Endangered Species Act of 1973

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some media. In contrast, a foundation associated with the Western Caucus of U.S. senators and representatives issued a 116-page report in 2023 titled "The Endangered Species Act at 50", with a subtitle expressing its primary criticism that "a record of falsified recoveries underscores a lack of scientific integrity in the federal program." Among the faculty expressing views in a University of Pennsylvania report, one drew attention to an underlying shift in national worldviews during the past half-century: The Act "reflects the confidence of mid-20th century liberal politics that any problem can be fixed with legislation based on scientific data," yet pragmatic solutions that require flexibility have been hindered and polarization has become intense. An academic review paper in 2008 reported that the Act had become "a social, legal, and political battleground" and that "the scientific question of whether the ESA works effectively to protect species remains open." Specific challenges and long-term controversies are summarized in this section.

1264:"Fear of failure in conservation" is another factor that contributes to agency and manager hesitancy to undertake recovery actions for which there is no certainty of success. There are two reasons why scientists themselves may abstain from recommending actions. One is fear that making such recommendations may compromise their status as objective researchers whose conclusions can be trusted. A second is fear that a recommended action that is undertaken but then fails may injure their reputation. These fears may be heightened when recommendations pertain to a species for which controversy has developed or one whose population has declined so drastically that any manipulation of the species or its habitat may later be denounced as contributing to its further decline or extinction. Thus there are multiple reasons why recovery programs for some species "may be trapped in a cycle where more resources are allocated to information gathering versus action." 2309:

updated and reposted as warranted. This, in turn, may stimulate changes in the third part of the new framework: the "Recovery Implementation Strategy" (RIS). While recovery actions are policy level decisions that will continue to be delineated in the official recovery plan, the RIS serves as "a short-term, more flexible operational document focused on how, when, and with whom the recovery actions will be implemented." A single species may ultimately have a number of RIS documents posted — each pertaining to a different entity, such as a land trust or botanical garden, that steps forward (with or without federal funding) to voluntarily engage in one or more specific recovery actions:

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entity is required by the Endangered Species Act (ESA) to implement actions in a recovery plan." Therefore, beginning in 2016, the agency augmented standard recovery planning by shifting to a three-part framework. Statutory and regulatory requirements for producing an initial "recovery plan" are still fulfilled, including opportunities for public comments. The plan is to be written and published in the customary way, and it continues to be subject to the "five year review" process. However, two new kinds of working documents can be developed, posted, and updated as needed for each listed species.

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recent report to Congress was by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and presented expenditures cumulative through fiscal year 2020. The report entailed these statistics: "Of the 1,388 status reviews completed, 93 percent (1,294) recommend no change in status for the species, 3 percent (40) recommend reclassifying from endangered to threatened, 3 percent (38) recommend delisting (22 due to extinction, 13 due to recovery, and 3 due to error), 1 percent (13) recommend reclassifying from threatened to endangered, and less than 1 percent (2) recommend a revision to the listed entity."

1177: 1437:, issued under the Act to private entities undertaking projects that might result in harm to a listed species. The intent is to deter controversy by building into the plan practices for minimizing harm to listed species and their core habitat needs (including seasonal peaks in use). A validated plan then absolves the developer from harms that may incidentally occur to the species, when following the plan. Securing landowner pledges of habitat enhancement measures during the planning process can serve to defuse opposition from the public and other stakeholders. 1793: 1883:(listed as endangered in 1976), when each type was reintroduced into core areas of its former native range in the 1990s. Because wolves are so wide-ranging and can be expected to occasionally prey upon livestock that ranchers legally graze on federal (even wilderness) lands, announcements of intents to restore these predators to particular federal lands in the Rocky Mountain states generated conflicting views at the outset. Ever after, state authority to manage roaming wolves (and authorize takings and hunts) has been controversial, as well. 857:"to review (1) species of plants which are now or may become endangered or threatened and (2) methods of adequately conserving such species, and to report to Congress, within one year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the results of such review including recommendations for new legislation or the amendment of existing legislation." As a result, the first plant listings occurred in 1977. Fifty years later, significantly more species of plants were listed in the highest category (endangered) than animals: 766 plants and 486 animals. 861: 1441: 2576:(FWS). These two agencies are often collectively referred to as "the Services" and lead the consultation process. FWS is responsible for the recovery of terrestrial, freshwater, and catadromous species. NMFS is responsible for marine species and anadromous fish. NMFS manages recovery for 165 endangered and threatened marine species including 66 foreign species. As of January 2020, the Services have listed 2,273 species worldwide as endangered or threatened. 1,662 of these species occur in the United States. 1937: 1361: 769: 2821: 1141: 1023: 2406: 1234:

proclamations of success. Specifically, statements of numbers of species "recovered" do not distinguish between those delisted owing to actual improvement in populations versus those for which the original population numbers were later found to have been greatly underestimated. Had the science been more in line with reality at the start, this report claims 36 of the 62 species reported by the agency as officially recovered would not have achieved listing at the outset.

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ecosystems upon which they depend" through different mechanisms. For example, section 4 requires the agencies overseeing the Act to designate imperiled species as threatened or endangered. Section 9 prohibits unlawful 'take,' of such species, which means to "harass, harm, hunt..." Section 7 directs federal agencies to use their authorities to help conserve listed species. The Act also serves as the enacting legislation to carry out the provisions outlined in The

2301: 605: 1543: 1277: 1897: 1766: 1606: 2463: 880:). Prior to this time, attention to the conservation needs of native plants had been stalled by complications that do not pertain to animals. How to adequately distinguish plants illegally collected in the wild from plants propagated from seeds or cuttings taken from horticultural specimens was among the points of contention. Ultimately, federal authority over enforcement of endangered plant protections has centered on regulation of 988:

prioritization system that would enable it to determine which of the potentially eligible species should be considered first. The Service responded with listing priority guidance that established a hierarchy of priorities based first on the magnitude of threat, then upon its imminence, and finally upon taxonomic distinctiveness (with monotypic genera ranked ahead of other species, and full species ranked ahead of subspecies.

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critical habitat but does not reach the level of jeopardy or adverse modification. In this case, the Services will prepare an incidental take statement. Under most circumstances, the ESA prohibits "take" of listed species. Take includes harming, killing or harassing a listed species. However, the ESA allows for "incidental" take that results from an otherwise lawful activity that is not the direct purpose of the action.

736:(NEPA) of 1969. Dr. Train was assisted by a core group of staffers, including Dr. Earl Baysinger at EPA, Dick Gutting, and Dr. Gerard A. "Jerry" Bertrand, a PhD marine biologist by training (Oregon State University, 1969), who had transferred from his post as the senior scientific adviser to the Commandant of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, office of the Commandant of the Corps., to join the newly formed White House 2565:

referred to as an 'affirmative requirement.' Section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires federal agencies to ensure their actions do not jeopardize listed species or adversely modify critical habitat. Federal agencies (referred to as "action agencies") must consult with the Secretary of the Interior before taking any action which may affect listed species. Section 7(a)(2) is often referred to as the consultation process.

2613:). The goal of this 7(a)(1) conservation plan is to protect listed species while allowing the Corps to carry out its civil works responsibilities. As part of the plan, the Corps undertakes projects that will benefit those species. It also considers species ecology as a part of project design. All three listed species in the Lower Mississippi River have increased in numbers since the plan was established. 2182: 2655:

then review the biological assessment and either agree or disagree with the agency's findings. If the Services agree the project's potential impacts have been eliminated, they will concur in writing. The concurrence letter must outline any modifications agreed to during informal consultation. If an agreement cannot be reached, the Services advise the action agency to initiate formal consultation.

3128: 3101: 2256:(Sec.10.j ) – any population (including eggs, propagules, or individuals) of an endangered species or a threatened species released outside the current range under authorization of the Secretary. Experimental, nonessential populations of endangered species are treated as threatened species on public land, for consultation purposes, and as species proposed for listing on private land. 975:

determined by the Secretary, after consultation as appropriate with affected States, to be critical." When the Act was amended in 1978, "critical habitat" was given a definition and basic terms for how it would be determined and used. (As will be seen in the "Controversies" section, this provision was sometimes challenging to implement for both scientific and political reasons.)

1597:, and other western states. Midwest and eastern states received less critical habitat, primarily on rivers and coastlines. As of December 2006, the Reagan regulation had not yet been replaced, though its use had been suspended. Nonetheless, the agencies have generally changed course and since about 2005 have tried to designate critical habitat at or near the time of listing. 2943:

Permit. A landowner can have either a "Safe Harbor" agreement or an HCP, or both. The policy was developed by the Clinton administration. Unlike an HCP the activities covered by a SHA are designed to protect species. The policy relies on the "enhancement of survival" provision of Section §1539(a)(1)(A). Safe harbor agreements are subject to public comment rules of the APA.

1531:"... the critical habitat provision is a startling section which is wholly inconsistent with the rest of the legislation. It constitutes a loophole which could readily be abused by any Secretary ... who is vulnerable to political pressure or who is not sympathetic to the basic purposes of the Endangered Species Act."-- House of Representatives Report 95-1625, at 69 (1978) 2348:(Northern Rocky Mountain DPS). On April 15, 2011, President Obama signed the Department of Defense and Full-Year Appropriations Act of 2011. A section of that Appropriations Act directed the Secretary of the Interior to reissue within 60 days of enactment the final rule published on April 2, 2009, that identified the Northern Rocky Mountain population of gray wolf ( 2270:

has a policy specifying completion within three years of the species being listed, but the average time to completion is approximately six years. The annual rate of recovery plan completion increased steadily from the Ford administration (4) through Carter (9), Reagan (30), Bush I (44), and Clinton (72), but declined under Bush II (16 per year as of 9/1/06).

1691:" of populations from the southern parts of its range into northward habitats with suitable conditions and supportive plants. The report justified the managed relocation action by noting that stakeholders and managers "are growing more supportive of novel science-based interventions to save rare species from climate change–driven extirpation." 1569:

logging, and mining projects on private and state land typically require one or more federal permits and thus become subject to critical habitat regulations. Outside or in parallel with regulatory processes, critical habitats also focus and encourage voluntary actions such as land purchases, grant making, restoration, and establishment of

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total, 64 species improved enough to be removed from the list. Another 64 improved enough to be "downlisted" from endangered to threatened. While 11 species have been declared extinct since implementation of the law began, another 23 species have gone missing for so long that they have been proposed for official designation as extinct.

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Species Act, designation of critical habitat is the first priority for agency action following listing of a species. Next is formulation of a recovery plan. Not all recovery plans, however, specify critical habitat. Setting aside this requirement is authorized if the agency head determines that its designation would not be "prudent."

2670:"Jeopardy" is not defined in the ESA, but the Services have defined it in regulation to mean "when an action is likely to appreciably reduce a species' likelihood of survival and recovery in the wild." In other words, if an action merely reduces the likelihood of recovery but not survival then the standard of jeopardy is not met. 2914:(HCP). HCPs must minimize and mitigate the impacts of the activity. HCPs can be established to provide protections for both listed and non-listed species. Such non-listed species include species that have been proposed for listing. Hundreds of HCPs have been created. However, the effectiveness of the HCP program remains unknown. 921:

by federal agencies at an earlier time, such that the causes of population decline might be corrected before emergency concerns develop. Controversy also arises as to whether and what differences in recovery plan elements, and thus management policies and restrictions, should distinguish "threatened" from "endangered."

673:) amended the Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966. It established a list of species in danger of worldwide extinction. It also expanded protections for species covered in 1966 and added to the list of protected species. While the 1966 Act only applied to 'game' and wild birds, the 1969 Act also protected 1223:. Human activities are presented as the primary cause of extinction threats for all these species. The two implementing agencies have a combined record of changing species status from threatened to endangered on nine occasions, while the number of status improvements from endangered to threatened is greater. 1041:. A study of some 1,000 privately owned forest plots within the range of the woodpecker found that when landowners observed pine growth maturing to a stage in which it might attract nesting woodpeckers, they were more likely to harvest – regardless of timber prices at the time. This is a form of intentional 2757:

In rare cases, no alternatives to avoid jeopardy or adverse modification will be available. An analysis of FWS consultations from 1987 to 1991 found only 0.02% were blocked or canceled because of a jeopardy or adverse modification opinion with no reasonable and prudent alternatives. In this scenario,

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As a part of the assessment, the action agency conducts on-site inspections to see whether protected species are present. The assessment will also include the likely effects of the action on such species. The assessment should address all listed and proposed species in the action area, not only those

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participation to the process. There is a ranking order, similar to the listing procedures, for recovery plans, with the highest priority being for species most likely to benefit from recovery plans, especially when the threat is from construction, or other developmental or economic activity. Recovery

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outlining the goals, tasks required, likely costs, and estimated timeline to recover endangered species (i.e., increase their numbers and improve their management to the point where they can be removed from the endangered list). The ESA does not specify when a recovery plan must be completed. The FWS

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Essentially the "warranted but precluded" finding is a deferral added by the 1982 amendment to the ESA. It means other, higher-priority actions will take precedence. For example, an emergency listing of a rare plant growing in a wetland that is scheduled to be filled in for housing construction would

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Although the Endangered Species Act of 1973 did not in itself limit the placement of "experimental populations" to the historically native range of a plant or animal, a regulatory change in 1984 regarding "experimental populations" made prospective translocations more difficult to justify. June 2022,

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All federal agencies are prohibited from authorizing, funding, or carrying out actions that "destroy or adversely modify" critical habitats (Section 7(a) (2)). While the regulatory aspect of critical habitat does not apply directly to private and other non-federal landowners, large-scale development,

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Another controversy arises from the Act specifying that critical habitat designation is required to contain "all areas essential to the conservation" of the imperiled species, and may include private as well as public lands. The Fish and Wildlife Service has a policy limiting designation to lands and

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into the process of determining such designation. It reads, "...shall designate critical habitat... on the basis of the best scientific data available and after taking into consideration the economic impact, and any other impact, of specifying... area as critical habitat." The congressional report on

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A 2019 report found that the Fish and Wildlife Service faced a backlog of more than 500 species that have been determined to potentially warrant protection. A 2022 report pointed to severe population declines while species await listing decisions as a major problem impeding eventual recovery success.

