1351:, and the original code is not lost or affected; this way, even data segments can be (meaninglessly) translated by the recompiler, resulting in no more than a waste of translation time. Speed may not be desirable as some older games were not designed with the speed of faster computers in mind. A game designed for a 30 MHz PC with a level timer of 300 game seconds might only give the player 30 seconds on a 300 MHz PC. Other programs, such as some DOS programs, may not even run on faster computers. Particularly when emulating computers which were "closed-box", in which changes to the core of the system were not typical, software may use techniques that depend on specific characteristics of the computer it ran on (e.g. its CPU's speed) and thus precise control of the speed of emulation is important for such applications to be properly emulated.
270:, some other hardware (such as input or output devices) must be provided in virtual form as well; for example, if writing to a specific memory location should influence what is displayed on the screen, then this would need to be emulated. While emulation could, if taken to the extreme, go down to the atomic level, basing its output on a simulation of the actual circuitry from a virtual power source, this would be a highly unusual solution. Emulators typically stop at a simulation of the documented hardware specifications and digital logic. Sufficient emulation of some hardware platforms requires extreme accuracy, down to the level of individual clock cycles, undocumented features, unpredictable analog elements, and implementation bugs. This is particularly the case with classic home computers such as the
318:. In many cases, the simulator is actually produced by the company providing the hardware, which theoretically increases its accuracy. Math co-processor emulators allow programs compiled with math instructions to run on machines that do not have the co-processor installed, but the extra work done by the CPU may slow the system down. If a math coprocessor is not installed or present on the CPU, when the CPU executes any co-processor instruction it will make a determined interrupt (coprocessor not available), calling the math emulator routines. When the instruction is successfully emulated, the program continues executing.
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hardware or microcode assist, while "simulation" referred to pure software emulation. For example, a computer specially built for running programs designed for another architecture is an emulator. In contrast, a simulator could be a program which runs on a PC, so that old Atari games can be simulated on it. Purists continue to insist on this distinction, but currently the term "emulation" often means the complete imitation of a machine executing binary code while "simulation" often refers to
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1444:, long-term solution that can be designed once and for all and applied uniformly, automatically, and in organized synchrony (for example, at every refresh cycle) to all types of documents and media". He further states that this should not only apply to out of date systems, but also be upwardly mobile to future unknown systems. Practically speaking, when a certain application is released in a new version, rather than address
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1412:. Emulation focuses on recreating an original computer environment, which can be time-consuming and difficult to achieve, but valuable because of its ability to maintain a closer connection to the authenticity of the digital object, operating system, or even gaming platform. Emulation addresses the original
359:. By using a functional simulator, programmers can execute and trace selected sections of source code to search for programming errors (bugs), without generating binary code. This is distinct from simulating execution of binary code, which is software emulation. The first functional simulator was written by
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The following example illustrates how CPU simulation can be accomplished by an interpreter. In this case, interrupts are checked-for before every instruction executed, though this behavior is rare in real emulators for performance reasons (it is generally faster to use a subroutine to do the work of
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In 1963, when microcode was first used to speed up this simulation process, IBM engineers coined the term "emulator" to describe the concept. In the 2000s, it has become common to use the word "emulate" in the context of software. However, before 1980, "emulation" referred only to emulation with a
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and deinstitutionalized process for the preservation of digital culture. In many cases, the goal of emulation in new media art is to preserve a digital medium so that it can be saved indefinitely and reproduced without error, so that there is no reliance on hardware that ages and becomes obsolete.
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logic can be embedded in the memory emulator, made a module of its own, or sometimes integrated into the CPU simulator). Even if the emulated computer does not feature an MMU, though, there are usually other factors that break the equivalence between logical and physical memory: many (if not most)
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and many others are no longer produced as physical devices. Instead, software running on modern operating systems simulates a "dumb" terminal and is able to render the graphical and text elements of the host application, send keystrokes and process commands using the appropriate terminal protocol.
