1233:), and vote again. Later, independent sources, such as political parties, can obtain the file of numbered encrypted ballots and sum the different contests on the encrypted file to see if they match the election totals. The voter can ask those independent sources if the number(s) on the voter's receipt(s) appear in the file. If enough voters check that their numbers are in the file, they will find if ballots are omitted. Voters can get the decrypted contents of their spoiled ballots, to determine if they accurately match what the voter remembers was on those ballots. The voter cannot get decrypted copies of voted ballots, to prevent selling votes. If enough voters check spoiled ballots, they will show mistakes in encryptions. ElectionGuard does not detect ballot stuffing, which must be detected by traditional records. It does not detect people who falsify receipts, claiming their ballot is missing or was interpreted in error. Election officials will need to decide how to track claimed errors, how many are needed to start an investigation, how to investigate and how to recover from errors, State law may give staff no authority to take action. ElectionGuard does not tally write-ins, except as an undifferentiated total. It is incompatible with
924:
327:
1034:
verification that the overall totals correctly sum the ballot-box totals. Conventional voting schemes do not meet this standard, and as a result cannot conclusively prove that no votes have been tampered with at any point; voters and auditors must instead verify each individual step is fully secure, which may be difficult and introduces
1144:
so that it alone does not reveal any information unless it is decrypted. The voter selects one layer to destroy at the poll. The voting machine retains an electronic copy of the other layer and gives the physical copy as a receipt to allow the voter to confirm that the electronic ballot was not later
1228:
that can be combined with existing voting systems to add E2E support. The voting system interprets the voter's choices, stores them for further processing, then calls
ElectionGuard which encrypts these interpretations and prints a receipt for the voter. The receipt has a number which corresponds to
1033:
Comprehensive coverage of election integrity frequently involves multiple stages. Voters are expected to verify that they have marked their ballots as intended, recounts or audits are used to protect the step from marked ballots to ballot-box totals, and publication of all subtotals allows public
1112:
Alternatively, assertions regarding ballot stuffing can be externally verified by comparing the number of ballots on hand with the number of registered voters recorded as having voted, and by auditing other aspects of the registration and ballot delivery system.
1045:
and manual recounts measure the effectiveness of some steps, they offer only weak measurement of the integrity of the physical or electronic ballot boxes. Ballots could be removed, replaced, or could have marks added to them without detection (i.e. to fill in
1192:
systems provide E2E properties. Rather than replacing the entire voting system, as is the case in all the preceding examples, it works as an add-on for existing optical scan voting systems, producing conventional voter-verifiable paper ballots suitable for
1204:
The STAR-Vote system was defined for Travis County, the fifth most populous county in Texas, and home of the state capital, Austin. It illustrated another way to combine an E2E system with conventionally auditable paper ballots, produced in this case by a
2101:
Ben-Nun, Jonathan; Farhi, Niko; Llewellyn, Morgan; Riva, Ben; Rosen, Alon; Ta-Shma, Amnon; Wikstrom, Douglas (2012). "A New
Implementation of a Dual (Paper and Cryptographic) Voting System". In Manuel J. Kripp; Melanie Volkamer; Rüdiger Grimm (eds.).
1136:. After the voter selects their candidates, a voting machine prints out a specially formatted version of the ballot on two transparencies. When the layers are stacked, they show the human-readable vote. However, each transparency is
1181:, was designed to provide some of the benefits of a cryptographic voting system without using cryptography. It can in principle be implemented on paper although the presented version requires an electronic verifier.
1022:
Classical approaches to election integrity focus on ensuring the security of each step individually, going from voter intent to the final total. Such approaches have generally fallen out of favor with
1479:
1156:, which has stronger security properties and uses simpler paper ballots. The paper ballots are voted on and then a privacy-preserving portion of the ballot is scanned by an optical scanner.
1149:
decryption procedure to check if each vote is accurately counted. Sastry, Karloff and Wagner pointed out that there are issues with both of the Chaum and VoteHere cryptographic solutions.