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With or without listing, there are opportunities for stakeholders themselves to begin actions on their own. This especially applies to habitat improvements. If suitable habitat for a species can be found on private, state, municipal, or tribal lands, there is no need to wait for the federal agency to

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Listing of a species "triggers two overlapping types of conservation measures: extinction prevention and recovery actions." An official document required by the Act has come to be known as a recovery plan. The Act "gives few guidelines for their preparation and content and does not specify a deadline

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Requirements that listing decisions be made based on scientific evidence and considerations, coupled with an inability of the agencies to expand and contract staffing based on shifts in the volume of outstanding petitions, induced Congress in 1982 to amend the Act by establishing deadlines for agency

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also received widespread attention as unregulated hunting and habitat loss contributed to a steady decline in its population. By 1890, it had disappeared from its primary breeding range in the north central United States. Scientists of the day played a prominent role in raising public awareness about

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Section 10 may also allow activities that can unintentionally impact protected species. A common activity might be construction where these species live. More than half of habitat for listed species is on non-federal property. Under section 10, impacted parties can apply for an incidental take

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The Services may issue a finding of "no jeopardy or adverse modification" if the proposed action does not pose any harm to listed or proposed species or their designated critical habitat. Alternatively, the Service could find that proposed action is likely to harm listed or proposed species or their

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where the dam was constructed, and in 2022 the species was removed from the federal endangered list. Nonetheless, the fact that the Endangered Species Act effectively halted major construction underway in behalf of a small species of fish put an end to the wide political support that had accompanied

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reported similar legislation. In December 2020, the Trump administration further rolled back the Endangered Species Act by reducing habitat protections for at-risk species, and thus restricting protections to where they currently live—not where they lived previously or where they might migrate to as

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In designating critical habitat, the needs of open space for individual and population growth, food, water, light or other nutritional requirements, breeding sites, seed germination and dispersal needs, and lack of disturbances are considered. As itemized within a 2008 review paper on the Endangered

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concluded that the agency's decisions on apportioning funds are "more often driven by political and social factors, including congressional representation, the number of employees in field offices, staff workload, and opportunities to form partnerships and secure matching funds." As well, the report

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The Fish & Wildlife Service has developed a four-factor prioritization system for analyzing tradeoffs in distributing funds among the listed species: degree of threat, potential for recovery, taxonomic uniqueness, and conflict with human activities. Even so, the 2016 special report on the Act by

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Critics of the Act have noted that, despite its goal of recovering species to the point of delisting, this has rarely happened. As of 2023 (fifty years after its passage), an aggregate of 1,780 species had been listed through the years as endangered or the less severe category of threatened. Of that

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In 2023, with this Congressional act achieving its 50th anniversary, journalists were prompted to report on the Act's outcomes and controversies. Congressional overturning of several recent listings and ability to hamper implementation by restricting agency funding were among the points mentioned by

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The Act distinguished two grades of species for listing: "endangered" and a lesser category called "threatened". An endangered species is in danger of extinction now; a threatened species faces such a threat in "the foreseeable future." The aim for the lesser category is to enable protective actions

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A formal consultation may last up to 90 days. After this time the Services will issue a biological opinion. The biological opinion contains findings related to the project's effects on listed and proposed species. The Services must complete the biological opinion within 45 days of the conclusion of

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The Services have defined adverse modification as "a diminishment of critical habitat that leads to a lower likelihood of survival and recovery for a listed species." The diminishment may be direct or indirect. To assess the likelihood of adverse modification, biologists will first verify the scope

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A biological assessment is a document prepared by the action agency. It lays out the project's potential effects, particularly on listed species. The action agency must complete a biological assessment if listed species or critical habitat may be present. The assessment is optional if only proposed

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To "delist" a species, several factors are considered: control or elimination of threats, population size and growth in the wild, and the stability of habitat quality and quantity. Species can also be delisted if an error (notably, population size) is found in the data used for listing in the first

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resembles its coyote relative far more than the larger gray wolf does, the number of mistaken shootings of the endangered species began to seriously impact the population. As well, detractors of red wolf protection pointed to the genetic deterioration of later generations of red wolves in the wild,

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had pointed out that, while no statutory changes appeared necessary to facilitate this newly proposed form of climate adaptation, "current regulations are an impediment to assisted colonization for many endangered animal species, whereas regulations do not necessarily restrict assisted colonization

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that would "revise section 10(j) regulations under the ESA to better facilitate recovery by allowing for the introduction of listed species to suitable habitats outside of their historical ranges. The proposed change will help improve the conservation and recovery of imperiled ESA-listed species in

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include "a reward structure in science that promotes publication and grant income rather than engaging with conservation practitioners." Distrust across the boundary may also develop if conservation managers perceive that ESA funding allocated to research or monitoring reduces what is available for

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On the opposing side of the spectrum, a foundation associated with the Western Caucus of U.S. senators and representatives issued a 116-page report in 2023 that points to data and statements made by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service during the past half-century that can be interpreted as disputing

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Because the Act allowed species to be listed as endangered without consideration of the economic consequences, it soon became and continues to be controversial. Costs conferred on private landowners and various industries may come in the form of lost opportunity or slowing down operations to comply

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In addition to fines or imprisonment, a license, permit, or other agreement issued by a federal agency that authorized an individual to import or export fish, wildlife, or plants may be revoked, suspended or modified. Any federal hunting or fishing permits that were issued to a person who violates

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Experimental populations are listed species that have been intentionally introduced to a new area. They must be separate geographically from other populations of the same species. Experimental populations can be designated "essential" or "non-essential" "Essential" populations are those whose loss

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HCPs and SHAs are applied to listed species. If an activity may "take" a proposed or candidate species, parties can enter into Candidate Conservation Agreements With Assurances (CCAA). A party must show the Services they will take conservation measures to prevent listing. If a CCAA is approved and

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An example of the 7(a)(1) process is the Army Corps of Engineers' management of the Lower Mississippi River. Since the early 2000s, a division of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has worked with FWS and the states to resolve endangered species and ecosystem management issues. ESA-listed species in

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Beginning in 2016, the FWS augmented standard recovery planning by shifting to a three-part framework. Statutory and regulatory requirements for producing an initial "recovery plan" will still be fulfilled, including opportunities for public comments. The plan is to be written and published in the

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During the listing process, economic factors cannot be considered, but must be " based solely on the best scientific and commercial data available." The 1982 amendment to the ESA added the word "solely" to prevent any consideration other than the biological status of the species. Congress rejected

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The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service itself has recognized that specifying in a written plan the actions to achieve recovery goals falls short of ensuring that such actions will take place. Indeed, the agency recognizes that "Recovery plans are guidance and not regulatory documents, and no agency or

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Any decision to list a species also requires a policy judgment regarding how much risk to that species is acceptable. Science can inform the decision by determining the degree of risk a species faces, but science alone cannot determine whether the risk is acceptable.... Stakeholders with divergent

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The Act points to science professionals as "solely" responsible for making extinction risk assessments. Governmental policies as shaped by various and changing public interests are necessarily the arbiters of how numerical statements of extinction risk should be gauged in context of other kinds of

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Section 10 of the ESA provides a permit system that may allow acts prohibited by Section 9. This includes scientific and conservation activities. For example, the government may let someone move a species from one area to another. This would otherwise be a prohibited taking under Section 9.

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Once this information is received, the committee and the secretary will hold a public hearing. The committee has 30 days from the time of receiving the above report to make a decision. In order for the exemption to be granted, five out of the seven members must vote in favor of the exemption. The

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In the past ten years, FWS has made jeopardy determinations in three cases (delta smelt, aquatic species in Idaho, and South Florida water management), each of which has included reasonable and prudent alternatives. No project has been stopped as a result of FWS finding a project had no available

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However, during consultation, the Services may find there are actions that the agency may take to avoid this. These actions are known as reasonable and prudent alternative actions. In the event of a jeopardy or adverse modification finding, the agency must adopt reasonable and prudent alternative

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The action agency may reach a "no effect" conclusion if it determines the proposed action will not affect listed species or designated critical habitat. The action agency may reach a "not likely to adversely affect" decision if the proposed action is insignificant or beneficial. The Services will

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Section 6 of the Endangered Species Act provided funding for development of programs for management of threatened and endangered species by state wildlife agencies. Subsequently, lists of endangered and threatened species within their boundaries have been prepared by each state. These state lists

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The RIS will be developed with our conservation partners, and focus on the period of time and scope of activities that work best for our partners to achieve recovery goals. Many RISs can be developed, specific to partners and/or activities, and can cover varying timeframes, as needed. If multiple

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The goal of the law is to make itself unnecessary, and recovery plans are a means toward that goal. Recovery plans became more specific after 1988 when Congress added provisions to Section 4(f) of the law that spelled out the minimum contents of a recovery plan. Three types of information must be

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Warranted finding means the agencies publish a 12-month finding (a proposed rule) within one year of the date of the petition, proposing to list the species as threatened or endangered. Comments are solicited from the public, and one or more public hearings may be held. Three expert opinions from

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Finally, the Act's specification of the timing of critical habitat designations has become problematic. The ESA requires that critical habitat be designated at the time of or within one year of a species being placed on the endangered list. In practice, most designations occur several years after

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The 1988 Congressional amendments to the Act included a new section, Section 18, to aid effectiveness evaluations by having each of the two implementing agencies periodically report cumulative federal funding (and, to some degree, state funding) on a species-by-species basis. As of 2023, the most

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As of 2023, an aggregate of 1,780 species had been listed through the years as "endangered" or a less severe category of "threatened". While 99% of the total species are still alive, critics have pointed out that only 64 species improved enough to be removed from the list ("delisted"). Another 64

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Some economists have stated that finding a way to reduce such perverse incentives would lead to more effective protection of endangered species. One suggestion for ending perverse incentives would be to compensate property owners for protecting endangered species, rather than having an endangered

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An incidental take statement will be agreed to between the Services and the action agency. The statement should describe the amount of anticipated take due to the proposed action. It will also include "reasonable and prudent measures" to minimize the take. Incidental take cannot pose jeopardy or

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Consultation typically begins informally at the request of an action agency in the early stages of project planning. Discussion topics include listed species in the proposed action area and any effect(s) the action may have on those species. If both agencies agree that the proposed action is not

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While there are legal limitations on what citizens and other stakeholders can do directly for listed animal species, the field is wide open for obtaining horticulturally produced seeds and specimens of listed plants and then conducting plantings on their own. A well-known example is a network of

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Besides alleged funding inadequacies, several inherent problems have been pointed to for delays in agency translation of scientific findings into actions beyond extinction prevention and thus actively toward species recovery. One such problem is the "knowledge—action boundary" that distinguishes

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Controversy sometimes roils when the timing of a petition to list a new species overlaps with plans for or initiation of a development project that could be impeded by such a listing. A news editorial marking the 50th anniversary of the Act suggested that "the ESA became the weapon of choice for

639:) on October 15, 1966. The Act initiated a program to conserve, protect, and restore select species of native fish and wildlife. As a part of this program, Congress authorized the Secretary of the Interior to acquire land or interests in land that would further the conservation of these species. 531:

described it as "the most comprehensive legislation for the preservation of endangered species enacted by any nation". The purposes of the ESA are two-fold: to prevent extinction and to recover species to the point where the law's protections are not needed. It therefore "protect species and the

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provide reasonable and necessary costs incurred for the care of fish, wildlife, and forest service or plant pending the violation caused by the criminal. If the balance ever exceeds $ 500,000 the Secretary of the Treasury is required to deposit an amount equal to the excess into the cooperative

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The "Safe Harbor" agreement (SHA) is similar to an HCP. It is voluntary between the private landowner and the Services. The landowner agrees to alter the property to benefit a listed or proposed species. In exchange, the Services will allow some future "takes" through an Enhancement of Survival

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Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act requires cooperation among federal agencies to conserve endangered or threatened species. Section 7(a)(1) directs the Secretary of the Interior and all federal agencies to proactively use their authorities to conserve such species. This directive is often

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The first updatable document is a "Species Status Assessment" (SSA). It is "a biological risk assessment to aid decision makers who must use the best available scientific information to make policy decisions under the ESA." As new papers are published and rigorous data collected, the SSA can be

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zones. The designation of critical habitat does not affect land ownership. It does not allow the government to take or manage private property, nor to establish a refuge, reserve, preserve, or other conservation area. Critical habitat designation does not allow unauthorized government access to

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The 1973 Act is considered a landmark conservation law. Academic researchers have referred to it as "one of the nation's most significant environmental laws." It has also been called "one of the most powerful environmental statutes in the U.S. and one of the world's strongest species protection

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An action agency is required to consult with the Services if it has reason to believe that a species listed under the ESA may be present in the proposed project area. It also must consult if the agency believes the action will likely affect the species. This requirement, established by section

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The rate of listing is strongly correlated with citizen involvement and mandatory timelines: as agency discretion decreases and citizen involvement increases (i.e. filing of petitions and lawsuits) the rate of listing increases. Citizen involvement has been shown to identify species not moving

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At the time the original 10(j) regulations were established, the potential impact of climate change on species and their habitats was not fully realized, yet in the decades since have become even more dramatic. These revisions will help prevent extinctions and support the recovery of imperiled

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The Department of Interior issued the first list of endangered species in March 1967. It included 14 mammals, 36 birds, 6 reptiles, 6 amphibians, and 22 fish. A few notable species listed in 1967 were the grizzly bear, American alligator, Florida manatee, and bald eagle. The list included only

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In 2024, climate change was again stated as cause for a listing. The Mount Rainier white-tailed ptarmigan was listed as threatened because: "The Service has determined that the loss and degradation of its habitat resulting from climate change will endanger the bird in the foreseeable future."