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Video game console emulators are programs that allow a personal computer or video game console to emulate another video game console. They are most often used to play older 1980s to 2000s-era video games on modern personal computers and more contemporary video game consoles. They are also used to
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implies that theoretically, any operating environment can be emulated within any other environment, assuming memory limitations are ignored. However, in practice, it can be quite difficult, particularly when the exact behavior of the system to be emulated is not documented and has to be deduced
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Interpreters are very popular as computer simulators, as they are much simpler to implement than more time-efficient alternative solutions, and their speed is more than adequate for emulating computers of more than roughly a decade ago on modern machines. However, the speed penalty inherent in
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systems, where concurrency errors can be very difficult to detect and correct without the controlled environment provided by virtual hardware. This also allows the software development to take place before the hardware is ready, thus helping to validate design decisions and give a little more
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can, however, rival such simpler models, if well thought-out, and they have the additional advantage of "automatically" providing a plug-in service through which third-party virtual devices can be used within the emulator. A unified I/O API may not necessarily mirror the structure of the real
1363:; each I/O device is thus often treated as a special case, and no consistent interface for virtual peripherals is provided. This can result in a performance advantage, since each I/O module can be tailored to the characteristics of the emulated device; designs based on a standard, unified I/O
667:: Multiplayer video games often rely on an online game server, which may or may not be available for on-premises installation. A server emulator is an unofficial on-premises server that imitates the behavior of the official online server, even though its internal working might be different.
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before trying it on the real hardware. This is so that software can be produced and tested before the final hardware exists in large quantities, so that it can be tested without taking the time to copy the program to be debugged at a low level and without introducing the side effects of a
633:: Some floating-point hardware only supports the simplest operations: addition, subtraction, and multiplication. In systems without any floating-point hardware, the CPU emulates it using a series of simpler fixed-point arithmetic operations that run on the integer arithmetic logic unit.
1126:, which is a computer program that follows the execution flow of the emulated program code and, for every machine code instruction encountered, executes operations on the host processor that are semantically equivalent to the original instructions. This is made possible by assigning a
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Emulation techniques are commonly used during the design and development of new systems. It eases the development process by providing the ability to detect, recreate and repair flaws in the design even before the system is actually built. It is particularly useful in the design of
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Rothenberg, Jeffrey. "The
Emulation Solution." Avoiding Technological Quicksand: Finding a Viable Technical Foundation for Digital Preservation. Washington, DC: Council on Library and Information Resources, 1998. Council on Library and Information Resources. 2008. 28 Mar. 2008
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technique, try to circumvent these problems by waiting until the processor control flow jumps into a location containing untranslated code, and only then ("just in time") translates a block of the code into host code that can be executed. The translated code is kept in a
1580:, where a computer program is used to simulate an abstract model. Computer simulation is used in virtually every scientific and engineering domain and Computer Science is no exception, with several projects simulating abstract models of computer systems, such as
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printers because so much software is written for HP printers. If a non-HP printer emulates an HP printer, any software written for a real HP printer will also run in the non-HP printer emulation and produce equivalent printing. Since at least the 1990s, many
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The CPU simulator is often the most complicated part of an emulator. Many emulators are written using "pre-packaged" CPU simulators, in order to concentrate on good and efficient emulation of a specific machine. The simplest form of a CPU simulator is an
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Due to their popularity, emulators have been impersonated by malware. Most of these emulators are for video game consoles like the Xbox 360, Xbox One, Nintendo 3DS, etc. Generally such emulators make currently impossible claims such as being able to run
1610:. Virtualization hides the physical characteristics of a computing platform from the users, presenting instead an abstract computing platform. At its origins, the software that controlled virtualization was called a "control program", but the terms "
367:. This made it possible for flight programs to be written, executed, and tested before D-17B computer hardware had been built. Autonetics also programmed a functional simulator for testing flight programs for later execution in the military computer
179:. It also says nothing about timing constraints; if the emulator does not perform as quickly as it did using the original hardware, the software inside the emulation may run much more slowly (possibly triggering timer interrupts that alter behavior).
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may also complicate memory emulation. As a result, most emulators implement at least two procedures for writing to and reading from logical memory, and it is these procedures' duty to map every access to the correct location of the correct object.
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Logic simulation is the use of a computer program to simulate the operation of a digital circuit such as a processor. This is done after a digital circuit has been designed in logic equations, but before the circuit is fabricated in hardware.
