Enactivism - Knowledge

242:: to understand the regularity of the world we are experiencing at every moment, but without any point of reference independent of ourselves that would give certainty to our descriptions and cognitive assertions. Indeed the whole mechanism of generating ourselves, as describers and observers tells us that our world, as the world which we bring forth in our coexistence with others, will always have precisely that mixture of regularity and mutability, that combination of solidity and shifting sand, so typical of human experience when we look at it up close." Another important notion relating to enactivism is autopoiesis. The word refers to a system that is able to reproduce and maintain itself. Maturana & Varela describe that "This was a word without a history, a word that could directly mean what takes place in the dynamics of the autonomy proper to living systems" Using the term autopoiesis, they argue that any closed system that has autonomy, self-reference and self-construction (or, that has autopoietic activities) has cognitive capacities. Therefore, cognition is present in all living systems. This view is also called autopoietic enactivism. 246:

forms of basic cognition can be explained without positing mental representations. With regard to complex forms of cognition such as language, they think mental representations are needed, because there needs explanations of content. In human being's public practices, they claim that "such intersubjective practices and sensitivity to the relevant norms comes with the mastery of the use of public symbol systems" (2017, p. 120), and so "as it happens, this appears only to have occurred in full form with construction of sociocultural cognitive niches in the human lineage" (2017, p. 134). They conclude that basic cognition as well as cognition in simple organisms such as bacteria are best characterized as non-representational.

514:, enactivism is seen as a way to uncover cultural influences upon feeling, thinking and acting. Baerveldt and Verheggen argue that "It appears that seemingly natural experience is thoroughly intertwined with sociocultural realities." They suggest that the social patterning of experience is to be understood through enactivism, "the idea that the reality we have in common, and in which we find ourselves, is neither a world that exists independently from us, nor a socially shared way of representing such a pregiven world, but a world itself brought forth by our ways of communicating and our joint action....The world we inhabit is manufactured of 'meaning' rather than 'information'. 129:(1991), who proposed the name to "emphasize the growing conviction that cognition is not the representation of a pre-given world by a pre-given mind but is rather the enactment of a world and a mind on the basis of a history of the variety of actions that a being in the world performs". This was further developed by Thompson and others, to place emphasis upon the idea that experience of the world is a result of mutual interaction between the sensorimotor capacities of the organism and its environment. However, some writers maintain that there remains a need for some degree of the mediating function of representation in this new approach to the science of the mind. 410:. This results in an integrated perception of objects (their recognition and location, respectively) yet this processing cannot be described as an action or actions. In a more general criticism, Clark suggests that perception is not a matter of expectations about sensorimotor mechanisms guiding perception. Rather, although the limitations of sensorimotor mechanisms constrain perception, this sensorimotor activity is drastically filtered to fit current needs and purposes of the organism, and it is these imposed 'expectations' that govern perception, filtering for the 'relevant' details of sensorimotor input (called "sensorimotor summarizing"). 309:

to each other of the stimuli received from the environment and responses directed upon it" (1916, pp. 336–337). This view is fully consistent with enactivist arguments that cognition is not just a matter of brain processes and brain is one part of the body consisting of the dynamical regulation. Robert Brandom, a neo-pragmatist, comments that "A founding idea of pragmatism is that the most fundamental kind of intentionality (in the sense of directedness towards objects) is the practical involvement with objects exhibited by a sentient creature dealing skillfully with its world" (2008, p. 178).

610:. The analogy is drawn that a robot can be designed to interact and learn from its environment in a manner similar to the way an organism does, and a human can interact with a computer-aided design tool or data base using an interface that creates an enactive environment for the user, that is, all the user's tactile, auditory, and visual capabilities are enlisted in a mutually explorative engagement, capitalizing upon all the user's abilities, and not at all limited to cerebral engagement. In these areas it is common to refer to 97:

in an environment that acts as a landing pad for organisms that somehow drop or parachute into the world. Instead, living beings and their environments stand in relation to each other through mutual specification or codetermination" (p. 198). "Organisms do not passively receive information from their environments, which they then translate into internal representations. Natural cognitive systems...participate in the generation of meaning ...engaging in transformational and not merely informational interactions:

548:"Any domain of knowledge (or any problem within that domain of knowledge) can be represented in three ways: by a set of actions appropriate for achieving a certain result (enactive representation); by a set of summary images or graphics that stand for a concept without defining it fully (iconic representation); and by a set of symbolic or logical propositions drawn from a symbolic system that is governed by rules or laws for forming and transforming propositions (symbolic representation)" 133:

sensorimotor interactions with its environment, co-constructed between and within living species through their meaningful interaction with each other. In its most abstract form, knowledge is co-constructed between human individuals in socio-linguistic interactions...Science is a particular form of social knowledge construction... allows us to perceive and predict events beyond our immediate cognitive grasp...and also to construct further, even more powerful scientific knowledge."

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In closed-loop perception, perception emerges through the process of inclusion of an item in a motor-sensory-motor loop, i.e., a loop (or loops) connecting the peripheral and central components that are relevant to that item. The item can be a body part (in which case the loops are in steady-state) or an external object (in which case the loops are perturbed and gradually converge to a steady state). These enactive loops are always active, switching dominance by the need.

450:(2007) have extended the enactive concept of sense-making into the social domain. The idea takes as its departure point the process of interaction between individuals in a social encounter. De Jaegher and Di Paolo argue that the interaction process itself can take on a form of autonomy (operationally defined). This allows them to define social cognition as the generation of meaning and its transformation through interacting individuals. 36: 399:'movements and interaction' with objects, or 'object-active' changes in the object itself. The solidity is perceived through our expectations and skills in knowing how the object's appearance would change with changes in how we relate to it. He saw all perception as an active exploration of the world, rather than being a passive process, something which happens to us. 293:, an epistemology centered upon the active participation of the subject in constructing reality. However, 'constructivism' focuses upon more than a simple 'interactivity' that could be described as a minor adjustment to 'assimilate' reality or 'accommodate' to it. Constructivism looks upon interactivity as a radical, creative, revisionist process in which the knower 422:: "Enactivists are concerned to defend the view that our most elementary ways of engaging with the world and others - including our basic forms of perception and perceptual experience - are mindful in the sense of being phenomenally charged and intentionally directed, despite being non-representational and content-free." Hutto calls this position 'REC' ( 336:. Inasmuch as an organism must reflect its environment well enough for the organism to be able to survive in it, and to be competitive enough to be able to reproduce at sustainable rate, the structure and reflexes of the organism itself embody knowledge of its environment. This biology-inspired theory of the growth of knowledge is closely tied to 584:

also a function of social interaction and dialogue that is contingent upon a sociohistorical context. Enactivism in educational theory "looks at each learning situation as a complex system consisting of teacher, learner, and context, all of which frame and co-create the learning situation." Enactivism in education is very closely related to

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explain without positing representation. But recently, some philosophers are trying to respond to such objection. For example, Adrian Downey (2020) provides a non-representational account of Obsessive-compulsive disorder, and then argues that ecological-enactive approaches can respond to the "scaling up" objection.

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is a forerunner of enactive and extended approaches to cognition. According to him, enactive conceptions of cognition can be found in many pragmatists such as Charles Sanders Peirce and John Dewey. For example, Dewey says that "The brain is essentially an organ for effecting the reciprocal adjustment

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The initial emphasis of enactivism upon sensorimotor skills has been criticized as "cognitively marginal", but it has been extended to apply to higher level cognitive activities, such as social interactions. "In the enactive view,... knowledge is constructed: it is constructed by an agent through its

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by Beer, the modeling of learning behavior by Kelso, and to modeling of sensorimotor activity by Saltzman, McGann, De Jaegher, and Di Paolo discuss how this work makes the dynamics of coupling between an agent and its environment, the foundation of enactivism, "an operational, empirically observable

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Torrance adds that "many kinds of agency, in particular the agency of human beings, cannot be understood separately from understanding the nature of the interaction that occurs between agents." That view introduces the social applications of enactivism. "Social cognition is regarded as the result of

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These sensorimotor-centered and purpose-centered views appear to agree on the general scheme but disagree on the dominance issue – is the dominant component peripheral or central. Another view, the closed-loop perception one, assigns equal a-priori dominance to the peripheral and central components.