1089:
It was originally believed that combining both properties would be impossible. However, further research has since shown these properties can co-exist. Both are combined in the 2005
1170:
The
Scratch and Vote system, invented by Ben Adida, uses a scratch-off surface to hide cryptographic information that can be used to verify the correct printing of the ballot.
2001:
1058:
votes for undesired candidates). This shortcoming motivated the development of the end-to-end auditable voting systems discussed here, sometimes referred to as
1552:
2382:
1476:
263:
1358:
17:
1116:
Support for E2E auditability, based on prior experience using it with in-person elections, is also seen as a requirement for remote voting over the
1815:
1015:
2231:
Hao, Feng; Wang, Shen; Bag, Samiran; Procter, Rob; Shahandashti, Siamak F; Mehrnezhad, Maryam; Toreini, Ehsan; Metere, Roberto; Liu, Lana (2020).
1575:
1132:
proposed a solution that allows each voter to verify that their votes are cast appropriately and that the votes are accurately tallied using
2087:
1259:
has been used since 2009 by several organizations and universities for general elections, board elections, and student council elections.
644:
1217:
certified voting was willing to adapt their system to work with the novel cryptographic open-source components, as required by the RFP.
1066:
Individual verifiability, by which any voter may check that his or her ballot is correctly included in the electronic ballot box, and
1923:
1500:
609:
639:
478:
581:
294:
2135:
1845:
2111:
1026:
designers, as these local local focus may miss some vulnerabilities while over-protecting others. The alternative is to use
1536:
B Smyth, S. Frink and M. R. Clarkson, Election
Verifiability: Cryptographic Definitions and an Analysis of Helios and JCJ,
2180:
1296:
784:
248:
2489:
2008:
1090:
1549:
1069:
Universal verifiability, by which anyone may determine that all of the ballots in the box have been correctly counted.
1715:
1632:"The Future of Voting: End-to-End Verifiable Internet Voting - Specification and Feasibility Study - E2E-VIV Project"
1263:
1277:
was used as part of the vVote poll-site electronic voting system at the 2014 Victorian State
Election in Australia.
2473:
1042:
952:
258:
225:
94:
2336:
2069:
1108:
Eligibility verifiability, by which anyone may determine that all counted ballots were cast by registered voters.
2371:
1378:
2463:— A review of existing electronic voting systems and its verification systems in supervised environments.
2421:
1752:
1560:
1214:
1094:
1018:, such as at the precinct or county level, the results from each level are combined to produce the final tally.
629:
194:
2273:
1788:
230:
2335:
Feng Hao, Matthew N. Kreeger, Brian
Randell, Dylan Clarke, Siamak F. Shahandashti, and Peter Hyun-Jeen Lee.
129:
2469:
a 2020 MIT Media Lab article about end to end verifiable voting systems, includes discussion of blockchains
906:
566:
115:
34:
1895:
2159:
Eldridge, Mark (May 6, 2018). "A Trustworthy
Electronic Voting System for Australian Federal Elections".
557:
1823:
1344:
1062:. These attempt to cover the entire path from voter attempt to election totals with just two measures:
586:
523:
287:
79:
2468:
2444:
1870:
1572:
779:
538:
74:
985:
to provide voters with receipts that allow them to verify their votes were counted as cast, without
2494:
1739:
1435:
1225:
614:
1977:
600:
2002:"Pilot Study of the Scantegrity II Voting System Planned for the 2009 Takoma Park City Election"
2455:
2070:"Electing a University President using Open-Audit Voting: Analysis of real-world use of Helios"
1430:
1167:. As in Punchscan, the votes are made on paper ballots and a portion of the ballot is scanned.
794:
695:
576:
1742:. Proceedings of the Fourteenth USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 2005), August 2005.
