2034:'s 1991 work. Interpretations of Matilda's character have shifted over time, but there is, as Chibnall describes, a "general agreement that she was either proud or at least keenly conscious of the high status of an empress". Like both Henry I and Henry II, Matilda had a certain autocratic grandeur, which was combined with a firm moral belief in her cause; ultimately however she was limited by the political conventions of the 12th century. The treatment of Matilda by modern historians has been challenged by feminist scholars, including Fiona Tolhurst, who believe some traditional assumptions about her role and personality show gender bias. In this interpretation, Matilda has been unfairly criticised for showing qualities that have been considered praiseworthy when seen in her male contemporaries.
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1362:, had rejected his father's regional alliance, improving relations with Anjou and taking a more bellicose line with Theobald, which would result in war the following year. Geoffrey's success in Normandy and Stephen's weakness in England began to influence the loyalty of many Anglo-Norman barons, who feared losing their lands in England to Robert and the Empress, and their possessions in Normandy to Geoffrey. Many started to leave Stephen's faction. His friend and advisor Waleran was one of those who decided to defect in mid-1141, crossing into Normandy to secure his ancestral possessions by allying himself with the Angevins, and bringing Worcestershire into the Empress's camp. Waleran's twin brother,
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particularly in her core territories where the sheriffs were loyal to her cause. She appointed earls to rival those created by
Stephen. She was unable to operate a system of royal law courts, however, and her administrative resources were extremely limited, although some of her clerks went on to become bishops in Normandy. Matilda issued two types of coins in her name during her time in England, which were used in the west of England and Wales. The first were initially minted in Oxford during her stay there, and the design was then adopted by her mints at Bristol, Cardiff and Wareham after her victory at the Battle of Lincoln. A second design was minted at Bristol and Cardiff during the 1140s.
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from the siege and escorted to the south-west of
England, where they were reunited with Robert of Gloucester. The reasons for Matilda's release remain unclear. Stephen may have thought it was in his own best interests to release the Empress and concentrate instead on attacking Robert, seeing Robert, rather than Matilda, as his main opponent at this point in the conflict. Arundel Castle was also considered almost impregnable, and Stephen may have been worried that he risked tying down his army in the south whilst Robert roamed freely in the west. Another theory is that Stephen released Matilda out of a sense of
1606:, the Holy Roman Emperor, considered the hand to be part of the imperial regalia and requested that Henry return it to Germany. Matilda and Henry were equally insistent that it should remain at Reading Abbey, where it had become a popular attraction for visiting pilgrims. Frederick was bought off with an alternative set of expensive gifts from England, including a huge, luxurious tent, probably chosen by Matilda, which Frederick used for court events in Italy. She was also approached by Louis VII of France, in 1164, and helped to defuse a growing diplomatic row over the handling of Crusading funds.
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intended
Geoffrey to have any future claim on England or Normandy, and he was probably keeping Geoffrey's status deliberately uncertain. Soon after the marriage, Matilda left Geoffrey and returned to Normandy. Henry appears to have blamed Geoffrey for the separation, but the couple were finally reconciled in 1131. Henry summoned Matilda from Normandy, and she arrived in England that August. It was decided that Matilda would return to Geoffrey at a meeting of the King's great council in September. The council also gave another collective oath of allegiance to recognise her as Henry's heir.
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November the two sides simply exchanged the two leaders, Stephen returning to his queen, and Robert to the
Empress in Oxford. Henry held another church council, which reversed its previous decision and reaffirmed Stephen's legitimacy to rule, and a fresh coronation of Stephen and Matilda occurred at Christmas 1141. Stephen travelled north to raise new forces and to successfully persuade Ranulf of Chester to change sides once again. Stephen then spent the summer attacking some of the new Angevin castles built the previous year, including
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1692:, 'Matilda by the grace of God, Queen of the Romans'. Matilda's enthroned portrait on her circular seal distinguished her from elite English contemporaries, both women â whose seals were usually oval with standing portraits â and men, whose seals were usually equestrian portraits. The seal did not depict her on horseback, however, as a male ruler would have been. During the civil war for England, her status was uncertain; these unique distinctions were intended to overawe her subjects. Matilda also remained
1233:. Nigel faced a rapid response from Stephen, who made a surprise attack on the isle, forcing the Bishop to flee to Gloucester. Robert of Gloucester's men retook some of the territory that Stephen had taken in his 1139 campaign. In an effort to negotiate a truce, Henry of Blois held a peace conference at Bath, at which Matilda was represented by Robert. The conference collapsed after Henry and the clergy insisted that they should set the terms of any peace deal, which Stephen's representatives found unacceptable.
1242:
1467:, a former property of the Bishop of Salisbury that had been confiscated by Stephen. She established her household knights on the surrounding estates, supported by Flemish mercenaries, ruling through the network of local sheriffs and other officials. Many of those that had lost lands in the regions held by the King travelled west to take up patronage from Matilda. Backed by the pragmatic Robert of Gloucester, Matilda was content to engage in a drawn-out struggle, and the war soon entered a stalemate.
1399:. Her alliance with Henry of Blois proved short-lived and they soon fell out over political patronage and ecclesiastical policy; the Bishop transferred his support back to Stephen's cause. In response, in July Matilda and Robert of Gloucester besieged Henry of Blois in his episcopal castle at Winchester, using the royal castle in the city as the base for their operations. Stephen's wife, Queen Matilda, had kept his cause alive in the south-east of England, and the Queen, backed by her lieutenant
890:, eventually intervened to persuade her to go along with the engagement. Matilda finally agreed, and she travelled to Rouen in May 1127 with Robert of Gloucester and Brian Fitz Count where she was formally betrothed to Geoffrey. Over the course of the next year, Fulk decided to depart for Jerusalem, where he hoped to become king, leaving his possessions to Geoffrey. Henry knighted his future son-in-law, and Matilda and Geoffrey were married a week later on 17 June 1128 in
1573:, under which Henry recognised Stephen as king, but became Stephen's adopted son and successor. Meanwhile, Normandy faced considerable disorder and the threat of baronial revolt, which Matilda was unable to totally suppress. Stephen died the next year, and Henry assumed the throne; his coronation used the grander of the two imperial crowns that Matilda had brought back from Germany in 1125. Once Henry had been crowned, the troubles facing Matilda in Normandy died away.
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1335:'Lady of the English') as a precursor to her coronation. Although Matilda's own followers attended the event, few other major nobles seem to have attended and the delegation from London procrastinated. Stephen's wife, Queen Matilda, wrote to complain and demand her husband's release. Nonetheless, Matilda then advanced to London to arrange her coronation in June, where her position became precarious. Despite securing the support of
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942:. It is uncertain what, if anything, Henry said about the succession before his death. Contemporary chronicler accounts were coloured by subsequent events. Sources favourable to Matilda suggested that Henry had reaffirmed his intent to grant all his lands to his daughter, while hostile chroniclers argued that Henry had renounced his former plans and had apologised for having forced the barons to swear an oath of allegiance to her.
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involve him in the government of the family lands. In 1147, Henry intervened in
England with a small mercenary army but the expedition failed, not least because Henry lacked the funds to pay his men. Henry asked his mother for money, but she refused, stating that she had none available. In the end Stephen himself ended up paying off Henry's mercenaries, allowing him to return home safely; his reasons for doing so remain unclear.
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depleted except for
Stephen's crown, and he excommunicated many of her enemies who refused to switch sides. Archbishop Theobald of Canterbury was unwilling to declare Matilda queen so rapidly, however, and a delegation of clergy and nobles, headed by Theobald, travelled to Bristol to see Stephen, who agreed that, given the situation, he was prepared to release his subjects from their oath of fealty to him.
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the Norman nobility immediately swear allegiance to her. This would have given the couple a much more powerful position after Henry's death, but the King angrily refused, probably out of a concern that
Geoffrey would try to seize power in Normandy while he was still alive. A fresh rebellion broke out in southern Normandy, and Geoffrey and Matilda intervened militarily on behalf of the rebels.
1698:, 'daughter of King Henry', a status that emphasised her claim to the crown was hereditary and derived from her male kin, being the only legitimate offspring of King Henry and Queen Matilda. It further advertised her mixed Anglo-Saxon and Norman descent and her claim as her royal father's sole heir in a century in which feudal tenancies were increasingly passed on by heredity and
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local rulers were prepared to accept a female ruler. Her
Italian administration included the Italian chancellor, backed by experienced administrators. She was not called upon to make any major decisions, instead dealing with smaller matters and acting as the symbolic representative of her absent husband, meeting with and helping to negotiate with magnates and clergy.
869:. Henry's control of Normandy had faced numerous challenges since he had conquered it in 1106, and the latest threat came from his nephew William Clito, the new count of Flanders, who enjoyed the support of the French king. It was essential to Henry that he not face a threat from the south as well as the east of Normandy. William Adelin had married Fulk's daughter
669:. The Empire was governed by monarchs who, like Henry V, had been elected by the major nobles to become the king. These kings typically hoped to be subsequently crowned by the pope as emperors, but this could not be guaranteed. Henry V had coerced Paschal II into crowning him in 1111, but Matilda's own status was less clear. As a result of her marriage to the
831:'s preferred choice, but William was in open rebellion against Henry and was therefore unsuitable. Henry might have also considered his own illegitimate son, Robert of Gloucester, as a possible candidate, but English tradition and custom would have looked unfavourably on this. Henry's plans shifted when Empress Matilda's husband, Emperor Henry, died in 1125.
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give the lands to
William, however, possibly on the grounds that the project was impractical, and instead William received large grants of land in England. Matilda was more easy-going in her later life than in her youth, but the chronicler of Mont St Jacques, who met her during this period, still felt that she appeared to be "of the stock of tyrants".
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where she met with her sons and husband and probably made arrangements for her future life in
Normandy, and for Henry's next expedition to England. Matilda chose to live in the priory of Notre Dame du Pré, situated just south of Rouen, where she lived in personal quarters attached to the priory and in a nearby palace built by Henry.
980:, delivered the support of the Church to Stephen. Stephen had sworn to support Matilda in 1127, but Henry convincingly argued that the late King had been wrong to insist that his court take the oath, and suggested that the King had changed his mind on his deathbed. Stephen's coronation was held at Westminster Abbey on 22 December.
1343:, forces loyal to Stephen and Queen Matilda remained close to the city and the citizens were fearful about welcoming the Empress. On 24 June, shortly before the planned coronation, the city rose up against the Empress and Geoffrey de Mandeville; Matilda and her followers fled just in time, making a chaotic retreat back to Oxford.
2833:" was firmly established as a principle in Anglo-Norman warfare by the time of Stephen; it was not considered appropriate or normal to execute elite prisoners and, as historian John Gillingham observes, neither Stephen nor the Empress Matilda did so except where the opponent had already breached the norms of military conduct.
730:, the heir to his estates, and in possession of the imperial insignia. It is unclear what instructions he gave her about the future of the Empire, which faced another leadership election. Archbishop Adalbert subsequently convinced Matilda that she should give him the insignia, and led the electoral process which appointed
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identify what Professor Eleanor Searle has termed a pool of legitimate heirs, leaving them to challenge and dispute the inheritance after his death. The problem was further complicated by the sequence of unstable Anglo-Norman successions over the previous sixty years. William the Conqueror had invaded England, his sons
1676:, but this tradition had diminished under the Normans: at most their queens ruled temporarily as regents on their husbands' behalf when they were away travelling, rather than in their own right. On her return from Germany to Normandy and Anjou, Matilda styled herself as empress and the daughter of King Henry. As an
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included the lines "Great by birth, greater by marriage, greatest in her offspring: here lies Matilda, the daughter, wife, and mother of Henry", which became a famous phrase among her contemporaries. This tomb was damaged in a fire in 1263 and later restored in 1282, before finally being destroyed by
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In her old age Matilda paid increasing attention to Church affairs and her personal faith, although she remained involved in governing Normandy throughout her life. Matilda appears to have had particular fondness for her youngest son William. She opposed Henry's proposal in 1155 to invade Ireland and
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when the two men fell out in the 1160s. Matilda had originally cautioned against the appointment, but when the Prior of Mont St Jacques asked her for a private interview on Becket's behalf to seek her views, she provided a moderate perspective on the problem. Matilda explained that she disagreed with
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to Rome in 1148 to campaign for Henry's right to the English throne, and opinion within the English Church gradually shifted in Henry's favour. Matilda and Geoffrey made peace with Louis VII, who in return supported Henry's rights to Normandy. Geoffrey died unexpectedly in 1151, and Henry claimed the
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on his left. Robert and Ranulf's forces had a superiority in cavalry and Stephen dismounted many of his own knights to form a solid infantry block. After an initial success in which William's forces destroyed the Angevins' Welsh infantry, the battle went well for Matilda's forces. Robert and Ranulf's
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From then on, relations became increasingly strained between Matilda and Henry. Matilda and Geoffrey suspected that they lacked genuine support in England for their claim to the throne, and proposed in 1135 that the King should hand over the royal castles in Normandy to Matilda and should insist that
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or remarrying. Some offers of marriage started to arrive from German princes, but she chose to return to Normandy. She does not appear to have expected to return to Germany, as she gave up her estates within the Empire and departed with her personal collection of jewels, her own imperial regalia, two
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sent envoys to Normandy proposing that Matilda marry him, and wrote separately to her mother on the same matter. The match was attractive to the English king: his daughter would be marrying into one of the most prestigious dynasties in Europe, reaffirming his own, slightly questionable, status as the
541:, and her father's relationships with numerous mistresses resulted in around 22 illegitimate siblings. Little is known about Matilda's earliest life, but she probably stayed with her mother, was taught to read, and was educated in religious morals. Among the nobles at the English court were her uncle
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took a much more negative tone, praising Stephen and condemning Matilda. Once Henry II assumed the throne, the tone of the chroniclers towards Matilda became more positive. Legends spread in the years after Matilda's death, including the suggestion that her first husband, Henry, had not died but had
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On returning to Normandy for the last time in 1148, Matilda ceased to use the title Lady of the English, simply styling herself as empress again; she never adopted the title of Countess of Anjou. Matilda's household became smaller, and often merged with Henry's own court when the two were co-located
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Despite these successes, Matilda was unable to consolidate her position. Miles of Gloucester, one of the most talented of her military commanders, had died while hunting over the previous Christmas. Geoffrey de Mandeville's rebellion against Stephen in the east ended with his death in September 1144
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power in the region. Stephen formed an army to retake Matilda's Argentan castles, but frictions between his Flemish mercenary forces and the local Norman barons resulted in a battle between the two halves of his army. The Norman forces then deserted the King, forcing Stephen to give up his campaign.
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The marriage proved difficult, as the couple did not particularly like each other. There was a further dispute over Matilda's dowry; she was granted various castles in Normandy by Henry, but it was not specified when the couple would actually take possession of them. It is also unknown whether Henry
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The events in Normandy are less well recorded than elsewhere, and the exact sequence of events less certain. Historian Robert Helmerichs, for example, describes some of the inconsistencies in these accounts. Some historians, including David Crouch and Helmerichs, argue that Theobald and Stephen had
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Stephen responded by promptly moving south, besieging Arundel and trapping Matilda inside the castle. Stephen then agreed to a truce proposed by his brother, Henry of Blois; the full details of the agreement are not known, but the results were that Matilda and her household of knights were released
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Matilda returned to Normandy in 1125 and spent about a year at the royal court, where her father was still hoping that his second marriage would generate a son. If this failed to happen, Matilda was Henry's preferred choice, and he declared that she was to be his rightful successor if he should not
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was becoming more popular, in which the eldest son would inherit a title. It was also traditional for the king of France to crown his successor while he was still alive, making the intended line of succession relatively clear. This was not the case in England, where the best a noble could do was to
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The cause behind the soured relations is not fully known, though historian Marjorie Chibnall stated, "historians have tended to put the blame on Matilda ... This is a hasty judgement based on two or three hostile English chroniclers; such evidence as there is suggests Geoffrey was at least as
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In the Holy Roman Empire, the young Matilda's court included knights, chaplains and ladies-in-waiting, although, unlike some queens of the period, she did not have her own personal chancellor to run her household, instead using the imperial chancellor. When acting as regent in Italy, she found the
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into Italy in early 1116, intent on settling matters permanently with the Pope. Matilda was now playing a full part in the imperial government, sponsoring royal grants, dealing with petitioners and taking part in ceremonial occasions. The rest of the year was spent establishing control of northern
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Opinions vary among historians as to the role of Matilda's third pregnancy in her decision not to advance further in 1135. Helen Castor, for example, argues that this was a major factor in Matilda's thinking, particularly given the complications in Matilda's earlier pregnancies; Marjorie Chibnall
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described the inheritance of England as being conditional on Matilda having a legitimate male heir; the Anglo-Saxon chronicle suggested that an oath was given concerning the inheritance of both England and Normandy; neither Orderic or Henry of Huntingdon recorded the event at all. Some chronicler
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Matilda presented herself as continuing the English tradition of centralised royal government, and attempted to maintain a government in England parallel to Stephen's, including a royal household and a chancellor. Matilda gathered revenues from the royal estates in the counties under her control,
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intervened to support his claims, threatening Matilda with excommunication if she did not return it. Matilda first played for time, then left for Normandy in early 1148, leaving the castle to Henry, who then procrastinated over its return for many years. Matilda re-established her court in Rouen,
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before Easter in his capacity as papal legate to consider the clergy's view. Matilda had made a private deal with Henry that he would deliver the support of the Church in exchange for being granted control over Church affairs. Henry handed over the royal treasury to her, which proved to be rather
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By 1139, an invasion of England by Robert and Matilda appeared imminent. Geoffrey and Matilda had secured much of Normandy and, together with Robert, spent the beginning of the year mobilising forces for a cross-Channel expedition. Matilda also appealed to the papacy at the start of the year; her
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king. The Normans argued that the count, as the eldest grandson of William the Conqueror, had the most valid claim over the kingdom and the Duchy, and was certainly preferable to Matilda. Their discussions were interrupted by the sudden news from England that Stephen's coronation was to occur the
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When news began to spread of Henry I's death, Matilda and Geoffrey were in Anjou, supporting the rebels in their campaign against the royal army, which included a number of Matilda's supporters such as Robert of Gloucester. Many of these barons had taken an oath to stay in Normandy until the late
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Matilda spent the rest of her life in Normandy, often acting as Henry's representative and presiding over the government of the Duchy. Early on, Matilda and her son issued charters in England and Normandy in their joint names, dealing with the various land claims that had arisen during the wars.
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itself proved too strong for him, and Stephen contented himself with raiding and pillaging the surrounding area. The rebels appear to have expected Robert to intervene with support, but he remained in Normandy throughout the year, trying to persuade the Empress Matilda to invade England herself.
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Meanwhile, news of Henry's death had reached Stephen of Blois, conveniently placed in Boulogne, and he left for England, accompanied by his military household. Robert of Gloucester had garrisoned the ports of Dover and Canterbury and some accounts suggest that they refused Stephen access when he
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scholars were interested in Matilda's right of succession. According to 16th-century standards, Matilda had a clear right to the English throne, and academics therefore struggled to explain why Matilda had acquiesced to her son Henry's kingship at the end of the war, rather than ruling directly
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Matilda's eldest son Henry slowly began to assume a leading role in the conflict. He had remained in France when the Empress first left for England. He crossed over to England in 1142, before returning to Anjou in 1144. Geoffrey of Anjou expected Henry to become the King of England and began to
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With both Stephen and Robert held prisoner, negotiations were held to try to come to agreement on a long-term peace settlement, but Queen Matilda was unwilling to offer any compromise to the Empress, and Robert refused to accept any offer to encourage him to change sides to Stephen. Instead, in
686:. Nonetheless, Matilda maintained that she had been officially crowned as the empress in Rome. Her use of the title became widely accepted. She consistently used the title empress from 1117 until her death; chanceries and chroniclers alike conceded her the honorific, seemingly without question.
