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7214: 7208: 7204: 7198: 7194: 7193: 7187: 7183: 7177: 7173: 7172: 7166: 7162: 7156: 7152: 7147: 7146: 7139: 7135: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7120: 7114: 7110: 7104: 7099: 7098: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7082: 7076: 7072: 7066: 7062: 7057: 7053: 7047: 7043: 7042: 7041:Maria Theresa 7036: 7032: 7026: 7022: 7021: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7002: 6998: 6997: 6991: 6987: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6972: 6966: 6962: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6943: 6939: 6934: 6930: 6924: 6920: 6919: 6913: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6873: 6869: 6868: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6836: 6830: 6826: 6820: 6816: 6815: 6809: 6808: 6795: 6791: 6790: 6783: 6776: 6771: 6763: 6759: 6753: 6745: 6741: 6735: 6727: 6723: 6717: 6709: 6705: 6699: 6691: 6687: 6681: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6651: 6643: 6639: 6633: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6611: 6596: 6592: 6585: 6578: 6573: 6566: 6561: 6554: 6549: 6542: 6537: 6531:, p. 67. 6530: 6529:Browning 1994 6525: 6518: 6513: 6506: 6501: 6494: 6489: 6482: 6477: 6470: 6465: 6458: 6453: 6446: 6441: 6439: 6432:, p. 94. 6431: 6426: 6424: 6416: 6411: 6404: 6399: 6397: 6389: 6384: 6377: 6372: 6365: 6360: 6353: 6348: 6346: 6338: 6333: 6326: 6321: 6314: 6309: 6302: 6297: 6290: 6285: 6278: 6273: 6266: 6261: 6254: 6249: 6242: 6237: 6230: 6225: 6218: 6213: 6206: 6201: 6199: 6191: 6186: 6179: 6174: 6159: 6155: 6154:"Robotpatent" 6149: 6147: 6139: 6134: 6127: 6122: 6116:, p. 93. 6115: 6110: 6103: 6098: 6091: 6086: 6084: 6076: 6071: 6064: 6059: 6052: 6047: 6040: 6035: 6029:, p. 92. 6028: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6011: 6006: 6004: 5996: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5979: 5974: 5967: 5962: 5960: 5953:, p. 91. 5952: 5947: 5940: 5935: 5928: 5923: 5916: 5911: 5895: 5888: 5886: 5878: 5873: 5865: 5861: 5854: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5807: 5800: 5795: 5788: 5783: 5776: 5771: 5764: 5759: 5752: 5747: 5740: 5735: 5728: 5723: 5717:, p. 90. 5716: 5711: 5704: 5699: 5692: 5687: 5680: 5675: 5669:, p. 85. 5668: 5667:Berenger 2014 5663: 5661: 5654:, p. 89. 5653: 5648: 5646: 5639:, p. 86. 5638: 5637:Berenger 2014 5633: 5627:, p. 88. 5626: 5621: 5619: 5611: 5606: 5600:, p. 38. 5599: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5582: 5577: 5570: 5569:Ćirković 2004 5565: 5558: 5553: 5546: 5541: 5534: 5529: 5522: 5517: 5510: 5505: 5498: 5493: 5491: 5483: 5478: 5471: 5466: 5459: 5454: 5447: 5442: 5436:, p. 87. 5435: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5418: 5413: 5406: 5401: 5395:, p. 14. 5394: 5389: 5387: 5379: 5374: 5367: 5362: 5355: 5350: 5343: 5338: 5331: 5326: 5319: 5314: 5308:, p. 69. 5307: 5302: 5295: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5276: 5271: 5264: 5259: 5257: 5249: 5244: 5242: 5234: 5229: 5222: 5217: 5210: 5205: 5198: 5193: 5186: 5181: 5174: 5169: 5167: 5160:, p. 22. 5159: 5154: 5147: 5142: 5135: 5130: 5123: 5118: 5112:, p. 84. 5111: 5110:Berenger 2014 5106: 5099: 5094: 5088:, p. 83. 5087: 5086:Berenger 2014 5082: 5080: 5078: 5070: 5065: 5059:, p. 82. 5058: 5057:Berenger 2014 5053: 5051: 5043: 5042:Berenger 2014 5038: 5031: 5026: 5019: 5014: 5007: 5002: 4996:, p. 99. 4995: 4990: 4984:, p. 97. 4983: 4978: 4971: 4966: 4959: 4958:Browning 1994 4954: 4948:, p. 93. 4947: 4942: 4936:, p. 92. 4935: 4934:Browning 1994 4930: 4924:, p. 88. 4923: 4922:Browning 1994 4918: 4912:, p. 86. 4911: 4906: 4900:, p. 79. 