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stated that data were inconclusive on this matter because "in practice, the Services often exempt habitat degradation from regulation. As a result, designating critical habitat has had limited regulatory effect." Overall, disagreement as to the effectiveness of critical habitat designation is

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Another distinction is that, when an animal is listed as endangered or threatened, "taking" of that animal (by capture or killing) becomes a violation of the Act. For plants, "taking" occurs only within the boundaries of federal properties. Even so, states may choose to legislate and enforce

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Soon after the Endangered Species Act was enacted, Congress recognized that at any given time there were likely to be more species potentially eligible for listing than the Service could address through the rule-making process. As a result, Congress in 1979 directed the Service to develop a

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The 1973 Act introduced the concept of what is now called "critical habitat" in only one brief passage. Section 7 required federal agencies to ensure that actions they authorized, funded, or carried out would not result in "the destruction or modification of habitat of such species which is

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The RIS is to be developed with conservation partners outside of the agency, and focuses on the period of time and scope of activities that work best for those collaborators to achieve recovery goals. Many RISs can be developed, specific to partners and/or activities, and can cover varying

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A key provision of the 1973 Act was that "preventing extinction" would no longer be sufficient. Rather "recovery" of listed species, such that "delisting" could become possible was now a stated goal. "Recovery plans" were now to be developed and published by the two agencies in charge: the

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and elsewhere. A petition for listing was submitted in 2008, but status as "threatened" was not conferred until 2022. By then, collaboration among concerned parties was well underway without agency direction. Supportive research and actions were undertaken by the conservation organization

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The governor of each affected state is notified of any exemption applications. The governor will recommend a representative to join the committee for this application decision. Within 140 days of recommending an exemption, the Secretary should submit to the committee a report that gives:

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that specify how the Act will be implemented have also changed through time. In recent years, U.S. presidential elections that greatly shift environmental priorities have culminated in regulatory shifts in endangered species management back and forth. Congressional elections also affect

2245:(Sec.4.e ) – a species not endangered or threatened, but so closely resembles in appearance a species which has been listed as endangered or threatened, that enforcement personnel would have substantial difficulty in attempting to differentiate between the listed and unlisted species. 1868:, along with a community financial aid packet, bring a close to peak hostilities between loggers and those defending owl habitat. Preventing human destruction of habitat did not, however, result in species recovery. Natural immigration of a bigger and more aggressive owl species (the 1237:

Controversy also develops when the science used to support a delisting decision differs from the numerical population thresholds included in the species recovery plan. A 2012 court case upheld that the published recovery criteria are not legally binding for later delisting decisions.

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views about acceptable levels of extinction risk frequently mount legal challenges over whether species need to be listed, whether they are endangered or threatened, how much habitat represents a "significant portion" of a species' range, and other key elements of ESA implementation.

1914:(also known as dusky gopher frog) had become so controversial that the U.S. Supreme Court chose to adjudicate a lower court decision. The result effectively removed the habitat designation as overreach, owing to the species having gone missing from Louisiana a half-century earlier. 966:. In practice, recovery plans usually include population targets and "objective, measurable criteria" that would constitute adequate reduction of threats and provision of habitat protection" such that delisting (or down-listing from "endangered" to "threatened") would be warranted. 1072:

As well, while the standard to prevent jeopardy or adverse modification applies only to federal activities, non-federal activities are subject to Section 10 of the Act, and private activities on private lands may require federal discretionary permits (such as those required by the

1471:

became controversial when an increase in bear deaths caused by trains was reported, along with acknowledgment by the agency that several million dollars of federal funds for the plan participants had not yet been provided for them to engage in their specified mitigation actions.

1872:) that was formerly native only to the eastern states became a major cause of continuing population decline of the spotted owl. The government's decision to employ sharpshooters to cull the barred owl population presents a challenging ethical issue within conservation thinking. 1756:

said it was reviewing the Trump era rollback of the Endangered Species Act and planned to reverse or revise some of the changes, in particular those relating to critical habitat regulations. Such reversals became law in May 2024. A critic commented, "It seems to be one of those

875:

Historians attribute this new-found concern for imperiled plants to ongoing global treaty negotiations (especially in 1972 and 1973) toward what would eventually be adopted in 1975 under the title, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

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The Endangered Species Conservation Act of 1969 provided a template for the Endangered Species Act of 1973 by using the term "based on the best scientific and commercial data." This standard is used as a guideline to determine if a species is in danger of extinction.

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During formal consultation, the Services establish the project's effects on listed species. Specifically, they address whether the project will jeopardize the continued existence of any listed species or destroy/adversely modify species' designated critical habitat.

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Section 4 of the ESA sets forth the process by which species are designated as endangered or threatened. Species with these designations receive protections under federal law. Section 4 also requires critical habitat designation and recovery plans for those species.

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In 1978, a small species of fish in the southeastern USA was listed as endangered. A conflict arose because a dam was already under construction within its native range and was scientifically deemed as damaging to its necessary habitat. What came to be known as the

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The biological assessment may also include conservation measures. Conservation measures are actions the agency intends to take to promote the recovery of listed species. These actions may also serve to minimize the projects' effects on species in the project area.

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timeframes, as needed. If multiple RISs are developed, an 'umbrella framework' (an overarching RIS) outlining the relationships and priorities among the individual RISs is developed to ensure strategic implementation of the overall recovery program for the species.

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is mandatory if any person has requested one within 45 days of the published notice. "The purpose of the notice and comment requirement is to provide for meaningful public participation in the rulemaking process." summarized the Ninth Circuit court in the case of

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often include species which are considered endangered or threatened within a specific state but not within all states, and which therefore are not included on the national list of endangered and threatened species. Examples include Florida, Minnesota, and Maine.

1137:, rather than the Endangered Species Act. Supporters of the Act argue that listing of these species as endangered led to additional actions that were also crucial for species recovery (i.e., captive breeding, habitat protection, and protection from disturbance). 2766:

An action agency may apply for an exemption if: (1) it believes it cannot comply with the requirements of the biological opinion; or (2) formal consultation yields no reasonable and prudent alternative actions. The exemption application must be submitted to the

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of the proposed action. This includes identifying the area likely to be affected and considering the proximity of the action to species or designated critical habitat. The duration and frequency of any disturbance to the species or its habitat is also assessed.

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found that approximately 50 species may have gone extinct while awaiting a listing decision. Additional funding might enable the agency to direct more resources toward biological assessments of petitioned species and determine if they merit a listing decision.

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3. Within another year, a final determination (a final rule) must be made on whether to list the species. The final rule time limit may be extended for 6 months and listings may be grouped together according to similar geography, threats, habitat or taxonomy.

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1. If a petition presents information that the species may be imperiled, a screening period of 90 days begins (interested persons and/or organization petitions only). If the petition does not present substantial information to support listing, it is denied.

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As habitat loss is regarded as the primary threat to most imperiled species, Section 4 of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 allowed the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) to designate specific areas as protected

1114:

improved enough to be "downlisted" from endangered to threatened. Only 11 species have been declared extinct after they were listed, but another 23 species have gone missing for so long that they have been proposed for official designation as extinct.

2922:(ITP). The permit allows a certain number of the species to be "taken." The Services have a "No Surprises" policy for HCPs. Once an ITP is granted, the Services cannot require applicants to spend more money or set aside additional land or pay more. 2584:

Section 7(a)(1) requires federal agencies to work with FWS and NMFS to coordinate endangered and threatened species conservation. Federal agencies should also account for any effects on endangered or threatened species in planning their activities.

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cause habitats within their historical ranges to shift and become unsuitable." The comment period ended August 2022, with more than 500 comments posted online by supporters and opponents. The final decision was scheduled for publication June 2023.

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calculated that "265 species listed under the Act lack recovery guidance of any kind, while 370 additional species lack final recovery guidance." The group also noted that more than half of the existing recovery plans were more than 20 years old.

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A reward will be paid to any person who furnishes information which leads to an arrest, conviction, or revocation of a license, so long as they are not a local, state, or federal employee in the performance of official duties. The Secretary may

2112:

A "warranted but precluded" finding is automatically recycled back through the 12-month process indefinitely until a result of either "not warranted" or "warranted" is determined. The agencies monitor the status of any "warranted but precluded"

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The decision to list or defer listing of a petitioned species is supposed to take no more than 2 years after a petition is filed. However, on average it takes the agency 12 years to finalize a decision. An analysis published in 2016 by the

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If activities may unintentionally take a protected species, an incidental take permit can be issued. The applicant submits an application with an habitat conservation plan (HCP). If approved by the agency (FWS or NMFS) they are issued an

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To receive the benefit of the permit the applicant must comply with all the requirements of the HCP. Because the permit is issued by a federal agency to a private party, it is a federal action. Other federal laws will apply such as the

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traits, critical habitat, and how any proposed action might alter its critical habitat. They also consider how limited the species' range is and whether the threats that led to species listing have improved or worsened since listing.

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The Act specifies the types of causes to be identified in species decline, any one of which might be severe enough to merit listing the species as threatened or endangered. Also known as the "five factors", the set of possible causes

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The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service tried to prevent the extinction of these species. Yet, it lacked the necessary Congressional authority and funding. In response to this need, Congress passed the Endangered Species Preservation Act

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designation. The 1978 amendment linked the listing procedure with critical habitat designation and economic considerations, which almost completely halted new listings, with almost 2,000 species being withdrawn from consideration.

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would appreciably reduce the survival of the species in the wild. "Non-essential" populations are all others. Nonessential experimental populations of listed species typically receive less protection than populations in the wild.

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RISs are developed, an 'umbrella framework' or overarching RIS, outlining the relationships and priorities among the individual RISs, is developed to ensure strategic implementation of the overall recovery program for the species.

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conservation scientists from conservation managers. That is, how can scientific scholarship be made actionable, and thereby contribute directly to forward-moving policies and practices? Impediments to generating boundary-spanning

1815:-feeding bird had been missing for at least several centuries. In 2001 the first wild nesting was recorded in the Grand Canyon. As of 2022, the species had a wild population of 350 individuals and a captive population of 214. 1663:

The rulemaking action includes a section summarizing 25 topics entailed in comments submitted in 2022, along with the agency's official response to each. Pre-existing requirements pertaining to experimental populations in the

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The U.S. Department of Interior on June 30, 2023, announced its decision to modify the section 10(j) "experimental populations" rule generally as proposed a year earlier. The press release summarized the reason for the change

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waters within the U.S. and both federal agencies may exclude essential areas if they determine that economic or other costs exceed the benefit. The ESA, however, is mute about how such costs and benefits are to be determined.

1019:. More broadly, the requirement to consult with the relevant agencies on federal projects has at times slowed operations by the oil and gas industry, including exploration or development on federal lands rich in fossil fuels. 2100:

2. If the information is substantial, a status review is started, which is a comprehensive assessment of a species' biological status and threats, with a result of: "warranted", "not warranted," or "warranted but precluded."

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decisions. As of 2023, those deadlines still nominally apply, but in practice it is rare for a petitioner to approach the judicial system to force a decision before the agency is able to finish the job on its own timetable.

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Following formal consultation, the Services may determine that the action will result in jeopardy or adverse modification to critical habitat. If this is the case, this finding will be included in the biological opinion.

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pointed to underfunding as a continuing problem and that the agencies "lack adequate resources to develop, approve, and monitor these plans, and there are significant data gaps in how many of these plans are performing."

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Rarely does the Endangered Species Committee consider projects for exemption. The Endangered Species Committee has only met three times since the inception of the ESA. An exemption was granted on two of these occasions.

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Prior to listing of a species, stakeholders who wish to act in its behalf have freedom to engage with not only habitat but with the species itself. A well-known example entails actions taken in behalf of the subalpine

2333:"Downlisting" of a species can take place when important threats have been controlled and the population in the wild meets recovery objectives. Downlisting entails reclassification from "endangered" to "threatened." 1416:

Controversy is also apparent, though rare, when stakeholders entail activists who regard the "political-economic regime" not as the source of solutions but as "the root cause of biodiversity loss." In such instances

5186: 1864:. And this, in turn, posed new restrictions on logging of national forest lands in those regions—which severely affected workers in small logging towns. Not until 1994 did adoption by the federal government of the 1048:

Legislators have expressed that the ESA has been "weaponized," particularly against western states, constraining state government choices about the use of public lands. The case of the protracted dispute over the

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To assess the likelihood of jeopardy, the Services will review the species' biological and ecological traits. These could include the species' population dynamics (population size, variability and stability),

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There are different degrees of violation with the law. The most punishable offenses are trafficking, and any act of knowingly "taking" (which includes harming, wounding, or killing) an endangered species.