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Contemporary chroniclers in England, France, Germany and Italy documented many aspects of Matilda's life, although the only biography of her, apparently written by Arnulf of Lisieux, has been lost. The chroniclers took a range of perspectives on her. In Germany, the chroniclers praised Matilda
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The character of the conflict in England gradually began to shift; by the late 1140s, the major fighting in the war was over, giving way to an intractable stalemate, with only the occasional outbreak of fresh fighting. Several of Matilda's key supporters died: in 1147 Robert of Gloucester died
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in Normandy, and drew on the house for a supply of monks when she supported the foundation of nearby La Valasse. She encouraged the Cistercians to build at Mortemer on a grand scale, with guest houses to accommodate a range of visitors of all ranks, and may have played a part in selecting the
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It is unclear how strong Matilda's personal piety was, although contemporaries praised her lifelong preference to be buried at the monastic site of Bec rather than the grander but more worldly Rouen, and believed her to have substantial, underlying religious beliefs. Like other members of the
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After staying for a period in Robert's stronghold of Bristol, Matilda established her court in nearby Gloucester, still safely in the south-west but far enough away for her to remain independent of her half-brother. Although there had been only a few new defections to her cause, Matilda still
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in Rome, but if she did, Ulger was unsuccessful. Geoffrey invaded Normandy in early 1136 and, after a temporary truce, invaded again later the same year, raiding and burning estates rather than trying to hold the territory. Stephen returned to the Duchy in 1137, where he met with Louis VI and
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Both Bourdin's status and the ceremonies themselves were deeply ambiguous. Strictly speaking, the ceremonies were not imperial coronations but instead were formal "crown-wearing" occasions, among the few times in the year when the rulers would wear their crowns in court. Bourdin had also been
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stating they were born on different dates, and the timing of congratulatory messages from the pope. Matilda's father, Henry, had a considerable sexual appetite and enjoyed a substantial number of sexual partners, resulting in a large number of illegitimate children, at least nine sons and 13
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Matilda has attracted relatively little attention from modern English academics, being treated as a marginal figure in comparison to other contemporaries, particularly her rival Stephen, in contrast to the work carried out by German scholars on her time in the Empire. Popular, but not always
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and across the south-west of England, although he himself remained in Normandy. Matilda had not been particularly active in asserting her claims to the throne since 1135 and in many ways it was Robert who took the initiative in declaring war in 1138. In France, Geoffrey took advantage of the
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Matilda's date of birth was not recorded at the time and can only be estimated by later chroniclers' statements about her age. Older histories suggested that Matilda of Scotland gave birth to a child in the city of Winchester in July 1101. These were based on the writings of the chronicler
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had a much better understanding of the irregular nature of 12th-century law and custom and this question became less relevant. By the 19th century, the archival sources on Matilda's life, including charters, foundation histories, and letters, were being uncovered and analysed. Historians
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she was clearly the legitimate Queen of the Romans, a title that she used thereafter on her seal and charters, but it was uncertain if she had a legitimate claim to the title of empress. After his imperial coronation in 1111, Henry continued to call himself king and emperor of the Romans
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first arrived. Nonetheless Stephen reached the edge of London by 8 December and over the next week he began to seize power in England. The crowds in London proclaimed Stephen the new monarch, believing that he would grant the city new rights and privileges in return, and his brother,
881:
Matilda appears to have been unimpressed by the prospect of marrying Geoffrey of Anjou. She felt that marrying the son of a count diminished her imperial status, and she was probably also unhappy about marrying someone so much younger than she was; Matilda was 25 and Geoffrey was 13.
1440:), crossed the icy river and made her escape past the royal army on foot to Abingdon-on-Thames and then riding to safety at Wallingford, leaving the castle garrison to surrender the next day. Matilda and her companions reportedly wore white to camouflage themselves against the snow.
565:, while he travelled to Normandy; Anselm was a favoured cleric of Matilda's mother. There is no detailed description of Matilda's appearance; contemporaries described Matilda as being very beautiful, but this may have simply reflected the conventional practice among the chroniclers.
446:, reputedly wearing white as camouflage in the snow. The war degenerated into a stalemate, with Matilda controlling much of the south-west of England, and Stephen the south-east and the Midlands. Large parts of the rest of the country were in the hands of local, independent barons.
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led Stephen's case, arguing that because Matilda's mother had really been a nun, her claim to the throne was illegitimate. The Pope declined to reverse his earlier support for Stephen, but from Matilda's perspective the case usefully established that Stephen's claim was disputed.
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disaster put an end to this. Henry and Fulk argued over the fate of the marriage dowry, and this had encouraged Fulk to turn to support William Clito instead. Henry's solution was now to negotiate the marriage of Matilda to Geoffrey, recreating the former alliance.
1366:, effectively withdrew from fighting in the conflict at the same time. Other supporters of the Empress were restored in their former strongholds, such as Bishop Nigel of Ely, and still others received new earldoms in the west of England. The royal control over the
1407:, while the rest of her army delayed the royal forces. In the subsequent battle the Empress's forces were defeated and Robert of Gloucester himself was taken prisoner during the retreat, although Matilda herself escaped, exhausted, to her fortress at Devizes.
1806:. Since she was never crowned at Westminster, during the rest of the war she appears to have used this title rather than that of the queen of England, although some contemporaries referred to her by the royal title. In spring and summer 1141, as Matilda was
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that had formed Matilda's disputed dowry. They then stopped, unable to advance further, pillaging the countryside and facing increased resistance from the Norman nobility and a rebellion in Anjou itself. Matilda was by now also pregnant with her third son,
1422:
During the summer of 1142 Robert returned to Normandy to assist Geoffrey with operations against some of Stephen's remaining followers there, before returning in the autumn. Matilda came under increased pressure from Stephen's forces and was surrounded at
2777:, the late King's royal steward, to swear that the King had changed his mind about the succession on his deathbed, nominating Stephen instead. Modern historians, such as Edmund King, doubt that Hugh Bigod's account of Henry I's final hours was truthful.
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en route. In response, Miles marched east, attacking Stephen's rearguard forces at Wallingford and threatening an advance on London. Stephen was forced to give up his western campaign, returning east to stabilise the situation and protect his capital.
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in Normandy across to England. The vessel foundered just outside the harbour, possibly as a result of overcrowding or excessive drinking by the ship's master and crew, and all but two of the passengers died. William Adelin was among the casualties.
1291:, a powerful northern magnate, had fallen out with the King over the winter and Stephen had placed his castle in Lincoln under siege. In response, Robert of Gloucester and Ranulf advanced on Stephen's position with a larger force, resulting in the
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and for the rest of her life concerned herself with the administration of Normandy, acting on her son's behalf when necessary. Particularly in the early years of her son's reign, she provided political advice and attempted to mediate during the
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gives an account that Matilda gave birth to a child who died, but this is uncorroborated. The writer seems to wish to convey an unfavorable assessment of the character of Matilda's mother, who had allegedly once been a nun, thereby cursing her
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when it was announced in 1145, leaving the region for several years. Some of the Anglo-Norman barons made individual peace agreements with each other to secure their lands and war gains, and many were not keen to pursue any further conflict.
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in August in an initial attempt to capture a port to receive Matilda's invading army, but Stephen's forces forced him to retreat into the south-west. The following month, the Empress was invited by her stepmother, Queen Adeliza, to land at
860:
Henry began to formally look for a new husband for Matilda in early 1127 and received various offers from princes within the Empire. His preference was to use Matilda's marriage to secure the southern borders of Normandy by marrying her to
1543:
Matilda decided to return to Normandy in 1148, partially due to her difficulties with the Church. The Empress had occupied the strategically essential Devizes Castle in 1142, maintaining her court there, but legally it still belonged to
2649:; current scholarship, based on the records of the Queen's travels, considers this account to have been impossible, and places Matilda of Scotland at Sutton Courtenay in early February 1102, where the Empress Matilda was probably born.
1486:, with the intention of progressing south towards London. Ranulf of Chester revolted once again in the summer of 1144. Meanwhile, Geoffrey of Anjou finished securing his hold on southern Normandy, and in January 1144 he advanced into
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Matilda gave birth to her third son William on 22 July 1136 at Argentan, and she then operated out of the border region for the next three years, establishing her household knights on estates around the area. Matilda may have asked
641:, and various other German princes. Rebellions followed, accompanied by opposition from within the Church, which played an important part in administering the Empire, and this led to the formal excommunication of the Emperor by
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Medieval chroniclers' accounts of this oath vary on the points of detail. William of Malmesbury stated that the nobles present recognised Matilda as the legitimate heir on the basis of her paternal and maternal royal descent;
1449:
2018:, was not complimentary, while Norgate, drawing on French sources, was more neutral in tone. The German academic Oskar Rössler's 1897 biography drew heavily on German charters, not extensively used by Anglophone historians.
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One potential explanation is Stephen's general courtesy to a member of his extended family; another is that he was starting to consider how to end the war peacefully, and saw this as a way of building a relationship with
1323:
The clergy gathered again in Winchester after Easter, on 7 April 1141, and the following day they declared that Matilda should be monarch in place of Stephen. She assumed the title "Lady of England and Normandy" (Latin:
721:
The couple remained childless, but neither party was considered to be infertile and contemporary chroniclers blamed their situation on the Emperor and his sins against the Church. In early 1122, they travelled down the
1311:, traditionally used for holding high-status prisoners. Matilda now began to take the necessary steps to have herself crowned queen in his place, which would require the agreement of the Church and her coronation at
737:
Now aged 23, Matilda had only limited options as to how she might spend the rest of her life. Being childless, she could not exercise a role as an imperial regent, which left her with the choice of either becoming a
1478:. Once again, the Angevin cavalry proved too strong, and for a moment it appeared that Stephen might be captured for a second time, before finally managing to escape. Later in the year Geoffrey de Mandeville, the
922:
was born in Rouen, but the childbirth was extremely difficult and Matilda appeared close to death. She made arrangements for her will and argued with her father about where she should be buried. Matilda preferred
1565:
family lands. Henry returned to England once again at the start of 1153 with a small army, winning the support of some of the major regional barons. Neither side's army was keen to fight, however, and the Church
1064:. In 1138, he rebelled against Stephen, starting the descent into civil war in England. Robert renounced his fealty to the King and declared his support for Matilda, which triggered a major regional rebellion in
1304:
cavalry encircled Stephen's centre, and the King found himself surrounded by the Angevin army. After much fighting, Robert's soldiers finally overwhelmed Stephen and he was taken away from the field in custody.
857:
have another legitimate son. The Anglo-Norman barons were gathered together at Westminster on Christmas 1126, where they swore in January to recognise Matilda and any future legitimate heir she might have.
1033:, where a temporary compromise was agreed. South Wales rose in rebellion, and by 1137 Stephen was forced to abandon attempts to suppress the revolt. Stephen put down two revolts in the south-west led by
1435:
was a powerful fortress and, rather than storming it, Stephen decided to settle down for a long siege. Just before Christmas, Matilda sneaked out of the castle with a handful of knights (probably via a
959:
king was properly buried, which prevented them from returning to England. Nonetheless, Geoffrey and Matilda took the opportunity to march into southern Normandy and seize a number of key castles around
1431:, but Stephen led a sudden attack across the river, leading the charge and swimming part of the way. Once on the other side, the King and his men stormed into the town, trapping Matilda in the castle.
807:. Henry and Adeliza did not conceive any children, and the future of the dynasty appeared at risk. Henry may have begun to look among his nephews for a possible heir. He may have considered his sister
1021:, thanks in part to the testimony of Louis VI and Theobald. Troubles rapidly began to emerge. Matilda's uncle, David I of Scotland, invaded the north of England on the news of Henry's death, taking
2060:, set between 1137 and 1145. Peters paints the Empress as proud and aloof, in contrast to Stephen, a tolerant man and a reasonable ruler. Matilda's martial reputation may also have contributed to
726:
together as Henry continued to suppress the ongoing political unrest, but by now he was suffering from cancer. He died on 23 May 1125 in Utrecht, leaving Matilda in the protection of their nephew
419:
collapsed in the face of bitter opposition from the London crowds. As a result of this retreat, Matilda was never formally declared Queen of England, and was instead titled "Lady of the English" (
698:
to govern Italy. There are few records of her rule over the next two years, but she probably gained considerable practical experience of government. In 1119, she returned north to meet Henry in
1403:
and reinforced with fresh troops from London, took the opportunity to advance on Winchester. Their forces encircled Matilda's army. Matilda decided to escape from the city with Fitz Count and
1682:, 'empress', her status was elevated in medieval social and political thought above all men in England and France. On arrival in England, her charters' seal displayed the inscription
710:
with the Church when Henry gave up his rights to invest bishops with their episcopal regalia. Matilda attempted to visit her father in England that year, but the journey was blocked by Count
1017:
In England, Stephen's reign started off well, with lavish gatherings of the royal court that saw him give out grants of land and favours to his supporters. Stephen received the support of
1602:
Matilda helped to deal with several diplomatic crises. The first of these involved the Hand of St James, the relic which Matilda had brought back with her from Germany many years before.
2842:
David Crouch argues that in fact it was the royalist weakness in infantry that caused their failure at Lincoln, proposing the city militia was not as capable as Robert's Welsh infantry.
1069:
situation by invading Normandy. David of Scotland also invaded the north of England once again, announcing that he was supporting the claim of Matilda to the throne, pushing south into
1084:, under Robert's control. A small number of Stephen's household knights were sent north to help the fight against the Scots, where David's forces were defeated later that year at the
1076:
Stephen responded quickly to the revolts and invasions, paying most of his attention to England rather than Normandy. His wife Matilda was sent to Kent with ships and resources from
607:
in June 1109 and, as a result of her changing status, Matilda attended a royal council for the first time that October. She left England in February 1110 to make her way to Germany.
1880:
in Rouen. She continued to play a special role in the government of the area around Argentan, where she held feudal rights from the grants made at the time of her second marriage.
7906:
630:, who was tasked with educating her in German culture, manners and government. In January 1114 Matilda was ready to be married to Henry, and their wedding was held at the city of
1531:
peacefully, and Brian Fitz Count gradually withdrew from public life, probably eventually joining a monastery; by 1151 he was dead. Many of Matilda's other followers joined the
626:. There was a considerable age gap between the couple, as Matilda was only eight years old while Henry was 24. After the betrothal she was placed into the custody of Archbishop
1594:
Particularly in the initial years of his reign, the King drew on her for advice on policy matters. Matilda was involved in attempts to mediate between Henry and his Chancellor
787:
With William dead, the succession to the English throne was thrown into doubt. Rules of succession were uncertain in western Europe at the time; in some parts of France, male
1599:
Henry's attempts to codify English customs, which Becket opposed as well, but also condemned poor administration in the English Church and Becket's own headstrong behaviour.
800:
had fought a war between them to establish their inheritance, and Henry had only acquired control of Normandy by force. There had been no peaceful, uncontested successions.
2706:
Matilda's role in government in Germany was not unusual for the period; German emperors and princes frequently delegated administrative and military duties to their wives.
1639:
identified some of her remaining bones and reburied them at Bec-Hellouin in a new coffin. Her remains were lost again after the destruction of Bec-Hellouin's church by
1358:. No help was forthcoming from Stephen's brother Theobald this time either, who appears to have been preoccupied with his own problems with Franceâthe new French king,
384:
to form an alliance to protect his southern borders in France. Henry I had no further legitimate children and nominated Matilda as his heir, making his court swear an
534:. For Henry I, marrying Matilda of Scotland had given his reign increased legitimacy, and for her it had been an opportunity for high status and power in England.
522:, which was then a loose collection of counties and smaller polities, under only the minimal control of the French king. Her mother Matilda was the daughter of
10019:
815:
as a possible option and, perhaps in preparation for this, he arranged a beneficial marriage for Stephen to Empress Matilda's wealthy maternal cousin Countess
7899:
1117:
representative, Bishop Ulger, put forward her legal claim to the English throne on the grounds of her hereditary right and the oaths sworn by the barons.
992:
next day. Theobald's support immediately ebbed away, as the barons were not prepared to support the division of England and Normandy by opposing Stephen.
803:
Initially, Henry put his hopes in fathering another son. William and Matilda's motherâMatilda of Scotlandâhad died in 1118, and so Henry took a new wife,
9029:
1201:
which controlled the Thames corridor; it was held by Brian Fitz Count and Stephen found it too well defended. Stephen continued into Wiltshire to attack
8751:
7723:
1788:, "a woman alone", highlighting her autonomy and independence from her spouse. Additionally, it was also conventional that newly elected kings use
9413:
8943:
1618:
Matilda died on 10 September 1167 in Rouen, and her remaining wealth was given to the Church. She was buried under the high altar at the abbey of
931:. Matilda recovered, and Henry was overjoyed by the birth of his second grandson, possibly insisting on another round of oaths from his nobility.
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7395:
Helmerichs, Robert (2001), "'Ad tutandos partriae fines': The Defense of Normandy, 1135", in Abels, Richard Philip; Bachrach, Bernard S. (eds.),
775:
disaster. Around three hundred passengers â including Matilda's brother William Adelin and many other senior nobles â embarked one night on the
8676:
1994:â making Matilda's second marriage illegitimate â and a tale that Matilda had an affair with Stephen, resulting in the conception of Henry II.
1404:
1060:
Matilda's half-brother, Robert of Gloucester, was one of the most powerful Anglo-Norman barons, controlling estates in Normandy as well as the
702:. Her husband was occupied in finding a compromise with the Pope, who had excommunicated him. In 1122, Henry and probably Matilda were at the
392:
court. Henry died in 1135, but Matilda and Geoffrey faced opposition from the barons. The throne was instead taken by Matilda's male cousin
9949:
9273:
7741:
1482:, rose up in rebellion against Stephen in East Anglia. Geoffrey based himself from the Isle of Ely and began a military campaign against
9500:
2754:
Historians Jim Bradbury and Frank Barlow suggest that an oath was taken in 1131; Marjorie Chibnall is more doubtful that this occurred.
2043:
1347:
1014:
Stephen agreed to another truce with Geoffrey, promising to pay him 2,000 marks a year in exchange for peace along the Norman borders.
400:. Stephen took steps to solidify his new regime but faced threats both from neighbouring powers and from opponents within his kingdom.
1088:. Despite this victory, however, David still occupied most of the north. Stephen himself went west in an attempt to regain control of
591:
youngest son of a new royal house, and gaining him an ally in dealing with France. In return, Henry V would receive a dowry of 10,000
9944:
1363:
1336:
1037:
and Robert of Bampton; Baldwin was released after his capture and travelled to Normandy, where he became a vocal critic of the King.
637:
Political conflict broke out across the empire shortly after the marriage, triggered when Henry arrested his chancellor, Archbishop
1900:
Anglo-Norman nobility, she bestowed considerable patronage on the Church. Early on in her life, she preferred the well-established
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Matilda increasingly devoted her efforts to the administration of Normandy, rather than to the war in England. Geoffrey sent the
1158:
instead, and on 30 September Robert of Gloucester and Matilda arrived in England with a force of 140 knights. Matilda stayed at
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At first, the balance of power appeared to move slightly in Matilda's favour. Robert of Gloucester besieged Stephen in 1143 at
1300:
1744:, the meaning of which ranged from head of a household to an imperial title and translated as "master" or "lord". Whereas the
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as far as Oxford and Wallingford, threatening London. Her influence extended down into Devon and Cornwall, and north through
1178:; Stephen had a generous, courteous personality and women were not normally expected to be targeted in Anglo-Norman warfare.