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as quoted by Thompson, p. 165). In this interpretation, enactivism asserts that science is formed or enacted as part of humankind's interactivity with its world, and by embracing phenomenology "science itself is properly situated in relation to the rest of human life and is thereby secured on a

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and its environment. It claims that the environment of an organism is brought about, or enacted, by the active exercise of that organism's sensorimotor processes. "The key point, then, is that the species brings forth and specifies its own domain of problems ...this domain does not exist "out there"

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One objection to enactive approaches to cognition is the so-called "scale-up objection". According to this objection, enactive theories only have limited value because they cannot "scale up" to explain more complex cognitive capacities like human thoughts. Those phenomena are extremely difficult to

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expresses an interactivity between the knower and the known quite acceptable to an enactivist, but does not emphasize the structured probing of the environment by the knower that leads to the "perturbation relative to some expected result" that then leads to a new understanding. It is this probing

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McGann & others argue that enactivism attempts to mediate between the explanatory role of the coupling between cognitive agent and environment and the traditional emphasis on brain mechanisms found in neuroscience and psychology. In the interactive approach to social cognition developed by De

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is to complement science and its objectification of the world. "The whole universe of science is built upon the world as directly experienced, and if we want to subject science itself to rigorous scrutiny and arrive at a precise assessment of its meaning and scope, we must begin by reawakening the

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knowledge, using what they know in new ways and testing it, and the environment provides feedback concerning the adequacy of their construction. In a cultural context, Vygotsky suggested that the kind of cognition that can take place is not dictated by the engagement of the isolated child, but is

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in advocating an enactive view of perception sought to resolve how we perceive three-dimensional objects, on the basis of two-dimensional input. He argues that we perceive this solidity (or 'volumetricity') by appealing to patterns of sensorimotor expectations. These arise from our agent-active

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before engaging embodied information. In a natural environment, the stimulus-reaction pair (causation) is unpredictable due to many irrelevant stimuli claiming to be randomly associated with the embodied information. While embodied information is only beneficial when intentionality is already in

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Another application of enaction to perception is analysis of the human hand. The many remarkably demanding uses of the hand are not learned by instruction, but through a history of engagements that lead to the acquisition of skills. According to one interpretation, it is suggested that "the hand

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Radical enactivism is another form of enactivist view of cognition. Radical enactivists often adopt a thoroughly non-representational, enactive account of basic cognition. Basic cognitive capacities mentioned by Hutto and Myin include perceiving, imagining and remembering. They argue that those

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In a similar vein, "an inter-enactive approach to agency holds that the behavior of agents in a social situation unfolds not only according to their individual abilities and goals, but also according to the conditions and constraints imposed by the autonomous dynamics of the interaction process

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as a philosophy of mind, in that it emphasises the interactions between mind, body and the environment, seeing them all as inseparably intertwined in mental processes. The self arises as part of the process of an embodied entity interacting with the environment in precise ways determined by its

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One of the essential theses of this approach is that biological systems generate meanings, engaging in transformational and not merely informational interactions. Since this thesis raised the problems of beginning cognition for organisms in the developmental stage of only simple reflexes (the

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In the enactive view, perception "is not conceived as the transmission of information but more as an exploration of the world by various means. Cognition is not tied into the workings of an 'inner mind', some cognitive core, but occurs in directed interaction between the body and the world it

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in explaining how consciousness and subjective experience are related to brain and body. "The problem with the dualistic concepts of consciousness and life in standard formulations of the hard problem is that they exclude each other by construction". Instead, according to Thompson's view of

321:, that is, the motivation and planning that lead to doing and to fashioning the probing, both observing and modifying the environment, so that "perceptions and nature condition one another through generating one another." The questioning nature of this probing activity is not an emphasis of 434:

ognition): "According to REC, there is no way to distinguish neural activity that is imagined to be genuinely content involving (and thus truly mental, truly cognitive) from other non-neural activity that merely plays a supporting or enabling role in making mind and cognition possible."