2040:) can directly list a species through its candidate assessment program, or an individual or organizational petition may request that the FWS or NMFS list a species. A "species" under the act can be a true 3073:

The ESA does allow FWS and NMFS to forgo a recovery plan by declaring it will not benefit the species, but this provision has rarely been invoked. It was most famously used to deny a recovery plan to the

744:(D-Michigan) when he first proposed the idea of an "Endangered Species Act." Among the staff, Dr. Bertrand is credited with having written major parts of the Act, including the infamous "takings" clause, 3054: 2070:

which required economic analysis of all government agency actions. The House committee's statement was "that economic considerations have no relevance to determinations regarding the status of species."

1806:

began implementing the capture of all 22 wild birds that remained. By the early 1990s, the captive breeding effort was successful enough to begin returning some of the progeny to the wild—including the

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because they depend on adequate amounts of clean and flowing freshwater. Home to approximately 300 mussel species, the eastern region of the USA is the center of global diversity for these freshwater

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customary way, and it continues to be subject to the "five year review" process. However, two new kinds of working documents are now developed, posted, and updated as needed for each listed species.

6411: 588:. The Lacey Act was the first federal law that regulated commercial animal markets. It also prohibited the sale of illegally killed animals between states. Other legislation followed, including the 1659:

species by allowing the Service and our partners to implement proactive, conservation-based species introductions to reduce the impacts of climate change and other threats such as invasive species.

900:

of endangered species. Because movement of seeds and seedlings by this group was noncommercial and based on horticulturally produced specimens, there was no legal apparatus to halt their actions.

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environmental groups seeking to stop projects or tear down others. Lawsuits by the score have been filed over projects large and small, setting off ill feelings toward environmental groups."

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the species is later listed, the party with a CCAA gets an automatic "enhancement of survival" permit under Section §1539(a)(1)(A). CCAAs are subject to the public comment rules of the APA.

708:

to pass comprehensive endangered species legislation. Congress responded with a completely rewritten law, the Endangered Species Act of 1973, which was signed by Nixon on December 28, 1973 (

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changed the §4(d) rule to treat "threatened" and "critically endangered" species differently, legalizing private recovery initiatives and habitats for species that are merely "threatened."

740:. The staff, under Dr. Train's leadership, incorporated dozens of new principles and ideas into the landmark legislation but also incorporated previous laws, as was desired by Congressman 688:

resolution called for a similar international convention. In February 1973 a meeting in Washington, D.C. was convened. This meeting produced the comprehensive multilateral treaty known as

5451:

Puckett, Emily E.; Kesler, Dylan C.; Greenwald, D. Noah (September 2016). "Taxa, petitioning agency, and lawsuits affect time spent awaiting listing under the US Endangered Species Act".

2806: 6940: 2774:

The Secretary can then recommend the application to the Endangered Species Committee (informally known as "The God Squad"). This committee is composed of several Cabinet-level members:

2029:

Potential candidate species are then prioritized, with "emergency listing" given the highest priority. Species that face a "significant risk to their well being" are in this category.

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Request an exemption from the Endangered Species Committee. Another possibility is to re-initiate consultation. The action agency would do this by first proposing to modify the action

1736:, and would only serve to exacerbate the crisis. The California legislature passed a bill to raise California regulations to thwart the Trump administration changes; it was vetoed by 1585:

limiting the protective status of critical habitat. As a result, few critical habitats were designated between 1986 and the late 1990s. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, a series of

4033: 1065:(Alaska), the longest-serving Republican congressman, said, "As the one person in the Congress, the only one, that voted for the Endangered Species Act, please beat me with a whip." 8597: 4699: 560:

Calls for wildlife conservation in the United States increased in the early 1900s because of the visible decline of several species. One example was the near-extinction of the

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likely to affect the species, the project moves forward. However, if the agency's action may affect a listed species, the agency is required to prepare a biological assessment.

1720: 462: 405: 9297: 7864:

accessed July 25, 2005, The 1995 decision on whether significant habitat modifications on private property that actually kill species constitute "harm" for purposes of the ESA.

8401: 681:. Punishments for poaching or unlawful importation or sale of these species were also increased. Any violation could result in a $ 10,000 fine or up to one year of jail time. 2164:

is given through legal notices in newspapers, and communicated to state and county agencies within the species' area. Foreign nations may also receive notice of a listing. A

1710:

Environmental opponents criticized the revision as "crashing like a bulldozer" through the act and "tipping the scales way in favor of industry." Some critics, including the

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formal consultation. However, the Services may extend this timeline if they require more information to make a determination. The action agency must agree to the extension.

2651:

There are three possible conclusions to a biological assessment: "no effect", "not likely to adversely affect", or "likely to adversely affect" listed or proposed species.

8838: 8741: 6345: 1230:

issued a report that surveyed a sample of 110 listed species and concluded that 90 percent of them were recovering "at the rate specified by their federal recovery plan."

983:

A review of the Act published in 2009 recounted the unavoidable problems that arose from granting opportunities even for citizens to submit petitions for species listing:

4713: 3920: 9601: 8369: 8353: 8337: 8329: 8275: 2153:

through the process efficiently, and identify more imperiled species. The longer species are listed, the more likely they are to be classified as recovering by the FWS.

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to shield the ESA from a Congress hostile to the law. He instituted incentive-based strategies that would balance the goals of economic development and conservation.

1958:

was invoked as a primary cause of the "rising temperatures and declining snowpack" making successful snow cave denning difficult for the remaining populations in the

614:

Despite these treaties and protections, many populations still continued to decline. By 1941, only an estimated 16 whooping cranes remained in the wild. By 1963, the

9995: 9017: 7943: 7639:

Carroll, Ronald, et al. "Strengthening the use of science in achieving the goals of the Endangered Species Act: an assessment by the Ecological Society of America."

752:. "We didn't know what we couldn't do," Dr. Bertrand has said about the Act. "We were doing what we thought was scientifically valid and right for the environment." 10280: 10062: 9859: 8653: 8049: 5382: 2074:

The very opposite result happened with the 1978 amendment where Congress added the words "...taking into consideration the economic impact..." in the provision on

1522:

In 1978, Congress amended the law to make critical habitat designation a mandatory requirement for all threatened and endangered species. The amendment also added

2758:

the only option that the action agency and applicant are left with is to apply for an exemption. Exemptions are decided upon by the Endangered Species Committee.

1550:

Most provisions of the ESA revolve around preventing extinction. Critical habitat is one of the few that focus on recovery. A 2005 paper published in the journal

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After receiving a petition to list a species, the two federal agencies take the following steps, or rulemaking procedures, with each step being published in the

1535:

The controversy did arise and thus the 1982 amendment to the Act explicitly prohibited similar economic considerations when determining the status of a species.

6503: 3628:"Endangered Species Program | Laws & Policies | Endangered Species Act | A History of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 | The Endangered Species Act at 35" 1556:

concluded that species afforded critical habitat are twice as likely to be recovering than are species without critical habitat. A 2016 report published by the

10290: 9908: 9079: 8996: 8984: 8831: 8291: 8135: 807:

The federal government must determine whether species are endangered or threatened. If so, they must list the species for protection under the ESA (Section 4).

482: 1672:

thus require public notice and ultimate placement in the "Species-specific rules" subpart of the CFR regulations of the precise geographic and other details.

1349:

species of subcanopy tree that was listed as endangered in 1984. Since 2004, the citizen group has been using seeds from mature plantings on private lands in

904:

prohibitions even on private lands, as occurred in 2023 when the State of California passed a law that prevented killing or removal of the western variety of

9760: 9145: 8559: 2988:

that the act was in self-defense. The law also eliminates criminal penalties for accidentally killing listed species during farming and ranching activities.

817:

Absent certain limited situations (Section 10), it is illegal to "take" an endangered species (Section 9). "Take" can mean kill, harm, or harass (Section 3).

491: 471: 448: 429: 410: 391: 372: 9290: 7769: 7681: 1033:

One widely held opinion thus is that the protections afforded to listed species curtail economic activity. In the extreme, economic consequences can induce

540:

in enacting" the ESA "was to halt and reverse the trend toward species extinction, whatever the cost." The Act is administered by two federal agencies, the

8904: 8807: 5720: 2800: 5538: 4366:"Struggling to Protect Ecosystems and Biodiversity under NEPA and NFMA: The Ancient Forests of the Pacific Northwest and the Northern Spotted Owl Comment" 1305:

stated, "Critics point out that recovery efforts are focused disproportionately on charismatic species, to the detriment of others, particularly plants."

9981: 9880: 9629: 8647: 6635: 4628: 1389:

as well as a new organization specific to the tree: the Whitebark Pine Ecosystem Foundation. Other collaborators include research scientists within the

833:

Endangered fish or wildlife cannot be taken without a take permit. This also applies to certain threatened animals with section 4(d) rules (Section 10).

10315: 9753: 9536: 9308: 8777: 8759: 6620: 4935: 4642: 1325:

butterfly included a recommendation to "encourage entities (city, state, county, tribal, federal) with sandy soils north of the current range to plant

424: 6396: 2352:) as a distinct population segment (DPS) and to revise the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife by removing most of the gray wolves in the DPS. 10275: 9267: 9253: 8417: 8377: 6567: 6133: 4505: 3761: 10285: 9281: 9211: 8889: 8111: 8019: 6374: 5657: 2423: 7474: 6795:

Greenwald, Noah; Suckling, K.; Taylor, M. "Factors affecting the rate and taxonomy of species listings under the U.S. Endangered Species Act". In

3816: 10025: 9887: 3627: 3049: 2978: 2480: 519:) is the primary law in the United States for protecting and conserving imperiled species. Designed to protect critically imperiled species from 5306: 3668: 2209:

throughout all or a significant portion of its range other than a species of the Class Insecta determined by the Secretary to constitute a pest.

523:

as a "consequence of economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and conservation", the ESA was signed into law by President

10140: 9709: 8899: 8143: 8065: 6007: 5861: 4271: 3338: 1308:

As well, there is no requirement that federal agencies (or any other institution) implement any of the actions specified in the recovery plan.

685: 7796:

Taylor, Martin FJ, Kieran F. Suckling, and Jeffrey J. Rachlinski. "The effectiveness of the Endangered Species Act: a quantitative analysis."

1037:

by which landowners actively curtail their lands from attracting endangered species. An example in the eastern USA pertains to the endangered

10305: 10168: 9960: 9767: 8909: 8881: 8844: 7936: 6582: 2527: 1826:

following more than a decade of captive breeding. Controversy accelerated when the state wildlife agency liberalized hunting regulations for

1134: 5862:"Press release: Department of the Interior Proposes Expanding Conservation Technique as Climate Change Threatens Greater Species Extinction" 5286: 4322: 2750:

The action agency must notify the Services of its course of action on any project that receives a jeopardy or adverse modification opinion.

8824: 8127: 5187:"Blue Snowflakes in a Warming World: Karner Blue Butterfly Climate Change Vulnerability Synthesis and Best Practices for Adaptation (2023)" 4742: 2870: 2499: 9474: 1429:

The 1982 amendments to the Act's Section 10 authorized collaborative engagement of the implementing agencies with landowners in producing

9652: 9594: 9559: 8765: 8081: 8073: 7676:

Doremus, Holly. "Adaptive Management, the Endangered Species Act, and the Institutional Challenges of New Age Environmental Protection."

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If the Services or the action agency finds the action "likely to adversely affect" protected species, this triggers formal consultation.

7516: 7425: 7395: 6077: 4550: 3795: 10300: 9827: 9451: 8167: 8159: 7851: 1780:

gained national attention. A U.S. Supreme Court ruling prohibited dam completion, which was then overridden when Congress exempted the

1757:

rules/regulations/things going on in Washington D.C. that like to flip-flop with each administration while seeing no actual finality."

197: 6297: 2506: 10201: 9926: 9317: 9138: 8517: 4237: 3020: 1226:

A widely used statistic supporting effectiveness of the Act is that 99 percent of listed species have not gone extinct. In 2012 the

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lists eight species (or populations of a species) as among the most at risk of extinction in the near future. These animals are the

853:

A distinction of the 1973 Act is that, unlike the previous legislation, plants became eligible for listing. Section 12 directed the

10194: 9566: 9172: 9163: 8480: 7929: 6481: 6242: 6103: 7361: 1641:, adoption of the proposed regulatory change would authorize, for the first time, use of a controversial climate adaptation tool: 1527:

the 1978 amendment described a potential controversy that might ensue, given that "economic impact" was included in the amendment:

47:

An Act to provide for the conservation of endangered and threatened species of fish, wildlife, and plants, and for other purposes.