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Empress Matilda's invasion finally began at the end of the summer of 1139. Baldwin de Redvers crossed over from Normandy to
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1983:
extensively and her reputation as the "good Matilda" remained positive. During the years of the Anarchy, works such as the
1868:, now rendered as "Lady of the English", remained more common in documents. The chronicler William of Malmsebury calls her
862:
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20:
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Political map of Wales and southern England in 1140; areas under Matilda's control (blue); Stephen's (red); Welsh (grey)
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accounts may have been influenced by Stephen's acquisition of the throne in 1135 and the later events of the Anarchy.
895:
355:
in Italy. Matilda and Henry V had no children, and when he died in 1125, the imperial crown was claimed by his rival
2764:
rejects this argument, putting the emphasis on the political and military problems that the Empress faced that year.
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1474:, an assembly point for royal forces in Herefordshire. Stephen attempted to break out and escape, resulting in the
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1490:, the capital of the Duchy, concluding his campaign. Louis VII recognised him as Duke of Normandy shortly after.
988:
7566:
Rielly, Edward J. (2000), "Ellis Peters: Brother Cadfael", in Browne, Ray Broadus; Kreiser, Lawrence A. (eds.),
2882:
stated that Matilda had become a nun at the time of her death, but he appears to have confused the Empress with
1498:
in Cambridgeshire. As a result, Stephen made progress against Matilda's forces in the west in 1145, recapturing
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9509:
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9408:
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Chibnall, Marjorie (1999), "The Empress Matilda and her Sons", in Parsons, John Carmi; Wheeler, Bonnie (eds.),
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In 1118, Henry returned north over the Alps into Germany to suppress fresh rebellions, leaving Matilda as his
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at Winchester in March 1141, and that she "gloried in being called" the royal title. Nonetheless, the style
634:
amid extravagant celebrations. Matilda now entered public life in Germany, complete with her own household.
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7078:(2000), "The Impact of 'Foreign' Troops in the Civil Wars of Stephen's Reign", in Dunn, Diana E. S. (ed.),
1938:
order. This order was very fashionable in England and Normandy during the period, and was dedicated to the
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510:, who had invaded England in 1066, creating an empire stretching into Wales. The invasion had created an
348:
207:
59:
9838:
8280:
7315:(1994), "1066 and the Introduction of Chivalry into England", in Garnett, George; Hudsdon, John (eds.),
2658:
Historians have debated whether William Adelin was Matilda's younger brother or her twin. The historian
453:
to continue the campaign in England; he was eventually declared Stephen's heir after the signing of the
411:, while her husband, Geoffrey, focused on conquering Normandy. Matilda's forces captured Stephen at the
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Following the news that Stephen was gathering support in England, the Norman nobility had gathered at
918:. Henry I was delighted by the news and came to see her at Rouen. At Pentecost 1134, their second son
9586:
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9393:
8923:
8571:
8366:
8311:
7919:
7735:
7584:
Songer, Marcia J. (1998), "Stephen or Maud: Brother Cadfael's Discernment", in Kaler, Anne K. (ed.),
7273:
Crouch, David (2008b), "King Stephen and Northern France", in Dalton, Paul; White, Graeme J. (eds.),
2014:
used these to produce new, richer accounts of Matilda and the civil war; Ramsay's account, using the
1010:
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269:
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43:
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of coins broke down, leading to coins being struck by local barons and bishops across the country.
1292:
1246:
1163:
562:
412:
336:
108:
87:
9862:
902:. Fulk finally left Anjou for Jerusalem in 1129, declaring Geoffrey the count of Anjou and Maine.
682:
by the time he conducted the second ceremony, and he was later deposed and imprisoned for life by
9706:
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9148:
8788:
8341:
8336:
8321:
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1661:
1643:, but were found once more in 1846 and this time reburied at Rouen Cathedral, where they remain.
1636:
707:
523:
397:
8003:
1561:
653:
Paschal fled when Henry and Matilda arrived with their army, and in his absence the papal envoy
403:
In 1139, Matilda crossed to England to take the kingdom by force, supported by her half-brother
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Chronology, Or, An Introduction and Index to Universal History, Biography, and Useful Knowledge
1901:
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1009:
Theobald to agree to an informal alliance against Geoffrey and Matilda, to counter the growing
731:
658:
356:
8463:
1852:
judged this unlikely to be a scribal error and pointed out that Stephen's supporters had used
1182:
controlled a compact block of territory stretching out from Gloucester and Bristol south into
9258:
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has argued against the theory of the siblings being twins, citing various reasons, including
2629:
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1966:
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1061:
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718:
argues Matilda had intended to discuss the inheritance of the English crown on this journey.
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1960:
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In contrast with her rival Stephen and his wife Matilda of Boulogne â styled respectively
1307:
Matilda received Stephen in person at her court in Gloucester, before having him moved to
347:. She travelled with the emperor to Italy in 1116, was controversially crowned empress in
8:
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2800:
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542:
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545:, later the king of Scotland, and aspiring nobles such as her illegitimate half-brother
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Law and Government in Medieval England and Normandy: Essays in Honour of Sir James Holt
2716:
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1774:'lady' was used of a woman exercising temporal powers in her own right, as had
1545:
1412:
1396:
1198:
1170:, who took the opportunity to renounce his fealty to the King and declare for Matilda.
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and other key strongholds. Stephen rapidly marched north with an army and met David at
828:
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54:
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1942:, a figure of particular importance to Matilda. She had close links to the Cistercian
954:
Northern France around the time of Henry's death; red circles mark major urban centres
823:, another nephew and close ally, possibly also felt that he was in favour with Henry.
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Thompson, Kathleen (2003), "Affairs of State: the Illegitimate Children of Henry I",
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where, on 10 April, they became officially betrothed. On 25 July Matilda was crowned
519:
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381:
377:
373:
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256:
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7588:, Bowling Green, US: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, pp. 98â108,
1888:
1506:, to attempt fresh peace negotiations, but neither side was prepared to compromise.
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6611:"Matilda [Matilda of England] (1102â1167), Empress, Consort of Heinrich V"
6266:"Matilda [Matilda of England] (1102â1167), Empress, Consort of Heinrich V"
6236:"Matilda [Matilda of England] (1102â1167), Empress, Consort of Heinrich V"
6194:"Matilda [Matilda of England] (1102â1167), Empress, Consort of Heinrich V"
6164:"Matilda [Matilda of England] (1102â1167), Empress, Consort of Heinrich V"
5961:"Matilda [Matilda of England] (1102â1167), Empress, Consort of Heinrich V"
5931:"Matilda [Matilda of England] (1102â1167), Empress, Consort of Heinrich V"
5569:"Matilda [Matilda of England] (1102â1167), Empress, Consort of Heinrich V"
5527:"Matilda [Matilda of England] (1102â1167), Empress, Consort of Heinrich V"
3761:"Matilda [Matilda of England] (1102â1167), Empress, Consort of Heinrich V"
3727:"Matilda [Matilda of England] (1102â1167), Empress, Consort of Heinrich V"
3539:"Matilda [Matilda of England] (1102â1167), Empress, Consort of Heinrich V"
3509:"Matilda [Matilda of England] (1102â1167), Empress, Consort of Heinrich V"
3479:"Matilda [Matilda of England] (1102â1167), Empress, Consort of Heinrich V"
3440:"Matilda [Matilda of England] (1102â1167), Empress, Consort of Heinrich V"
3399:"Matilda [Matilda of England] (1102â1167), Empress, Consort of Heinrich V"
3291:"Matilda [Matilda of England] (1102â1167), Empress, Consort of Heinrich V"
3158:"Matilda [Matilda of England] (1102â1167), Empress, Consort of Heinrich V"
3117:"Matilda [Matilda of England] (1102â1167), Empress, Consort of Heinrich V"
3063:"Matilda [Matilda of England] (1102â1167), Empress, Consort of Heinrich V"
968:; opinions vary among historians as to how much this affected her military plans.
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The Reign of Stephen: Kingship, Warfare and Government in Twelfth-Century England
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2919:
2897:
Ortu magna, viro major, sed maxima partu, hic jacet Henrici filia, sponsa, parens
2694:
2635:, and was used to differentiate her from other Matildas in historical literature.
2057:
1739:
1553:
1340:
1150:
1089:
1030:
928:
866:
797:
654:
642:
515:
479:
474:
monasteries, and was known for her piety. She was buried under the high altar at
434:
in 1141, and Matilda agreed to exchange him for Stephen. Matilda was besieged at
425:
185:
6610:
6265:
6235:
6193:
6163:
5960:
5930:
5568:
5526:
3760:
3726:
3478:
3398:
3290:
3157:
3116:
3062:
1916:. As part of this patronage, she re-founded the abbey of Notre-Dame-du-VĆu near
1141:
449:
Matilda returned to Normandy, now in the hands of her husband, in 1148, leaving
9218:
8596:
8483:
8440:
8394:
8179:
7291:
2817:
2592:
2564:
1985:
1943:
1892:
1775:
1532:
1495:
1460:
1308:
1159:
1105:
973:
938:
In the middle of this confrontation, Henry unexpectedly fell ill and died near
679:
631:
627:
538:
458:
420:
363:
331:, was one of the claimants to the English throne during the civil war known as
6418:
1459:
In the aftermath of the retreat from Winchester, Matilda rebuilt her court at
1448:
1350:, who was still fighting in England, Geoffrey took all the Duchy south of the
1202:
388:
of loyalty to her and her successors, but the decision was not popular in his
9878:
9790:
9448:
9423:
9368:
9248:
8953:
8898:
7641:
2852:
1815:
1782:. Initially between 1139 and 1141 Matilda referred to herself as acting as a
1699:
1595:
1586:
1479:
1471:
1432:
1389:
1287:
Matilda's fortunes changed dramatically for the better at the start of 1141.
1191:
1187:
1093:
844:
824:
793:
788:
511:
435:
389:
2693:
The account of the dismissal of Matilda's retinue comes from the chronicler
1778:
of Mercia. Notably, Matilda's husband Geoffrey never adopted the equivalent
769:
In 1120, the English political landscape had changed dramatically after the
9526:
9085:
9046:
8621:
8378:
7729:
7117:
2856:
2681:
2053:
2007:
1997:
1437:
1346:
Meanwhile, Geoffrey of Anjou invaded Normandy again and, in the absence of
1166:
and Bristol, hoping to raise support for the rebellion and to link up with
1050:
619:
592:
7973:
7257:
The Beaumont Twins: the Roots and Branches of Power in the Twelfth Century
7020:
The Accession of Henry II in England: Royal Government Restored, 1149â1159
9553:
8626:
8611:
8196:
7470:
2787:
probably already made a private deal to seize the throne when Henry died.
2011:
1975:
1939:
1905:
1803:
1367:
1351:
1241:
1226:
1222:
1131:
984:
950:
914:
Matilda gave birth to her first son in March 1133 at Le Mans, the future
873:, which would have cemented an alliance between Henry and Anjou, but the
699:
604:
332:
7511:
The Anglo-Norman Nobility in the Reign of Henry I: the Second Generation
7182:
The Empress Matilda: Queen Consort, Queen Mother and Lady of the English
1810:
queen regnant, some royal charters including titles of lands granted to
438:
by Stephen's forces that winter, but escaped at night across the frozen
372:
disaster of 1120, leaving Matilda's father and realm facing a potential
9604:
9532:
8716:
8654:
8601:
8591:
8581:
8168:
8030:
7545:
2677:
2027:
2002:
1971:
1935:
1909:
1686:
1428:
1316:
1210:
1101:
771:
761:
596:
578:
471:
439:
376:. Upon her widowhood in the Holy Roman Empire, Matilda was recalled to
368:
147:
77:
1717:, 'Queen of the English' â Empress Matilda employed the title
9697:
9628:
9616:
9520:
9143:
9070:
8783:
8731:
8726:
8616:
8586:
8173:
8148:
7694:
Restoration and Reform, 1153â1165: Recovery From Civil War in England
7202:, New York, US and London, UK: Garland Publishing, pp. 279â294,
1917:
1784:
1619:
1483:
1464:
1359:
1183:
1070:
924:
883:
662:
475:
179:
8274:
2667:
daughters, many of whom he appears to have recognised and supported.
1295:
on 2 February 1141. The King commanded the centre of his army, with
343:, she went to Germany as a child when she was married to the future
9580:
8606:
8547:
8153:
7978:
7570:, Bowling Green, US: Bowling Green State University Popular Press,
2830:
1923:
1759:'queen' carried the implication of a king's wife only, the
1640:
1514:
1175:
1113:
Dover finally surrendered to the Queen's forces later in the year.
1097:
1077:
1022:
960:
780:
755:
714:, whose territory she would have needed to pass through. Historian
340:
9478:
7143:
The Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 1066â1284
6410:
The Lioness Roared: The Problems of Female Rule in English History
2030:
in 1978, but the only major academic biography in English remains
611:
37:
9661:
9109:
8524:
8430:
2816:
Edmund King disagrees that the Empress received an invitation to
1631:
1197:
She faced a counterattack from Stephen, who started by attacking
1155:
1109:
891:
615:
284:
16:
Holy Roman Empress and claimant to the English throne (1102â1167)
7219:(1994), "The March and the Welsh Kings", in King, Edmund (ed.),
2859:, although one suggests she climbed down the walls using a rope.
1656:
1581:
1384:
557:. In 1108, Henry left Matilda and William Adelin in the care of
478:
after her death in 1167, until much later her tomb was moved to
8316:
8264:
7988:
7983:
7718:
7568:
The Detective as Historian: History and Art in Historical Crime
2048:
The civil war years of Matilda's life have been the subject of
1991:
1934:
As time went by, Matilda directed more of her attention to the
1424:
1221:, the Bishop of Ely, joined Matilda's faction. Hoping to seize
1054:
695:
530:, a member of the West Saxon royal family, and a descendant of
352:
7676:
The Holy Blood: King Henry III and the Westminster Blood Relic
9060:
8236:
1487:
1373:
1355:
1081:
997:
723:
650:
Italy, and in early 1117 the couple advanced on Rome itself.
623:
462:
457:
and succeeded to the throne as Henry II in 1154, forming the
164:
7057:
Beem, Charles (2009), Levin, Carole; Bucholz, R. O. (eds.),
1908:
alongside some of the newer Augustinian orders, such as the
8020:
7658:
Geoffrey of Monmouth and the Translation of Female Kingship
2646:
1065:
646:
582:
12th-century depiction of Matilda and Henry's wedding feast
385:
7914:
7529:
In Search of the Holy Grail: the Quest for the Middle Ages
2680:
argues, however, that Matilda was educated by the nuns of
1927:
15th century portrait of Matilda in the donor list of the
1895:
in Normandy, which received financial support from Matilda
1840:
believed the Glastonbury and Reading Abbeys' instances of
1230:
739:
514:
elite, many with estates spread across both sides of the
19:"Matilda of England" redirects here. For other uses, see
7161:
She-Wolves: the Women Who Ruled England Before Elizabeth
6288:
6286:
6102:
6100:
1395:
Matilda's position was transformed by her defeat at the
8761:
7420:, New Haven, US and London, UK: Yale University Press,
7099:(1994), "Coinage and Currency", in King, Edmund (ed.),
3325:
3323:
2851:
Most chroniclers suggest Matilda probably escaped from
1427:. Oxford was a secure town, protected by walls and the
7513:, Philadelphia, US: University of Pennsylvania Press,
7493:
The Artistry and Tradition of Tennyson's Battle Poetry
4802:
4800:
4134:
4132:
4008:
4006:
665:. Matilda used these ceremonies to claim the title of
7059:
Queens and Power in Medieval and Early Modern England
6283:
6097:
5766:
5764:
4115:
4113:
1856:
before his formal coronation, that she was hailed as
1194:, but her authority in these areas remained limited.
7080:
War and Society in Medieval and Early Modern Britain
6320:
6318:
6316:
6303:
6301:
6141:
6139:
6075:
6073:
5838:
5836:
3320:
2944:
327: – 10 September 1167), also known as
9037:
6741:
6739:
5896:
5894:
5182:
5180:
5022:
5020:
4797:
4129:
4003:
3612:
3610:
2052:. Matilda, Stephen and their supporters feature in
1802:, 'king', the interval being counted as an
1186:, west into the Welsh Marches and east through the
603:. The final details of the deal were negotiated at
470:. She worked extensively with the Church, founding
5761:
4362:
4360:
4307:
4305:
4110:
4088:
4086:
4061:
4059:
4057:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3597:
3595:
3421:
3419:
3352:
3350:
3208:
3206:
2628:is a vernacular form of Matilda derived from the
1964:The first page of the Peterborough element of the
1585:Early 14th-century representation of Henry II and
6313:
6298:
6136:
6070:
5877:
5875:
5833:
5460:
5458:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4042:
3939:
2984:
2982:
2001:herself. By the 18th century, historians such as
1502:in Oxfordshire. Matilda authorised Reginald, the
743:of Henry's crowns, and the valuable relic of the
9876:
6736:
6588:
6586:
6584:
6435:
5891:
5751:
5749:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5475:
5473:
5177:
5151:
5149:
5100:
5098:
5073:
5071:
5017:
3607:
3464:
3462:
3460:
2917:
1664:, the image possibly an accurate likeness of her
1315:. Stephen's brother Henry summoned a council at
839:
661:, probably that Easter and certainly (again) at
518:. These barons typically had close links to the
7732:at the official website of the British monarchy
7043:(5th ed.), Harlow, UK: Pearson Education,
6335:
6333:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4761:
4452:
4450:
4437:
4435:
4420:
4357:
4302:
4083:
4054:
4018:
3697:
3592:
3416:
3347:
3203:
1723:. Several interpretations of the title (Latin:
1518:12th-century depiction of Matilda's eldest son
1225:, he established his base of operations in the
5872:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5455:
5433:
5431:
4732:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4551:
4549:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4171:
4169:
4167:
3651:
3649:
2979:
506:, in Berkshire. Henry was the youngest son of
10020:12th-century women from the Holy Roman Empire
9494:
9414:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-WolfenbĂŒttel
9023:
8944:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-WolfenbĂŒttel
8670:
7900:
7696:, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press,
7678:, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press,
7475:Medieval Germany and Its Neighbours, 900â1250
7353:
7340:, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press,
7338:Henry I: King of England and Duke of Normandy
7319:, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press,
7259:, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press,
7122:Stephen and Matilda: the Civil War of 1139â53
7082:, Liverpool, UK: Liverpool University Press,
7061:, Lincoln, US: University of Nebraska Press,
6608:
6581:
6263:
6233:
6191:
6161:
5958:
5928:
5746:
5650:
5566:
5524:
5497:
5470:
5146:
5122:
5095:
5068:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3790:
3758:
3724:
3476:
3457:
3396:
3288:
3155:
3114:
3060:
3016:
2064:'s decision to entitle his 1855 battle poem "
1974:accounts that describe Matilda's role during
380:by her father, who arranged for her to marry
6330:
5005:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4851:
4817:
4815:
4633:
4447:
4432:
1883:
1651:
1080:, with the task of retaking the key port of
827:, the only son of Robert Curthose, was King
734:, a former enemy of Henry, as the new king.
8467:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the
7550:Empress Matilda: Uncrowned Queen of England
5776:
5698:
5428:
5328:
4673:
4546:
4225:
4164:
3646:
1862:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1797:
1790:
1729:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1693:
1683:
1677:
1330:
537:Matilda had a younger, legitimate brother,
9501:
9487:
9030:
9016:
8677:
8663:
8644:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.