4899: 4898:Browning 1994 4894: 4887: 4882: 4876:, p. 65. 4875: 4874:Browning 1994 4870: 4864:, p. 74. 4863: 4858: 4851: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4834: 4829: 4823:, p. 77. 4822: 4817: 4811:, p. 75. 4810: 4805: 4797: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4764: 4757: 4752: 4746:, p. 66. 4745: 4744:Browning 1994 4740: 4734:, p. 58. 4733: 4728: 4722:, p. 57. 4721: 4716: 4710:, p. 56. 4709: 4704: 4697: 4696:Browning 1994 4692: 4686:, p. 44. 4685: 4684:Browning 1994 4680: 4673: 4668: 4666: 4658: 4657:Browning 1994 4653: 4647:, p. 43. 4646: 4645:Browning 1994 4641: 4635:, p. 43. 4634: 4629: 4623:, p. 38. 4622: 4621:Browning 1994 4617: 4610: 4605: 4598: 4593: 4586: 4581: 4574: 4569: 4563:, p. 47. 4562: 4557: 4555: 4547: 4542: 4535: 4534:Spielman 1993 4530: 4528: 4520: 4515: 4508: 4503: 4497:, p. 26. 4496: 4491: 4484: 4479: 4472: 4467: 4461:, p. 39. 4460: 4455: 4449:, p. 55. 4448: 4443: 4436: 4431: 4425:, p. 38. 4424: 4419: 4413:, p. 25. 4412: 4407: 4401:, p. 37. 4400: 4395: 4388: 4383: 4377:, p. 26. 4376: 4371: 4365:, p. 27. 4364: 4359: 4357: 4350:, p. 22. 4349: 4344: 4337: 4332: 4326:, p. 37. 4325: 4324:Browning 1994 4320: 4318: 4316: 4309:, p. 28. 4308: 4303: 4296: 4291: 4284: 4279: 4272: 4267: 4261:, p. 23. 4260: 4255: 4248: 4243: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4212:, p. 24. 4211: 4206: 4199: 4194: 4192: 4185:, p. 12. 4184: 4179: 4177: 4169: 4164: 4162: 4155:, p. 21. 4154: 4149: 4143:, p. 17. 4142: 4137: 4133: 4117: 4111:, p. 302 4110: 4106: 4099: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4077:(by Joseph), 4076: 4070: 4064:, p. 64. 4063: 4056: 4049: 4042: 4036:, p. 76. 4035: 4034:Browning 1994 4029: 4023:, p. 43. 4022: 4021:Browning 1994 4018: 4012: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3991: 3985:, p. 23. 3984: 3981: 3975: 3968: 3967:Spielman 1993 3964: 3958: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3921: 3917: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3888: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3840: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3827: 3826: 3817: 3816: 3811: 3810: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3789: 3788: 3783: 3782: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3769: 3768: 3755: 3754: 3749: 3748: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3726: 3721: 3720: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3697: 3696: 3691: 3690: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3669: 3668: 3663: 3662: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3649: 3648: 3631: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3611: 3610: 3605: 3604: 3599: 3598: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3568: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3547: 3546: 3541: 3540: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3527: 3526: 3513: 3512: 3507: 3506: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3491: 3490: 3485: 3484: 3479: 3478: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3455: 3454: 3449: 3448: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3433: 3432: 3427: 3426: 3421: 3420: 3417: 3411: 3399: 3398: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3389: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3319:, had issue ( 3318: 3314: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3288:married King 3287: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3272: 3268: 3265: 3263:19 March 1751 3262: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3069: 3067:13 March 1741 3066: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3020: 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The 