524:. Chilean biologist Humberto Maturana come up with the concept to explain how biological systems such as cells are a product of their own production." "Systems exist by way of operational closure and this means that they each construct themselves and their own realities." 214:"Enaction is the idea that organisms create their own experience through their actions. Organisms are not passive receivers of input from the environment, but are actors in the environment such that what they experience is shaped by how they act." 655:

showed that "Legg-Hutter intelligence is measured with respect to a fixed UTM. AIXI is the most intelligent policy if it uses the same UTM", a result which "undermines all existing optimality properties for AIXI", rendering them subjective.

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Such modeling techniques allow us to explore the parameter space of coupling between agent and environment...to the point that their basic principles (the universals, if such there are, of enactive psychology) can be brought clearly into

588:, which holds that "knowledge is situated, being in part a product of the activity, context, and culture in which it is developed and used." This approach challenges the "separating of what is learned from how it is learned and used." 297:

a personal 'knowledge system' based upon their experience and tested by its viability in practical encounters with their environment. Learning is a result of perceived anomalies that produce dissatisfaction with existing conceptions.

226:"to evoke the view of knowledge that what is known is brought forth, in contraposition to the more classical views of either cognitivism or connectionism. They see enactivism as providing a middle ground between the two extremes of 3630:

The organization producing the system can itself be defined as an autopoietic system in Maturana and Varela's sense. An autopoietic system is producer and product at the same time. HCD is both the process of design and the design

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The notion of participatory sense-making has led to the proposal that interaction processes can sometimes play constitutive roles in social cognition (De Jaegher, Di Paolo, Gallagher, 2010). It has been applied to research in

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The term 'enactivism' is close in meaning to 'enaction', defined as "the manner in which a subject of perception creatively matches its actions to the requirements of its situation". The introduction of the term

101:." These authors suggest that the increasing emphasis upon enactive terminology presages a new era in thinking about cognitive science. How the actions involved in enactivism relate to age-old questions about 669:

and the problem of primary data entry), enactivists proposed the concept of embodied information that serves to start cognition. However, critics highlight that this idea requires introducing the nature of

579:. Piaget focused on the child's immediate environment, and suggested cognitive structures like spatial perception emerge as a result of the child's interaction with the world. According to Piaget, children 2849:

Whereas the enactive approach in general has focused on sense-making as an embodied and situated activity, enactive cultural psychology emphasizes the expressive and dynamically enacted nature of cultural

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place, enactivists introduced the notion of the generation of meanings by biological systems (engaging in transformational interactions) without introducing a neurophysiological basis of intentionality.

536:, who introduced enaction as 'learning by doing' in his discussion of how children learn, and how they can best be helped to learn. He associated enaction with two other ways of knowledge organization: 4403:

An overview of the rationale and means and methods for the study of representations that the learner constructs in his/her attempt to understand knowledge in a given field. See in particular §1.2.1.4

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phenomenon." That is, the AI environment invents examples of enactivism using concrete examples that, although not as complex as living organisms, isolate and illuminate basic principles.

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Jaegher & others, the dynamics of interactive processes are seen to play significant roles in coordinating interpersonal understanding, processes that in part include what they call

418:...an organ of cognition", not a faithful subordinate working under top-down instruction, but a partner in a "bi-directional interplay between manual and brain activity." According to 520:

attempted to apply Maturana and Varela's notion of autopoiesis to social systems. "A core concept of social systems theory is derived from biological systems theory: the concept of

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of our living- is coupled to a surrounding world which appears filled with regularities that are at every instant the result of our biological and social histories.... to find a

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as a design concept, the idea that an environment or an interface affords opportunities for enaction, and good design involves optimizing the role of such affordances.

1917:"The underpinnings of cognition are inextricable from those of affect, that the phenomenon of cognition itself is essentially bound up with affect.." See p. 104: 3528:

An affordance is a relationship between the properties of an object and the capabilities of the agent that determine just how the object could possibly be used.