1246:
1230:
1206:
649:
634:
533:
280:
268:
253:
173:
168:
1524:
2407:
1213:
in 2016, and bids were received for all the components, but no existing contractor with an
1210:
1027:
945:
99:
8:
1194:
1141:
1133:
690:
2026:
2255:
2160:
2117:
1721:
1676:
1458:
1023:
901:
860:
450:
435:
389:
384:
357:
163:
84:
64:
1266:
in 2011 and 2012, as well as in the primary elections for the
Israeli political party
2358:
Proceedings of the 21st
European Symposium on Research in Computer Security (ESORICS)
2259:
2188:
2107:
1953:
1711:
1487:
1462:
1450:
1355:(E2E verifiable e-voting without tallying authorities based on real-time computation)
1349:
DRE-i (E2E verifiable e-voting without tallying authorities based on pre-computation)
1316:
1281:
1274:
1160:
1035:
1001:
978:
870:
850:
789:
738:
619:
571:
505:
430:
420:
399:
394:
311:
178:
69:
2051:
1520:
1262:
Wombat Voting was used in student council elections at the private research college
2247:
2121:
1725:
1703:
1680:
1668:
1516:
1440:
804:
733:
685:
528:
514:
1280:
ElectionGuard was combined with a voting system from VotingWorks and used for the
1163:
system, invented by Peter Ryan, uses a shuffled candidate order and a traditional
2213:
1605:
1579:
1556:
1483:
1101:
938:
928:
855:
838:
774:
700:
654:
352:
204:
199:
54:
2460:
1592:
1504:
1672:
1414:
1250:
1189:
799:
743:
548:
543:
488:
483:
89:
2438:
2251:
1490:), IFES, Washington DC, 2007; pages 32-46, see particularly Figure 4, page 39.
1030:
measures that are designed to demonstrate the integrity of the entire chain.
2483:
2192:
1954:"The Election Guard we need isn't one that Microsoft can provide. It's human"
1756:
1454:
1410:
1406:
1311:
1256:
1198:
1074:
986:
896:
814:
809:
469:
445:
440:
362:
143:
1707:
1499:
Douglas W. Jones, End-to-End
Standards for Accuracy in Paper-Based Systems,
977:) systems are voting systems with stringent integrity properties and strong
1631:
1339:
982:
891:
875:
823:
714:
705:
680:
460:
425:
59:
1695:
1591:
Aleks Essex, Jeremy Clark, Richard T. Carback III, and Stefan Popoveniuc.
1445:
1418:
1077:, most E2E voting schemes also attempt to meet a third requirement called
1789:"STAR-Vote: A Secure, Transparent, Auditable, and Reliable Voting System"
1700:
Proceedings of the 2003 ACM workshop on Privacy in the electronic society
1656:
1334:
1326:
1185:
1174:
1164:
1129:
1055:
865:
748:
728:
455:
2337:"Every Vote Counts: Ensuring Integrity in Large-Scale Electronic Voting"
923:
2353:
2232:
1178:
723:
591:
415:
375:
209:
2422:"Black Box Voting Vs. End-to-End Verifiable Voting – Assembly Voting"
1321:
1292:
1229:
the encrypted interpretation. The voter can then disavow the ballot (
1221:
1153:
1145:
changed. The system detects changes to the voter's ballot and uses a
1047:
371:
138:
1537:
2354:"DRE-ip: A Verifiable E-Voting Scheme without Tallying Authorities"
2165:
1659:(2004). "Secret-Ballot Receipts: True Voter-Verifiable Elections".
1618:
1234:
1201:
and was developed by a team that included Chaum, Rivest, and Ryan.
1117:
1051:
624:
124:
2104:
5th International conference on electronic voting 2012 (EVOTE2012)
1769:
1604:
Olivier de Marneffe, Olivier Pereira and Jean-Jacques Quisquater.
1405:
1097:. This definition is also predominant in the academic literature.
989:
to an external party. As such, these systems are sometimes called
2322:
2304:
2233:"End-to-End Verifiable E-Voting Trial for Polling Station Voting"
1146:
1137:
1004:
systems arrive at their final vote totals by a series of steps:
2280:
1846:"Travis County Forges New Territory in Creating Voting Machine"
1352:
1288:
1267:
343:
318:
2181:"A Texas County Clerk's Bold Crusade to Transform How We Vote"
236:
2450:
326:
1816:"Travis County - STAR-VoteTM Request for Proposal Released"
241:
1085:
No voter can prove how he or she voted to any third party.