2667: 2659: 2658:Sándor Palace 2655: 2651: 2650:László Sólyom 2648: 2644: 2638:palace (2020) 2637: 2633: 2630: 2625: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2609:Enlightenment 2606: 2601: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2517: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2491:Sublime Porte 2488: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2460:Polish people 2457: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2426: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2384: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2370: 2369:Robot Patents 2364: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2351: 2343: 2338: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2307: 2303: 2301: 2300:rote learning 2295: 2292: 2291:Enlightenment 2288: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2247:Enlightenment 2244: 2240: 2234: 2232: 2231:death penalty 2227: 2223: 2222:homosexuality 2219: 2214: 2212: 2211:Magda Logomer 2208: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2196: 2191: 2184: 2182: 2175: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2123:Anton de Haen 2120: 2110: 2108: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2064:Institutional 2059: 2054: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1994: 1989: 1985: 1975: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1962:Upper Austria 1959: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1928:surplice fees 1923: 1919: 1917: 1912: 1908: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1859: 1857: 1856:flagellantism 1853: 1849: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1803: 1801: 1795: 1792: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1757: 1752: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1717: 1711: 1709: 1708:Maria Josepha 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1679: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1626:Maria Antonia 1623: 1619: 1615: 1614:Maria Josepha 1611: 1610:Maria Johanna 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1541: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1494:raided Berlin 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1313: 1311: 1304: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1279:Philip Kinsky 1276: 1272: 1264: 1259: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1220: 1214: 1212: 1211:rapprochement 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1191:Lower Silesia 1188: 1184: 1183:Upper Silesia 1180: 1176: 1175:Upper Austria 1172: 1168: 1163: 1161: 1156: 1152: 1149:In December, 1147: 1145: 1141: 1134: 1129: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1053: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 972: 967: 963: 961: 955: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 917: 913: 908: 904: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 881: 879: 875: 865: 863: 862:queen consort 859: 854: 850: 846: 841: 839: 832: 827: 823: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 780:Great Britain 777: 773: 769: 765: 760: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 736:Maria Josepha 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 702: 697: 688: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 649: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 594: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 539: 534: 530: 529:Maria Theresa 521: 517: 513: 510: 507: 503: 500: 497: 493: 490: 487: 483: 480: 477: 475: 471: 462: 457: 453: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 368: 366: 363: 362: 356: 352: 325: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 