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itself". According to Torrance, enactivism involves five interlocking themes related to the question "What is it to be a (cognizing, conscious) agent?" It is:

406:. Clark points to difficulties of the enactive approach. He points to internal processing of visual signals, for example, in the ventral and dorsal pathways, 3086: 4477: 2658:

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Sriramen argues that enactivism provides "a rich and powerful explanatory theory for learning and being." and that it is closely related to both the

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Sharing enactivism's stress upon both action and embodiment in the incorporation of knowledge, but giving Glasersfeld's mechanism of viability an

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about its environment... Embodied theories are also no longer expressed in language, but in anatomical structures or reflex responses, etc."

3905:"Low-Frequency Oscillations for Nonlocal Neuronal Coupling in Shared Intentionality Before and After Birth: Toward the Origin of Perception" 4322:"Consciousness as the emergent property of the interaction between brain, body, & environment: the crucial role of haptic perception" 648: 564: 4095:

McGann, M. & Torrance, S. (2005). Doing it and meaning it (and the relationship between the two). In R. D. Ellis & N. Newton,

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A mathematical formalism of AGI is an agent proven to maximise a measure of intelligence. Prior to 2022, the only such formalism was

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where social cognition brain mechanisms, even those used in non-interactive situations, are proposed to have interactive origins.

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Noë's idea of the role of 'expectations' in three-dimensional perception has been opposed by several philosophers, notably by

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theory with his mentor Humberto Maturana enaction as a framework within which these theories work as a matter of course.

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4. to 'enact' or 'bring forth' a world of significances by mutual co-determination of the organism with its enacted world

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physiology. In this sense, individuals can be seen to "grow into" or arise from their interactive role with the world.

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form of being as the world which we perceive, for the simple reason that it is a rationale or explanation of that world.

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The activity in the AI community has influenced enactivism as a whole. Referring extensively to modeling techniques for

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may be considered as the most developed model of embodied situated cognition...Knowing is inseparable from doing.

2864:"Enactivism and the experiential reality of culture: Rethinking the epistemological basis of cultural psychology" 637: 631: 1002: 602:

The ideas of enactivism regarding how organisms engage with their environment have interested those involved in

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activity, especially where it is not accidental but deliberate, that characterizes enaction, and invokes

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How does constructivism relate to enactivism? From the above remarks it can be seen that

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Enactive cognition has been formalised in order to address subjectivity in

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Cognition as information processing like that of a digital computer. From

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functioning only in a related external environment.