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It is possible for the memory subsystem emulation to be reduced to simply an array of elements each sized like an emulated word; however, this model fails very quickly as soon as any location in the computer's logical memory does not match
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214 F.3d 1022 (2000), have had the opposite effect. According to all legal precedents, emulation is legal within the United States. However, unauthorized distribution of copyrighted code remains illegal, according to both country-specific
1827:, 574 F.Supp. 999, aff'd, 704 F.2d 1009 (9th Cir 1982) (holding the computer ROM of Pac Man to be a sufficient fixation for purposes of copyright law even though the game changes each time played.) and Article 2 of the Berne Convention
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Most emulators just emulate a hardware architecture—if operating system firmware or software is required for the desired software, it must be provided as well (and may itself be emulated). Both the OS and the software will then be
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and later on the IBM 7090. This program used the instructions added by the compatibility feature to trap instructions requiring special handling; all other 704 instructions ran the same on a 7090. The compatibility feature on the
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of the simulated CPU. The logic of the simulated CPU can then more or less be directly translated into software algorithms, creating a software re-implementation that basically mirrors the original hardware implementation.
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has helped in the spread of console emulators, as most - if not all - would be unavailable for sale in retail outlets. Examples of console emulators that have been released in the last few decades are:
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may suffice. This translates system calls for the foreign system into system calls for the host system e.g., the Linux compatibility layer used on *BSD to run closed source Linux native software on
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and hardware, instead of software simulation using only standard instructions, to execute programs written for earlier IBM computers dramatically increased simulation speed. Earlier, IBM provided
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van der Hoeven, Jeffrey, Bram Lohman, and Remco
Verdegem. "Emulation for Digital Preservation in Practice: The Results." The International Journal of Digital Curation 2.2 (2007): 123-132.
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continued to advance and emulator developers grew more skilled in their work, the length of time between the commercial release of a console and its successful emulation began to shrink.
301:; therefore, many emulators do not emulate the graphic processor at all, but simply interpret the commands received from the CPU as the original program would. Developers of software for
608:: the process of imitating the behavior of one or more pieces of hardware (typically a system under design) with another piece of hardware, typically a special purpose emulation system
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a CPU emulator or CPU simulator (the two terms are mostly interchangeable in this case), unless the target being emulated has the same CPU architecture as the host, in which case a
497:, saw significant progress toward emulation during their production. This led to an effort by console manufacturers to stop unofficial emulation, but consistent failures such as
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writing to and reading from physical memory, by means of two procedures similar to the ones dealing with logical memory (although, contrary to the latter, the former
1383:, by means of a procedure that sets flags readable by the CPU simulator whenever an interrupt is raised, allowing the virtual CPU to "poll for (virtual) interrupts"
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Buses are often not emulated, either for reasons of performance or simplicity, and virtual peripherals communicate directly with the CPU or the memory subsystem.
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Muira, Gregory. " Pushing the
Boundaries of Traditional Heritage Policy: maintaining long-term access to multimedia content." IFLA Journal 33 (2007): 323-326.
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108:). An emulator typically enables the host system to run software or use peripheral devices designed for the guest system. Emulation refers to the ability of a
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graphic processor was fully programmable, most games used one of a few pre-made programs, which were mostly self-contained and communicated with the game via
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In contrast, some other platforms have had very little use of direct hardware addressing, such as an emulator for the PlayStation 4. In these cases, a simple
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A hardware emulator is an emulator which takes the form of a hardware device. Examples include the DOS-compatible card installed in some 1990s-era
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are capable of running without a BIOS file, using high-level emulation to simulate BIOS subroutines at a slight cost in emulation accuracy.
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as long as the user obtained a legally purchased copy of the machine. To mitigate this however, several emulators for platforms such as
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from the 1980s using the games' original 1980s machine code and data, which is interpreted by a current-era system, and to emulate old
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environment of the digital object, and recreates it on a current machine. The emulator allows the user to have access to any kind of
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1886:""Criteria for an Ideal Solution." Avoiding Technological Quicksand: Finding a Viable Technical Foundation for Digital Preservation"
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as complete hardware platforms, certain logical abstractions of their components, or only the functionality required to run various
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translation of emulated program code into code runnable on the host architecture is usually impossible because of several reasons:
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that correspond roughly to the emulated computer's subsystems. Most often, an emulator will be composed of the following modules:
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Functional simulation is the use of a computer program to simulate the execution of a second computer program written in symbolic
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Terminal emulators are software programs that provide modern computers and devices interactive access to applications running on
832:, which means that the memory-array module must be discarded if the read-only nature of ROM is to be emulated. Features such as
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as the host machine. Until not many years ago, emulation in such situations was considered completely impractical by many.