294: 290: 287: 283: 279: 267: 263: 259: 252: 248: 245: 241: 237: 230: 226: 223: 219: 216: 213: 209: 206: 203: 199: 195: 193: 189: 182: 178: 172: 168: 165: 163: 160: 159: 156: 153: 150: 146: 143: 140: 136: 129: 125: 122: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 101: 97: 90: 86: 83: 79: 72: 68: 65: 61: 56: 50: 45: 42:Maria Theresa 40: 37: 33: 19: 14555:Anti-Masonry 14331: 13977: 13973:Maria Amalia 13640:East Francia 13601:East Francia 13550: 13542: 13534: 13526: 13518: 13510: 13507: 13502: 13494: 13486: 13478: 13470: 13456: 13400: 13394: 13388: 13382: 12947:Maria Amalia 12831: 12389: 12372: 12275: 12029: 12019: 12009: 11999: 11422: 11360: 11350: 11104: 10969:Marie Louise 10960: 10946: 10922: 10744:Ferdinand II 10493: 10438:Ferdinand IV 10017:(since 2000) 9922:(since 1815) 9854: 9708:Maximilian I 9644: 9633: 9632:(1411–1443) 9605:Wenceslaus I 9556:Wenceslaus I 9486: 9475: 9152: 9117:Ferdinand II 9048:Jagiellonian 9015:Non-dynastic 8899:Non-dynastic 8862:Wenceslaus I 8811:Sobeslaus II 8790:Vladislaus I 8759:Spytihněv II 8754:Bretislaus I 8724:Boleslaus II 8709:Vratislaus I 8556: 8494: 8468:Ferdinand IV 8463:(1637–1657) 8455:Ferdinand II 8343:Vladislaus I 8186:Ladislaus IV 8133:Ladislaus II 8128:(1162–1172) 8030: 8020: 8016: 8006: 8002: 7992: 7988: 7982: 7976: 7972: 7962: 7958: 7863: 7827: 7820: 7814: 7786: 7779: 7773: 7755: 7744: 7737: 7732: 7728: 7722: 7714: 7691: 7686: 7682: 7676: 7625: 7602: 7583: 7561: 7554: 7547: 7521: 7491: 7470: 7446: 7426: 7406: 7383: 7363: 7342: 7316: 7312: 7292: 7271: 7252: 7227: 7212: 7191: 7170: 7144: 7118: 7096: 7080: 7060: 7040: 7019: 6995: 6970: 6946: 6937: 6917: 6900: 6896: 6866: 6834: 6813: 6793: 6788: 6782: 6777:, p. 1. 6770: 6761: 6752: 6743: 6734: 6725: 6716: 6707: 6698: 6689: 6680: 6668:. Retrieved 6664:the original 6659: 6650: 6641: 6632: 6619: 6610: 6598:. Retrieved 6594: 6584: 6577:Vocelka 2000 6572: 6565:Vocelka 2009 6560: 6553:Vocelka 2009 6548: 6543:, p. 3. 6536: 6524: 6512: 6505:Mitford 1970 6500: 6488: 6476: 6464: 6452: 6415:Vocelka 2009 6410: 6383: 6371: 6359: 6332: 6320: 6308: 6296: 6284: 6272: 6260: 6248: 6236: 6224: 6212: 6185: 6173: 6161:. Retrieved 6157: 6133: 6121: 6109: 6097: 6070: 6058: 6046: 6034: 5995:Vocelka 2000 5973: 5946: 5934: 5922: 5910: 5898:. Retrieved 5872: 5863: 5853: 5820: 5816: 5806: 5799:Vocelka 2009 5794: 5787:Vocelka 2009 5782: 5770: 5758: 5751:Hopkins 2002 5746: 5734: 5727:Vocelka 2009 5722: 5710: 5698: 5686: 5679:Holborn 1982 5674: 5632: 5605: 5576: 5564: 5552: 5540: 5528: 5516: 5504: 5497:Vocelka 2000 5482:Penslar 2001 5477: 5465: 5453: 5441: 5412: 5400: 5373: 5366:Holborn 1982 5361: 5356:, p. 5. 5349: 5342:Holborn 1982 5337: 5325: 5313: 5301: 5270: 5228: 5216: 5204: 5192: 5180: 5153: 5141: 5129: 5117: 5105: 5093: 5064: 5037: 5025: 5018:Mitford 1970 5013: 5001: 4989: 4977: 4965: 4953: 4941: 4929: 4917: 4905: 4893: 4881: 4869: 4857: 4828: 4816: 4804: 4777: 4773: 4763: 4751: 4739: 4727: 4715: 4703: 4691: 4679: 4672:Holborn 1982 4652: 4640: 4628: 4616: 4611:, p. 8. 4604: 4592: 4580: 4568: 4548:, p. 3. 4541: 4514: 4502: 4490: 4478: 4466: 4454: 4442: 4430: 4418: 4406: 4394: 4382: 4370: 4343: 4331: 4302: 4290: 4278: 4266: 4254: 4242: 4230:. Retrieved 4226: 4217: 4205: 4170:, p. 6. 