10090: 9915: 9804: 9783: 9052: 8914: 8723: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8687: 3136: 2768: 2573: 2194: 2033: 1398: 959: 777: 541: 7048: 4995: 2513: 2055:." The procedures are the same for both types except with the person/organization petition, there is a 90-day screening period. 618:, the U.S. national symbol, was in danger of extinction. Only around 487 nesting pairs remained. Loss of habitat, shooting, and 9988: 9666: 9274: 9007: 8850: 8747: 8735: 8409: 8211: 7834: 4059: 3649: 7671: 7180: 6412:"Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Removing the Snail Darter From the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife" 524: 10210: 9944: 9716: 9095: 8616: 8393: 7731: 3280: 1589:

invalidated the Reagan regulations and forced the FWS and NMFS to designate several hundred critical habitats, especially in

3736: 2894:

or research purposes. The combined result of the amendments to the Endangered Species Act have created a more flexible ESA.

2361: 9506: 9393: 9197: 9131: 9113: 8795: 8753: 7119: 3044: 2495: 1058: 593: 7903: 6533: 6214: 5988: 1451:

Habitat conservation plans have been successfully deployed to reduce conflicts between a type of beach-nesting shorebird,

9813: 9797: 9520: 9179: 9067: 8919: 8229: 8175: 8089: 4996:"Fear of failure in conservation: The problem and potential solutions to aid conservation of extremely small populations" 4901: 4348: 548:(NMFS). FWS and NMFS have been delegated by the Act with the authority to promulgate any rules and guidelines within the 896:, move to cooler poleward climates before conservation professionals were ready to begin their own experimentation with 9901: 9820: 9737: 9659: 8789: 8553: 8313: 8251: 8221: 7960: 3031: 745: 528: 367: 350: 147: 134: 7897: 7170: 2973:

The penalties for these violations can be a maximum fine of up to $ 50,000 or imprisonment for one year, or both, and

10110: 10016: 9951: 8622: 8565: 8529: 8361: 8031: 7666:

Doremus, Holly. "Listing decisions under the Endangered Species Act: why better science isn't always better policy."

7273: 4399: 3325: 3230: 2927: 2569: 2546: 2037: 1741: 1188: 963: 781: 733: 545: 3938: 10295: 10002: 9937: 9047: 9027: 8894: 8783: 8729: 8604: 7714: 4365: 4034:"Why climate change is forcing conservationists to be more ambitious: by moving threatened species to pastures new" 3535:"The Role of the Endangered Species Act and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in the Recovery of the Peregrine Falcon" 3320:

Robert S. Anderson, "The Lacey Act: America's premier weapon in the fight against unlawful wildlife trafficking."

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The annual rate of listing (i.e., classifying species as "threatened" or "endangered") increased steadily from the

1784:

from provisions of the ESA. Subsequently, more populations of the species were discovered in rivers other than the

1418: 838:

laws." The Act itself has been amended four times: 1978, 1982, 1988, and 1992. Formal regulations published in the

737: 729: 183: 2930:(NEPA) and Administrative Procedure Act (APA). A notice of the permit application action must be published in the 2281:

The "objective, measurable criteria" to serve as a baseline for judging when and how well a species is recovering.

10233: 10039: 9723: 9638: 9622: 9580: 9437: 9246: 9239: 9232: 9225: 9218: 8683: 8640: 7952: 7801: 6319: 6051: 4300: 3559: 3461: 2396: 2064: 1979: 1394: 1317:

offer or specify in-place actions. The parties can expand and improve such habitats on their own. For example, a

1227: 589: 332: 306: 280: 115: 107: 7692: 7597: 5728: 5696: 10069: 9673: 8974: 8954: 8610: 8492: 8259: 7787: 7707: 7653: 5825:

Shirey, Patrick D; Lamberti, Gary A (December 22, 2023). "Assisted migration—moving species by translocation".

3845: 3493: 3095: 3038: 2977:

of up to $ 25,000 per violation may be assessed. Lists of violations and exact fines are available through the

2484: 1505:

extinct in 2013. It had last been seen alive in 1957. However, FWS still classifies the catfish as endangered.

1410: 1402: 655: 386: 9409: 7826: 4784: 4073: 2737:

Adopt one or more of the reasonable and prudent alternative actions and move forward with the modified project

2405: 820:

Federal agencies will use their authorities to conserve endangered species and threatened species (Section 7).

10265: 9967: 9894: 9645: 9430: 8583: 8101: 7757:

Petersen, Shannon. "Congress and charismatic megafauna: A legislative history of the endangered species act"

5895:"Rulemaking document: Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designation of Experimental Populations" 5212: 2985: 1557: 1490: 1301: 1096: 884:

of such plants. This legal distinction for plants became controversial in practice when a group of citizens,

7546: 2520: 1057:

is another. In the extreme is the largely western saying pertaining to endangered animals, such as wolves: "

10310: 10055: 10048: 9587: 9529: 8547: 4512: 3519:

AP (March 12, 1967). "78 Species Listed Near Extinction; Udall Issues Inventory With Appeal to Save Them".

3308: 2794: 1333:" of populations threatened by heat and drought in southerly portions of the butterfly's historical range. 830:

Any import, export, interstate, and foreign commerce of listed species is generally prohibited (Section 9).

643:

vertebrates at the time because of the Department of Interior's limited definition of "fish and wildlife."

7644: 6658: 5256: 4669: 4487: 1247:

for how soon after listing the Services must complete recovery plans." A 2023 report on the Act issued by

704:

In 1972, President Nixon declared current species conservation efforts to be inadequate. He called on the

10032: 9790: 9154: 9012: 8959: 8929: 8812: 8634: 7821: 7298: 5575: 3992:"MINI REVIEW: Commercial trade of federally listed threatened and endangered plants in the United States" 3769: 2052: 1665: 705: 684:

Notably, the Act called for an international convention or treaty to conserve endangered species. A 1963

549: 77: 7482: 5894: 5679: 1497:

An additional issue is that species still listed under the Act may already be extinct. For example, the

9774: 9552: 8439: 6026: 2265:

Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are required to create an

1687:

in its small and scattered populations across the northeastern states. Among the recommendations were "

1409:

were also involved in consultation prior to listing by the agency in charge of endangered species: the

845:

implementation of the Act via expansions or contractions in annual funding decisions for the agencies.

709: 661: 627: 319: 293: 267: 7070: 3635: 3148: 1852:

was listed as endangered. This species depended on intact and mature coastal forests in the states of

1802:

In 1982, despite protests from some environmental organizations, the recovery plan for the endangered

760: 10242: 10083: 9702: 9499: 9458: 9002: 8939: 8818: 8801: 8671: 8577: 8541: 7839: 6810:

Brosi, Berry J.; Biber, Eric G. N. (2012). "Citizen Involvement in the U.S. Endangered Species Act".

6705: 5341: 5038:"Half of resources in threatened species conservation plans are allocated to research and monitoring" 3991: 3346: 2911: 2874: 1921:, was listed as endangered and accorded critical habitat protection on 910 acres of federal lands in 1676: 1669: 1430: 1381: 7843: 7571: 4511:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service. March 1998. Archived from 100: 9866: 9444: 9370: 9090: 9085: 9022: 8345: 6186: 5399: 5109: 4643:"Service Proposes Listing Three Eastern Freshwater Mussels Under the Endangered Species Act (2023)" 4551:"After helping prevent extinctions for 50 years, the Endangered Species Act itself may be in peril" 3796:"After helping prevent extinctions for 50 years, the Endangered Species Act itself may be in peril" 3193:"Species Recovery in the United States: Increasing the Effectiveness of the Endangered Species Act" 3109: 3078:

in 1991, but in 2006 the FWS changed course and announced it would complete a plan for the species.

2779: 2341: 2327: 1777: 1700: 1012: 7327: 7034: 6636:"Mount Rainier White-tailed Ptarmigan Federally Listed as Threatened Due to Climate Change Threat" 5426: 4743:"Report to Congress on the Recovery of Threatened and Endangered Species (Fiscal Years 2017—2020)" 4575: 4117:"After helping prevent extinctions for 50 years, the Endangered Species Act itself may be at risk" 10217: 10177: 10161: 10131: 9873: 9843: 8870: 8677: 7885: 7145: 6918: 4216:"As the Endangered Species Act turns 50, those who first enforced it reflect on its mixed legacy" 3192: 2713:

actions. However, the Services retain final say on which are included in the biological opinion.

2473: 2431: 1978:

that depend on arctic or alpine tundra habitats. Listing was initially petitioned in 2010 by the

1911: 1460: 1038: 1027: 854: 7904:

Summary of Listed Species Listed Populations and Recovery Plans – US Fish & Wildlife Service

7239: 4759: 2884: 2841:

Whether the proposed action is in the public interest or is of national or regional significance

1954:, was listed as threatened for habitat outside of Alaska. The listing was controversial because 10185: 9836: 9492: 6269: 4421: 3273:

Last stand: George Bird Grinnell, the battle to save the buffalo, and the birth of the new West

2919: 2387: 1990:

As amended, the Act entails 18 sections. The substantive policy sections are summarized below.

1975: 1785: 1434: 1208: 1180: 1016: 175: 9400: 7891: 7860: 7721: 7403: 6243:"The Endangered Species Act is incredibly popular and effective. Trump is weakening it anyway" 6008:"Press release: Interior Department Takes Action to Strengthen Endangered Species Protections" 5512: 5257:"Knowledge that is actionable by whom? Underlying models of organized action for conservation" 3534: 1838: 9744: 8990: 8979: 8864: 8857: 8571: 8535: 8447: 7979: 7524: 5803: 4197: 4167: 3859: 2811:

One representative from each affected State (appointed by the President of the United States)

2785: 2278:

A description of "site-specific" management actions to make the plan as explicit as possible.

1865: 1680: 1519:

private land. Such designation can, however, restrict activities allowable on private lands.

1476: 1406: 1318: 1248: 495: 475: 452: 433: 414: 395: 376: 7192: 7097: 4101: 3418:

Bean, Michael J. (April 2009). "The Endangered Species Act: Science, Policy, and Politics".

2733:

Given a finding of jeopardy or adverse modification, the action agency has several options:

2007:

To be considered for listing, the species must meet one of five criteria (section 4(a)(1)):

220: 160: 28: 10147: 9423: 9073: 8523: 8199: 8151: 7752:

The science of conservation planning: habitat conservation under the Endangered Species Act

7740:

Leshy, John D. "The Babbitt Legacy at the Department of the Interior: A Preliminary View."

6819: 6455: 5959: 5460: 5052: 5010: 4947: 3368: 3075: 2824: 2355:

The US Fish and Wildlife Service's delisting report lists four plants that have recovered:

1849: 1842: 1753: 1257: 935:

the present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of its habitat or range

574: 179: 9123: 7009: 5658:"Cooperative Endangered Species Conservation Fund Grants Awards Summary: Fiscal Year 2024" 4601: 1577:

listing. Between 1978 and 1986 the FWS regularly designated critical habitat. In 1986 the

487: 8: 10117: 9852: 9345: 8969: 8964: 8486: 7971: 7634: 6429: 6346:"Trump Rolls Back Endangered Species Act, Removes Habitat Protections of At-Risk Animals" 6219: 5324: 5037: 4809:

Greenwald, Noah; Suckling, Kieran F.; Hartl, Brett; Mehrhoff, Loyal A. (April 22, 2019).

2675: 2369: 1930: 1733: 1668:(CFR) still apply. Plans to use "Subpart H: experimental populations" for the purpose of 1390: 1050: 1042: 1034: 467: 7813: 6823: 6111: 6027:"Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designation of Experimental Populations" 5963: 5464: 5160: 5056: 5014: 4951: 4074:"Listing a Species as Threatened or Endangered: Section 4 of the Endangered Species Act" 2877:'s timber sale and "incidental takes" of the endangered northern spotted owl in Oregon. 2852:

findings can be challenged in federal court. In 1992, one such challenge was the case of

2847:

Whether the action agency made any irreversible or irretrievable commitment of resources

2838:

A comparison of the benefits of the proposed action to any alternative courses of action

2284:

An estimate of money and resources needed to achieve the goal of recovery and delisting.

1792: 692:

or the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.

151: 10124: 7995: 7830: 7817: 6843: 5639: 5073: 4845: 4810: 4469: 4011: 3960: 3443: 2041: 2010:

1. There is the present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of its

1853: 1688: 1642: 1354: 1330: 1220: 1204: 1176: 897: 455: 436: 417: 398: 379: 141: 7497: 7455: 7443: 7056: 4700:"Do wildlife agencies shortchange lesser-known species? Activists question priorities" 1683:

issued a 154-page report on recommendations for halting the decline of the endangered

238: 216: 206: 10101: 10009: 9608: 9187: 9032: 8659: 8589: 8505: 7783: 7727: 7703: 7279: 7269: 6835: 5972: 5947: 5842: 5701: 5078: 4973: 4850: 4832: 4714:"Federal and State Endangered and Threatened Species Expenditures (Fiscal Year 2020)" 3964: 3435: 3431: 3286: 3276: 3226: 3219: 2413: 2138: 2093:, the US government's official journal of proposed or adopted rules and regulations: 1918: 1900: 1803: 1796: 1610: 1342: 1338: 893: 885: 868: 864: 797: 585: 7909: 7629:

Brown, Gardner M., and Jason F. Shogren. "Economics of the endangered species act."

6967: 6847: 6159: 4473: 4015: 3653: 3447: 1183:

returning to the ocean after laying eggs in sand pits it had dug in the upper beach.