2100:
2341:
USENIX Journal of Election Technology and Systems (JETS)
1702:. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 94–100.
1573:
On the Security of Ballot Receipts in E2E Voting Systems
1694:
Golle, Philippe; Jakobsson, Markus (October 30, 2003).
1220:
Building on the STAR-Vote experience, Josh Benaloh at
1008:
voters cast ballots either electronically or manually,
1740:
Cryptographic Voting Protocols: A Systems perspective
1475:
Douglas W. Jones, Perspectives on Electronic Voting,
264:
Secure Electronic Registration and Voting Experiment
1224:led the design and development of ElectionGuard, a
2461:Study on Poll-Site Voting and Verification Systems
2447:— PDF describing Ben Adida's Helios web-site
1050:contests with votes for a desired candidate or to
2230:
1593:Punchscan in Practice: An E2E Election Case Study
1011:cast vote records are tallied to generate totals,
2481:
2441:— Video of Ben Adida's 90-minute tech talk
2136:"Meretz aims to revolutionize electronic voting"
1595:. IAVoSS Workshop on Trustworthy Elections 2007.
1582:. IAVoSS Workshop on Trustworthy Elections 2007.
1379:"Voluntary Voting System Guidelines version 1.0"
2205:
1896:"Travis County - STAR-Vote - A Change of Plans"
1738:Chris Karlof, Naveen Sastry, and David Wagner.
1606:Simulation-Based Analysis of E2E Voting Systems
1571:Jeremy Clark, Aleks Essex, and Carlisle Adams.
2456:Simple Auditable & Anonymous Voting Scheme
1693:
1284:spring primary election on February 18, 2020.
2088:"Auditability and Verifiability of Elections"
1501:Workshop on Election Standards and Technology
946:
288:
2224:
1924:"Can Our Ballots Be Both Secret and Secure?"
1073:Because of the importance of the right to a
987:revealing which candidates a voter supported
1291:system was trialed in a polling station in
1209:. The project produced a detailed spec and
655:Parallel voting (Mixed member majoritarian)
1978:"ElectionGuard - Structures and Processes"
953:
939:
620:Mixed single vote (positive vote transfer)
558:Proportional and semi-proportional systems
295:
281:
2211:
2164:
1868:
1619:Building Reliable Voting Machine Software
1444:
1434:
2158:
2024:
1621:. Ph.D. Dissertation, UC Berkeley, 2007.
1104:, the following measure can be adopted:
2369:
2052:"The Helios e-Voting Demo for the IACR"
1921:
1893:
1787:Bell, Susan; et al. (2013-08-01).
1550:2005 Voluntary Voting System Guidelines
1419:"End-to-end arguments in system design"
1123:
14:
2482:
2214:"E-voting trialled in local elections"
2085:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1871:"STAR-Vote collapses - Austin Monitor"
1808:
1253:for its 2009 and 2011 city elections.
2439:Verifying Elections with Cryptography
2408:"Core Technologies – Assembly Voting"
2352:Siamak F. Shahandashti and Feng Hao.
2106:. Bonn: Gesellschaft für Informatik.
2067:
2049:
1970:
1951:
1917:
1915:
1655:
2025:Hardesty, Larry (13 November 2009).
1843:
1786:
1780:
1696:"Reusable anonymous return channels"
1521:Some Problems with End-to-End Voting
1423:ACM Transactions on Computer Systems
1152:Chaum's team subsequently developed
2445:Helios: Web-based Open-Audit Voting
1940:
1297:2019 United Kingdom local elections
1240:
249:End-to-end auditable voting systems
24:
18:End-to-end auditable voting systems
2370:Patachi, Stefan (September 2019).
1912:
1527:, Oct. 13-14, 2009, Washington DC.
1525:End-to-End Voting Systems Workshop
1523:, position paper presented at the
1477:From Power Outages to Paper Trails
1091:Voluntary Voting System Guidelines
515:Plurality and majoritarian systems
25:
2506:
2432:
2388:from the original on 2 March 2023
2086:Rivest, Ron L. (March 16, 2016).