4148: 4136: 4116: 4098: 4069: 4062:Hopkins 2002 4055: 4041: 4028: 4011: 3990: 3979: 3974: 3957: 3920: 3619: 3370:27 July 1801 3321:Austria-Este 3185:1 March 1792 3162:18 June 1806 3097:24 June 1798 2933: 2929: 2904: 2902: 2887: 2882: 2876: 2873: 2832: 2825: 2814: 2804:295 Theresia 2793:Persian Gulf 2765: 2681: 2675:The city of 2674: 2663: 2599: 2597: 2577: 2565: 2551:, distress, 2534: 2476: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2430: 2422: 2412: 2385: 2380: 2373: 2365: 2360: 2354: 2346: 2313: 2304: 2296: 2283: 2259: 2251: 2235: 2217: 2215: 2204: 2193: 2189: 2186: 2177: 2173: 2154: 2131: 2126: 2116: 2106: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2067: 2037: 2033: 2026: 1999: 1966: 1958:Transylvania 1954: 1924: 1920: 1904: 1865: 1852:Latin Church 1845: 1825: 1796: 1787: 1764: 1760: 1720: 1712: 1682: 1674: 1655: 1590:Maria Amalia 1570:Saint Joseph 1551: 1548:Childbearing 1449: 1437: 1394: 1343: 1332: 1325: 1315: 1306: 1301: 1268: 1262: 1232: 1217: 1215: 1164: 1153:invaded the 1148: 1137: 1081: 1057: 1051: 1048: 1032: 976: 956: 921: 882: 871: 842: 835: 761: 740:Maria Amalia 705: 685:state church 650: 595: 559:Transylvania 536: 528: 527: 359: 297:(1780-11-29) 196:25 June 1741 53:Portrait by 36: 14410:1780 deaths 14405:1717 births 14005:(1871–1918) 13551:(1833–1859) 13543:(1824–1832) 13535:(1821–1824) 13527:(1790–1801) 13519:(1765–1790) 13511:(1737–1765) 13503:(1689–1728) 13495:(1670–1721) 13487:(1634–1670) 13479:(1609–1621) 13471:(1589–1609) 13464:(1579–1587) 13457:(1574–1578) 13007:Maria Luisa 12222:Anna d'Este 11037:Carlos Hugo 11033:* (1974–77) 11027:* (1959–74) 11021:* (1950–59) 11015:* (1939–50) 11009:* (1907–39) 10981:Charles III 10893:Ranuccio II 10803:(1665–1705) 10795:(1662–1665) 10787:(1632–1662) 10779:(1623–1632) 10771:(1619–1623) 10755:(1595–1619) 10747:(1564–1595) 10739:(1521–1564) 10736:Ferdinand I 10731:(1519–1521) 10723:(1490–1519) 10715:(1439–1490) 10707:(1406–1439) 10699:(1386–1406) 10691:(1365–1386) 10683:(1363–1365) 10658:(1590–1637) 10650:(1564–1590) 10642:(1521–1564) 10639:Ferdinand I 10634:(1519–1521) 10626:(1493–1519) 10618:(1457–1463) 10610:(1424–1493) 10602:(1402–1424) 10594:(1386–1411) 10586:(1386–1406) 10578:(1365–1386) 10553:(1916–1918) 10545:(1848–1916) 10537:(1835–1848) 10534:Ferdinand I 10529:(1792–1835) 10521:(1790–1792) 10518:Leopold VII 10513:(1765–1790) 10505:(1740–1765) 10497:(1740–1780) 10489:(1711–1740) 10486:Charles III 10481:(1705–1711) 10465:(1662–1665) 10457:(1632–1662) 10449:(1623–1632) 10441:(1637–1657) 10417:(1608–1619) 10409:(1576–1608) 10401:(1564–1576) 10393:(1521–1564) 10390:Ferdinand I 10385:(1519–1521) 10377:(1493–1519) 10369:(1457–1493) 10361:(1440–1457) 10353:(1404–1439) 10345:(1395-1404) 10337:(1365-1395) 10329:(1365-1379) 10321:(1358–1365) 10313:(1339–1344) 10305:(1339–1344) 10299:(1330–1339) 10291:(1330–1358) 10283:(1308–1326) 10275:(1308–1330) 10267:(1298–1307) 10259:(1282–1283) 10251:(1282–1308) 10243:(1278–1282) 10183:Interregnum 10173:(1230–1246) 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9464:(1197–1247) 9451:(1196–1197) 9441:(1196–1197) 9428:(1136–1189) 9418:(1136–1189) 9396:(1131–1136) 9388:(1096–1131) 9380:(1086–1096) 9372:(1059–1086) 9364:(1047–1059) 9356:(1026–1047) 9198:Ferdinand V 9112:Matthias II 9097:Ferdinand I 8997:Interregnum 8795:Sobeslaus I 8719:Boleslaus I 8704:Spytihněv I 8546:(1916–1918) 8540:(1848–1916) 8534:(1835–1848) 8532:Ferdinand V 8528:(1792–1835) 8522:(1790–1792) 8516:(1780–1790) 8497:(1740–1780) 8491:(1711–1740) 8489:Charles III 8485:(1705–1711) 8479:(1657–1705) 8470:(1647–1654) 8457:(1619–1637) 8451:(1608–1619) 8449:Matthias II 8445:(1576–1608) 8439:(1564–1576) 8433:(1526–1564) 8431:Ferdinand I 8414:(1540–1570) 8408:(1526–1540) 8389:(1516–1526) 8383:(1490–1516) 8364:(1458–1490) 8345:(1440–1444) 8326:(1440–1457) 8324:Ladislaus V 8320:(1437–1439) 8301:(1387–1437) 8282:(1385–1386) 8270:(1342–1382) 8264:(1308–1342) 8245:(1305–1307) 8226:(1301–1305) 8194:(1290–1301) 8188:(1272–1290) 8182:(1270–1272) 8176:(1235–1270) 8170:(1205–1235) 8164:(1204–1205) 8158:(1196–1204) 8152:(1172–1196) 8143:(1163–1165) 8135:(1162–1163) 8126:Stephen III 8122:(1141–1162) 8116:(1131–1141) 8110:(1116–1131) 8104:(1095–1116) 8098:(1077–1095) 8096:Ladislaus I 8092:(1074–1077) 8086:(1063–1074) 8080:(1060–1063) 8074:(1046–1060) 8068:(1041–1044) 8056:(1000–1038) 7932:Family tree 7738:(1765–1780) 7729:(1743–1765) 7692:(1765–1780) 7683:(1740–1765) 7557:13 May 1717 6903:: 243–258. 