7907:
7893:
7394:
7311:
6955:
4898:
4886:
4512:
3802:
3242:
2799:was related to the Empress Matilda and to
2044:Cultural depictions of the Empress Matilda
2022:accurate, biographies were written by the
1738:, is the feminine equivalent of the title
1374:Rout of Winchester and the Siege of Oxford
573:
430:). Earl Robert was captured following the
415:in 1141, but her attempt to be crowned at
7526:
7412:
7137:
7095:
6949:
5322:
5266:
5190:
5056:
4988:
4812:
4743:
4698:
4651:
4296:
4211:
4154:
4138:
4119:
4048:
3957:
3945:
3917:
3905:
3893:
3869:
3853:
3841:
3040:
3028:
3004:
2820:, arguing that she appeared unexpectedly.
927:, but Henry wanted her to be interred at
362:Matilda's younger and only full brother,
42:Depiction of Matilda in the 12th-century
8684:
7655:
7619:
7601:
7490:
7456:, New Haven, US: Yale University Press,
7433:
7397:The Normans and Their Adversaries at War
7197:
7176:
7116:
7041:The Feudal Kingdom of England, 1042â1216
7001:
6989:
6937:
6933:
6921:
6909:
6897:
6881:
6869:
6865:
6853:
6841:
6829:
6817:
6805:
6793:
6781:
6769:
6757:
6745:
6730:
6718:
6706:
6694:
6682:
6670:
6658:
6646:
6634:
6604:
6575:
6493:
6481:
6457:
6441:
6375:
6363:
6351:
6339:
6324:
6307:
6292:
6259:
6229:
6217:
6187:
6157:
6145:
6130:
6118:
6106:
6091:
6079:
6060:
6048:
6036:
6024:
6012:
6000:
5988:
5984:
5954:
5924:
5912:
5900:
5866:
5854:
5842:
5827:
5803:
5770:
5755:
5740:
5728:
5692:
5680:
5668:
5656:
5644:
5632:
5616:
5604:
5592:
5554:
5550:
5520:
5508:
5491:
5479:
5422:
5406:
5394:
5370:
5354:
5346:
5254:
5238:
5226:
5214:
5202:
5116:
5104:
5077:
5050:
5038:
5026:
5011:
4970:
4954:
4926:
4910:
4874:
4862:
4806:
4791:
4779:
4755:
4726:
4722:
4710:
4667:
4540:
4528:
4374:
4370:
4347:
4335:
4311:
4256:
4248:
4236:
4219:
4199:
4187:
4175:
4123:
4104:
4092:
4077:
4065:
4036:
4024:
4012:
3997:
3985:
3961:
3929:
3837:
3825:
3796:
3784:
3750:
3720:
3708:
3691:
3679:
3667:
3655:
3640:
3628:
3616:
3601:
3586:
3574:
3562:
3536:
3532:
3506:
3502:
3468:
3437:
3425:
3392:
3380:
3368:
3356:
3341:
3329:
3314:
3272:
3260:
3248:
3224:
3212:
3197:
3181:
3110:
3098:
3056:
3044:
2988:
2973:
2951:. D. Appleton & Company. p. 70.
1959:
1922:
1887:
1655:
1580:
1513:
1509:
1447:
1383:
1240:
1140:
1044:
949:
843:
754:
577:
7673:
7272:
7254:
7074:
6615:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
6515:. Routledge. pp. 170â171, n. 6â7.
6270:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
6240:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
6198:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
6168:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
5965:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
5935:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
5573:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
5531:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
5374:
5286:
5274:
4627:
4607:
4583:
4567:
4284:
3765:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3754:
3731:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3543:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3513:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3483:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3444:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3403:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3295:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3230:
3162:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3121:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3067:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1004:, to garner support for her claim with
987:to discuss declaring his elder brother
247: 1128; died 1151)
222: 1110; died 1125)
9877:
9468:Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein
7742:Review of Catherine Hanley's biography
7583:
7565:
7508:
7469:
7374:
7236:
7215:
7158:
7035:
6977:
6973:
6961:
6508:
6504:
6502:
6402:
6400:
6398:
6396:
6394:
6392:
6390:
6388:
6386:
6384:
6064:
6052:
5885:
5799:
5787:
5704:
5464:
5449:
5437:
5418:
5390:
5378:
5366:
5350:
5334:
5089:
4767:
4686:
4655:
4623:
4555:
4516:
4500:
4484:
4472:
4426:
4386:
4366:
4351:
4323:
4252:
3813:
3472:
3193:
3000:
2961:
2895:The original Latin of the phrase runs
1672:The Anglo-Saxon queens of England had
9640:Anna of Constantinople (900â905)
9482:
9011:
8658:
7888:
7691:
7361:(2nd ed.), Harlow, UK: Longman,
7332:
7298:(1st ed.), London, UK: Longman,
7290:
7239:The Normans: The History of a Dynasty
6592:
6571:
6559:
6547:
6535:
5815:
5628:
5310:
5298:
5270:
5171:
5062:
4999:
4982:
4958:
4942:
4930:
4914:
4845:
4821:
4595:
4579:
4215:
4158:
4142:
3973:
3881:
3857:
2921:Debrett's kings and queens of Britain
2603:
2598:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2584:
2582:
2577:
2570:
2568:
2563:
2561:
2556:
2516:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2448:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2403:
2396:
2394:
2389:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2339:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2256:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2185:
2183:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2108:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2056:'s historical detective series about
1635:an English army in 1421. In 1684 the
1162:, while Robert marched north-west to
834:
645:. Henry and Matilda marched over the
7660:, New York, US: Palgrave Macmillan,
7544:
7451:
7056:
6885:
6512:The Reign of King Stephen: 1135â1154
6469:
6445:
6406:
6056:
5881:
5250:
5186:
5167:
5155:
5140:
5128:
4833:
4639:
4611:
4496:
4468:
4456:
4441:
4414:
4402:
4390:
4280:
4268:
3933:
3284:
3236:
3134:
3086:
1947:paintings for the monastic chapels.
1711:, 'King of the English' and
1236:
750:
568:
9508:
7552:, London, UK: Butler & Tanner,
7531:, London, UK: Hambledon Continuum,
7416:(2003), Frost, Amanda Clark (ed.),
7241:, London, UK: Hambledon Continuum,
7221:The Anarchy of King Stephen's Reign
7101:The Anarchy of King Stephen's Reign
7017:
6499:
6381:
5716:
1734:'mistress'), are possible.
1674:exercised considerable formal power
1646:
21:Matilda of England (disambiguation)
13:
9950:English people of Scottish descent
9439:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
8969:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
2037:
1970:, written around 1150, one of the
14:
10066:
7711:
7399:, Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press,
7277:, Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press,
7124:, Stroud, UK: The History Press,
7022:, Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press,
1955:
502:, possibly on 7 February 1102 at
396:, who enjoyed the backing of the
72:7 January 1110 â 23 May 1125
9945:English people of French descent
9294:Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut
9209:Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy
8992:
8991:
8859:Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut
8760:
7724:Mathilda of England, the Empress
7717:
7586:Cordially Yours, Brother Cadfael
7275:King Stephen's Reign (1135â1154)
6995:
6983:
6967:
6943:
6927:
6915:
6903:
6891:
6875:
6859:
6847:
6835:
6823:
6811:
6799:
6787:
6775:
6763:
6751:
6724:
6712:
6700:
6688:
6676:
6664:
6652:
6640:
6628:
6609:Chibnall, Marjorie (2004â2013),
6598:
6565:
6553:
6541:
6529:
6487:
6475:
6463:
6451:
6369:
6357:
6345:
6264:Chibnall, Marjorie (2004â2013),
6253:
6234:Chibnall, Marjorie (2004â2013),
6223:
6211:
6192:Chibnall, Marjorie (2004â2013),
6181:
6162:Chibnall, Marjorie (2004â2013),
6151:
6124:
6112:
6085:
6042:
6030:
6018:
6006:
5994:
5978:
5959:Chibnall, Marjorie (2004â2013),
5948:
5929:Chibnall, Marjorie (2004â2013),
5918:
5906:
5860:
5848:
5821:
5809:
5793:
5734:
5722:
5710:
5686:
5674:
5662:
5638:
5622:
5610:
5598:
5586:
5567:Chibnall, Marjorie (2004â2013),
5560:
5544:
5525:Chibnall, Marjorie (2004â2013),
5514:
5485:
5443:
5412:
5400:
5384:
5360:
5340:
5316:
5304:
5292:
5280:
5260:
5244:
5232:
5220:
5208:
5196:
5161:
5134:
5110:
5083:
5044:
5032:
4976:
4964:
4948:
4936:
4920:
4904:
4892:
4880:
4868:
4839:
4827:
4785:
4773:
4749:
4716:
4704:
4692:
4661:
4645:
4617:
4601:
4589:
4573:
4561:
4534:
4522:
4506:
4490:
4478:
4462:
4408:
4396:
4380:
4341:
3759:Chibnall, Marjorie (2004â2013),
3725:Chibnall, Marjorie (2004â2013),
3477:Chibnall, Marjorie (2004â2013),
3397:Chibnall, Marjorie (2004â2013),
3289:Chibnall, Marjorie (2004â2013),
3156:Chibnall, Marjorie (2004â2013),
3115:Chibnall, Marjorie (2004â2013),
3061:Chibnall, Marjorie (2004â2013),
2924:. Webb & Bower. p. 51.
2889:
2872:
2862:
2845:
2836:
2823:
2810:
2790:
2780:
2767:
2757:
1455:'s invasion of Normandy, 1142â43
1229:, then surrounded by protective
1136:
1092:, first striking north into the
759:A 14th-century depiction of the
667:empress of the Holy Roman Empire
601:coronation as Holy Roman emperor
36:
9649:Anna of Provence (915â924)
9458:Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
9039:Queens and empresses of Germany
8954:Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary
7944:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603
7477:, London, UK: Hambledon Press,
7223:, Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press,
7184:, London, UK: Basil Blackwell,
7163:, London, UK: Faber and Faber,
7103:, Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press,
7010:
5452:, p. 177; Chibnall, p.115.
4329:
4317:
4290:
4274:
4262:
4242:
4205:
4193:
4181:
4148:
4098:
4071:
4030:
3991:
3979:
3967:
3951:
3923:
3911:
3899:
3887:
3875:
3863:
3847:
3831:
3819:
3778:
3744:
3714:
3685:
3673:
3661:
3634:
3622:
3580:
3568:
3556:
3526:
3496:
3431:
3386:
3374:
3362:
3335:
3308:
3278:
3266:
3254:
3218:
3187:
3175:
3104:
3092:
3080:
3050:
3034:
3022:
2748:
2738:
2723:
2709:
2700:
2687:
2670:
2652:
244:
219:
10035:Children of Henry I of England
9463:Victoria of the United Kingdom
9409:Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick
8981:For Empresses after 1806, see
8939:Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick
8824:Beatrice, Countess of Burgundy
7941:Monarchs of England until 1603
3010:
2994:
2967:
2955:
2938:
2911:
2638:
2619:
2071:
1836:, 'my kingdom'. While
945:
1:
9995:12th-century English nobility
9905:12th-century English monarchs
9404:Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg
8934:Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg
7634:10.1016/S0304-4181(03)00015-0
7509:Newman, Charlotte A. (1988),
7491:Lovelace, Timothy J. (2003),
7357:; Everard, Judith A. (2001),
2945:George Palmer Putnam (1833).
2905:
1576:
840:Marriage to Geoffrey of Anjou
595:, which he needed to fund an
485:
461:. She settled her court near
321:
139:
10015:12th-century German nobility
10005:12th-century French nobility
9970:People from Sutton Courtenay
9703:Berta di Luni (1002â14)
9698:Theophanu of Constantinople
9399:Claudia Felicitas of Austria
8929:Claudia Felicitas of Austria
7527:Ortenberg, Veronica (2006),
6413:. Springer. pp. 50â54.
1443:
1125:
745:Hand of St James the Apostle
689:
586:In late 1108 or early 1109,
351:, and acted as the imperial
119:Stephen (as King of England)
7:
10050:Mothers of English monarchs
10030:Remarried empresses consort
9900:12th-century queens regnant
9384:Maria Leopoldine of Austria
9359:Anne of Bohemia and Hungary
9269:Imagina of Isenburg-Limburg
8914:Maria Leopoldine of Austria
8849:Yolande, Queen of Jerusalem
8784:Theophanu of Constantinople
8551:British monarchs after the
7846:Queen consort of the Romans
7622:Journal of Medieval History
7602:Stringer, Keith J. (1993),
3537:Chibnall, Marjorie (2004),
3507:Chibnall, Marjorie (2004),
3438:Chibnall, Marjorie (2004),
2773:Henry was able to persuade
2676:The broadcaster and author
905:
335:. The daughter and heir of
208:Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor
162:10 September 1167 (aged 65)
60:Queen consort of the Romans
10:
10071:
9990:12th-century English women
9925:Burials at Rouen Cathedral
9595:Cunigunda of Laon (?)
9592:Bertha of Gellone (?)
9214:Constance, Queen of Sicily
8987:the corresponding template
8829:Constance, Queen of Sicily
8727:Saint Richardis of Nordgau
7674:Vincent, Nicholas (2006),
7434:Huscroft, Richard (2005),
7375:Hanley, Catherine (2019),
7292:Davis, Ralph Henry Carless
2803:through his mother, Queen
2041:
1990:in fact secretly become a
1796:until their coronation as
1377:
1129:
1104:, before heading south to
865:, the eldest son of Count
852:, Matilda's second husband
848:Contemporary depiction of
706:. The council settled the
405:Robert, Earl of Gloucester
345:Holy Roman Emperor Henry V
233:Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou
18:
10010:12th-century German women
10000:12th-century French women
9980:Queens regnant of England
9910:12th-century Norman women
9559:Gundiberga (626â652)
9516:
9447:
9394:Margaret Theresa of Spain
9123:
9084:
9045:
8977:
8924:Margaret Theresa of Spain
8769:
8758:
8692:
8639:
8562:
8546:
8542:
8479:
8462:
8458:
7935:
7931:
7870:
7862:
7852:
7843:
7835:
7828:
7813:
7796:
7781:
7776:
7749:
7692:White, Graeme J. (2000),
7606:, London, UK: Routledge,
7495:, London, UK: Routledge,
7436:Ruling England, 1042â1217
7381:, Yale University Press,
7359:Capetian France, 987â1328
6617:, Oxford University Press
6419:10.1007/978-1-137-09722-4
6272:, Oxford University Press
6242:, Oxford University Press
6200:, Oxford University Press
6170:, Oxford University Press
6059:, pp. 270, 280â283;
5967:, Oxford University Press
5937:, Oxford University Press
5575:, Oxford University Press
5533:, Oxford University Press
3767:, Oxford University Press
3733:, Oxford University Press
3545:, Oxford University Press
3515:, Oxford University Press
3485:, Oxford University Press
3446:, Oxford University Press
3405:, Oxford University Press
3297:, Oxford University Press
3164:, Oxford University Press
3123:, Oxford University Press
3069:, Oxford University Press
3019:, pp. 62â64, 114â118
3017:Hallam & Everard 2001
2918:David Williamson (1986).
2607:
2575:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2514:
2512:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2482:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2442:
2440:
2414:
2410:
2408:
2401:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2335:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2295:
2293:
2271:
2269:
2254:
2239:
2237:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2181:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2106:
1950:
1884:Relations with the Church
1830:, 'my crown' and
1824:, while another mentions
1652:Government, law and court
1040:
305:
295:
283:
270:Geoffrey, Count of Nantes
265:Henry II, King of England
255:
196:
171:
158:
135:
131:
123:
115:
104:
96:
86:
76:
68:
50:
44:Gospels of Henry the Lion
35:
30:
9839:Joséphine de Beauharnais
9779:Isabella II of Jerusalem
9767:Beatrice of Hohenstaufen
9429:Maria Josepha of Bavaria
9239:Isabella II of Jerusalem
8959:Maria Josepha of Bavaria
7656:Tolhurst, Fiona (2013),
4658:, pp. 258, 260, 262
2613:
1613:
1571:permanent peace followed
1205:, taking the castles of
563:archbishop of Canterbury
337:Henry I, king of England
100:8 April 1141 â 1148
9845:Marie Louise of Austria
9707:Cunigunde of Luxembourg
9562:Guntrude (712â744)
9538:Berthora (549â552)
9339:Elizabeth of Luxembourg
9149:Cunigunde of Luxembourg
8949:Maria Amalia of Austria
8789:Cunigunde of Luxembourg
7438:, Harlow, UK: Pearson,
7255:Crouch, David (2008a),
7145:, London, UK: Penguin,
6407:Beem, Charles (2016) .
2258:Malcolm III of Scotland
2076:Matilda's family tree:
2010:, Sir James Ramsay and
1764:
1749:
1637:Congregation of St Maur
1256:B: Robert of Gloucester
574:Marriage and coronation
524:Malcolm III of Scotland
9815:Elizabeth of Pomerania
9803:Margaret II of Hainaut
9755:Beatrice I of Burgundy
9629:Ageltrude of Benevento
9329:Elisabeth of Nuremberg
9314:Elizabeth of Pomerania
9274:Elisabeth of Carinthia
8869:Elizabeth of Pomerania
8742:Anna of Constantinople
8732:Ageltrude of Benevento
7237:Crouch, David (2002),
7159:Castor, Helen (2010),
6509:Crouch, David (2014).
6444:, pp. 38, 41â42;
3840:, pp. 65, 69â71;
1979:
1931:
1896:
1863:
1844:are either errors for
1832:
1826:
1820:
1798:
1791:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1694:
1684:
1678:
1665:
1590:
1527:
1456:
1392:
1380:Siege of Oxford (1142)
1337:Geoffrey de Mandeville
1325:
1284:
1217:At the start of 1140,
1146:
1086:Battle of the Standard
1057:
955:
853:
766:
732:Lothair of Supplinburg
657:crowned the couple at
583:
498:, and his first wife,
494:, King of England and
424:
357:Lothair of Supplinburg
325: 7 February 1102
143: 7 February 1102
9975:People of The Anarchy
9940:Duchesses of Normandy
9863:Marie-José of Belgium
9581:Fastrada of Franconia
9565:Tassia (744â749)
9259:Gertrude of Hohenberg
9105:Matilda of Ringelheim
8884:Bianca Maria of Milan
8702:Ermengarde of Hesbaye
7875:the Holy Roman Empire
7799:â TITULAR â
7452:King, Edmumd (2010),
6832:, pp. 3, 201â202
5927:, pp. 151, 153;
2664:William of Malmesbury
2558:Theobald of Champagne
2110:William the Conqueror
2062:Alfred, Lord Tennyson
1967:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1963:
1926:
1891:
1848:or else inauthentic;
1659:
1584:
1517:
1510:Conclusion of the war
1451:
1388:St George's Tower at
1387:
1339:, who controlled the
1244:
1144:
1062:Earldom of Gloucester
1048:
953:
847:
817:Matilda I of Boulogne
758:
712:Charles I of Flanders
614:before travelling to
581:
508:William the Conqueror
455:Treaty of Wallingford
188:, France (since 1846)
10055:12th-century regents
9960:Holy Roman Empresses
9915:12th-century Normans
9833:Isabella of Portugal
9749:Richenza of Northeim
9611:Richilde of Provence
9434:Maria Luisa of Spain
9354:Isabella of Portugal
9309:Anna von Schweidnitz
9264:Isabella of Burgundy
9254:Elisabeth of Bavaria
9199:Gertrude of Sulzbach
9189:Richenza of Northeim
8983:Empresses of Austria
8889:Isabella of Portugal
8819:Richenza of Northeim
8722:Richilde of Provence
8686:Holy Roman Empresses
8521:William III & II
8086:Henry the Young King
8036:Edward the Confessor
8004:Ăthelred the Unready
7856:Richenza of Northeim
7811:8 April 1141 â 1148
7726:at Wikimedia Commons
7414:Hollister, C. Warren
7355:Hallam, Elizabeth M.