1264:Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya
1043:voter verified paper audit trails
625:Scorporo (negative vote transfer)
2476:— Article by The Economist
1728:– via ACM Digital Library.
922:
325:
259:Independent verification systems
226:Certification of voting machines
95:Voter-verified paper audit trail
2414:
2400:
2363:
2346:
2329:
2315:
2297:
2266:
2173:
2152:
2128:
2094:
2079:
2061:
2043:
2018:
1994:
1887:
1869:Pritchard, Caleb (2017-10-04).
1862:
1837:
1762:
1745:
1732:
1687:
1649:
1624:
1611:
1598:
1507:), Jan 31, 2002, Washington DC.
1016:elections are conducted locally
195:Election Systems & Software
2212:Wakefield, Jane (2 May 2019).
2050:Haber, Stuart (May 24, 2010).
1585:
1565:
1561:Election Assistance Commission
1543:
1530:
1510:
1493:
1469:
1399:
1386:Election Assistance Commission
1371:
1095:Election Assistance Commission
630:Mixed ballot transferable vote
13:
1:
2451:Helios Voting System web-site
2343:Volume 2, Number 3, July 2014
2027:"Cryptographic voting debuts"
1894:Ballard, Ginny (2017-09-28).
1608:. E-Voting and Identity 2007.
1364:
1295:on 2 May 2019 as part of the
1177:voting protocol, invented by
231:Independent Testing Authority
2068:Adida, Ben (June 25, 2009).
1958:Wisconsin Election Integrity
1822:. 2016-10-10. Archived from
1538:Cornell's digital repository
907:End-to-end verifiable voting
567:Single non-transferable vote
7:
2240:IEEE Security & Privacy
1952:McKim, Karen (2021-03-16).
1922:Halpern, Sue (2020-07-07).
1302:
996:
971:end-to-end voter verifiable
765:Voting patterns and effects
10:
2511:
1673:10.1109/MSECP.2004.1264852
1345:homomorphic secret sharing
587:Single transferable voting
524:First-past-the-post voting
80:Optical scan voting system
2490:Electronic voting methods
2252:10.1109/MSEC.2020.3002728
1820:www.traviscountyclerk.org
1753:Making every e-vote count
1661:IEEE Security and Privacy
1197:. Scantegrity II employs
780:Voting advice application
610:Mixed-member proportional
539:Plurality-at-large voting
75:Electronic voting machine
1844:Okun, Eli (2014-07-09).
1226:software development kit
983:cryptographic techniques
645:Rural–urban proportional
640:Dual-member proportional
615:Additional member system
2360:, LNCS, Vol. 9879, 2016
1708:10.1145/1005140.1005155
1041:While measures such as
2474:A Really Secret Ballot
2323:"Wombat Voting System"
1982:www.electionguard.vote
1273:A modified version of
1036:many points of failure
795:Passive electioneering
696:Straight-ticket voting
2309:vote.heliosvoting.org
2274:"ADDER voting system"
1900:traviscountyclerk.org
1446:10.1145/357401.357402
1247:Takoma Park, Maryland
1211:request for proposals
1207:ballot marking device
650:Majority bonus system
635:Alternative Vote Plus
534:Instant-runoff voting
269:Software independence
254:Help America Vote Act
174:Software verification
169:Qualification testing
1636:U.S. Vote Foundation
1195:risk-limiting audits
1124:Proposed E2E Systems
967:End-to-end auditable
601:Mixed-member systems
100:Vote counting system
2381:. Assembly Voting.
2372:"Assembly Voting X"
1417:(1 November 1984).
1142:visual cryptography
1134:visual cryptography
1093:promulgated by the
929:Politics portal
691:Split-ticket voting
42:Election technology
2379:assemblyvoting.com
2140:The Jerusalem Post
1578:2012-07-22 at the
1555:2008-06-13 at the
1482:2008-11-28 at the
1060:E2E voting systems
1024:distributed system
981:. E2E systems use
902:Voter registration
861:Voter intimidation
385:Write-in candidate
358:Provisional ballot
164:Acceptance testing
85:Provisional ballot
65:DRE voting machine
2113:978-3-88579-299-4
1850:The Texas Tribune
1359:Assembly Voting X
1282:Fulton, Wisconsin
1120:by many experts.