6775:Roider 1973 6690:Artglass.cz 6620:subotica.rs 6517:Ingrao 2000 6445:Ingrao 2000 6430:Beller 2006 6403:Ingrao 2000 6376:Ingrao 2000 6364:Beales 2005 6352:Beales 2005 6337:Beales 2005 6301:Beales 2005 6289:Beales 2005 6229:Beales 1987 6163:28 November 6114:Beller 2006 6102:Ingrao 2000 6027:Beller 2006 5951:Beller 2006 5823:: 159–185. 5715:Beller 2006 5652:Beller 2006 5625:Beller 2006 5581:Bocşan 2015 5557:Bronza 2010 5434:Beller 2006 5393:Beales 2005 5306:Beales 2005 5294:Beales 1987 4910:Beller 2006 4862:Morris 1937 4609:Roider 1973 4597:Beales 2005 4585:Beales 2005 4561:Morris 1937 4519:Roider 1972 4387:Morris 1937 4307:Morris 1937 4247:Ingrao 2000 4232:29 November 4198:Ingrao 2000 4153:Morris 1937 4004:Beales 2005 3983:Beales 1987 3950:Beales 1987 3305:1 June 1754 3212:from 1790. 3200:from 1790, 3146:, no issue 3094:13 May 1742 3013:7 June 1740 2915:Alma Kruger 2909:, starring 2828:chandelier. 2795:region and 2782:Theresianum 2553:necrophobia 2433:Falkenstein 2417:olive crown 2381:Raabisation 2267:Theresianum 2138:inoculation 2036:(1770) and 1951:Protestants 1932:blood libel 1911:Protestants 1740:inoculation 1535:Family life 1491:Count Hadik 936:Stanisław I 880:that year. 681:Protestants 275:13 May 1717 255:9 July 1737 205:Charles III 201:Predecessor 138:Predecessor 109:Predecessor 104:12 May 1743 14394:Categories 13686:(962–1806) 13681:within the 13603:during the 13072:Maria Anna 13002:Maria Anna 12935:Maria Anna 12859:Maria Anna 11982:Francis II 11405:Leopold II 10941:Cambacérès 10917:Charles II 10881:Ranuccio I 10863:Pier Luigi 10800:Leopold VI 10760:Albert VII 10647:Charles II 10526:Francis II 10470:Leopold VI 10422:Albert VII 10310:Leopold II 10093:(994–1018) 9991:William IV 9949:William II 9778:Charles IV 9747:Philip III 9691:Charles II 9348:(998–1026) 9330:(963–1136) 9316:(963–1354) 9301:Luxembourg 9192:Francis II 9187:Leopold II 9142:Charles II 9107:Rudolph II 9102:Maximilian 9034:Matthias I 8952:Charles IV 8932:Luxembourg 8867:Ottokar II 8780:Bořivoj II 8544:Charles IV 8520:Leopold II 8437:Maximilian 8362:Matthias I 8280:Charles II 8224:Wenceslaus 8192:Andrew III 8141:Stephen IV 8108:Stephen II 8039:(997–1000) 8033:. 972–997) 7869:1737–1765 7833:1736–1737 7794:1745–1765 7761:1772–1780 7652:Luxembourg 7612:1740–1748 7589:1740–1741 7481:0754607313 7437:0521651964 7374:1557530211 7353:0135561914 7303:0520225902 7282:0814325610 7220:: Crowell. 7202:0520042069 7181:0521785057 7160:0226351688 7133:0691007969 7108:0773518126 7070:0715373870 7051:0582107849 7006:1860649505 6985:0664257607 6976:Louisville 6960:0750905786 6824:0521242401 6600:3 February 6541:Yonan 2011 6493:Mahan 1932 6457:Mahan 1932 6265:Yonan 2003 6253:Yonan 2003 5927:Mahan 1932 5900:2 December 5864:Cris XVIII 5775:Mahan 1932 5598:Byrne 1997 5470:Patai 1996 5446:Mahan 1932 5378:Mahan 1932 5354:Himka 1999 5318:Mahan 1932 5275:Mahan 1932 5158:Mahan 1932 5122:Mahan 1932 4886:Duffy 1977 4850:Mahan 1932 4833:Mahan 1932 4756:Yonan 2003 4573:Duffy 1977 4483:Mahan 1932 4471:Mahan 1932 4459:Mahan 1932 4435:Mahan 1932 4423:Mahan 1932 4399:Mahan 1932 4375:Mahan 1932 4363:Mahan 1932 4336:Mahan 1932 4295:Mahan 1932 4271:Mahan 1932 4259:Mahan 1932 4183:Mahan 1932 4168:Mahan 1932 4048:Mahan 1932 3907:References 3352:guillotine 3182:5 May 1747 2822:chandelier 2820:A crystal 2569:last rites 2513:Innviertel 2415:holds the 2399:Late reign 2342:her Thaler 2310:Censorship 2132:After the 1945:Vorarlberg 1716:last rites 1558:Maria Anna 1483:Kunersdorf 1409:Versailles 1201:to Spain. 