7018:Amt, Emilie (1993),
6063:, pp. 189â190;
5987:, pp. 150â152;
4654:, pp. 164â165;
4626:, pp. 248â249;
4515:, pp. 136â137;
4141:, pp. 324â325;
3856:, pp. 308â309;
3196:, pp. 195â197;
3043:, pp. 127â128;
2600:Robert of Gloucester
1622:in a service led by
1562:bishop of Thérouanne
1494:during an attack on
1405:Reginald of Cornwall
1274:H: Lincoln Cathedral
978:bishop of Winchester
821:Theobald IV of Blois
708:long-running dispute
547:Robert of Gloucester
490:Matilda was born to
182:, France (1167â1846)
111:(as King of England)
9935:Countesses of Maine
9930:Countesses of Anjou
9857:Elena of Montenegro
9851:Margherita of Savoy
9827:Eleanor of Portugal
9797:Margaret of Brabant
9785:Isabella of England
9773:Constance of Aragon
9761:Constance of Sicily
9737:Constance of Sicily
9662:Marozia of Tusculum
9658:Alda (924â932)
9617:Richardis of Swabia
9605:Engelberga of Parma
9599:Ermengarde of Tours
9587:Luitgard of Sundgau
9379:Maria Anna of Spain
9349:Bianca Maria Sforza
9344:Eleanor of Portugal
9284:Beatrice of Silesia
9279:Margaret of Brabant
9244:Isabella of England
9234:Margaret of Austria
9229:Constance of Aragon
9204:Adelaide of Vohburg
9194:Gertrude of Comburg
9179:Constance of Sicily
9159:Gunhilda of Denmark
9100:Cunigunde of Swabia
9052:Carolingian dynasty
8909:Maria Anna of Spain
8879:Eleanor of Portugal
8854:Isabella of England
8844:Constance of Aragon
8717:Engelberga of Parma
8712:Ermengarde of Tours
8469:Union of the Crowns
7839:Constance of Sicily
7806:Lady of the English
7730:Stephen and Matilda
5635:, pp. 120, 146
5607:, pp. 120, 122
4299:, pp. 467, 473
2880:Geoffrey of Vigeois
2801:Matilda of Boulogne
2579:Matilda of Boulogne
2398:Matilda of Scotland
2384:David I of Scotland
2103:Matilda of Flanders
1695:Henrici regis filia
1628:archbishop of Rouen
1552:, and in late 1146
1550:bishop of Salisbury
1364:Robert of Leicester
1348:Waleran of Beaumont
1168:Miles of Gloucester
888:Archbishop of Tours
659:St Peter's Basilica
500:Matilda of Scotland
409:David I of Scotland
349:St Peter's Basilica
310:Matilda of Scotland
275:William FitzEmpress
88:Lady of the English
10025:Daughters of kings
9985:Anglo-Norman women
9955:English princesses
9743:Matilda of England
9644:Bertila of Spoleto
9623:Bertila of Spoleto
9289:Isabella of Aragon
9224:Beatrice of Swabia
9184:Matilda of England
9125:Kingdom of Germany
9091:Kingdom of Germany
9066:Liutgard of Saxony
8919:Eleonora of Mantua
8904:Eleonora of Mantua
8834:Beatrice of Swabia
8814:Matilda of England
8694:Carolingian Empire
8553:Acts of Union 1707
8516:James II & VII
8209:Kenneth I MacAlpin
7994:Edgar the Peaceful
7873:Empress consort of
7821:as King of England
7791:as King of England
7200:Medieval Mothering
7178:Chibnall, Marjorie
6980:, pp. 105â107
6976:, pp. 68â69;
6940:, pp. 204â205
6912:, pp. 204â205
6844:, pp. 202â203
6808:, pp. 200â201
6784:, pp. 198â199
6721:, pp. 183â185
6709:, pp. 180â181
6697:, pp. 179â180
6685:, pp. 178â180
6661:, pp. 177â178
6574:, pp. 40â41;
6484:, pp. 103â104
6295:, pp. 190â191
6133:, pp. 164â165
6121:, pp. 162â163
6109:, pp. 158â159
6067:, pp. 187â188
6039:, pp. 178â179
6015:, pp. 154â155
5915:, pp. 148â149
5830:, pp. 144â146
5818:, pp. 111â112
5806:, pp. 148â149
5619:, pp. 123â125
5494:, pp. 116â117
5257:, pp. 104â105
5119:, pp. 108â109
4957:, pp. 82â83;
4913:, pp. 83â84;
4725:, pp. 70â71;
4487:, pp. 163â164
4475:, pp. 163â164
4471:, pp. 46â47;
4373:, pp. 66â67;
4350:, pp. 66â67;
4145:, pp. 202â203
3976:, pp. 193â194
3908:, pp. 311â312
3896:, pp. 312â313
3753:, pp. 43â44;
3723:, pp. 43â44;
3535:, pp. 32â33;
3471:, pp. 32â33;
3113:, pp. 13â14;
3031:, pp. 126â127
3007:, pp. 125â126
3003:, pp. 21â22;
2717:Hermann of Tournai
2572:Stephen of England
2405:Henry I of England
2251:Margaret of Wessex
2050:historical fiction
1980:
1932:
1929:Abbey of St Albans
1914:Premonstratensians
1897:
1666:
1591:
1546:Josceline de Bohon
1528:
1457:
1397:Rout of Winchester
1393:
1285:
1277:I: City of Lincoln
1199:Wallingford Castle
1147:
1058:
1035:Baldwin de Redvers
956:
894:by the bishops of
854:
835:Return to Normandy
829:Louis VI of France
805:Adeliza of Louvain
767:
671:King of the Romans
610:The couple met at
597:expedition to Rome
588:Henry V of Germany
584:
528:Margaret of Wessex
468:Becket controversy
432:Rout of Winchester
300:Henry I of England
55:Holy Roman Empress
10045:Duchesses regnant
9965:House of Normandy
9872:
9871:
9853: (1878â1900)
9692:Adelaide of Italy
9674:Adelaide of Italy
9476:
9475:
9324:Sophia of Bavaria
9319:Joanna of Bavaria
9299:Blanche of Valois
9139:Adelaide of Italy
9130:Holy Roman Empire
9115:Adelaide of Italy
9005:
9004:
8964:Ludovica of Spain
8779:Adelaide of Italy
8771:Holy Roman Empire
8707:Judith of Bavaria
8652:
8651:
8635:
8634:
8538:
8537:
8454:
8453:
8449:
8448:
7999:Edward the Martyr
7883:
7882:
7853:Succeeded by
7824:
7814:Succeeded by
7801:
7794:
7771:10 September 1167
7756:House of Normandy
7722:Media related to
7703:978-0-521-55459-6
7685:978-0-521-02660-4
7667:978-1-137-27784-8
7613:978-0-415-01415-1
7595:978-0-87972-774-1
7577:978-0-87972-815-1
7559:978-0-297-77359-7
7538:978-1-85285-383-9
7520:978-0-8122-8138-5
7502:978-0-203-49079-2
7484:978-0-631-15737-3
7463:978-0-300-11223-8
7445:978-0-582-84882-5
7427:978-0-300-09829-7
7406:978-0-85115-847-1
7388:978-0-300-22725-3
7368:978-0-582-40428-1
7347:978-0-521-74452-2
7326:978-0-521-43076-0
7305:978-0-582-48727-7
7284:978-1-84383-361-1
7266:978-0-521-09013-1
7248:978-1-85285-595-6
7230:978-0-19-820364-3
7209:978-0-8153-3665-5
7191:978-0-631-15737-3
7170:978-0-571-23706-7
7152:978-0-14-014824-4
7131:978-0-7509-3793-1
7110:978-0-19-820364-3
7089:978-0-85323-885-0
7068:978-0-8032-2968-6
7050:978-0-582-38117-9
7029:978-0-85115-348-3
6856:, pp. 2, 203
6538:, pp. 40, 43
6522:978-1-317-89297-7
6428:978-1-137-09722-4
4531:, pp. 68, 71
4107:, pp. 56, 60
4039:, pp. 38, 54
3682:, pp. 39, 41
3332:, pp. 26, 48
3059:, pp. 9â10;
2732:John of Worcester
2660:Marjorie Chibnall
2611:
2610:
2377:Adela of Normandy
2032:Marjorie Chibnall
1838:Marjorie Chibnall
1818:described her as
1812:Glastonbury Abbey
1773:
1758:
1733:
1453:Geoffrey of Anjou
1334:
1301:William of Aumale
1299:on his right and
1293:Battle of Lincoln
1289:Ranulf of Chester
1271:G: Lincoln Castle
1247:Battle of Lincoln
1237:Battle of Lincoln
1119:Arnulf of Lisieux
850:Geoffrey of Anjou
751:Succession crisis
716:Marjorie Chibnall
684:Pope Callixtus II
674:interchangeably.
639:Adalbert of Mainz
622:in a ceremony at
569:Holy Roman Empire
520:Kingdom of France
417:Westminster Abbey
413:Battle of Lincoln
382:Geoffrey of Anjou
374:succession crisis
315:
314:
10062:
9821:Barbara of Cilli
9809:Anna of Ćwidnica
9731:Eupraxia of Kiev
9713:Gisela of Swabia
9680:Willa of Tuscany
9668:Bertha of Swabia
9653:Bertha of Swabia
9503:
9496:
9489:
9480:
9479:
9389:Eleonora Gonzaga
9374:Eleonora Gonzaga
9364:Maria of Austria
9334:Barbara of Cilli
9174:Eupraxia of Kiev
9154:Gisela of Swabia
9032:
9025:
9018:
9009:
9008:
8995:
8994:
8874:Barbara of Cilli
8864:Anna of Ćwidnica
8839:Maria of Brabant
8809:Eupraxia of Kiev
8794:Gisela of Swabia
8764:
8763:
8752:Anna of Provence
8747:Bertila of Parma
8679:
8672:
8665:
8656:
8655:
8544:
8543:
8504:Richard Cromwell
8494:The Protectorate
8484:James I & VI
8460:
8459:
8041:Harold Godwinson
7961:Edward the Elder
7954:Alfred the Great
7938:
7937:
7933:
7932:
7909:
7902:
7895:
7886:
7885:
7866:Eupraxia of Kiev
7863:Preceded by
7836:Preceded by
7818:
7797:
7788:
7782:Preceded by
7772:
7765:
7751:Empress Matilda
7747:
7746:
7721:
7706:
7688:
7670:
7652:
7616:
7598:
7580:
7562:
7541:
7523:
7505:
7487:
7466:
7448:
7430:
7409:
7391:
7371:
7350:
7329:
7313:Gillingham, John
7308:
7287:
7269:
7251:
7233:
7212:
7194:
7173:
7155:
7139:Carpenter, David
7134:
7113:
7092:
7076:Bennett, Matthew
7071:
7053:
7032:
7005:
6999:
6993:
6987:
6981:
6971:
6965:
6959:
6953:
6947:
6941:
6931:
6925:
6919:
6913:
6907:
6901:
6895:
6889:
6884:, pp. 2â3;
6879:
6873:
6868:, pp. 2â3;
6863:
6857:
6851:
6845:
6839:
6833:
6827:
6821:
6815:
6809:
6803:
6797:
6791:
6785:
6779:
6773:
6767:
6761:
6755:
6749:
6743:
6734:
6728:
6722:
6716:
6710:
6704:
6698:
6692:
6686:
6680:
6674:
6668:
6662:
6656:
6650:
6644:
6638:
6632:
6626:
6625:
6624:
6622:
6602:
6596:
6590:
6579:
6569:
6563:
6557:
6551:
6550:, pp. 41â42
6545:
6539:
6533:
6527:
6526:
6506:
6497:
6491:
6485:
6479:
6473:
6472:, pp. 50â54
6467:
6461:
6455:
6449:
6439:
6433:
6432:
6404:
6379:
6378:, pp. 37â38
6373:
6367:
6366:, pp. 23â24
6361:
6355:
6354:, pp. 48â50
6349:
6343:
6337:
6328:
6322:
6311:
6305:
6296:
6290:
6281:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6257:
6251:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6227:
6221:
6215:
6209:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6155:
6149:
6143:
6134:
6128:
6122:
6116:
6110:
6104:
6095:
6089:
6083:
6077:
6068:
6046:
6040:
6034:
6028:
6022:
6016:
6010:
6004:
5998:
5992:
5982:
5976:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5952:
5946:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5922:
5916:
5910:
5904:
5898:
5889:
5879:
5870:
5864:
5858:
5852:
5846:
5840:
5831:
5825:
5819:
5813:
5807:
5797:
5791:
5785:
5774:
5768:
5759:
5753:
5744:
5738:
5732:
5726:
5720:
5714:
5708:
5702:
5696:
5690:
5684:
5678:
5672:
5666:
5660:
5654:
5648:
5642:
5636:
5626:
5620:
5614:
5608:
5602:
5596:
5590:
5584:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5564:
5558:
5548:
5542:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5518:
5512:
5506:
5495:
5489:
5483:
5477:
5468:
5462:
5453:
5447:
5441:
5435:
5426:
5416:
5410:
5404:
5398:
5388:
5382:
5364:
5358:
5344:
5338:
5332:
5326:
5320:
5314:
5313:, pp. 67â68
5308:
5302:
5296:
5290:
5284:
5278:
5264:
5258:
5248:
5242:
5236:
5230:
5224:
5218:
5212:
5206:
5205:, pp. 98â99
5200:
5194:
5184:
5175:
5165:
5159:
5153:
5144:
5138:
5132:
5126:
5120:
5114:
5108:
5102:
5093:
5087:
5081:
5075:
5066:
5060:
5054:
5048:
5042:
5036:
5030:
5024:
5015:
5009:
5003:
4997:
4986:
4980:
4974:
4973:, pp. 82â83
4968:
4962:
4952:
4946:
4940:
4934:
4933:, pp. 36â37
4924:
4918:
4908:
4902:
4901:, pp. 49â50
4896:
4890:
4884:
4878:
4872:
4866:
4860:
4849:
4843:
4837:
4831:
4825:
4819:
4810:
4809:, pp. 75â76
4804:
4795:
4789:
4783:
4777:
4771:
4765:
4759:
4753:
4747:
4741:
4730:
4720:
4714:
4708:
4702:
4696:
4690:
4684:
4671:
4670:, pp. 27â32
4665:
4659:
4649:
4643:
4637:
4631:
4630:, pp. 46â47
4621:
4615:
4614:, pp. 54â55
4605:
4599:
4593:
4587:
4577:
4571:
4565:
4559:
4553:
4544:
4543:, pp. 68â69
4538:
4532:
4526:
4520:
4510:
4504:
4494:
4488:
4482:
4476:
4466:
4460:
4454:
4445:
4439:
4430:
4424:
4418:
4417:, pp. 45â46
4412:
4406:
4400:
4394:
4384:
4378:
4377:, pp. 43â44
4364:
4355:
4345:
4339:
4338:, pp. 66â67
4333:
4327:
4321:
4315:
4309:
4300:
4294:
4288:
4278:
4272:
4271:, pp. 38â39
4266:
4260:
4246:
4240:
4234:
4223:
4209:
4203:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4179:
4173:
4162:
4161:, pp. 58â61
4152:
4146:
4136:
4127:
4117:
4108:
4102:
4096:
4090:
4081:
4080:, pp. 55â56
4075:
4069:
4063:
4052:
4046:
4040:
4034:
4028:
4022:
4016:
4015:, pp. 54â55
4010:
4001:
4000:, pp. 51â52
3995:
3989:
3983:
3977:
3971:
3965:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3927:
3921:
3915:
3909:
3903:
3897:
3891:
3885:
3879:
3873:
3867:
3861:
3851:
3845:
3835:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3811:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3671:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3631:, pp. 38â40
3626:
3620:
3619:, pp. 36â38
3614:
3605:
3599:
3590:
3589:, pp. 33â34
3584:
3578:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3466:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3390:
3384:
3383:, pp. 29â31
3378:
3372:
3371:, pp. 28â29
3366:
3360:
3354:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3227:, pp. 16â17
3222:
3216:
3210:
3201:
3191:
3185:
3184:, pp. 15â16
3179:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3153:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3108:
3102:
3101:, pp. 12â13
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3054:
3048:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2915:
2900:
2893:
2887:
2884:Matilda of Anjou
2876:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2834:
2827:
2821:
2814:
2808:
2794:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2771:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2727:
2721:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2698:
2691:
2685:
2674:
2668:
2656:
2650:
2642:
2636:
2623:
2391:Mary of Scotland
2079:
2078:
1866:
1858:regina et domina
1835:
1829:
1823:
1801:
1794:
1780:dominus Anglorum
1768:
1753:
1731:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1697:
1691:
1689:Romanorum Regina
1681:
1647:Matilda as ruler
1567:brokered a truce
1504:Earl of Cornwall
1500:Faringdon Castle
1476:Battle of Wilton
1401:William of Ypres
1354:and east of the
1332:
1329:
1297:Alan of Brittany
1019:Pope Innocent II
1006:Pope Innocent II
1002:bishop of Angers
813:Stephen of Blois
704:Council of Worms
555:Brian Fitz Count
551:Stephen of Blois
532:Alfred the Great
504:Sutton Courtenay
496:Duke of Normandy
451:their eldest son
407:, and her uncle
394:Stephen of Blois
326:
323:
248:
246:
223:
221:
152:Sutton Courtenay
144:
141:
40:
28:
27:
10070:
10069:
10065:
10064:
10063:
10061:
10060:
10059:
10040:Royal reburials
9885:Empress Matilda
9875:
9874:
9873:
9868:
9859: (1900â46)
9847: (1810â14)
9841: (1805â10)
9835: (1530â39)
9829: (1452â67)
9823: (1431â37)
9817: (1363â78)
9811: (1355â62)
9805: (1327â47)
9787: (1235â41)
9781: (1225â28)
9775: (1212â22)
9763: (1191â97)
9757: (1156â84)
9751: (1128â37)
9745: (1114â25)
9739: (1095â98)
9733: (1089â93)
9727: (1080â87)
9725:Bertha of Savoy
9721: (1043â56)
9719:Agnes of Poitou
9715: (1026â39)
9709: (1004â24)
9700: (972â983)
9694: (951â973)
9688: (957â963)
9682: (950â953)
9676: (948â950)
9670: (937â948)
9664: (932â933)
9655: (922â926)
9646: (905â915)
9637: (896â899)
9635:Ota of Neustria
9631: (889â894)
9625: (888â889)
9619: (879â888)
9613: (875â877)
9607: (851â875)
9601: (821â851)
9589: (794â800)
9583: (784â794)
9577: (774â783)
9571: (756â774)
9556: (589â616)
9550: (567â573)
9535: (536â540)
9529: (526â534)
9523: (493â526)
9512:
9510:Queens of Italy
9507:
9477:
9472:
9443:
9304:Anne of Bavaria
9169:Bertha of Savoy
9164:Agnes of Poitou
9128:
9119:
9089:
9080:
9050:
9041:
9036:
9006:
9001:
8973:
8804:Bertha of Savoy
8799:Agnes of Poitou
8765:
8756:
8737:Ota of Neustria
8688:
8683:
8653:
8648:
8631:
8558:
8534:
8499:Oliver Cromwell
8475:
8450:
8445:
8292:Constantine III
8201:
8026:Harold Harefoot
8016:Edmund Ironside
7927:
7922: and
7913:
7878:
7874:
7868:
7858:
7849:
7841:
7817:
7810:
7802:
7787:
7766:
7760:
7759:
7752:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7686:
7668:
7614:
7596:
7578:
7560:
7539:
7521:
7503:
7485:
7464:
7446:
7428:
7407:
7389:
7369:
7348:
7327:
7306:
7285:
7267:
7249:
7231:
7210:
7192:
7171:
7153:
7132:
7111:
7097:Blackburn, Mark
7090:
7069:
7051:
7030:
7013:
7008:
7000:
6996:
6988:
6984:
6972:
6968:
6960:
6956:
6948:
6944:
6932:
6928:
6920:
6916:
6908:
6904:
6896:
6892:
6880:
6876:
6864:
6860:
6852:
6848:
6840:
6836:
6828:
6824:
6816:
6812:
6804:
6800:
6792:
6788:
6780:
6776:
6768:
6764:
6756:
6752:
6744:
6737:
6729:
6725:
6717:
6713:
6705:
6701:
6693:
6689:
6681:
6677:
6669:
6665:
6657:
6653:
6645:
6641:
6633:
6629:
6620:
6618:
6607:, p. 175;
6603:
6599:
6591:
6582:
6570:
6566:
6558:
6554:
6546:
6542:
6534:
6530:
6523:
6507:
6500:
6492:
6488:
6480:
6476:
6468:
6464:
6456:
6452:
6440:
6436:
6429:
6405:
6382:
6374:
6370:
6362:
6358:
6350:
6346:
6338:
6331:
6323:
6314:
6306:
6299:
6291:
6284:
6275:
6273:
6262:, p. 190;
6258:
6254:
6245:
6243:
6232:, p. 204;
6228:
6224:
6216:
6212:
6203:
6201:
6190:, p. 166;
6186:
6182:
6173:
6171:
6160:, p. 165;
6156:
6152:
6144:
6137:
6129:
6125:
6117:
6113:
6105:
6098:
6090:
6086:
6078:
6071:
6055:, p. 276;
6051:, p. 183;
6047:
6043:
6035:
6031:
6023:
6019:
6011:
6007:
5999:
5995:
5983:
5979:
5970:
5968:
5957:, p. 151;
5953:
5949:
5940:
5938:
5923:
5919:
5911:
5907:
5899:
5892:
5884:, p. 243;
5880:
5873:
5865:
5861:
5853:
5849:
5841:
5834:
5826:
5822:
5814:
5810:
5802:, p. 180;
5798:
5794:
5786:
5777:
5769:
5762:
5754:
5747:
5739:
5735:
5727:
5723:
5715:
5711:
5703:
5699:
5691:
5687:
5679:
5675:
5667:
5663:
5655:
5651:
5643:
5639:
5627:
5623:
5615:
5611:
5603:
5599:
5591:
5587:
5578:
5576:
5565:
5561:
5553:, p. 117;
5549:
5545:
5536:
5534:
5523:, p. 138;
5519:
5515:
5507:
5498:
5490:
5486:
5478:
5471:
5463:
5456:
5448:
5444:
5436:
5429:
5421:, p. 177;
5417:
5413:
5405:
5401:
5393:, p. 176;
5389:
5385:
5377:, p. 106;
5373:, p. 113;
5369:, p. 176;
5365:
5361:
5353:, p. 176;
5349:, p. 121;
5345:
5341:
5333:
5329:
5321:
5317:
5309:
5305:
5297:
5293:
5285:
5281:
5269:, p. 173;
5265:
5261:
5253:, p. 163;
5249:
5245:
5237:
5233:
5225:
5221:
5213:
5209:
5201:
5197:
5189:, p. 158;
5185:
5178:
5170:, p. 175;
5166:
5162:
5154:
5147:
5139:
5135:
5127:
5123:
5115:
5111:
5103:
5096:
5088:
5084:
5076:
5069:
5061:
5057:
5049:
5045:
5037:
5033:
5025:
5018:
5010:
5006:
4998:
4989:
4981:
4977:
4969:
4965:
4953:
4949:
4941:
4937:
4925:
4921:
4909:
4905:
4899:Gillingham 1994
4897:
4893:
4887:Gillingham 1994
4885:
4881:
4873:
4869:
4861:
4852:
4844:
4840:
4832:
4828:
4820:
4813:
4805:
4798:
4790:
4786:
4778:
4774:
4766:
4762:
4754:
4750:
4742:
4733:
4721:
4717:
4709:
4705:
4697:
4693:
4685:
4674:
4666:
4662:
4650:
4646:
4638:
4634:
4622:
4618:
4606:
4602:
4594:
4590:
4578:
4574:
4566:
4562:
4554:
4547:
4539:
4535:
4527:
4523:
4513:Helmerichs 2001
4511:
4507:
4495:
4491:
4483:
4479:
4467:
4463:
4455:
4448:
4440:
4433:
4425:
4421:
4413:
4409:
4401:
4397:
4389:, p. 163;
4385:
4381:
4365:
4358:
4346:
4342:
4334:
4330:
4322:
4318:
4310:
4303:
4295:
4291:
4279:
4275:
4267:
4263:
4255:, p. 161;
4247:
4243:
4235:
4226:
4218:, p. 213;
4214:, p. 465;
4210:
4206:
4198:
4194:
4186:
4182:
4174:
4165:
4157:, p. 463;
4153:
4149:
4137:
4130:
4122:, p. 463;
4118:
4111:
4103:
4099:
4091:
4084:
4076:
4072:
4064:
4055:
4047:
4043:
4035:
4031:
4023:
4019:
4011:
4004:
3996:
3992:
3984:
3980:
3972:
3968:
3960:, p. 309;
3956:
3952:
3944:
3940:
3928:
3924:
3916:
3912:
3904:
3900:
3892:
3888:
3880:
3876:
3868:
3864:
3852:
3848:
3836:
3832:
3824:
3820:
3812:
3803:
3795:
3791:
3783:
3779:
3770:
3768:
3757:, p. 148;
3749:
3745:
3736:
3734:
3719:
3715:
3707:
3698:
3690:
3686:
3678:
3674:
3666:
3662:
3654:
3647:
3639:
3635:
3627:
3623:
3615:
3608:
3600:
3593:
3585:
3581:
3573:
3569:
3561:
3557:
3548:
3546:
3531:
3527:
3518:
3516:
3501:
3497:
3488:
3486:
3475:, p. 199;
3467:
3458:
3449:
3447:
3436:
3432:
3424:
3417:
3408:
3406:
3391:
3387:
3379:
3375:
3367:
3363:
3355:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3328:
3321:
3313:
3309:
3300:
3298:
3283:
3279:
3271:
3267:
3259:
3255:
3247:
3243:
3235:
3231:
3223:
3219:
3211:
3204:
3192:
3188:
3180:
3176:
3167:
3165:
3154:
3135:
3126:
3124:
3109:
3105:
3097:
3093:
3085:
3081:
3072:
3070:
3055:
3051:
3039:
3035:
3027:
3023:
3015:
3011:
2999:
2995:
2987:
2980:
2972:
2968:
2960:
2956:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2894:
2890:
2878:The chronicler
2877:
2873:
2867:
2863:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2828:
2824:
2815:
2811:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2781:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2745:much to blame".
2743:
2739:
2728:
2724:
2715:The chronicler
2714:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2695:Orderic Vitalis
2692:
2688:
2675:
2671:
2657:
2653:
2643:
2639:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2586:Empress Matilda
2074:
2058:Brother Cadfael
2046:
2040:
2038:Popular culture
1958:
1953:
1886:
1864:domina Anglorum
1846:domina Anglorum
1842:regina Anglorum
1821:regina Anglorum
1720:domina Anglorum
1714:regina Anglorum
1654:
1649:
1616:
1579:
1554:Pope Eugene III
1512:
1446:
1382:
1376:
1341:Tower of London
1326:domina Anglorum
1283:
1280:J: River Witham
1253:A: Welsh forces
1239:
1139:
1134:
1128:
1090:Gloucestershire
1043:
948:
929:Rouen Cathedral
908:
867:Fulk V of Anjou
842:
837:
798:Robert Curthose
779:to travel from
765:sinking of 1120
753:
692:
655:Maurice Bourdin
643:Pope Paschal II
576:
571:
516:English Channel
488:
480:Rouen Cathedral
324:
318:Empress Matilda
279:
251:
250:
242:
238:
235:
225:
217:
213:
210:
192:
191:
186:Rouen Cathedral
163:
145:
142:
92:
64:
46:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10068:
10058:
10057:
10052:
10047:
10042:
10037:
10032:
10027:
10022:
10017:
10012:
10007:
10002:
9997:
9992:
9987:
9982:
9977:
9972:
9967:
9962:
9957:
9952:
9947:
9942:
9937:
9932:
9927:
9922:
9917:
9912:
9907:
9902:
9897:
9892:
9887:
9870:
9869:
9867:
9866:
9860:
9854:
9848:
9842:
9836:
9830:
9824:
9818:
9812:
9806:
9800:
9794:
9788:
9782:
9776:
9770:
9764:
9758:
9752:
9746:
9740:
9734:
9728:
9722:
9716:
9710:
9704:
9701:
9695:
9689:
9683:
9677:
9671:
9665:
9659:
9656:
9650:
9647:
9641:
9638:
9632:
9626:
9620:
9614:
9608:
9602:
9596:
9593:
9590:
9584:
9578:
9572:
9566:
9563:
9560:
9557:
9551:
9545:
9539:
9536:
9530:
9524:
9517:
9514:
9513:
9506:
9505:
9498:
9491:
9483:
9474:
9473:
9471:
9470:
9465:
9460:
9454:
9452:
9445:
9444:
9442:
9441:
9436:
9431:
9426:
9421:
9416:
9411:
9406:
9401:
9396:
9391:
9386:
9381:
9376:
9371:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9336:
9331:
9326:
9321:
9316:
9311:
9306:
9301:
9296:
9291:
9286:
9281:
9276:
9271:
9266:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9246:
9241:
9236:
9231:
9226:
9221:
9219:Irene Angelina
9216:
9211:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9181:
9176:
9171:
9166:
9161:
9156:
9151:
9146:
9141:
9135:
9133:
9121:
9120:
9118:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9096:
9094:
9082:
9081:
9079:
9078:
9073:
9068:
9063:
9057:
9055:
9043:
9042:
9035:
9034:
9027:
9020:
9012:
9003:
9002:
9000:
8999:
8989:
8978:
8975:
8974:
8972:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8911:
8906:
8901:
8896:
8894:Maria of Spain
8891:
8886:
8881:
8876:
8871:
8866:
8861:
8856:
8851:
8846:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8781:
8775:
8773:
8767:
8766:
8759:
8757:
8755:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8698:
8696:
8690:
8689:
8682:
8681:
8674:
8667:
8659:
8650:
8649:
8647:
8646:
8640:
8637:
8636:
8633:
8632:
8630:
8629:
8624:
8619:
8614:
8609:
8604:
8599:
8594:
8589:
8584:
8579:
8574:
8569:
8563:
8560:
8559:
8557:
8556:
8540:
8539:
8536:
8535:
8533:
8532:
8527:
8518:
8513:
8508:
8507:
8506:
8501:
8491:
8486:
8480:
8477:
8476:
8474:
8473:
8456:
8455:
8452:
8451:
8447:
8446:
8444:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8395:Edward Balliol
8391:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8255:Constantine II
8252:
8247:
8240:
8233:
8226:
8219:
8212:
8204:
8202:
8200:
8199:
8194:
8183:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8082:
8077:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8047:Edgar Ătheling
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7964:
7957:
7949:
7946:
7945:
7942:
7936:
7929:
7928:
7912:
7911:
7904:
7897:
7889:
7881:
7880:
7869:
7864:
7860:
7859:
7854:
7851:
7842:
7837:
7833:
7832:
7830:German royalty
7826:
7825:
7815:
7812:
7795:
7783:
7779:
7778:
7777:Regnal titles
7774:
7773:
7753:
7750:
7745:
7744:
7739:
7738:at BBC History
7733:
7727:
7713:
7712:External links
7710:
7708:
7707:
7702:
7689:
7684:
7671:
7666:
7653:
7628:(2): 129â151,
7617:
7612:
7599:
7594:
7581:
7576:
7563:
7558:
7542:
7537:
7524:
7519:
7506:
7501:
7488:
7483:
7467:
7462:
7449:
7444:
7431:
7426:
7410:
7405:
7392:
7387:
7372:
7367:
7351:
7346:
7330:
7325:
7309:
7304:
7288:
7283:
7270:
7265:
7252:
7247:
7234:
7229:
7213:
7208:
7195:
7190:
7174:
7169:
7156:
7151:
7135:
7130:
7114:
7109:
7093:
7088:
7072:
7067:
7054:
7049:
7033:
7028:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7006:
6994:
6982:
6966:
6954:
6950:Ortenberg 2006
6942:
6936:, p. 21;
6926:
6914:
6902:
6890:
6874:
6858:
6846:
6834:
6822:
6810:
6798:
6786:
6774:
6762:
6750:
6735:
6723:
6711:
6699:
6687:
6675:
6663:
6651:
6639:
6627:
6597:
6580:
6564:
6552:
6540:
6528:
6521:
6498:
6496:, pp. 102
6486:
6474:
6462:
6450:
6434:
6427:
6380:
6368:
6356:
6344:
6329:
6312:
6297:
6282:
6252:
6222:
6210:
6180:
6150:
6135:
6123:
6111:
6096:
6084:
6069:
6041:
6029:
6017:
6005:
5993:
5977:
5947:
5917:
5905:
5890:
5871:
5859:
5847:
5832:
5820:
5808:
5792:
5775:
5760:
5745:
5733:
5721:
5709:
5697:
5685:
5673:
5661:
5649:
5637:
5631:, p. 78;
5621:
5609:
5597:
5585:
5559:
5543:
5513:
5496:
5484:
5469:
5454:
5442:
5427:
5411:
5399:
5383:
5359:
5339:
5327:
5323:Blackburn 1994
5315:
5303:
5291:
5279:
5273:, p. 68;
5267:Carpenter 2004
5259:
5243:
5231:
5219:
5207:
5195:
5191:Carpenter 2004
5176:
5160:
5145:
5133:
5121:
5109:
5094:
5082:
5067:
5055:
5043:
5031:
5016:
5004:
4987:
4975:
4963:
4947:
4935:
4929:, p. 81;
4919:
4903:
4891:
4879:
4867:
4850:
4838:
4826:
4811:
4796:
4784:
4772:
4760:
4748:
4744:Carpenter 2004
4731:
4715:
4703:
4699:Carpenter 2004
4691:
4672:
4660:
4652:Carpenter 2004
4644:
4632:
4616:
4610:, p. 29;
4600:
4588:
4582:, p. 27;
4572:
4560:
4545:
4533:
4521:
4505:
4499:, p. 47;
4489:
4477:
4461:
4446:
4431:
4419:
4407:
4395:
4379:
4369:, p. 72;
4356:
4340:
4328:
4316:
4301:
4297:Hollister 2003
4289:
4283:, p. 38;
4273:
4261:
4241:
4224:
4212:Hollister 2003
4204:
4192:
4180:
4163:
4155:Hollister 2003
4147:
4139:Hollister 2003
4128:
4120:Hollister 2003
4109:
4097:
4082:
4070:
4053:
4049:Hollister 2003
4041:
4029:
4017:
4002:
3990:
3978:
3966:
3958:Hollister 2003
3950:
3946:Hollister 2003
3938:
3932:, p. 51;
3922:
3918:Hollister 2003
3910:
3906:Hollister 2003
3898:
3894:Hollister 2003
3886:
3874:
3870:Hollister 2003
3862:
3854:Hollister 2003
3846:
3842:Carpenter 2004
3830:
3818:
3801:
3799:, pp. 2â3
3789:
3777:
3743:
3713:
3696:
3684:
3672:
3660:
3645:
3633:
3621:
3606:
3591:
3579:
3567:
3555:
3525:
3505:, p. 33;
3495:
3456:
3430:
3415:
3395:, p. 32;
3385:
3373:
3361:
3346:
3334:
3319:
3307:
3287:, p. 12;
3277:
3265:
3253:
3241:
3229:
3217:
3202:
3186:
3174:
3133:
3103:
3091:
3079:
3049:
3041:Hollister 2003
3033:
3029:Hollister 2003
3021:
3009:
3005:Carpenter 2004
2993:
2978:
2976:, pp. 8â9
2966:
2954:
2937:
2930:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2888:
2871:
2861:
2844:
2835:
2822:
2809:
2789:
2779:
2766:
2756:
2747:
2737:
2722:
2708:
2699:
2686:
2669:
2651:
2637:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2597:
2595:
2593:William Adelin
2590:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2576:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2565:Henry of Blois
2562:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
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2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2073:
2070:
2042:Main article:
2039:
2036:
2024:Earl of Onslow
2016:Gesta Stephani
1986:Gesta Stephani
1957:
1956:Historiography
1954:
1952:
1949:
1944:Mortemer Abbey
1893:Mortemer Abbey
1885:
1882:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1615:
1612:
1578:
1575:
1533:Second Crusade
1511:
1508:
1496:Burwell Castle
1461:Devizes Castle
1445:
1442:
1378:Main article:
1375:
1372:
1309:Bristol Castle
1282:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1238:
1235:
1160:Arundel Castle
1138:
1135:
1130:Main article:
1127:
1124:
1108:. The town of
1042:
1039:
974:Henry of Blois
947:
944:
940:Lyons-la-ForĂȘt
907:
904:
841:
838:
836:
833:
752:
749:
691:
688:
680:excommunicated
628:Bruno of Trier
575:
572:
570:
567:
539:William Adelin
487:
484:
459:Angevin Empire
398:English Church
366:, died in the
364:William Adelin
313:
312:
307:
303:
302:
297:
293:
292:
287:
281:
280:
278:
277:
272:
267:
261:
259:
253:
252:
240:
236:
231:
230:
229:
228:
215:
211:
206:
205:
204:
203:
200:
198:
194:
193:
190:
189:
183:
176:
175:
173:
169:
168:
160:
156:
155:
137:
133:
132:
129:
128:
125:
121:
120:
117:
113:
112:
106:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
90:
84:
83:
80:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
63:
62:
57:
51:
48:
47:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10067:
10056:
10053:
10051:
10048:
10046:
10043:
10041:
10038:
10036:
10033:
10031:
10028:
10026:
10023:
10021:
10018:
10016:
10013:
10011:
10008:
10006:
10003:
10001:
9998:
9996:
9993:
9991:
9988:
9986:
9983:
9981:
9978:
9976:
9973:
9971:
9968:
9966:
9963:
9961:
9958:
9956:
9953:
9951:
9948:
9946:
9943:
9941:
9938:
9936:
9933:
9931:
9928:
9926:
9923:
9921:
9920:Anglo-Normans
9918:
9916:
9913:
9911:
9908:
9906:
9903:
9901:
9898:
9896:
9893:
9891:
9888:
9886:
9883:
9882:
9880:
9864:
9861:
9858:
9855:
9852:
9849:
9846:
9843:
9840:
9837:
9834:
9831:
9828:
9825:
9822:
9819:
9816:
9813:
9810:
9807:
9804:
9801:
9798:
9795:
9793: (1244?)