1002:Electronic voting
979:tamper resistance
963:
962:
914:
913:
871:Voter suppression
851:Ballot harvesting
829:
828:
790:Paradox of voting
756:
755:
739:None of the above
671:Voting strategies
662:
661:
572:Cumulative voting
506:Electoral systems
496:
495:
431:Electronic voting
421:Compulsory voting
305:
304:
179:Usability testing
70:Electronic voting
16:(Redirected from
2502:
2426:
2425:
2424:. 19 April 2022.
2418:
2412:
2411:
2410:. 24 April 2021.
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2387:
2376:
2367:
2361:
2350:
2344:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2285:
2279:. Archived from
2278:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2237:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2007:. Archived from
2006:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1949:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1919:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1796:usenix evtvote13
1793:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1766:
1760:
1749:
1743:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1628:
1622:
1615:
1609:
1602:
1596:
1589:
1583:
1569:
1563:
1547:
1541:
1534:
1528:
1517:Douglas W. Jones
1514:
1508:
1505:alternate source
1497:
1491:
1488:alternate source
1473:
1467:
1466:
1448:
1438:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1383:
1375:
1241:Use in elections
1079:receipt-freeness
955:
948:
941:
927:
926:
845:
844:
805:Political apathy
769:
768:
734:Election boycott
675:
674:
529:Two-round system
511:
510:
340:
339:
329:
307:
306:
297:
290:
283:
30:
29:
21:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2495:Electoral fraud
2480:
2479:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2374:
2368:
2364:
2351:
2347:
2334:
2330:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2305:"Helios Voting"
2303:
2302:
2298:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2272:
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839:Electoral fraud
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775:Coattail effect
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376:Ballot measures
353:Absentee ballot
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312:Politics series
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218:Related aspects
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200:Hart InterCivic
55:Absentee ballot
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1826:on 2018-04-25
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1774:ben.adida.net
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27:Voting system
19:
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2390:. Retrieved
2378:
2365:
2357:
2348:
2340:
2331:
2317:
2308:
2299:
2288:. Retrieved
2281:the original
2268:
2243:
2239:
2226:
2217:
2207:
2196:. Retrieved
2184:
2175:
2154:
2143:. Retrieved
2139:
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2063:
2045:
2034:. Retrieved
2030:
2020:
2009:the original
1996:
1985:. Retrieved
1981:
1972:
1961:. Retrieved
1957:
1931:. Retrieved
1927:
1903:. Retrieved
1899:
1889:
1878:. Retrieved
1874:
1864:
1853:. Retrieved
1849:
1839:
1828:. Retrieved
1824:the original
1819:
1810:
1799:. Retrieved
1795:
1782:
1773:
1764:
1747:
1734:
1699:
1689:
1667:(1): 38–47.
1664:
1660:
1657:Chaum, David
1651:
1640:. Retrieved
1635:
1626:
1613:
1600:
1587:
1567:
1545:
1532:
1512:
1495:
1471:
1426:
1422:
1401:
1390:. Retrieved
1385:
1373:
1340:Bingo Voting
1317:Prêt à Voter
1286:
1279:
1275:Prêt à Voter
1272:
1261:
1255:
1245:The city of
1244:
1219:
1203:
1183:
1172:
1169:
1161:Prêt à Voter
1158:
1151:
1127:
1115:
1111:
1099:
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1072:
1059:
1040:
1032:
1021:
1000:
990:
974:
970:
966:
964:
892:Election ink
876:Voter caging
785:Likely voter
706:Vote pairing
681:Issue voting
479:Popular vote
461:Voting booth
426:Early voting
310:Part of the
147:
133:
119:
2246:(6): 6–13.
1770:"Ben Adida"
1759:, Jan 2007.