838:Maria Anna 818:, and the 708:Charles VI 661:autocratic 598:Charles VI 271:1717-05-13 192:Coronation 142:Charles II 100:Coronation 13698:Theophanu 13647:(919–962) 13642:(911–919) 13625:Richardis 13608:(843–911) 12701:Margarita 12549:Magdalena 12021:HI&RH 11993:Spouse(s) 11416:Spouse(s) 11362:HI&RH 11344:Spouse(s) 11333:Joseph II 11109:Francis I 11025:Robert II 10935:Ferdinand 10911:Charles I 10899:Francesco 10875:Alexander 10776:Leopold V 10728:Charles I 10631:Charles I 10550:Charles I 10510:Joseph II 10446:Leopold V 10382:Charles I 10085:(976–994) 10003:Charlotte 9943:William I 9847:Charles V 9770:Philip IV 9731:Philip II 9629:Elisabeth 9548:Charles I 9532:Henry VII 9471:Ermesinde 9393:Conrad II 9385:William I 9377:Henry III 9361:Giselbert 9340:(963–998) 9337:Siegfried 9243:from the 9228:from the 9208:Charles I 9182:Joseph II 9132:Leopold I 9122:Frederick 8963:Sigismund 8918:Rudolph I 8857:Ottokar I 8831:Ottokar I 8816:Frederick 8806:Frederick 8699:Bořivoj I 8670:Křesomysl 8618:Legendary 8610:Přemyslid 8514:Joseph II 8477:Leopold I 8299:Sigismund 8262:Charles I 8180:Stephen V 8168:Andrew II 8054:Stephen I 7745:New title 7734:Joseph II 7725:Francis I 7720:1743–1780 7688:Joseph II 7679:Francis I 7674:1740–1780 7333:145605956 7124:Princeton 7020:The Serbs 6864:(2014) . 6840:Cambridge 6686:"History" 6325:Kann 1980 5939:Kann 1980 5837:1558-5255 5458:Kann 1980 5330:Kann 1980 4796:0018-246X 4129:Citations 3912:Footnotes 2802:Asteroid 2425:Innsbruck 2256:Education 2107:Staatsrat 2099:Staatsrat 2091:Hofkammer 2018:Romanians 2012:, mainly 1840:Jansenist 1822:, in 1762 1736:Elisabeth 1650:Innsbruck 1644:Mural by 1622:Ferdinand 1578:Chotusitz 1507:Elizabeth 1487:Landeshut 1479:Hochkirch 1293:captured 1228:Pressburg 1122:Pressburg 1009:Accession 995:Wallachia 748:Leopold I 657:Joseph II 653:Francis I 515:Signature 215:Joseph II 211:Successor 148:Successor 127:1st reign 121:Joseph II 117:Successor 88:2nd reign 14375:Category 13369:Eleonore 13338:Gabriela 13312:Adelheid 13206:Eleonora 13095:Mathilda 12564:Margaret 12044:Children 11437:Children 11375:Children 11120:Children 10987:Robert I 10961:Piacenza 10752:Matthias 10478:Joseph I 10414:Matthias 10406:Rudolf V 10350:Albert V 10248:Albert I 10240:Rudolf I 9801:Philip V 9683:Philip I 9645:and then 9524:Henry VI 9487:and then 9482:Theobald 9425:Henry IV 9369:Conrad I 9353:Henry II 9297:Monarchs 9237:Antiking 9137:Joseph I 9082:Habsburg 8977:Habsburg 8770:Conrad I 8734:Vladivoj 8680:Hostivít 8650:Nezamysl 8598:Monarchs 8483:Joseph I 8387:Louis II 8150:Béla III 8072:Andrew I 7608:Piacenza 7258:New York 7218:New York 7017:(2004). 6905:Archived 6897:Banatica 6888:(2015). 6670:7 August 6624:Archived 5845:21180204 3885:See also 3383:Ancestry 3376:, 1784. 3342:married 3311:married 3165:married 3144:smallpox 3142:died of 3100:married 2870:In media 2677:Subotica 2557:insomnia 2537:smallpox 2499:Bukovina 2495:Moldavia 2325:Rousseau 2321:Voltaire 2263:theology 2226:adultery 2134:smallpox 2113:Medicine 2083:Kreisamt 1967:en masse 1832:Catholic 1704:Isabella 1684:Smallpox 1604:and the 1525:Bourbons 1499:Rossbach 1367:Louis XV 1341:in May. 1327:suo jure 1277:, Count 1219:suo jure 1199:Lombardy 1072:co-ruler 983:Florence 928:Louis XV 878:smallpox 868:Marriage 812:Sardinia 744:Joseph I 612:and the 538:suo jure 505:Religion 479:Habsburg 13664:Eadgyth 13273:Assunta 13249:Dolores 13029:Hermine 12889:Johanna 12187:Réné II 10905:Antonio 10887:Odoardo 