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819:. This clearly is the case whenever the emulated hardware allows for advanced memory management (in which case, the
712: in this article's section named "Structure and organization". Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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is read-only memory, while the rest is RAM, something along the line of the following procedures would be typical:
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Even in emulators that treat each device as a special case, there is usually a common basic infrastructure for:
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by the emulator, rather than being run by native hardware. Apart from this interpreter for the emulated binary
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657:: a technique for testing the performance of real applications over a virtual network. This is different from
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translate games into other languages, to modify existing games, and in the development process of "home brew"
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191:?" Yes, it's possible for a 64 to emulate an IBM PC , in the same sense that it's possible to bail out
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1614:" or "virtual machine monitor" became preferred over time. Each hypervisor can manage or run multiple
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runs as it did in its original environment. Jeffery
Rothenberg, an early proponent of emulation as a
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specialize in resurrecting obsolete technologies in their artwork and recognize the importance of a
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1728:. Laung-Terng Wang, Yao-Wen Chang, Kwang-Ting Cheng. Amsterdam: Morgan Kaufmann/Elsevier. 2009.
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The paradox is that the emulation and the emulator have to be made to work on future computers.
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interpretation can be a problem when emulating computers whose processor speed is on the same
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by "reading" instructions and maintaining internal variables which represent the processor's
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hardware bus: bus design is limited by several electric constraints and a need for hardware
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about 1960 for testing assembly language programs for later execution in military computer
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where virtual models of traffic, network models, channels, and protocols are applied.
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often be left out, and direct references to the memory array be employed instead)
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The word "emulator" was coined in 1963 at IBM during development of the NPL (
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in an electronic device to emulate (or imitate) another program or device.
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relies heavily on emulation as a preservation strategy. Artists such as
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only required setting a console toggle switch, not a support program.
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Electronic design automation : synthesis, verification, and test
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management that can mostly be ignored in a software implementation.
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What allowed breaking through this restriction were the advances in
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often design their software on especially accurate emulators called
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for every digital object created in the previous version of that
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1797:"Sony Computer Entertainment America v. Bleem, 214 F. 3d 1022"
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Most emulators do not, as mentioned earlier, emulate the main
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Various forms of dynamic recompilation, including the popular
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demos and in the creation of new games for older systems. The
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enthusiasts and hobbyists have used emulators to play classic
1950:"Full System Simulation: Software Development's Missing Link"
673:: the process of controlling an emulation through a simulator
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strategy states, "the ideal approach would provide a single
1803:. Court of Appeals (published 4 May 2000). 14 February 2000
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This article's section named "Structure and organization"
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Sony
Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corporation
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2209:(5th ed.). Prentice-Hall. p. 27. Archived from
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Turban, E; King, D.; Lee, J.; Viehland, D. (2008). "19".
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http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/rothenberg/contents.html
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2072:"IBM Archives: 7090 Data Processing System (continued)"
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104:) to behave like another computer system (called the
2011:
Building IBM: Shaping an
Industry and Its Technology
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Linux emulation removed from OpenBSD at version 6.0
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Lewis Galoob Toys, Inc. v. Nintendo of
America, Inc.
1924:"Echoes of Art: Emulation as preservation strategy"
1883:
1868:
1460:, allowing access to all of said digital objects.
2122:. March 1962. pp. 56–57, 98–100. A22-0526-3.
20:. For a line of digital musical instruments, see
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2096:Reference Manual IBM 7090 Data Processing System
564:operating systems or other host systems such as
1947:
1468:Because of its primary use of digital formats,
1324:there may not be a way to reliably distinguish
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2265:"The Origin of the VM/370 Time-sharing System"
1976:
1504:
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581:Some terminal emulation applications include
72:. Additionally, the output of the historical
2203:Electronic Commerce A Managerial Perspective
1979:"Full System Simulation of Embedded Systems"
1890:Council on Library and Information Resources
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512:Sony Computer Entertainment America v. Bleem
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802:various input/output (I/O) device emulators
38:System allowing a device to imitate another
520:and international copyright law under the
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2102:. March 1962. pp. 65–66. A22-6528-4.
772:Learn how and when to remove this message
76:of this calculator line can be displayed.
2060:Simulation of the IBM 650 on the IBM 705
1404:Emulation is one strategy in pursuit of
643:: Mimics the behavior of a mainframe or
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217:
55:
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1588:Comparison with hardware virtualization
1456:, one could create an emulator for the
784:Typically, an emulator is divided into
524:. Under United States law, obtaining a
336:
119:, for example, are designed to emulate
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2262:
2132:
2034:Pugh, Emerson W.; et al. (1991).