9792:
9791:Bianca Lancia
9789:
9786:
9783:
9780:
9777:
9774:
9771:
9768:
9765:
9762:
9759:
9756:
9753:
9750:
9747:
9744:
9741:
9738:
9735:
9732:
9729:
9726:
9723:
9720:
9717:
9714:
9711:
9708:
9705:
9702:
9699:
9696:
9693:
9690:
9687:
9684:
9681:
9678:
9675:
9672:
9669:
9666:
9663:
9660:
9657:
9654:
9651:
9648:
9645:
9642:
9639:
9636:
9633:
9630:
9627:
9624:
9621:
9618:
9615:
9612:
9609:
9606:
9603:
9600:
9597:
9594:
9591:
9588:
9585:
9582:
9579:
9576:
9573:
9570:
9567:
9564:
9561:
9558:
9555:
9552:
9549:
9546:
9543:
9540:
9537:
9534:
9531:
9528:
9525:
9522:
9519:
9518:
9515:
9511:
9504:
9499:
9497:
9492:
9490:
9485:
9484:
9481:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9449:German Empire
9446:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9430:
9427:
9425:
9424:Maria Theresa
9422:
9420:
9417:
9415:
9412:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9369:Anna of Tyrol
9367:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9335:
9332:
9330:
9327:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9305:
9302:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9292:
9290:
9287:
9285:
9282:
9280:
9277:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9249:Bianca Lancia
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9137:
9136:
9134:
9131:
9126:
9122:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9087:
9083:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9067:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9048:
9044:
9040:
9033:
9028:
9026:
9021:
9019:
9014:
9013:
9010:
8998:
8990:
8988:
8984:
8980:
8979:
8976:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8899:Anna of Tyrol
8897:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8855:
8852:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8776:
8774:
8772:
8768:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8699:
8697:
8695:
8691:
8687:
8680:
8675:
8673:
8668:
8666:
8661:
8660:
8657:
8645:
8642:
8641:
8638:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8568:
8565:
8564:
8561:
8555:
8554:
8549:
8548:
8545:
8541:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8514:
8512:
8509:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8496:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8481:
8478:
8472:
8470:
8465:
8464:
8461:
8457:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8396:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8374:
8370:
8368:
8367:Alexander III
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8282:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8245:
8241:
8239:
8238:
8234:
8232:
8231:
8227:
8225:
8224:
8223:Constantine I
8220:
8218:
8217:
8213:
8211:
8210:
8206:
8205:
8203:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8192:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8181:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8104:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8087:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8075:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8048:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8011:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7969:
7965:
7963:
7962:
7958:
7956:
7955:
7951:
7950:
7948:
7947:
7943:
7940:
7939:
7934:
7930:
7925:
7921:
7917:
7910:
7905:
7903:
7898:
7896:
7891:
7890:
7887:
7877:
7876:
7867:
7861:
7857:
7848:
7847:
7840:
7834:
7831:
7827:
7823:
7822:
7809:
7808:
7807:
7800:
7793:
7792:
7786:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7764:February 1102
7763:
7758:
7757:
7748:
7743:
7740:
7737:
7734:
7731:
7728:
7725:
7720:
7716:
7715:
7705:
7699:
7695:
7690:
7687:
7681:
7677:
7672:
7669:
7663:
7659:
7654:
7651:
7647:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7618:
7615:
7609:
7605:
7600:
7597:
7591:
7587:
7582:
7579:
7573:
7569:
7564:
7561:
7555:
7551:
7547:
7543:
7540:
7534:
7530:
7525:
7522:
7516:
7512:
7507:
7504:
7498:
7494:
7489:
7486:
7480:
7476:
7472:
7468:
7465:
7459:
7455:
7450:
7447:
7441:
7437:
7432:
7429:
7423:
7419:
7415:
7411:
7408:
7402:
7398:
7393:
7390:
7384:
7380:
7379:
7373:
7370:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7352:
7349:
7343:
7339:
7335:
7334:Green, Judith
7331:
7328:
7322:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7307:
7301:
7297:
7293:
7289:
7286:
7280:
7276:
7271:
7268:
7262:
7258:
7253:
7250:
7244:
7240:
7235:
7232:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7217:Crouch, David
7214:
7211:
7205:
7201:
7196:
7193:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7175:
7172:
7166:
7162:
7157:
7154:
7148:
7144:
7140:
7136:
7133:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7118:Bradbury, Jim
7115:
7112:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7091:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7070:
7064:
7060:
7055:
7052:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7037:Barlow, Frank
7034:
7031:
7025:
7021:
7016:
7015:
7003:
7002:Chibnall 1991
6998:
6992:, p. 119
6991:
6990:Lovelace 2003
6986:
6979:
6975:
6970:
6963:
6958:
6952:, p. 188
6951:
6946:
6939:
6938:Chibnall 1991
6935:
6934:Tolhurst 2013
6930:
6923:
6922:Tolhurst 2013
6918:
6911:
6910:Chibnall 1991
6906:
6900:, p. 204
6899:
6898:Chibnall 1991
6894:
6887:
6883:
6882:Chibnall 1991
6878:
6871:
6870:Tolhurst 2013
6867:
6866:Chibnall 1991
6862:
6855:
6854:Chibnall 1991
6850:
6843:
6842:Chibnall 1991
6838:
6831:
6830:Chibnall 1991
6826:
6820:, p. 201
6819:
6818:Chibnall 1991
6814:
6807:
6806:Chibnall 1991
6802:
6796:, p. 200
6795:
6794:Chibnall 1991
6790:
6783:
6782:Chibnall 1991
6778:
6772:, p. 195
6771:
6770:Chibnall 1991
6766:
6760:, p. 197
6759:
6758:Chibnall 1991
6754:
6747:
6746:Chibnall 1991
6742:
6740:
6733:, p. 188
6732:
6731:Chibnall 1991
6727:
6720:
6719:Chibnall 1991
6715:
6708:
6707:Chibnall 1991
6703:
6696:
6695:Chibnall 1991
6691:
6684:
6683:Chibnall 1991
6679:
6673:, p. 177
6672:
6671:Chibnall 1991
6667:
6660:
6659:Chibnall 1991
6655:
6649:, p. 161
6648:
6647:Chibnall 1991
6643:
6637:, p. 175
6636:
6635:Chibnall 1991
6631:
6616:
6612:
6606:
6605:Chibnall 1991
6601:
6594:
6589:
6587:
6585:
6578:, p. 175
6577:
6576:Chibnall 1991
6573:
6568:
6561:
6556:
6549:
6544:
6537:
6532:
6524:
6518:
6514:
6513:
6505:
6503:
6495:
6494:Chibnall 1991
6490:
6483:
6482:Chibnall 1991
6478:
6471:
6466:
6459:
6458:Tolhurst 2013
6454:
6447:
6443:
6442:Tolhurst 2013
6438:
6430:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6411:
6403:
6401:
6399:
6397:
6395:
6393:
6391:
6389:
6387:
6385:
6377:
6376:Tolhurst 2013
6372:
6365:
6364:Tolhurst 2013
6360:
6353:
6352:Chibnall 1991
6348:
6341:
6340:Chibnall 1991
6336:
6334:
6327:, p. 192
6326:
6325:Chibnall 1991
6321:
6319:
6317:
6310:, p. 191
6309:
6308:Chibnall 1991
6304:
6302:
6294:
6293:Chibnall 1991
6289:
6287:
6271:
6267:
6261:
6260:Chibnall 1991
6256:
6241:
6237:
6231:
6230:Chibnall 1991
6226:
6220:, p. 288
6219:
6218:Chibnall 1999
6214:
6199:
6195:
6189:
6188:Chibnall 1991
6184:
6169:
6165:
6159:
6158:Chibnall 1991
6154:
6148:, p. 165
6147:
6146:Chibnall 1991
6142:
6140:
6132:
6131:Chibnall 1991
6127:
6120:
6119:Chibnall 1991
6115:
6108:
6107:Chibnall 1991
6103:
6101:
6094:, p. 189
6093:
6092:Chibnall 1991
6088:
6082:, p. 157
6081:
6080:Chibnall 1991
6076:
6074:
6066:
6062:
6061:Bradbury 2009
6058:
6054:
6050:
6049:Bradbury 2009
6045:
6038:
6037:Bradbury 2009
6033:
6027:, p. 155
6026:
6025:Chibnall 1991
6021:
6014:
6013:Chibnall 1991
6009:
6003:, p. 147
6002:
6001:Chibnall 1991
5997:
5991:, p. 157
5990:
5989:Bradbury 2009
5986:
5985:Chibnall 1991
5981:
5966:
5962:
5956:
5955:Chibnall 1991
5951:
5936:
5932:
5926:
5925:Chibnall 1991
5921:
5914:
5913:Chibnall 1991
5909:
5903:, p. 148
5902:
5901:Chibnall 1991
5897:
5895:
5888:, p. 180
5887:
5883:
5878:
5876:
5869:, p. 146
5868:
5867:Chibnall 1991
5863:
5857:, p. 145
5856:
5855:Chibnall 1991
5851:
5845:, p. 144
5844:
5843:Chibnall 1991
5839:
5837:
5829:
5828:Chibnall 1991
5824:
5817:
5812:
5805:
5804:Chibnall 1991
5801:
5796:
5790:, p. 180
5789:
5784:
5782:
5780:
5773:, p. 121
5772:
5771:Chibnall 1991
5767:
5765:
5758:, p. 146
5757:
5756:Bradbury 2009
5752:
5750:
5743:, p. 147
5742:
5741:Bradbury 2009
5737:
5731:, p. 158
5730:
5729:Bradbury 2009
5725:
5718:
5713:
5707:, p. 179
5706:
5701:
5695:, p. 144
5694:
5693:Bradbury 2009
5689:
5683:, p. 141
5682:
5681:Bradbury 2009
5677:
5671:, p. 140
5670:
5669:Bradbury 2009
5665:
5659:, p. 139
5658:
5657:Bradbury 2009
5653:
5647:, p. 120
5646:
5645:Chibnall 1991
5641:
5634:
5633:Chibnall 1991
5630:
5625:
5618:
5617:Chibnall 1991
5613:
5606:
5605:Chibnall 1991
5601:
5595:, p. 118
5594:
5593:Chibnall 1991
5589:
5574:
5570:
5563:
5557:, p. 138
5556:
5555:Bradbury 2009
5552:
5551:Chibnall 1991
5547:
5532:
5528:
5522:
5521:Bradbury 2009
5517:
5511:, p. 137
5510:
5509:Bradbury 2009
5505:
5503:
5501:
5493:
5492:Chibnall 1991
5488:
5482:, p. 136
5481:
5480:Bradbury 2009
5476:
5474:
5467:, p. 178
5466:
5461:
5459:
5451:
5446:
5440:, p. 177
5439:
5434:
5432:
5425:, p. 114
5424:
5423:Chibnall 1991
5420:
5415:
5409:, p. 113
5408:
5407:Chibnall 1991
5403:
5397:, p. 113
5396:
5395:Chibnall 1991
5392:
5387:
5381:, p. 261
5380:
5376:
5372:
5371:Chibnall 1991
5368:
5363:
5357:, p. 113
5356:
5355:Chibnall 1991
5352:
5348:
5347:Bradbury 2009
5343:
5337:, p. 176
5336:
5331:
5325:, p. 199
5324:
5319:
5312:
5307:
5300:
5295:
5288:
5283:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5263:
5256:
5255:Chibnall 1991
5252:
5247:
5241:, p. 103
5240:
5239:Chibnall 1991
5235:
5229:, p. 102
5228:
5227:Chibnall 1991
5223:
5216:
5215:Chibnall 1991
5211:
5204:
5203:Chibnall 1991
5199:
5193:, p. 171
5192:
5188:
5183:
5181:
5173:
5169:
5164:
5158:, p. 156
5157:
5152:
5150:
5143:, p. 155
5142:
5137:
5131:, p. 154
5130:
5125:
5118:
5117:Bradbury 2009
5113:
5107:, p. 108
5106:
5105:Bradbury 2009
5101:
5099:
5092:, p. 260
5091:
5086:
5080:, p. 105
5079:
5078:Bradbury 2009
5074:
5072:
5064:
5059:
5053:, p. 110
5052:
5051:Bradbury 2009
5047:
5040:
5039:Chibnall 1991
5035:
5028:
5027:Bradbury 2009
5023:
5021:
5013:
5012:Bradbury 2009
5008:
5001:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4984:
4979:
4972:
4971:Bradbury 2009
4967:
4960:
4956:
4955:Bradbury 2009
4951:
4944:
4939:
4932:
4928:
4927:Bradbury 2009
4923:
4916:
4912:
4911:Chibnall 1991
4907:
4900:
4895:
4888:
4883:
4876:
4875:Bradbury 2009
4871:
4864:
4863:Bradbury 2009
4859:
4857:
4855:
4847:
4842:
4836:, p. 116
4835:
4830:
4823:
4818:
4816:
4808:
4807:Chibnall 1991
4803:
4801:
4793:
4792:Chibnall 1991
4788:
4781:
4780:Chibnall 1991
4776:
4770:, p. 256
4769:
4764:
4757:
4756:Bradbury 2009
4752:
4746:, p. 166
4745:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4728:
4727:Bradbury 2009
4724:
4723:Chibnall 1991
4719:
4712:
4711:Stringer 1993
4707:
4701:, p. 169
4700:
4695:
4689:, p. 169
4688:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4669:
4668:Bradbury 2009
4664:
4657:
4653:
4648:
4641:
4636:
4629:
4625:
4620:
4613:
4609:
4604:
4597:
4592:
4586:, p. 102
4585:
4581:
4576:
4569:
4564:
4558:, p. 168
4557:
4552:
4550:
4542:
4541:Chibnall 1991
4537:
4530:
4529:Chibnall 1991
4525:
4519:, p. 245
4518:
4514:
4509:
4503:, p. 163
4502:
4498:
4493:
4486:
4481:
4474:
4470:
4465:
4458:
4453:
4451:
4443:
4438:
4436:
4429:, p. 247
4428:
4423:
4416:
4411:
4404:
4399:
4392:
4388:
4383:
4376:
4375:Tolhurst 2013
4372:
4371:Chibnall 1991
4368:
4363:
4361:
4353:
4349:
4348:Chibnall 1991
4344:
4337:
4336:Chibnall 1991
4332:
4326:, p. 246
4325:
4320:
4313:
4312:Chibnall 1991
4308:
4306:
4298:
4293:
4287:, p. 162
4286:
4282:
4277:
4270:
4265:
4258:
4257:Chibnall 1991
4254:
4251:, p. 9;
4250:
4249:Bradbury 2009
4245:
4238:
4237:Chibnall 1991
4233:
4231:
4229:
4221:
4220:Chibnall 1991
4217:
4213:
4208:
4201:
4200:Chibnall 1991
4196:
4189:
4188:Chibnall 1991
4184:
4177:
4176:Chibnall 1991
4172:
4170:
4168:
4160:
4156:
4151:
4144:
4140:
4135:
4133:
4125:
4124:Chibnall 1991
4121:
4116:
4114:
4106:
4105:Chibnall 1991
4101:
4094:
4093:Chibnall 1991
4089:
4087:
4079:
4078:Chibnall 1991
4074:
4067:
4066:Chibnall 1991
4062:
4060:
4058:
4051:, p. 290
4050:
4045:
4038:
4037:Chibnall 1991
4033:
4026:
4025:Chibnall 1991
4021:
4014:
4013:Chibnall 1991
4009:
4007:
3999:
3998:Chibnall 1991
3994:
3987:
3986:Chibnall 1991
3982:
3975:
3970:
3963:
3962:Chibnall 1991
3959:
3954:
3948:, p. 309
3947:
3942:
3935:
3931:
3930:Chibnall 1991
3926:
3920:, p. 396
3919:
3914:
3907:
3902:
3895:
3890:
3884:, p. 168
3883:
3878:
3872:, p. 310
3871:
3866:
3860:, p. 170
3859:
3855:
3850:
3844:, p. 124
3843:
3839:
3838:Huscroft 2005
3834:
3827:
3826:Tolhurst 2013
3822:
3816:, p. 162
3815:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3798:
3797:Bradbury 2009
3793:
3786:
3785:Bradbury 2009
3781:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3752:
3751:Chibnall 1991
3747:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3721:Chibnall 1991
3717:
3710:
3709:Chibnall 1991
3705:
3703:
3701:
3693:
3692:Chibnall 1991
3688:
3681:
3680:Chibnall 1991
3676:
3669:
3668:Chibnall 1991
3664:
3657:
3656:Chibnall 1991
3652:
3650:
3642:
3641:Chibnall 1991
3637:
3630:
3629:Chibnall 1991
3625:
3618:
3617:Chibnall 1991
3613:
3611:
3603:
3602:Chibnall 1991
3598:
3596:
3588:
3587:Chibnall 1991
3583:
3576:
3575:Chibnall 1991
3571:
3564:
3563:Chibnall 1991
3559:
3544:
3540:
3534:
3533:Chibnall 1991
3529:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3503:Chibnall 1991
3499:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3470:
3469:Chibnall 1991
3465:
3463:
3461:
3445:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3426:Chibnall 1991
3422:
3420:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3393:Chibnall 1991
3389:
3382:
3381:Chibnall 1991
3377:
3370:
3369:Chibnall 1991
3365:
3358:
3357:Chibnall 1991
3353:
3351:
3343:
3342:Chibnall 1991
3338:
3331:
3330:Chibnall 1991
3326:
3324:
3316:
3315:Chibnall 1991
3311:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3281:
3274:
3273:Chibnall 1991
3269:
3262:
3261:Chibnall 1991
3257:
3250:
3249:Chibnall 1991
3245:
3238:
3233:
3226:
3225:Chibnall 1991
3221:
3214:
3213:Chibnall 1991
3209:
3207:
3199:
3198:Chibnall 1991
3195:
3190:
3183:
3182:Chibnall 1991
3178:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3111:Chibnall 1991
3107:
3100:
3099:Chibnall 1991
3095:
3088:
3083:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3057:Chibnall 1991
3053:
3047:, p. 137
3046:
3045:Thompson 2003
3042:
3037:
3030:
3025:
3018:
3013:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2990:
2989:Chibnall 1991
2985:
2983:
2975:
2974:Chibnall 1991
2970:
2963:
2958:
2950:
2949:
2941:
2933:
2931:9780863501012
2927:
2923:
2922:
2914:
2910:
2898:
2892:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2865:
2858:
2854:
2853:Oxford Castle
2848:
2839:
2832:
2826:
2819:
2813:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2783:
2776:
2770:
2760:
2751:
2741:
2733:
2726:
2718:
2712:
2703:
2696:
2690:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2606:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2532:
2530:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2502:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2490:
2470:
2462:
2460:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2412:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2366:
2363:
2355:
2353:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2323:
2315:
2313:
2305:
2303:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2259:
2252:
2226:
2223:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2179:
2163:
2161:
2145:
2143:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2111:
2104:
2080:
2077:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1904:monastery of
1903:
1894:
1890:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1817:
1816:Reading Abbey
1813:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1701:
1700:primogeniture
1696:
1690:
1688:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1663:
1658:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1630:. Her tomb's
1629:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1600:
1597:
1596:Thomas Becket
1588:
1587:Thomas Becket
1583:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1526:holding court
1525:
1522:and his wife
1521:
1516:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1480:Earl of Essex
1477:
1473:
1472:Wilton Castle
1468:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1441:
1439:
1434:
1433:Oxford Castle
1430:
1426:
1420:
1419:and Wareham.