1540:, Feb. 2017
1415:D. D. Clark
1335:ThreeBallot
1327:Scantegrity
1186:Scantegrity
1175:ThreeBallot
1165:mix network
1130:David Chaum
1100:To address
866:Vote buying
749:Spoilt vote
729:Donkey vote
456:Vote center
436:Open ballot
108:Terminology
2484:Categories
2290:2012-07-12
2198:2021-04-10
2166:1805.02202
2145:2020-01-14
2036:2009-11-30
1987:2021-10-17
1963:2021-10-15
1933:2021-10-14
1928:New Yorker
1905:2018-08-04
1880:2018-08-04
1855:2016-09-02
1830:2018-04-24
1801:2018-04-24
1642:2016-09-01
1411:D. P. Reed
1392:2020-04-07
1365:References
1179:Ron Rivest
1048:undervoted
1028:end-to-end
884:Prevention
724:Abstention
592:Spare vote
582:Party-list
416:Ballot box
408:Collection
390:Electorate
372:Candidates
210:Smartmatic
47:Technology
2260:219616040
2193:1059-1028
1463:215746877
1455:0734-2071
1431:CiteSeerX
1322:Punchscan
1293:Gateshead
1270:in 2012.
1235:overvotes
1222:Microsoft
1154:Punchscan
1138:encrypted
1128:In 2004,
993:systems.
336:Balloting
139:Undervote
2392:27 April
2383:Archived
2218:BBC News
2031:MIT news
1576:Archived
1553:Archived
1480:Archived
1303:Examples
1231:spoil it
1118:Internet
1052:overvote
997:Overview
470:Counting
451:Precinct
148:drop-off
125:Overvote
35:a series
33:Part of
2122:2015880
1726:3040325
1681:1015904
1147:mix-net
344:Ballots
156:Testing
2258:
2191:
2120:
2110:
1724:
1714:
1679:
1638:. 2015
1461:
1453:
1433:
1388:. 2005
1353:DRE-ip
1312:Helios
1289:DRE-ip
1268:Meretz
1257:Helios
1014:where
400:Ticket
319:Voting
2386:(PDF)
2375:(PDF)
2284:(PDF)
2277:(PDF)
2256:S2CID
2236:(PDF)
2185:Wired
2161:arXiv
2118:S2CID
2073:(PDF)
2055:(PDF)
2012:(PDF)
2005:(PDF)
1792:(PDF)
1722:S2CID
1677:S2CID
1459:S2CID
1382:(PDF)
1308:ADDER
1249:used
1056:spoil
484:Tally
395:Slate
237:NVLAP
233:(ITA)
2394:2023
2189:ISSN
2108:ISBN
1712:ISBN
1451:ISSN
1287:The
1188:and
1184:The
1173:The
1159:The
1054:and
374:and
242:VVSG
134:PCOS
120:CCOS
60:Chad
2248:doi
1704:doi
1669:doi
1441:doi
1215:EAC
975:E2E
969:or
146:or
132:or
118:or
2486::
2377:.
2356:.
2339:.
2307:.
2254:.
2244:18
2242:.
2238:.
2216:.
2187:.
2183:.
2138:.
2116:.
2029:.
1980:.
1956:.
1942:^
1926:.
1914:^
1898:.
1873:.
1848:.
1818:.
1794:.
1772:.
1755:,
1720:.
1710:.
1698:.
1675:.
1663:.
1634:.
1559:,
1519:,
1457:.
1449:.
1439:.
1425:.
1421:.
1413:;
1409:;
1384:.
1299:.
1237:.
1081::
1038:.
37:on
2396:.
2325:.
2311:.
2293:.
2262:.
2250::
2220:.
2201:.
2169:.
2163::
2148:.
2124:.
2090:.
2075:.
2057:.
2039:.
1990:.
1966:.
1936:.
1908:.
1883:.
1858:.
1833:.
1804:.
1776:.
1706::
1683:.
1671::
1665:2
1645:.
1503:(
1486:(
1465:.
1443::
1427:2
1395:.
973:(
954:e
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940:v
296:e
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282:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.