646:

The Endangered Species Preservation Act was repealed by the Endangered Species Act.

9695: 9377: 9353: 8949: 7517:"Candidate Conservation | Candidate Conservation Agreements with Assurances Policy" 6827: 6215:"Trump Administration Weakens Endangered Species Act Amid Global Extinction Crisis" 6191: 5967: 5834: 5774: 5691: 5468: 5268: 5068: 5060: 5018: 4963: 4955: 4840: 4822: 4459: 4377: 4323:"Western Caucus Introduces Bipartisan Package Of Bills Aimed To Reform, Update ESA" 4193: 4003: 3950: 3899: 3427: 3246: 3015: 2190: 2089: 2075: 1630: 1620: 1515: 1386: 1373: 1126: 1015:

shut down for several years construction of a dam that was already underway on the

905: 860: 840: 824: 811: 725: 718: 670: 636: 565: 328: 302: 276: 7921: 7847: 7376: 6979: 5383:"As grizzly bear train mortalities spike, BNSF mitigation funds are years overdue" 5131: 2220:

within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range

1463:

of forests in the southeastern states. In 2023, habitat conservation planning for

749: 10154: 9974: 9467: 9386: 9204: 8628: 8465: 8303: 8183: 7777: 7177: 6863: 6748: 6736: 6706:"Endangered and Threatened Wildlife; Final Listing Priority Guidance for FY 2000" 5922:"Wildlife Officials Want to Make it Easier to Relocate Climate-Imperiled Species" 5735: 5472: 5291: 5272: 5022: 3904: 3887: 2974: 2598: 2142: 2026:

5. There are other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued existence.

2016:

2. An over use for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes.

1963: 1468: 1377: 1192: 1117:

Some have argued that the recovery of imperiled flesh-eating birds (notably, the

1074: 938:

overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes

881: 789: 564:, which used to number in the tens of millions. Similarly, the extinction of the 7123: 6568:"Supreme Court finds unity in decision against the endangered dusky gopher frog" 6518: 5605: 3634:. Interviewed by Mike Bender; Ann Haas; Kelly Geer; Nan Rollison. Archived from 9361: 9338: 9324: 9042: 7700:

The Endangered Species Act at Thirty: Vol. 1: Renewing the Conservation Promise

6350: 5064: 2897:

More changes were made in the 1990s in an attempt by Secretary of the Interior

2606: 2289: 2146: 2109:

appropriate and independent specialists may be included, but this is voluntary.

1955: 1886: 1823: 1746: 1703:

and the Property and Environment Research Center, the USFWS and the NMFS under

1626: 1570: 1365: 1360: 1350: 1346: 1212: 1095:

national risks and priorities. In a multi-author report published in 2016, the

909: 889: 785: 768: 608: 569: 537: 534:

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

8386:

Los Angeles County Flood Control District v. Natural Resources Defense Council

3921:"50 years ago, Democrats and Republicans agreed to protect endangered species" 3576: 2337:

place. More than a dozen species have been delisted under such circumstances.

1889:

became an element of extinction risk assessment and thus controversy when the

10259: 9573: 9108: 9057: 9037: 7266:

Endangered species recovery : finding the lessons, improving the process

6247: 5705: 4836: 2898: 2890:

Before the law was amended in 1982, a listed species could be taken only for

2885:

Section 10: Permitting, Conservation Agreements, and Experimental Populations

2820: 2165: 2161: 2134: 2060: 1959: 1578: 1502: 1498: 1456: 1452: 1444: 1440: 1280:"Species Status Assessment Framework" of the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 1122: 248: 7723:

Animal Underworld: Inside America's Black Market for Rare and Exotic Species

7661:

The endangered species act: history, conservation biology, and public policy

7283: 7171:

Compare: Maine State & Federal Endangered & Threatened Species Lists

6831: 6134:"USFWS and NMFS Approve Changes to Implementation of Endangered Species Act" 5838: 4868: 4381: 3955: 3290: 3055:

United States Fish and Wildlife Service list of endangered mammals and birds

1936: 9615: 8944: 7650: 6839: 6685:"Mt. Rainier White-tailed Ptarmigan Protected Under Endangered Species Act" 6375:"Interior Department Finalizes Action to Strengthen Endangered Species Act" 5846: 5677: 5082: 4977: 4936:"Achieving Conservation Science that Bridges the Knowledge–Action Boundary" 4854: 3439: 3122: 2392: 2130: 1880: 1808: 1769: 1737: 1704: 1464: 1200: 1140: 741: 7426:"Why Isn't Publicly Funded Conservation on Private Land More Accountable?" 7362:"The Babbitt Legacy at the Department of the Interior: A Preliminary View" 6941:"Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, Title 50: Wildlife and Fisheries" 6551:

Reese, April (July 2, 2021). "The return of the endangered Mexican wolf".

6504:"Endangered Species Act's 50th anniversary: What 6 NW animals can tell us" 5680:"The effectiveness of the Endangered Species Act: A quantitative analysis" 4407: 4184:

Schwartz, Mark W (2008). "The Performance of the Endangered Species Act".

3601: 2716:

According to regulation, reasonable and prudent alternative actions must:

592:, a 1937 treaty prohibiting the hunting of right and gray whales, and the 9730: 9331: 9260: 9062: 6160:"Environmentalists warn Trump 'weakening' endangered species protections" 5307:"Welsh woman declares vindication after 'guerrilla rewilding' court case" 4629:"Peregrine falcons make a comeback in Michigan: DNR ends banding program" 2126: 1848:

In 1988 another controversy arose that drew national attention, when the

1781: 1711: 1684: 1586: 1322: 1196: 1054: 1022: 7879: 7873: 6656: 4968: 2740:

Elect not to grant the permit, fund the project, or undertake the action

2300: 1546:

Sample of federal grants in 2024 for endangered species habitat support.

1542: 1276: 823:

Federal agencies cannot jeopardize listed species' existence or destroy

803:

As amended, it consists of 18 sections. Key legal requirements include:

776:

The Endangered Species Act is administered by two federal agencies, the

604: 336: 310: 284: 9686: 8498: 7147:

MINNESOTA'S LIST OF ENDANGERED, THREATENED, AND SPECIAL CONCERN SPECIES

6320:"Newsom signals he is rejecting far-reaching environmental legislation" 5640:"The Endangered Species Act: Overview and Implementation (2021 Update)" 5628:

Center for Biological Diversity, authors K.F. Suckling, J.R. Rachlinski

4959: 4827: 4464: 4447: 4102:"Section 4. Determination of Endangered Species and Threatened Species" 4007: 3149:

Summary of the Endangered Species Act | Laws & Regulations | US EPA

2723:

Be consistent with the action agency's legal authority and jurisdiction

2590: 2487: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2344:(subspecies) on August 2008, which had been listed since 1985, and the 2048: 1947: 1890: 1869: 1861: 1594: 1582: 1552: 1118: 793: 678: 615: 520: 187: 119: 9416: 7764:

Schwartz, Mark W. "The performance of the endangered species act." in

7605: 5367: 4308: 3846:"Biden Administration Moves to Restore Endangered Species Protections" 3817:"House panel OKs bill to undo Trump changes to Endangered Species Act" 2995: 2304:"Species Status Assessment Framework" U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 1896: 8771: 8511: 8429: 8058:

Baltimore Gas & Electric Co. v. Natural Resources Defense Council

7867: 7854: 7214: 4488:"Habitat Conservation Plans Section 10 of the Endangered Species Act" 2984:

One provision of this law is that no penalty may be imposed if, by a

2869:

contact with the then-President George H.W. Bush, a violation of the

2345: 2323: 2019: 1951: 1940: 1907: 1819: 1765: 1613:

are dispersed by ants, hindering its ability to track climate change.

1062: 7886:

Species Status Categories and Codes – US Fish & Wildlife Service

7719: 7523:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. January 30, 2020. Archived from 7481:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. January 30, 2020. Archived from 2946: 2844:

Available mitigation measures to limit the effects on listed species

2807:

Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

2462: 2145:(521 listings, 65 per year) before decline to its lowest rate under 1618:

the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service published a proposed rule in the

1605: 1311: 9543: 7687:

Easter-Pilcher, Andrea. "Implementing the endangered species act."

7264:

Clark, Tim W.; Reading, Richard P.; Clarke, Alice L., eds. (1994).

6274: 2865: 2067: 1831: 1694: 1475:

Summing up the practical difficulties in a 2023 report on the Act,

1157: 674: 7916:

Electronic Code of Federal Regulations: List of endangered species

7775: 7503: 7461: 7449: 7382: 6985: 6973: 6893: 6869: 6754: 6742: 5741: 5611: 3714: 1724:, which found that human activity had pushed a million species of 724:

It was written by a team of lawyers and scientists, including Dr.

8598:

Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission

7880:

Endangered Species Act – National Marine Fisheries Service – NOAA

7402:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. June 10, 2020. Archived from 6715:. Vol. 64, no. 204. October 22, 1999. pp. 57114–19 6602:"US lists wolverine as threatened species, citing climate change" 5775:"Species Status Assessment Report for the Relict Trillium (2023)" 5502:"Infographic: The ESA needs more than double its current funding" 2891: 2690: 2234:(Sec.4.b.3 ) – a species under consideration for official listing 2044: 2011: 1926: 1812: 1638: 1523: 969: 792:

and all other species. Species that occur in both habitats (e.g.

516: 52: 5539:"Tiny Ohio Catfish Species, Last Seen in 1957, Declared Extinct" 5213:"The Beleaguered Whitebark Pine Is in Trouble. Can It Be Saved?" 4060:"Joshua Trees win long term protection in environmental victory" 3476: 3474: 1329:

and nectar plants" in anticipation of future authorization for "

1011:

with the regulations put forth in the Act. Notably, in 1978 the

1005: 8284:

Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service

8268:

Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon

6078:"Interior announces improvements to the Endangered Species Act" 4307:(3). Property & Environment Research Center. Archived from 1985: 1922: 1875:

Another ESA controversy that erupted in the 1990s entailed the

1857: 1827: 1721:

Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

1590: 1153: 1145: 463:

Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service

406:

Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon

8402:

National Association of Manufacturers v. Department of Defense

8354:

National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife

8276:

National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife

8192:

HollyFrontier Cheyenne Refining v. Renewable Fuels Association

6769: 6409: 5881:"Last Resort: Moving Endangered Species in Order to Save Them" 5859: 5230: 4808: 3888:"The impact of climate change on endangered plants and lichen" 3762:"Inside the Effort to Kill Protections for Endangered Animals" 3737:"Endangered Species Act as amended through the 108th Congress" 3305:

The Lacey Act: protecting the environment by restricting trade

2746:

Propose reasonable and prudent alternatives not yet considered

2703: 2622:

7(a)(2), is commonly referred to as the consultation process.

2156: 1879:(listed as endangered in the Lower 48 states in 1974) and the 1760: 1160:. However, 65 percent of them are threatened or endangered. 649: 599: 6999:"Delisting a Species Section 4 of the Endangered Species Act" 5948:"Assisted colonization under the U.S. Endangered Species Act" 5759:

Suckling, Kieran; Taylor, M. "Critical Habitat Recovery". In

5678:

Taylor, M. T.; K. S. Suckling & R. R. Rachlinski (2005).

5556: 3471: 2181: 1729: 1725: 1715: 924: 877: 689: 561: 2443: 2024:

4. There is an inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms.

1714:, pointed out that these changes came just months after the 1077:, Section 404) and thereby triggering Section 7 of the ESA. 978: 952: 9153: 8370:

Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council

8338:

S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection

8330:

South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe

7892:

Habitat Conservation Plans – US Fish & Wildlife Service

7874:

Endangered Species Program – US Fish & Wildlife Service

7698:

Goble, Dale; Scott, J. Michael; Davis, F. W., eds. (2006).

6682: 6024: 6005: 5697:

10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0360:TEOTES]2.0.CO;2

4301:"Endangered Species Act: Making Innocent Species the Enemy" 1876: 1216: 568:, which numbered in the billions, also caused concern. The 536:(CITES). The Supreme Court found that "the plain intent of 7898:

The 1978 decision related to the ESA and the snail darter.

6372: 5989:"Assisted Migration Helps Animals Adapt to Climate Change" 4902:"The Endangered Species Act: The Next 50 Years and Beyond" 3698: 2452: 2340:

Two examples of animal species delisted are: the Virginia

1433:. Such a plan is a required part of an application for an 1424: 9996:

National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

9018:

National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

6899:. U.S. Senate Committee on Environment & Public Works 6790: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6583:"Nevada flower listed as endangered at lithium mine site" 5509:

Center for Conservation Innovation, Defenders of Wildlife

4139:"The Endangered Species Act at 50 (December 2023 report)" 3669:"Richard Nixon and the Rise of American Environmentalism" 2815: 2771:

within 90 days of the conclusion of formal consultation.

1906:

By 2018, critical habitat designation on private land in

1130: 619: 340: 314: 288: 10063:

Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972

9860:

Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974

8050:

Metropolitan Edison Co. v. People Against Nuclear Energy

7750:

Noss, Reed F., Michael O'Connell, and Dennis D. Murphy.

6403: 1294: 1267: 1241: 1129:) should be attributed to the 1972 ban of the pesticide 444:

National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife

6794: 5287:"Giant orchids found growing wild in UK for first time" 4272:"The Radical Abuse of the ESA Threatens the US Economy" 2992:

the ESA can be canceled or suspended for up to a year.