1418:
1414:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1390:Oxford Castle
1386:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1268:F: Fosse Dyke
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1192:Herefordshire
1189:
1188:Thames Valley
1185:
1179:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1143:
1137:Initial moves
1133:
1123:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:Welsh Marches
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
993:
990:
986:
981:
979:
975:
969:
967:
962:
952:
943:
941:
936:
932:
930:
926:
921:
917:
912:
903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
879:
876:
872:
868:
864:
858:
851:
846:
832:
830:
826:
825:William Clito
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
801:
799:
795:
794:William Rufus
790:
789:primogeniture
785:
782:
778:
774:
773:
764:
763:
757:
748:
746:
741:
735:
733:
729:
725:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
687:
685:
681:
675:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
651:
648:
644:
640:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
580:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
549:, her cousin
548:
544:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
436:Oxford Castle
433:
429:
427:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
339:and ruler of
338:
334:
330:
319:
311:
308:
304:
301:
298:
294:
291:
288:
286:
282:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
262:
260:
258:
254:
234:
227:
226:
209:
202:
201:
199:
195:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
170:
166:
161:
157:
153:
149:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
107:
103:
99:
95:
89:
85:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
61:
58:
56:
53:
52:
49:
45:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
9865: (1946)
9799: (1311)
9769: (1212)
9742:
9544: (560s)
9527:Amalasuintha
9419:Maria Amalia
9183:
9086:East Francia
9047:East Francia
8813:
8643:
8622:Elizabeth II
8550:
8466:
8393:
8371:
8362:Alexander II
8279:
8242:
8235:
8228:
8221:
8214:
8207:
8189:
8178:
8101:
8084:
8073:
8072:
8045:
8008:
7966:
7959:
7952:
7871:
7844:
7820:
7819:
7804:
7803:
7798:
7790:
7789:
7768:
7761:
7754:
7693:
7675:
7657:
7625:
7621:
7603:
7585:
7567:
7549:
7528:
7510:
7492:
7474:
7471:Leyser, Karl
7454:King Stephen
7453:
7435:
7417:
7396:
7377:
7358:
7337:
7316:
7296:King Stephen
7295:
7274:
7256:
7238:
7220:
7199:
7181:
7160:
7142:
7121:
7100:
7079:
7058:
7040:
7019:
7011:Bibliography
7004:, p. ix
6997:
6985:
6969:
6964:, p. 62
6957:
6945:
6929:
6924:, p. 21
6917:
6905:
6893:
6888:, p. 14
6877:
6872:, p. 19
6861:
6849:
6837:
6825:
6813:
6801:
6789:
6777:
6765:
6753:
6726:
6714:
6702:
6690:
6678:
6666:
6654:
6642:
6630:
6619:, retrieved
6614:
6600:
6595:, p. 39
6567:
6562:, p. 44
6555:
6543:
6531:
6511:
6489:
6477:
6465:
6460:, p. 38
6453:
6437:
6409:
6371:
6359:
6347:
6342:, p. 48
6274:, retrieved
6269:
6255:
6244:, retrieved
6239:
6225:
6213:
6202:, retrieved
6197:
6183:
6172:, retrieved
6167:
6153:
6126:
6114:
6087:
6044:
6032:
6020:
6008:
5996:
5980:
5969:, retrieved
5964:
5950:
5939:, retrieved
5934:
5920:
5908:
5862:
5850:
5823:
5811:
5795:
5736:
5724:
5712:
5700:
5688:
5676:
5664:
5652:
5640:
5624:
5612:
5600:
5588:
5577:, retrieved
5572:
5562:
5546:
5535:, retrieved
5530:
5516:
5487:
5445:
5414:
5402:
5386:
5375:Bennett 2000
5362:
5342:
5330:
5318:
5306:
5301:, p. 67
5294:
5289:, p. 52
5287:Crouch 2008b
5282:
5277:, p. 47
5275:Crouch 2008b
5262:
5246:
5234:
5222:
5217:, p. 98
5210:
5198:
5174:, p. 57
5163:
5136:
5124:
5112:
5085:
5065:, p. 52
5058:
5046:
5041:, p. 92
5034:
5029:, p. 90
5014:, p. 88
5007:
5002:, p. 43
4985:, p. 42
4978:
4966:
4961:, p. 47
4950:
4945:, p. 37
4938:
4922:
4917:, p. 36
4906:
4894:
4889:, p. 31
4882:
4877:, p. 79
4870:
4865:, p. 78
4848:, p. 40
4841:
4829:
4824:, p. 39
4794:, p. 75
4787:
4782:, p. 74
4775:
4763:
4758:, p. 67
4751:
4729:, p. 25
4718:
4713:, p. 18
4706:
4694:
4663:
4647:
4642:, p. 53
4635:
4628:Crouch 2008b
4619:
4608:Crouch 2008a
4603:
4598:, p. 28
4591:
4584:Bennett 2000
4575:
4570:, p. 47
4568:Crouch 2008b
4563:
4536:
4524:
4508:
4492:
4480:
4464:
4459:, p. 47
4444:, p. 52
4422:
4410:
4405:, p. 43
4398:
4393:, p. 43
4382:
4354:, p. 72
4343:
4331:
4319:
4314:, p. 65
4292:
4285:Crouch 2008a
4276:
4264:
4259:, p. 61
4244:
4239:, p. 61
4222:, p. 60
4207:
4202:, p. 60
4195:
4190:, p. 57
4183:
4178:, p. 59
4150:
4126:, p. 57
4100:
4095:, p. 56
4073:
4068:, p. 55
4044:
4032:
4027:, p. 54
4020:
3993:
3988:, p. 51
3981:
3969:
3964:, p. 51
3953:
3941:
3936:, p. 18
3925:
3913:
3901:
3889:
3877:
3865:
3849:
3833:
3828:, p. 28
3821:
3792:
3780:
3769:, retrieved
3764:
3755:Vincent 2006
3746:
3735:, retrieved
3730:
3716:
3711:, p. 43
3694:, p. 41
3687:
3675:
3670:, p. 39
3663:
3658:, p. 40
3643:, p. 38
3636:
3624:
3604:, p. 34
3582:
3577:, p. 29
3570:
3565:, p. 33
3558:
3547:, retrieved
3542:
3528:
3517:, retrieved
3512:
3498:
3487:, retrieved
3482:
3448:, retrieved
3443:
3433:
3428:, p. 32
3407:, retrieved
3402:
3388:
3376:
3364:
3359:, p. 28
3344:, p. 27
3337:
3317:, p. 26
3310:
3299:, retrieved
3294:
3280:
3275:, p. 25
3268:
3263:, p. 17
3256:
3251:, p. 24
3244:
3232:
3220:
3215:, p. 16
3200:, p. 16
3189:
3177:
3166:, retrieved
3161:
3125:, retrieved
3120:
3106:
3094:
3082:
3071:, retrieved
3066:
3052:
3036:
3024:
3012:
2996:
2969:
2957:
2947:
2940:
2920:
2913:
2896:
2891:
2874:
2864:
2857:postern gate
2847:
2838:
2825:
2812:
2792:
2782:
2769:
2759:
2750:
2740:
2725:
2711:
2702:
2689:
2682:Wilton Abbey
2672:
2654:
2640:
2632:
2630:Anglo-Norman
2625:
2621:
2585:
2075:
2054:Ellis Peters
2047:
2026:in 1939 and
2020:
2015:
2008:Kate Norgate
1996:
1984:
1981:
1965:
1933:
1898:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1854:rex Anglorum
1853:
1850:David Crouch
1845:
1841:
1827:coronae meae
1807:
1789:
1783:
1779:
1740:
1735:
1708:rex Anglorum
1704:
1671:
1667:
1620:Bec-Hellouin
1617:
1608:
1601:
1592:
1559:
1542:
1538:
1529:
1492:
1469:
1458:
1438:postern gate
1421:
1409:
1394:
1345:
1322:
1306:
1286:
1216:
1207:South Cerney
1196:
1180:
1172:
1148:
1115:
1075:
1059:
1053:, minted in
1051:silver penny
1016:
994:
982:
970:
957:
937:
933:
913:
909:
880:
874:
859:
855:
802:
786:
776:
770:
768:
760:
736:
720:
693:
676:
652:
636:
620:German queen
609:
585:
536:
512:Anglo-Norman
489:
448:
442:(Thames) to
402:
390:Anglo-Norman
367:
361:
329:Empress Maud
328:
317:
316:
82:25 July 1110
25:
9895:1167 deaths
9890:1102 births
9554:Theodelinda
9451:(1871â1918)
8627:Charles III
8612:Edward VIII
8342:Alexander I
8322:Malcolm III
8297:Kenneth III
8197:Elizabeth I
8159:Richard III
7546:Pain, Nesta
6978:Songer 1998
6974:Rielly 2000
6962:Rielly 2000
6748:, p. 3
6621:22 December
6448:, p. 8
6276:22 December
6246:22 December
6204:22 December
6174:22 December
6065:Barlow 1999
6053:Crouch 2002
5971:22 December
5941:22 December
5886:Barlow 1999
5800:Barlow 1999
5788:Barlow 1999
5719:, p. 7
5705:Barlow 1999
5579:22 December
5537:22 December
5465:Barlow 1999
5450:Barlow 1999
5438:Barlow 1999
5419:Barlow 1999
5391:Barlow 1999
5379:Crouch 2002
5367:Barlow 1999
5351:Barlow 1999
5335:Barlow 1999
5090:Crouch 2002
4768:Crouch 2002
4687:Barlow 1999
4656:Crouch 1994
4624:Crouch 2002
4556:Barlow 1999
4517:Crouch 2002
4501:Barlow 1999
4485:Barlow 1999
4473:Barlow 1999
4427:Crouch 2002
4387:Barlow 1999
4367:Castor 2010
4352:Castor 2010
4324:Crouch 2002
4253:Barlow 1999
3814:Barlow 1999
3787:, p. 1
3771:22 December
3737:22 December
3489:22 December
3473:Leyser 1982
3409:22 December
3301:22 December
3239:, p. 8
3194:Leyser 1982
3168:22 December
3127:22 December
3089:, p. 7
3073:22 December
3001:Newman 1988
2991:, p. 9
2964:, p. 8
2962:Hanley 2019
2072:Family tree
2012:J. H. Round
1976:the Anarchy
1940:Virgin Mary
1902:Benedictine
1804:interregnum
1761:Old English
1746:Old English
1604:Frederick I
1413:Cirencester
1352:River Seine
1313:Westminster
1227:Isle of Ely
1223:East Anglia
1164:Wallingford
1132:The Anarchy
985:Le Neubourg
946:Road to war
700:Lotharingia
605:Westminster
333:the Anarchy
105:Predecessor
91:(disputed)
9879:Categories
9542:Chlothsind
9533:Matasuntha
9132:(962â1806)
9127:within the
9049:during the
8602:Edward VII
8592:William IV
8582:George III
8511:Charles II
8406:Robert III
8352:Malcolm IV
8327:Donald III
8302:Malcolm II
8287:Kenneth II
8169:Henry VIII
8129:Richard II
8124:Edward III
8058:William II
8031:Harthacnut
7879:1110â1125
7850:1110â1125
6593:White 2000
6572:White 2000
6560:White 2000
6548:White 2000
6536:White 2000
5816:Davis 1977
5629:Davis 1977
5311:Davis 1977
5299:Davis 1977
5271:Davis 1977
5172:Davis 1977
5063:Davis 1977
5000:Davis 1977
4983:Davis 1977
4959:Davis 1977
4943:White 2000
4931:White 2000
4915:White 2000
4846:Davis 1977
4822:Davis 1977
4596:Davis 1977
4580:Davis 1977
4216:Green 2009
4159:Green 2009
4143:Green 2009
3974:Green 2009
3882:Green 2009
3858:Green 2009
2906:References
2775:Hugh Bigod
2678:Nesta Pain
2028:Nesta Pain
2003:David Hume
1972:chronicler
1936:Cistercian
1910:Victorines
1687:dei gratia
1685:Mathildis
1679:imperatrix
1662:great seal
1660:Matilda's
1577:Later life
1429:River Isis
1317:Winchester
1265:E: William
1262:D: Stephen
1211:Malmesbury
1203:Trowbridge
1102:Shrewsbury
1049:A Matilda
875:White Ship
777:White Ship
772:White Ship
762:White Ship
486:Early life
472:Cistercian
440:River Isis
369:White Ship
148:Winchester
78:Coronation
9575:Hildegard
9521:Audofleda
9144:Theophanu
9093:(919â962)
9088:(911â919)
9071:Richardis
9054:(843â911)
8617:George VI
8587:George IV
8577:George II
8489:Charles I
8471:from 1603
8421:James III
8401:Robert II
8357:William I
8332:Duncan II
8260:Malcolm I
8250:Donald II
8174:Edward VI
8164:Henry VII
8149:Edward IV
8119:Edward II
8109:Henry III
8092:Richard I
8053:William I
7974:Ăthelstan
7650:144398531
7642:0304-4181
6886:Beem 2009
6470:Beem 2016
6446:Beem 2009
6057:King 2010
5882:King 2010
5251:King 2010
5187:King 2010
5168:King 2010
5156:King 2010
5141:King 2010
5129:King 2010
4834:King 2010
4640:King 2010
4612:King 2010
4497:King 2010
4469:King 2010
4457:King 2010
4442:King 2010
4415:King 2010
4403:King 2010
4391:King 2010
4281:King 2010
4269:King 2010
3934:Pain 1978
3285:Pain 1978
3237:Pain 1978
3087:Pain 1978
2720:marriage.
1918:Cherbourg
1833:regni mei
1785:feme sole
1776:ĂthelflĂŠd
1765:hlaefdige
1589:, arguing
1484:Cambridge
1465:Wiltshire
1444:Stalemate
1360:Louis VII
1184:Wiltshire
1126:Civil War
1096:, taking
1071:Yorkshire
1027:Newcastle
925:Bec Abbey
884:Hildebert
728:Frederick
690:Widowhood
663:Pentecost
476:Bec Abbey
180:Bec Abbey
154:, England
146:Possibly
124:Contender
116:Successor
9686:Gerberga
9548:Rosamund
8997:Category
8607:George V
8597:Victoria
8572:George I
8441:James VI
8426:James IV
8416:James II
8389:David II
8384:Robert I
8373:Margaret
8307:Duncan I
8216:Donald I
8154:Edward V
8144:Henry VI
8134:Henry IV
8114:Edward I
8080:Henry II
7979:Edmund I
7968:Ălfweard
7926:monarchs
7920:Scottish
7548:(1978),
7473:(1982),
7336:(2009),
7294:(1977),
7180:(1991),
7141:(2004),
7120:(2009),
7039:(1999),
5717:Amt 1993
2831:Chivalry
2805:Margaret
1808:de facto
1641:Napoleon
1520:Henry II
1249:, 1141:
1176:chivalry
1098:Hereford
1078:Boulogne
1023:Carlisle
989:Theobald
961:Argentan
920:Geoffrey
916:Henry II
906:Disputes
863:Geoffrey
819:. Count
781:Barfleur
599:for his
444:Abingdon
428:Anglorum
378:Normandy
341:Normandy
290:Normandy
167:, France
9110:Eadgyth
8525:Mary II
8431:James V
8411:James I
8347:David I
8312:Macbeth
8244:Eochaid
8139:Henry V
8074:Matilda
8068:Stephen
8063:Henry I
7924:British
7918:,
7916:English
7816:Stephen
7785:Stephen
7736:Matilda
7418:Henry I
7378:Matilda
3549:8 April
3519:8 April
3450:8 April
2818:Arundel
2797:David I
1792:dominus
1772:
1757:
1741:dominus
1732:
1632:epitaph
1524:Eleanor
1417:Bampton
1368:minting
1333:
1259:C: Alan
1231:fenland
1156:Arundel
1151:Wareham
1110:Bristol
1011:Angevin
966:William
896:Le Mans
892:Le Mans
871:Matilda
811:'s son
616:Utrecht
492:Henry I
249:
241:
237:
224:
216:
212:
197:Spouses
127:Stephen
109:Stephen
31:Matilda
8436:Mary I
8317:Lulach
8281:AmlaĂb
8275:Cuilén
8265:Indulf
8191:Philip
8186:Mary I
7989:Eadwig
7984:Eadred
7767:
7700:
7682:
7664:
7648:
7640:
7610:
7592:
7574:
7556:
7535:
7517:
7499:
7481:
7460:
7442:
7424:
7403:
7385:
7365:
7344:
7323:
7302:
7281:
7263:
7245:
7227:
7206:
7188:
7167:
7149:
7128:
7107:
7086:
7065:
7047:
7026:
6519:
6425:
2928:
2869:Henry.
2855:via a
2633:Mehaut
1992:hermit
1951:Legacy
1872:only.
1870:domina
1736:Domina
1725:domina
1626:, the
1624:Rotrou
1548:, the
1425:Oxford
1055:Oxford
1041:Revolt
1031:Durham
1000:, the
976:, the
886:, the
696:regent
561:, the
559:Anselm
426:domina
353:regent
306:Mother
296:Father
172:Burial
69:Tenure
9061:Hemma
8337:Edgar
8237:Giric
8103:Louis
8010:Sweyn
7769:Died:
7762:Born:
7646:S2CID
2614:Notes
1998:Tudor
1906:Cluny
1614:Death
1488:Rouen
1356:Risle
1219:Nigel
1082:Dover
998:Ulger
809:Adela
724:Rhine
632:Worms
624:Mainz
612:LiĂšge
593:marks
543:David
463:Rouen
421:Latin
285:House
257:Issue
243:(
239:
218:(
214:
165:Rouen
97:Reign
9569:Ansa
8985:and
8567:Anne
8530:Anne
8523:and
8379:John
8188:and
8180:Jane
8097:John
8021:Cnut
7698:ISBN
7680:ISBN
7662:ISBN
7638:ISSN
7608:ISBN
7590:ISBN
7572:ISBN
7554:ISBN
7533:ISBN
7515:ISBN
7497:ISBN
7479:ISBN
7458:ISBN
7440:ISBN
7422:ISBN
7401:ISBN
7383:ISBN
7363:ISBN
7342:ISBN
7321:ISBN
7300:ISBN
7279:ISBN
7261:ISBN
7243:ISBN
7225:ISBN
7204:ISBN
7186:ISBN
7165:ISBN
7147:ISBN
7126:ISBN
7105:ISBN
7084:ISBN
7063:ISBN
7045:ISBN
7024:ISBN
6623:2013
6517:ISBN
6423:ISBN
6278:2013
6248:2013
6206:2013
6176:2013
5973:2013
5943:2013
5581:2013
5539:2013
3773:2013
3739:2013
3551:2020
3521:2020
3491:2013
3452:2020
3411:2013
3303:2013
3170:2013
3129:2013
3075:2013
2926:ISBN
2647:Wace
2626:Maud
2066:Maud
1912:and
1814:and
1770:lit.
1755:lit.
1750:cwen
1730:lit.
1569:; a
1331:lit.
1245:The
1209:and
1106:Bath
1100:and
1066:Kent
900:SĂ©ez
898:and
796:and
647:Alps
553:and
526:and
386:oath
159:Died
136:Born
9076:Ota
8270:Dub
8230:Ăed
7630:doi
6415:doi
2068:".
1799:rex
1463:in
740:nun
150:or
9881::
7644:,
7636:,
7626:29
7624:,
6738:^
6613:,
6583:^
6501:^
6421:.
6383:^
6332:^
6315:^
6300:^
6285:^
6268:,
6238:,
6196:,
6166:,
6138:^
6099:^
6072:^
5963:,
5933:,
5893:^
5874:^
5835:^
5778:^
5763:^
5748:^
5571:,
5529:,
5499:^
5472:^
5457:^
5430:^
5179:^
5148:^
5097:^
5070:^
5019:^
4990:^
4853:^
4814:^
4799:^
4734:^
4675:^
4548:^
4449:^
4434:^
4359:^
4304:^
4227:^
4166:^
4131:^
4112:^
4085:^
4056:^
4005:^
3804:^
3763:,
3729:,
3699:^
3648:^
3609:^
3594:^
3541:,
3511:,
3481:,
3459:^
3442:,
3418:^
3401:,
3349:^
3322:^
3293:,
3205:^
3160:,
3136:^
3119:,
3065:,
2981:^
1920:.
1767:,
1763::
1752:,
1748::
1727:,
1702:.
1415:,
1328:,
1073:.
1025:,
747:.
482:.
423::
359:.
322:c.
245:m.
220:m.
140:c.
9502:e
9495:t
9488:v
9031:e
9024:t
9017:v
8678:e
8671:t
8664:v
7908:e
7901:t
7894:v
7632::
6525:.
6431:.
6417::
2934:.
2899:.
2886:.
2829:"
2807:.
2684:.
1978:.
320:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