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Archived from 924: 914: 908: 907: 881: 868: 867: 847: 838: 832: 816: 807: 786:Social cognition 554:Francisco Varela 444:Hanne De Jaegher 150:computationalism 115:Francisco Varela 74: 71: 65: 38: 37: 30: 21: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4586: 4585: 4551:Neuropsychology 4546:Motor cognition 4486: 4485: 4469: 4468: 4461: 4459: 4438: 4422: 4420: 4398: 4384: 4382: 4362: 4331: 4324: 4305: 4302: 4297: 4296: 4285:"Connectionism" 4274: 4259: 4255: 4233: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4191:10.1.1.187.1151 4160:10.1.1.224.5504 4134:Hill and Wang. 4009: 3990: 3988:Further reading 3985: 3972: 3963: 3934: 3930: 3901: 3897: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3853:10.1007/b138233 3839: 3835: 3827: 3819: 3815: 3776: 3772: 3765: 3736: 3732: 3725: 3703: 3699: 3676: 3672: 3641: 3637: 3626: 3610: 3606: 3571: 3567: 3560: 3538: 3534: 3524: 3506: 3502: 3495: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3444: 3440: 3391: 3384: 3371: 3353: 3349: 3342: 3324: 3320: 3313: 3291: 3287: 3280: 3262: 3258: 3251: 3229: 3225: 3218: 3192: 3185: 3171: 3149: 3145: 3138: 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1237: 1235: 1231: 1216: 1210:"Book reviews: 1206: 1202: 1191: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1149: 1127: 1123: 1083: 1077: 1073: 1066: 1040: 1018: 1014: 999: 992: 985: 967: 960: 951: 949: 945: 922: 915: 911: 904: 882: 871: 864: 848: 841: 829: 814: 808: 799: 795: 790: 681: 667:binding problem 662: 634: 628: 600: 594: 571:, and also the 530: 481:2. to generate 441: 389: 370: 358:embodied theory 302:Shaun Gallagher 256:explanatory gap 162: 75: 69: 66: 60:or excerpts to 51: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4594: 4584: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4484: 4483: 4436: 4408: 4391: 4366: 4361:978-1845400705 4360: 4334:on 2006-05-08. 4317: 4301: 4300:External links 4298: 4295: 4294: 4273:978-0674057517 4272: 4253: 4232:978-0674057517 4231: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4204: 4203: 4196: 4173: 4142: 4140:978-0809016488 4125: 4107: 4093: 4073: 4071:978-0198794325 4056: 4042: 4024:(4): 485–507. 4013: 4007: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3983: 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180: 161: 158: 77: 76: 70:September 2022 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4593: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4516:Consciousness 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4479: 4473: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4419:on 2007-08-24 4418: 4414: 4409: 4406: 4397: 4392: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4330: 4323: 4318: 4314: 4313: 4308: 4304: 4303: 4290: 4286: 4280: 4279:Connectionism 4275: 4269: 4265: 4257: 4249: 4245: 4239: 4234: 4228: 4224: 4216: 4212: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4178:Humana. Mente 4174: 4170: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4143: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4122:9780415278416 4119: 4115: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4105:1-58811-596-8 4102: 4098: 4094: 4092: 4091:90-272-4151-1 4088: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4054:9780262014601 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4008:9780190217013 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3991: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3956: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3932: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3899: 3890: 3885: 3881: 3880: 3872: 3864: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3845: 3837: 3826: 3825: 3817: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3766: 3764:9780262161503 3760: 3756: 3755: 3748: 3747: 3741: 3734: 3726: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3701: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3674: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3639: 3632: 3627: 3625:9781447143383 3621: 3617: 3616: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3569: 3561: 3559:9781591407980 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3536: 3529: 3525: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3510:"Affordances" 3504: 3496: 3494:9781849964234 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3463: 3461:9783540772958 3457: 3453: 3449: 3442: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3389: 3387: 3379: 3377: 3372: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3343: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3322: 3314: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3281: 3279:9780262531474 3275: 3271: 3267: 3260: 3252: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3227: 3219: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3190: 3188: 3180: 3178: 3172: 3170:9780313331237 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3147: 3139: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3111:on 2014-05-02 3107: 3103: 3101:9780674897014 3097: 3090: 3089: 3080: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3058: 3055:. 