1964:"Debugging and Full System Simulation"
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1328:(which should not be translated) from
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1262:* Handling of every valid instruction
226:emulator, which is in turn running a
64:for the 1983 programmable calculator
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2008:
710:adding citations to reliable sources
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467:Console emulator § Legal issues
2113:"System Compatibility Operations".
2093:"System Compatibility Operations".
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809:
321:
16:This article is about emulators in
13:
2256:
2175:"Network simulation or emulation?"
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614:: the use of a hardware device to
601:Other types of emulators include:
538:, 964 F.2d 965 (9th Cir. 1992) as
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2078:. 23 January 2003. Archived from
1633:List of computer system emulators
848:system where memory from address
2116:IBM 1410 Principles of Operation
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355:language, rather than in binary
208:and editorial answer, April 1988
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2036:IBM's 360 and Early 370 Systems
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1712:https://www.openbsd.org/60.html
1598:Hardware virtualization is the
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697:needs additional citations for
641:high-level programming language
528:copy of the original machine's
503:977 F.2d 1510 (9th Cir. 1992),
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1:
2235:"Virtualization in education"
1665:"MS-DOS Emulation For The 64"
1650:
1519:) product line, using a "new
164:field-programmable gate array
2135:"Emulation of large systems"
1884:Rothenberg, Jeffrey (1998).
375:Video game console emulators
7:
1663:Warick, Mike (April 1988).
1621:
1341:Just In Time compiler (JIT)
587:IBM Personal Communications
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455:games in a single program.
381:Video game console emulator
162:(PC) software programs and
158:, that allowed them to run
141:video game console emulator
10:
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1505:Comparison with simulation
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678:Structure and organization
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532:is legal under the ruling
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378:
340:
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30:
26:Emulation (disambiguation)
15:
2139:Communications of the ACM
2009:Pugh, Emerson W. (1995).
1772:"The Emulation Imitation"
1692:"PlayStation 4 Emulators"
799:a memory subsystem module
796:layer may be used instead
637:Instruction set simulator
572:. Terminals such as the
509:203 F.3d 596 (2000), and
293:. For example, while the
1948:Peter Magnusson (2004).
1485:In future systems design
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997:
858:
475:global computer networks
213:
31:Not to be confused with
1977:Vania Joloboff (2009).
1842:Koninklijke Bibliotheek
1594:Hardware virtualization
631:Floating-point emulator
493:handhelds, such as the
150:computers, such as the
1756:: CS1 maint: others (
1491:Full system simulation
258:
231:
222:Windows XP running an
211:
77:
53:
50:command-line interface
24:. For other uses, see
2263:Creasy, R.J. (1981).
2152:10.1145/365691.365931
2133:Tucker, S. G (1965).
1319:modified while in RAM
1307:dynamic recompilation
846:base-limit addressing
583:Attachmate Reflection
465:Further information:
245:Game Boy emulator on
237:
221:
181:
59:
44:
2013:. MIT. p. 274.
1838:"What is emulation?"
1799:. 9th Circuit 2000.
1438:digital preservation
1406:digital preservation
824:architectures offer
706:improve this article
343:High level emulation
337:Functional emulators
249:, itself running on
172:Church-Turing thesis
2181:. 22 September 2017
1578:computer simulation
1511:Computer simulation
1309:techniques. Simple
612:In-circuit emulator
307:video game consoles
283:compatibility layer
177:reverse engineering
137:video game consoles
68:X running on Apple
2314:Emulation software
2082:on March 13, 2005.
1582:network simulation
1355:Input/output (I/O)
1300:order of magnitude
659:network simulation
562:mainframe computer
433:Visual Boy Advance
268:machine's language
259:
232:
168:hardware emulators
78:
54:
2319:Computer hardware
1778:. 17 October 2014
1776:Malwarebytes Labs
1735:978-0-08-092200-3
1628:List of emulators
1608:operating systems
826:memory-mapped I/O
782:
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655:Network emulation
606:Hardware emulator
556:Terminal emulator
481:consoles such as
473:As computers and
349:assembly language
160:personal computer
96:that enables one
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544:Game Boy Advance
522:Berne Convention
500:Sega v. Accolade
495:Game Boy Advance
491:sixth generation
479:Fifth generation
328:Logic simulation
322:Logic simulators
303:embedded systems
209:
110:computer program
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817:physical memory
812:
794:virtual machine
778:
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665:Server emulator
624:embedded system
599:
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241:running on the
216:
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98:computer system
74:thermal printer
39:
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29:
12:
11:
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2289:External links
2287:
2285:
2284:
2255:
2244:. October 2007
2226:
2192:
2166:
2145:(12): 753–61.