10869:Ottavio 10232:Austria 9985:Adolphe 9894:Francis 9886:Leopold 9855:Mary II 9651:John II 9640:Anthony 9516:Henry V 9493:Waleran 9345:Henry I 9254:Bavaria 8749:Oldřich 8744:Jaromír 8665:Vnislav 8645:Valasca 8602:Bohemia 8557:italics 8526:Francis 8443:Rudolph 8268:Louis I 8174:Béla IV 8120:Géza II 8114:Béla II 8102:Coloman 8084:Solomon 8037:Stephen 8013:Taksony 7666:Hainaut 7648:Lothier 7643:Limburg 7631:Croatia 7151:Chicago 6804:Sources 6595:Wsj.com 3926:Leopold 2837:Hofburg 2811:Terezin 2636:Hofburg 2613:torture 2600:persona 2545:fatigue 2527:in the 2481:in the 2437:Teschen 2389:Leopold 2357:serfdom 2332:Economy 2239:Baroque 2200:torture 2074:florins 2048:Reforms 1941:Gorizia 1937:Trieste 1868:Jesuits 1862:Jesuits 1723:Josepha 1700:Johanna 1696:Charles 1594:Leopold 1586:Charles 1405:Kaunitz 1348:by the 1179:Moravia 1092:Hofburg 1044:florins 849:Jesuits 816:Bavaria 808:Denmark 800:Prussia 724:dowager 638:Silesia 626:Bavaria 622:Prussia 555:Bohemia 551:Croatia 547:Hungary 543:Austria 361:more... 348: 332: 328: 171:Croatia 13132:Sophie 12574:Helena 11107:& 11043:Carlos 11031:Xavier 11013:Joseph 11001:Robert 10957: 10955:Lebrun 10943: 10929:Philip 10763:(1619) 10425:(1619) 9878:Joseph 9762:Albert 9699:Mary I 9540:John I 9029:George 8992:Albert 8675:Neklan 8635:Libuše 8318:Albert 8156:Emeric 8090:Géza I 8078:Béla I 8066:Samuel 8023:. 972) 8019:. 955– 8009:. 955) 8005:. 947– 7995:. 947) 7991:. 907– 7984:Zoltán 7979:. 907) 7975:. 895– 7965:. 895) 7961:. 850– 7815:Vacant 7774:Vacant 7560: 7499: 7478: 7457: 7451:Munich 7434: 7413: 7394: 7388:Munich 7371: 7350: 7331: 7300: 7279: 7262:London 7239: 7233:London 7199: 7178: 7157: 7130: 7105: 7086:London 7067: 7048: 7027: 7003: 6982: 6957: 6951:Stroud 6925: 6874: 6850: 6821: 5843: 5835: 4794: 3317:Modena 2997:Notes 2660:(2006) 2594:Legacy 2361:robota 2243:Rococo 2207:Zagreb 1896:Joseph 1791:French 1692:Joseph 1566:Joseph 1529:Naples 1503:Torgau 1391:, 1757 1295:Munich 1283:Prague 1252:Joseph 1207:Olmütz 1084:homage 1023:Vienna 1019:Graben 999:Bosnia 997:, and 991:Serbia 952:Vienna 804:Russia 788:Saxony 784:France 716:Vienna 671:, and 630:France 628:, and 618:Saxony 589:, and 577:, and 573:, the 563:Mantua 495:Mother 485:Father 338: 318:Spouse 306:Burial 278:Vienna 250:Tenure 228:Tenure 70:Tenure 57:, 1759 13615:Hemma 12689:María 11019:Elias 11007:Henry 10947:Parma 10672:Tyrol 10015:Henri 9621:Jobst 9210:(III) 9149:(II) 9068:Louis 8660:Vojen 8655:Mnata 8625:Czech 8274:Maria 8060:Peter 8047:Kings 7999:Fajsz 7969:Árpád 7955:Álmos 7723:with 7677:with 7670:Namur 7656:Milan 7562:Died: 7555:Born: 7329:S2CID 6908:(PDF) 6893:(PDF) 6792:[ 4105:wheel 4046:days. 2994:Death 2991:Birth 2978:Issue 2751:, and 2561:edema 2549:cough 2413:Peace 2350:guild 2014:Serbs 1818:, by 1775:proxy 1773:, by 1767:Louis 1666:limbo 1520:Paris 1248:Latin 1195:Glatz 914:, by 853:Latin 796:Spain 579:Parma 567:Milan 474:House 459:Names 355:Issue 346:) 334:( 330: 180:Reign 14363:and 10009:Jean 9760:and 9634:with 9476:with 9448:Otto 8630:Krok 8406:John 8243:Otto 8027:Géza 7668:and 7654:and 7629:and 7606:and 7497:ISBN 7476:ISBN 7455:ISBN 7432:ISBN 7411:ISBN 7392:ISBN 7369:ISBN 7348:ISBN 7298:ISBN 7277:ISBN 7237:ISBN 7197:ISBN 7176:ISBN 7155:ISBN 7128:ISBN 7103:ISBN 7065:ISBN 7046:ISBN 7025:ISBN 7001:ISBN 6980:ISBN 6955:ISBN 6923:ISBN 6872:ISBN 6848:ISBN 6819:ISBN 6672:2021 6602:2022 6165:2018 5902:2018 5841:PMID 5833:ISSN 4792:ISSN 4234:2018 3944:and 3936:and 3928:and 3834:15. 3776:14. 3714:13. 3656:12. 3592:11. 3534:10. 3208:and 2988:Name 2943:Arms 2880:and 2787:The 2780:The 2773:The 2555:and 2466:and 2435:and 2323:and 2241:and 2158:lead 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