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Retrieved 4447: 4443: 4421:. Retrieved 4417:the original 4407:(p. 24) 4404: 4383:. Retrieved 4379:the original 4374: 4351: 4347: 4329:the original 4310: 4307:"Enactivism" 4288: 4278: 4264:Mind in Life 4263: 4256: 4247: 4237: 4223:Mind in Life 4222: 4215: 4199: 4181: 4177: 4150: 4146: 4131: 4113: 4096: 4083: 4079: 4076:Hutto, D. D. 4062: 4045: 4021: 4017: 3998: 3974: 3945: 3941: 3931: 3912: 3908: 3898: 3878: 3871: 3843: 3836: 3823: 3816: 3807: 3787: 3783: 3773: 3753: 3745: 3733: 3706: 3700: 3683: 3679: 3673: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3638: 3629: 3614: 3607: 3582: 3578: 3568: 3549: 3545: 3535: 3527: 3513: 3503: 3484: 3480: 3470: 3454:. Springer. 3451: 3447: 3441: 3433:the original 3405:(1): 32–42. 3402: 3398: 3375: 3374: 3360: 3350: 3331: 3321: 3302: 3298: 3288: 3269: 3259: 3240: 3236: 3226: 3207: 3203: 3200:"Enactivism" 3174: 3160: 3156: 3146: 3127: 3113:. 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Retrieved 943:the original 938: 934: 930: 927:Humana Mente 926: 912: 893: 889: 852: 818: 716:Connectivism 696:Biosemiotics 663: 642: 635: 616: 601: 580: 562: 551: 531: 521: 516: 509: 504: 501: 486: 483:significance 482: 468: 465: 458: 452: 442: 431: 427: 423: 420:Daniel Hutto 416: 412: 401: 394: 390: 380: 375: 371: 362: 357: 330:evolutionary 327: 318: 311: 300: 294: 280: 274: 254: 248: 244: 239: 223: 219: 217: 204: 198: 192: 188: 182: 176: 165: 163: 135: 131: 126: 110: 107: 98: 81: 80: 67: 52:Please help 44: 4462:27 November 4238:Cognitivism 4153:(1): 1–36. 4116:Routledge. 3995:Clark, Andy 3948:(4): 1–17. 3915:(4): 1–17. 3196:Lyn English 3177:autopoiesis 3083:Quote from 2771:Human Mente 612:affordances 522:autopoiesis 476:autopoietic 392:inhabits." 342:Karl Popper 314:Glasersfeld 146:cognitivism 4490:Categories 4423:2014-05-23 4202:ASCAR Inc. 3889:1510.04931 3420:2142/17979 3376:Enactivism 3115:2014-05-01 2405:(6): 163. 1811:(4): 421. 1671:(1): 6–16. 1452:: 89–113. 1320:2014-05-23 1288:Quoted by 1238:2006-12-30 1197:found here 971:"Enaction" 952:2014-05-07 835:found here 793:References 691:Autopoesis 478:) organism 404:Andy Clark 354:Gary Cziko 350:Peter Munz 306:pragmatism 295:constructs 82:Enactivism 62:Wikisource 4526:Emergence 4385:April 27, 4186:CiteSeerX 4184:: 21–53. 4155:CiteSeerX 4128:Noë, Alva 4038:142842155 3655:(1): 313 2888:145397218 2668:CiteSeerX 2324:142842155 2160:214154577 2152:1568-7759 2105:0039-7857 2096:1842/1301 1905:258378350 1509:822894365 1474:201868153 1466:0039-7857 1424:988028776 1108:1842/1301 660:Criticism 649:Jan Lieke 581:construct 240:via media 232:solipsism 103:free will 90:cognition 58:Wikiquote 45:contains 4130:(2010). 4112:(2005). 4061:(2017). 3997:(2015). 3599:17294711 3579:Leonardo 3198:(2009). 3022:(1966). 2850:meaning. 2777:: 21–53. 2749:23532205 2698:54587375 2690:23883742 2637:20674467 2431:22701412 2369:20674467 2113:17136030 2075:Synthese 1752:46967038 1732:Synthese 1446:Synthese 1116:17136030 1088:Synthese 679:See also 604:robotics 577:Vygotsky 542:Symbolic 430:nactive 396:Alva Noë 224:enactive 199:Extended 183:Embedded 177:Embodied 111:enaction 94:organism 18:Enactive 3804:8986622 3631:itself. 3429:9824073 2740:3607806 2422:3369190 2199:8986622 2006:and in 1835:2178488 1384:5726379 518:Luhmann 487:meaning 426:adical 266:Husserl 207:dualism 189:Enacted 4358: 4270: 4229: 4188: 4157: 4138: 4120: 4103: 4089: 4069: 4052: 4036: 4005: 3859: 3802: 3761: 3721: 3622: 3597: 3556: 3520: 3491: 3458: 3427: 3367: 3338: 3309: 3276: 3247: 3214: 3167: 3134: 3098: 3069: 3059: 3034: 3002: 2973: 2944: 2911: 2886: 2841: 2800: 2747: 2737: 2723:: 15. 2696: 2688: 2670: 2645:476406 2643: 2635: 2598: 2566: 2518:Psyche 2489: 2456: 2429: 2419: 2377:476406 2375: 2367: 2322: 2275: 2248: 2197: 2158: 2150: 2111: 2103: 2052: 1998: 1968: 1935: 1903: 1893: 1866: 1833: 1750: 1635: 1604: 1575: 1538: 1507: 1497: 1472: 1464: 1422: 1412: 1382: 1372: 1342: 1303: 1280: 1255: 1187: 1145: 1114: 1062: 1036: 981: 900: 860: 825: 569:Piaget 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