2125:
2105:
2085:
2076:www-03.ibm.com
2063:
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2019:
2001:
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1801:Google Scholar
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1600:virtualization
1592:Main article:
1589:
1586:
1517:IBM System/360
1509:Main article:
1506:
1503:
1489:Main article:
1486:
1483:
1465:
1462:
1408:and combating
1401:
1398:
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1392:
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1384:
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1337:
1336:
1322:
1265:* goes here...
1247:ProgramCounter
1220:ProgramCounter
1214:ProgramCounter
1146:
1118:
1115:
1087:RaiseInterrupt
998:
978:RaiseInterrupt
859:
834:bank switching
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645:microprocessor
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554:Main article:
551:
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379:Main article:
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341:Main article:
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2236:
2230:
2216:on 2009-05-21
2212:
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2196:
2180:
2179:Network World
2176:
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2109:
2098:
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2056:
2050:pages 160-161
2047:
2045:0-262-16123-0
2041:
2037:
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2022:
2020:0-262-16147-8
2016:
2012:
2005:
1991:on 2014-02-09
1987:
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1965:
1959:
1951:
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1930:on 2007-10-27
1929:
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1479:
1478:decentralized
1475:
1474:Cory Arcangel
1471:
1470:new media art
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1446:compatibility
1443:
1439:
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1431:
1428:on a current
1427:
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1125:
1117:CPU simulator
1060:LimitRegister
930:LimitRegister
857:
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723: –
722:
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717:Find sources:
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75:
71:
67:
63:
60:An emulation
58:
51:
48:emulates the
47:
43:
34:
27:
23:
22:E-mu Emulator
19:
2275:. Retrieved
2258:
2246:. Retrieved
2229:
2218:. Retrieved
2211:the original
2202:
2195:
2185:22 September
2183:. Retrieved
2178:
2169:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2115:
2108:
2095:
2088:
2080:the original
2075:
2066:
2055:
2035:
2029:
2010:
2004:
1993:. Retrieved
1986:the original
1972:
1958:
1943:
1932:. Retrieved
1928:the original
1918:
1905:
1894:. Retrieved
1889:
1879:
1870:
1861:
1850:. Retrieved
1846:the original
1841:
1832:
1821:
1817:
1805:. Retrieved
1800:
1791:
1780:. Retrieved
1775:
1766:
1724:
1718:
1706:
1695:. Retrieved
1690:GuideStorm.
1685:
1673:. Retrieved
1671:. p. 43
1668:
1658:
1643:Q (emulator)
1597:
1574:
1514:
1494:
1467:
1432:, while the
1410:obsolescence
1403:
1395:Applications
1387:
1374:
1358:
1345:
1338:
1317:code may be
1310:
1304:
1296:
1208:StackPointer
1141:
1120:
1093:INT_SEGFAULT
1042:BaseRegister
984:INT_SEGFAULT
912:BaseRegister
853:
849:
843:
838:segmentation
813:
805:
783:
768:
759:
749:
742:
735:
728:
716:
704:Please help
699:verification
696:
600:
559:
533:
510:
504:
498:
472:
459:Legal issues
445:
384:
357:machine code
346:
331:
280:
272:Commodore 64
260:
255:Fedora Linux
253:on a modern
205:
185:Commodore 64
182:
156:Performa 630
145:
133:arcade games
114:
105:
101:
100:(called the
85:
79:
2277:26 February
1675:10 November
1521:combination
1458:application
1454:application
1448:issues and
1422:application
1370:concurrency
1283:INT_ILLEGAL
1199:WriteMemory
1124:interpreter
1054:RealAddress
1030:RealAddress
1024:RealAddress
942:RealAddress
924:RealAddress
900:RealAddress
894:RealAddress
864:WriteMemory
852:to address
597:Other types
591:Micro Focus
487:PlayStation
483:Nintendo 64
295:Nintendo 64
264:interpreted
228:ZX Spectrum
152:Centris 610
2308:Categories
2220:2021-12-13
1995:2012-04-22
1934:2007-12-11
1896:2008-03-08
1852:2007-12-11
1782:2016-05-30
1697:2019-08-04
1651:References
1612:hypervisor
1541:simulators
1498:multi-core
1442:extensible
1381:interrupts
1361:system bus
1330:executable
1241:ReadMemory
1003:ReadMemory
936:&&
732:newspapers
721:"Emulator"
671:Semulation
361:Autonetics
311:simulators
243:Wzonka-Lad
224:Archimedes
204:Letter to
129:video game
1752:cite book
1744:433173319
1604:computers
1537:microcode
1529:microcode
1501:control.
1450:migration
1379:managing
1277:Interrupt
1187:SuperUser
1172:Interrupt
854:ROMSIZE-1
762:June 2008
649:registers
518:copyright
429:Project64
276:demoscene
148:Macintosh
82:computing
33:Simulator
18:computing
2295:Emulator
2161:15375675
1669:Compute!
1622:See also
1533:hardware
1525:software
1434:software
1430:platform
1418:software
1414:hardware
1311:a priori
1178:INT_NONE
1132:register
1130:to each
1128:variable
620:software
574:IBM 3270
550:Terminal
540:fair use
453:Xbox 360
449:Xbox One
437:Nestopia
392:Internet
353:compiler
316:debugger
230:emulator
206:Compute!
202:—
197:teaspoon
187:emulate
175:through
124:LaserJet
117:printers
94:software
90:hardware
86:emulator
2038:. MIT.
1807:15 June
1563:on the
1561:IBM 704
1547:on the
1271:default
1151:Execute
1036:Address
1012:Address
948:ROMSIZE
906:Address
873:Address
786:modules
746:scholar
593:Rumba.
570:OpenVMS
401:Dolphin
287:FreeBSD
247:AmigaOS
195:with a
183:"Can a
166:-based
52:of DOS.
2299:Curlie
2248:6 July
2159:
2042:
2017:
1742:
1732:
1531:, and
1235:switch
1099:return
1072:Memory
1069:return
957:Memory
748:
741:
734:
727:
719:
622:of an
589:, and
526:dumped
439:, and
413:PPSSPP
291:NetBSD
257:system
239:Tetris
189:MS-DOS
170:. The
66:HP-41C
46:DOSBox
2268:(PDF)
2238:(PDF)
2214:(PDF)
2207:(PDF)
2157:S2CID
2120:(PDF)
2100:(PDF)
1989:(PDF)
1982:(PDF)
1348:cache
1346:code
963:Value
882:Value
844:On a
753:JSTOR
739:books
639:in a
616:debug
578:VT100
566:HP-UX
425:ePSXe
421:Citra
417:ZSNES
409:PCSX2
397:RPCS3
369:D-37C
365:D-17B
251:E-UAE
214:Types
139:(see
115:Many
106:guest
84:, an
2279:2013
2250:2010
2187:2017
2040:ISBN
2015:ISBN
1822:see
1809:2016
1758:link
1740:OCLC
1730:ISBN
1677:2013
1638:QEMU
1570:1410
1557:7090
1555:and
1416:and
1333:code
1326:data
1193:TRUE
1157:void
1148:void
1136:flag
1134:and
1102:NULL
1081:else
1057:<
1021:word
1009:word
1000:word
972:else
945:>
927:<
891:word
879:word
870:word
861:void
725:news
618:the
530:BIOS
489:and
451:and
441:Yuzu
405:Cemu
299:FIFO
289:and
102:host
2297:at
2272:IBM
2242:IBM
2147:doi
1602:of
1565:709
1553:709
1549:705
1545:650
1523:of
1424:or
1388:can
1365:API
836:or
830:ROM
821:MMU
708:by
576:or
568:or
388:DIY
351:or
305:or
278:".
154:or
143:).
92:or
88:is
80:In
70:iOS
62:app
2310::
2270:.
2240:.
2177:.
2155:.
2141:.
2137:.
2074:.
1888:.
1840:.
1774:.
1754:}}
1750:{{
1738:.
1667:.
1618:.
1527:,
1268:*/
1259:/*
1253:))
1250:++
1217:);
1205:++
1175:!=
1166:if
1096:);
1048:if
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