2863:

The court found that three members had been in illegal

2835:

The availability of reasonable and prudent alternatives

947:

other natural or manmade factors affecting its survival

9909:

Emergency Daylight Saving Time Energy Conservation Act

8292:

United States Fish and Wildlife Service v. Sierra Club

8136:

Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA

8012:

Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services

7551:

Southeast Region of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

7240:"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service - Ecological Services" 6781: 6397:"Endangered Species Act Implications in the Southeast" 5754: 5752: 5750: 5673: 5671: 5580:

Southeast Region of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

5450: 4027: 4025: 2934:

and a public comment period of 30 to 90 days offered.

2720:

Be consistent with the purpose of the proposed project

1080: 660:

The Endangered Species Conservation Act of 1969 (

483:

United States Fish and Wildlife Service v. Sierra Club

9761:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

7720:

Green, Alan; The Center for Public Integrity (1999).

7053:

USFWS Threatened and Endangered Species System (TESS)

6187:"Trump administration weakens Endangered Species Act" 5418: 4869:"110 Success Stories for Endangered Species Day 2012" 2105:

A finding of not warranted, the listing process ends.

915: 848: 8808:

Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992

7766:

Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics

5104: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5092: 4186:

Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics

2801:

Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency

9881:

Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1972

9537:

Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants

8648:

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act

7951: 7782:(Illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. 6919:"Endangered Species Program – Species Status Codes" 6482:"A Westerner's guide to the Endangered Species Act" 6298:"Trump Extinction Plan Guts Endangered Species Act" 5747: 5668: 5576:"Critical Habitat under the Endangered Species Act" 5446: 5444: 4608:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. February 19, 2022 4022: 2996:

Use of money received through violations of the ESA

2910:permit (ITP). An application for an ITP requires a 1925:. The listing was controversial because mining for 1167: 764:

Seal of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service

9106: 8778:Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act 7861:Cornell University Law School-Babbit v. Sweet Home 7598:"Endangered Species Habitat Conservation Planning" 7263: 7120:"Florida Endangered & Threatened Species List" 7055:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Archived from 6410:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (October 5, 2022). 5427:"The ESA Fails Due to Slow Listing Process (2022)" 3709: 3707: 3218: 3098:, 437 U.S. 153 (1978) Retrieved 24 November 2015. 2129:administration (47 listings, 15 per year) through 1993: 814:must be designated for listed species (Section 4). 710: 662: 628: 320: 294: 268: 10271:Biota of the United States by conservation status 8832:Coalition for Responsible Regulation, Inc. v. EPA 7623: 6544: 6502:Mapes, Lynda V; et al. (December 24, 2023). 6270:"Colorful Tennessee fish protected as endangered" 6044: 5089: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4706: 4533:"Editorial: Improving the Endangered Species Act" 4446:Brown, Gardner M. Jr.; Shogren, Jason F. (1998). 3939:"Legal Protection of Plants in the United States" 3844:Friedman, Lisa; Einhorn, Catrin (June 21, 2023). 3701:, on the 50th Anniversary of the Act, August 2013 2947:Candidate Conservation Agreements With Assurances 2568:The two agencies that administer the Act are the 1679:regulation for listed species was published, the 1312:Stakeholder initiatives (with or without listing) 577:highlighted bison decline by writing articles in 10257: 8890:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 8654:Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act 8020:BP P.L.C. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore 5767: 5721:"U.S. Endangered Species Act Works, Study Finds" 5441: 5368:"Critics say 'no surprises' means no protection" 5336: 5334: 5036:Buxton, Rachel T; et al. (September 2020). 4811:"Extinction and the U.S. Endangered Species Act" 4544: 4542: 4527: 4525: 4238:"The epic history of the Endangered Species Act" 4179: 4177: 3811: 3809: 3413: 3411: 3409: 1946:In 2023, the largest and fiercest member of the 1695:Reversals in policy track presidential elections 1380:soon after vast stands suddenly began to die in 1152:Among the most difficult species to protect are 1099:explained how this kind of controversy develops: 1069:species regarded as a potential financial loss. 944:the inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms 584:To address these concerns, Congress enacted the 10281:United States federal environmental legislation 10026:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 9888:Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973 7910:Species Search – US Fish & Wildlife Service 7697: 7071:"16 U.S. Code § 1535 - Cooperation with States" 6803: 6796: 6775: 6593: 6574: 5860:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (June 6, 2022). 5760: 5562: 5400:"The endangered species list is full of ghosts" 4051: 3843: 3704: 3480: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3050:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2979:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 996: 755: 9710:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 8900:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 8144:Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen 8066:Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen 7215:"Mississippi Ecological Field Services Office" 6657:Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife. 6612: 6497: 6495: 6399:. Ag Info Network. Southeast Regional Ag News. 5945: 5824: 5798: 5796: 5758: 4886: 4209: 4207: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 3789: 3787: 2729:In the opinion of the Services, avoid jeopardy 2691:Finding of no jeopardy or adverse modification 2625: 2205:(Sec.3.6, Sec.4.a ) – any species which is in 2018:3. The species is declining due to disease or 1818:In 1987 an extirpated eastern relative of the 233:on December 19, 1973 (agreed) and by the 10291:United States federal public land legislation 9768:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 9139: 8910:United States Environmental Protection Agency 8560:Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act 7937: 7257: 6510: 6388: 6006:U.S. Department of Interior (June 30, 2023). 5818: 5331: 4994:Meek, Mariah H; et al. (February 2015). 4539: 4522: 4174: 4114: 3990:Shirey, Patrick D; et al. (April 2013). 3886:Wrobleski, Amy; et al. (July 26, 2023). 3839: 3837: 3806: 3660: 2904: 2860:heard in the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. 2189:Listing status and its abbreviations used in 1006:Economic consequences and perverse incentives 8120:Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council 6621:"Colorado wants to bring back the wolverine" 6456:"Condor Updates: Grand Canyon National Park" 6212: 6025:U.S. Department of Interior (July 3, 2023). 5980: 5946:Shirey, Patrick D; Lamberti, Gary A (2010). 5650: 5486:Mogensen, Jackie Flynn (December 20, 2023). 5346:National Habitat Conservation Plan Coalition 5206: 5204: 4989: 4987: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4445: 4161: 4159: 4096: 4094: 4032:Dalrymple, Sarah Elizabeth (July 16, 2021). 3881: 3879: 3877: 3386: 3191:Evans, Daniel M; et al. (Winter 2016). 2318: 2293:plans cover domestic and migratory species. 2216:(Sec.3.20, Sec.4.a ) – any species which is 1986:Section-by-Section Summaries of the 1973 Act 1625:the coming decades, as growing impacts from 1561:expressed in a number of different reports. 912:risk was a key factor in the determination. 9982:Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act 9595:Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973 9560:Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974 8766:Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act 8082:Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council 8074:Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance 7776:Stanford Environmental Law Society (2001). 6525: 6492: 5793: 5248: 5180: 5178: 5029: 4635: 4620: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4204: 4123: 3932: 3930: 3784: 3494:"First Species Listed as Endangered (1967)" 3247:"Whooping Crane: Natural History Notebooks" 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3026:List of endangered species in North America 2955: 2704:Finding of jeopardy or adverse modification 2157:Public notice, comments and judicial review 1761:Chronological list of species controversies 1483: 1357:poleward of this climate-endangered plant. 1321:report in 2023 in behalf of the endangered 656:Endangered Species Conservation Act of 1969 650:Endangered Species Conservation Act of 1969 600:Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966 9828:Securities Investor Protection Corporation 9146: 9132: 8760:Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act 8168:American Electric Power Co. v. Connecticut 8160:Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corp. 8112:Train v. Natural Resources Defense Council 7944: 7930: 7322: 7320: 7185: 7090: 6809: 6473: 6138:Civil & Environmental Consultants, Inc 5878: 5394: 5392: 4735: 4667: 4661: 4506:"Endangered Species Consultation Handbook" 4260:, New York Times Magazine, 20 January 2008 3919:Pulver, Dinah Voyles (December 28, 2023). 3834: 3420:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 2243:threatened due to similarity of appearance 925:Five criteria for making listing decisions 699: 227:Reported by the joint conference committee 10316:December 1973 events in the United States 9798:Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act 8518:North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 8487:Forest Service Organic Administration Act 8128:Whitman v. American Trucking Associations 7475:"For Landowners | Safe Harbor Agreements" 6960: 6958: 6911: 5971: 5695: 5374: 5201: 5072: 4984: 4967: 4922: 4844: 4826: 4697: 4691: 4463: 4448:"Economics of the Endangered Species Act" 4393: 4391: 4170:. University of Pennsylvania. Penn Today. 4156: 4091: 4031: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3954: 3903: 3885: 3874: 3486: 3021:Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1978 2937: 2640:species or critical habitat are present. 2634: 2547:Learn how and when to remove this message 2444:Section 6: State endangered species lists 2149:(60 listings, 8 per year as of 5/24/08). 2036:(FWS) or NOAA Fisheries (also called the 2032:A species can be listed in two ways. The 1421:of rare species has been known to occur. 979:Citizens can petition for listing species 953:Recovery plans must be made and published 10276:Nature conservation in the United States 9567:Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 9117:) is being considered for deletion. See 8481:Yellowstone National Park Protection Act 7098:"Section 6. Cooperation with the States" 6618: 5986: 5631: 5485: 5365: 5359: 5175: 5124: 4222: 4198:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173538 4183: 4165: 3936: 3927: 2873:. The committee's exemption was for the 2819: 2726:Be economically and technically feasible 2322: 2299: 2180: 1935: 1895: 1837: 1835:as they easily interbreed with coyotes. 1791: 1764: 1604: 1541: 1439: 1359: 1275: 1175: 1139: 1021: 859: 767: 759: 603: 10286:United States Fish and Wildlife Service 10091:Water Resources Development Act of 1974 9916:Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act 9805:Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970 9784:U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission 8915:United States Fish and Wildlife Service 7649:Corn, M. Lynne and Alexandra M. Wyatt. 7573:ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT PENALTY SCHEDULE 7547:"Non-Essential Experimental Population" 7504:Stanford Environmental Law Society 2001 7462:Stanford Environmental Law Society 2001 7450:Stanford Environmental Law Society 2001 7396:"Habitat Conservation Plans | Overview" 7383:Stanford Environmental Law Society 2001 7317: 7153:, Department of Natural Resources, 2013 6986:Stanford Environmental Law Society 2001 6974:Stanford Environmental Law Society 2001 6888: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6870:Stanford Environmental Law Society 2001 6755:Stanford Environmental Law Society 2001 6743:Stanford Environmental Law Society 2001 6480:Nijhuis, Michelle (December 18, 2023). 6479: 6240: 6184: 5742:Stanford Environmental Law Society 2001 5612:Stanford Environmental Law Society 2001 5479: 5389: 5210: 4548: 4359: 4357: 4351:. Nytimes.com. Retrieved on 2011-08-07. 4341: 4315: 4235: 4166:de Groot, Kristen (December 21, 2023). 4066: 3793: 3729: 3577:"GA 1963 RES 005 | IUCN Library System" 3307:(Congressional Research Service, 2014) 3275:. New York: Smithsonian Books/Collins. 3153: 3137:United States Fish and Wildlife Service 2453:Section 7: Cooperation and Consultation 2171:Idaho Farm Bureau Federation v. Babbitt 2034:United States Fish and Wildlife Service 2002: 1425:Collaborative planning on private lands 1399:Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes 960:United States Fish and Wildlife Service 778:United States Fish and Wildlife Service 542:United States Fish and Wildlife Service 10258: 9989:National Ambient Air Quality Standards 9667:Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970 9008:National Ambient Air Quality Standards 8851:Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act 8748:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 8736:Hazardous Materials Transportation Act 8410:County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund 7035:"Federal Register, Volume 76 Issue 87" 6955: 6619:Peterson, Christine (August 5, 2024). 6599: 6580: 5644:Congressional Research Service Reports 5637: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5598: 5596: 5342:"What is a Habitat Conservation Plan?" 5254: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5110:"Recovery Planning and Implementation" 5035: 4899: 4698:Frederico, Jake (September 16, 2023). 4626: 4602:"The Peregrine Falcon is Back! (2009)" 4397: 4388: 4298: 4294: 4292: 4236:Nijhuis, Michelle (December 1, 2023). 4213: 3989: 3978: 3918: 3339:"Whooping Crane | National Geographic" 3216: 3006:endangered species conservation fund. 2816:Endangered Species Committee decisions 2661: 2218:likely to become an endangered species 1699:In October 2019, at the urging of the 1447:in its Atlantic beach nesting habitat. 1215:; the southern resident population of 788:, and the FWS has responsibility over 622:poisoning contributed to its decline. 9945:Environmental Quality Improvement Act 9717:Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1970 9602:Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act 9127: 9096:Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action 8617:Environmental Quality Improvement Act 8394:Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co. 8004:Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation 7925: 7651:The Endangered Species Act: A Primer. 7359: 7296: 6933: 6550: 6531: 6501: 6394: 6185:Lambert, Jonathan (August 12, 2019). 6052:"Subpart H: Experimental Populations" 5987:Thompson, Joanna (October 12, 2023). 5919: 5879:St. George, Zach (October 27, 2022). 5380: 5184: 4057: 3666: 3270: 3190: 1600: 1295:Allocating funds among listed species 1268:Failure to implement recovery actions 1242:Delays in specifying recovery actions 1013:listing of a tiny fish (snail darter) 10306:United States Department of Commerce 9507:Minority Business Development Agency 8825:Energy Independence and Security Act 8796:National Environmental Education Act 7659:Czech, Brian, and Paul R. Krausman. 7193:"Section 7. Interagency Cooperation" 6875: 6565: 6516: 6430:"California Condor Recovery Program" 5718: 4993: 4934:Cook, Carlyn N; et al. (2013). 4933: 4398:Bailey, Ronald (December 31, 2003). 4363: 4354: 4349:No Endangered Status for Plains Bird 4269: 4214:Loller, Travis (December 28, 2023). 3625: 3417: 3096:"Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill" 3091: 3089: 3045:Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 2485:adding citations to reliable sources 2456: 2051:, or in the case of vertebrates, a " 1933:) was already underway in the area. 1893:was listed as "threatened" in 2010. 1045:for avoiding economic consequences. 970:"Critical habitat" may be designated 594:Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act 10049:Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement 9814:Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act 9521:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act 9452:Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement 9068:Significant New Alternatives Policy 8920:U.S. Global Change Research Program 8230:Southern Union Co. v. United States 8176:Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA 8090:Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms 7827:As codified in 16 U.S.C. chapter 35 7814:As codified in 16 U.S.C. chapter 35 7604:. November 24, 2009. Archived from 7303:Endangered Species Law & Policy 6633: 6600:Gorman, Steve (November 29, 2023). 6581:Sonner, Scott (December 14, 2022). 6566:Wolf, Richard (November 27, 2018). 6213:D'Angelo, Chris (August 12, 2019). 5638:Sheikh, Pervaze A (March 4, 2021). 5617: 5593: 5381:Scott, Tristan (October 26, 2023). 5317: 5235:Whitebark Pine Ecosystem Foundation 5146: 4627:Nelson, Gabrielle (July 26, 2024). 4289: 3642: 3345:. November 11, 2010. Archived from 1917:In 2022, a 6-inch flowering plant, 1508: 1081:Incentives for stopping development 68:Endangered Species Conservation Act 13: 9902:Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act 9821:Securities Investor Protection Act 9754:Occupational Safety and Health Act 9738:Economic Stabilization Act of 1970 9660:District of Columbia Home Rule Act 8845:America's Water Infrastructure Act 8835:(D.C. Cir. Court of Appeals, 2012) 8554:Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act 8314:United States v. Riverside Bayview 8252:Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill 8222:City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey 7297:Rubin, Benjamin (April 23, 2014). 7268:. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. 6532:Jones, Benji (February 12, 2022). 6241:Resnick, Brian (August 12, 2019). 4785:"The Endangered Species Act at 50" 4254:Stephen Dubner and Steven Levitt, 4168:"The Endangered Species Act at 50" 4136: 3937:Campbell, Faith (September 1988). 3518: 3135:from websites or documents of the 3108:from websites or documents of the 3032:Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill 2616: 2579: 2082: 1455:, and recreational beach users in 1211:; the Sacramento River winter-run 1089: 916:Two categories for listing species 849:Plants become eligible for listing 728:, the first appointed head of the 715:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 667:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 633:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 529:Supreme Court of the United States 368:Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill 325:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 299:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 273:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 14: 10327: 10301:Wildlife law in the United States 10017:Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970 9952:National Environmental Policy Act 9121:to help reach a consensus. › 8861:(5th Cir. Court of Appeals, 2022) 8623:National Environmental Policy Act 8601:(2nd Cir. Court of Appeals, 1965) 8362:Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper Inc. 8322:SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers 7807: 6943:. U.S. Government Printing Office 6683:Center for Biological Diversity. 6534:"How Gray Wolves Divided America" 5664:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 5536: 5424: 5327:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 5255:Mermet, Laurent (November 2020). 5211:Robbins, Jim (January 11, 2024). 5185:Schuurman, Gregor W; et al. 4748:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 4535:. Capital Press. January 4, 2024. 4492:Midwest Region Endangered Species 4299:Stroup, Richard L. (April 1995). 4104:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 3768:. August 12, 2019. Archived from 3650:"Environmental Protection Agency" 3462:"PUBLIC LAW 89-669-OCT. 15, 1966" 3086: 2928:National Environmental Policy Act 2700:potential extinction to species. 2570:National Marine Fisheries Service 2193:and by federal agencies like the 2185:U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) 2176: 2141:(231 listings, 58 per year), and 2038:National Marine Fisheries Service 1742:House Natural Resources Committee 1364:Historically native range of the 1189:National Marine Fisheries Service 964:National Marine Fisheries Service 782:National Marine Fisheries Service 734:National Environmental Policy Act 550:Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 546:National Marine Fisheries Service 10003:New Source Performance Standards 9938:Council on Environmental Quality 9048:Presidential Climate Action Plan 9028:New Source Performance Standards 8895:Council on Environmental Quality 8784:Emergency Wetlands Resources Act 7702:. Washington, DC: Island Press. 7631:Journal of Economic Perspectives 7590: 7564: 7539: 7509: 7467: 7418: 7388: 7353: 7290: 7232: 7207: 7195:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 7164: 7138: 7112: 7100:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 7077: 7063: 7041: 7027: 7006:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 6991: 6921:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 6894:"ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT OF 1973" 6854: 6760: 6727: 6698: 6676: 6650: 6638:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 6627: 6559: 6448: 6434:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 6422: 6395:Shipp, Haylie (April 16, 2024). 6373:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 6366: 6338: 6312: 6290: 6262: 6234: 6206: 6178: 6152: 6126: 6110:. April 24, 2018. Archived from 6096: 6070: 6018: 5999: 5973:10.1111/j.1755-263X.2009.00083.x 5939: 5913: 5887: 5872: 5853: 5806:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 5781:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 5719:Mott, Maryann (April 18, 2005). 5712: 5543:Scientific American Blog Network 5488:"The Wolverine and the Waitlist" 5366:Margolis, Jon (August 4, 1997). 5261:Environmental Science and Policy 5163:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 5134:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 5112:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 4723:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 4649:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 4606:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 4582:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 4580:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 4549:Flesher, John (August 4, 2023). 4452:Journal of Economic Perspectives 4115:PBS News Hour (August 4, 2023). 4079:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 3862:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 3794:Flesher, John (August 4, 2023). 3742:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 3717:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 3560:"Public Law 91-135-Dec. 5, 1969" 3500:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 3432:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04150.x 3131: This article incorporates 3126: 3121:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 3104: This article incorporates 3099: 3067: 2496:"Endangered Species Act of 1973" 2461: 2422: 2404: 2378: 2360: 2267:Endangered Species Recovery Plan 2260: 1637:As reported on the news page of 1168:Recovery and delistings are rare 1108: 738:Council on Environmental Quality 730:Council on Environmental Quality 27: 10040:Coastal Zone Management Program 9961:Environmental Protection Agency 9724:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1973 9639:Federal Contested Elections Act 9623:Drug Enforcement Administration 9581:End Stage Renal Disease Program 8684:Water Resources Development Act 8641:Coastal Zone Management Program 7953:United States environmental law 7868:Center for Biological Diversity 7855:Statute Compilations collection 6797:Goble, Scott & Davis (2006) 6776:Goble, Scott & Davis (2006) 6517:Keim, Brandon (July 22, 2024). 5761:Goble, Scott & Davis (2006) 5568: 5563:Goble, Scott & Davis (2006) 5530: 5494: 5299: 5279: 5223: 4900:Carter, Andrew; Rosa, Lindsay. 4861: 4802: 4789:Center for Biological Diversity 4777: 4752: 4594: 4568: 4498: 4480: 4439: 4414: 4263: 4248: 4108: 4058:Singh, Maanvi (June 28, 2023). 3912: 3860:"Section 12. Endangered Plants" 3852: 3754: 3699:Lewis & Clark School of Law 3691: 3619: 3594: 3569: 3552: 3527: 3512: 3481:Goble, Scott & Davis (2006) 3454: 3361: 3331: 2472:needs additional citations for 1994:Section 4: Listing and Recovery 1980:Center for Biological Diversity 1459:. Such plans also apply to the 1395:University of California, Davis 1228:Center for Biological Diversity 1195:; the Central California Coast 590:Migratory Bird Conservation Act 515:or "The Act"; 16 U.S.C. § 1531 10077:Endangered Species Act of 1973 10070:Endangered Species Act of 1969 9674:Congressional Research Service 9254:VP confirmation of Gerald Ford 8975:Environmental impact statement 8955:Corporate average fuel economy 8839:Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act 8260:Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife 7840:Endangered Species Act of 1973 7654:Congressional Research Service 7624:References and further reading 6766:16 U.S.C. 1533 (b)(3)(C)(iii) 6300:. Sierra Club. August 12, 2019 5920:McKee, Jenny (June 24, 2022). 4400:""Shoot, Shovel, and Shut Up"" 4347:Broder, John M.. (2010-03-05) 3697:Speech by Dr. Bertrand to the 3314: 3297: 3264: 3239: 3225:. Princeton University Press. 3210: 3142: 3123:"International Affairs: CITES" 3115: 3039:Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife 2574:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2195:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1411:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1403:U.S. Bureau of Land Management 888:, chose to help an endangered 509:Endangered Species Act of 1973 387:Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife 39:Endangered Species Act of 1973 22:Endangered Species Act of 1973 1: 9895:Federal Energy Administration 9646:Federal Election Campaign Act 9431:Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty 4370:Pace Environmental Law Review 3943:Pace Environmental Law Review 3125:Retrieved on 29 January 2020. 2986:preponderance of the evidence 2871:Administrative Procedures Act 2790:The Secretary of the Interior 2761: 2429:Tennessee purple coneflower ( 2137:(255 listings, 32 per year), 2133:(126 listings, 32 per year), 1974:is one of five subspecies of 1558:Ecological Society of America 1491:Ecological Society of America 1337:citizens who call themselves 1302:Ecological Society of America 1148:imperiled in the eastern USA. 1097:Ecological Society of America 1053:is one such example, and the 552:to implement its provisions. 10056:Marine Mammal Protection Act 9968:Clean Air Amendments of 1970 9588:Supplemental Security Income 9530:Education Amendments of 1972 8754:Toxic Substances Control Act 7332:Endangered Species Committee 7299:"Calling on The "God Squad"" 5473:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.07.005 5325:"Habitat Conservation Plans" 5273:10.1016/j.envsci.2018.04.004 5189:. U.S. National Park Service 5023:10.1016/j.biocon.2015.01.025 3905:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000225 3626:Hall, Dale (July 15, 2013). 3060: 2964: 2858:Endangered Species Committee 2795:Council of Economic Advisers 997:Challenges and Controversies 756:New Features of the 1973 Act 215:on September 18, 1973 ( 7: 10033:Coastal Zone Management Act 9791:Consumer Product Safety Act 9574:National Cancer Act of 1971 9212:1970 Lincoln Memorial visit 9155:Presidency of Richard Nixon 9114:Presidency of Richard Nixon 9013:National Climate Assessment 8960:Discharge Monitoring Report 8813:Food Quality Protection Act 8635:Coastal Zone Management Act 7835:US House of Representatives 7008:. July 2009. Archived from 6056:Code of Federal Regulations 5161:"Species Status Assessment" 4144:. Western Caucus Foundation 3009: 2626:Informal consultation phase 2559: 2053:distinct population segment 1931:solar power battery storage 1666:Code of Federal Regulations 732:(CEQ), an outgrowth of the 706:93rd United States Congress 351:United States Supreme Court 237:on December 20, 1973 ( 78:93rd United States Congress 10: 10332: 10195:Senate Watergate Committee 9775:Permissible exposure limit 9553:Rehabilitation Act of 1973 9298:Presidential Proclamations 8790:Global Change Research Act 8440:United States v. Bestfoods 7779:The Endangered Species Act 7668:Washington U Law Quarterly 7602:Endangered Species Program 6661:Lagopus leucurus saxatilis 5065:10.1038/s41467-020-18486-6 4426:subscriber.politicopro.com 3217:Dunlap, Thomas R. (1988). 2905:Habitat conservation plans 1972:Lagopus leucurus saxatilis 1431:Habitat Conservation Plans 1059:shoot, shovel, and shut up 653: 555: 527:on December 28, 1973. The 10227: 10100: 10084:Oil Pollution Act of 1973 9925: 9703:Fair Credit Reporting Act 9685: 9500:Revised Philadelphia Plan 9484: 9459:Threshold Test Ban Treaty 9307: 9162: 9063:Section 608 Certification 9003:Maximum contaminant level 8940:Best available technology 8928: 8880: 8586:(1963, 1970, 1977, 1990) 8566:Air Pollution Control Act 8530:Migratory Bird Treaty Act 8462: 8428: 8302: 8240: 8210: 8100: 8030: 7959: 7328:"Portland Audubon Society 6659:"White-tailed ptarmigan ( 3221:Saving America's wildlife 2912:Habitat Conservation Plan 2875:Bureau of Land Management 2769:Secretary of the Interior 2319:Downlisting and Delisting 2288:The amendment also added 1830:. Because the endangered 1670:climate change adaptation 1382:Yellowstone National Park 573:the losses. For example, 357: 349: 263: 258: 198:Senate Commerce Committee 167: 158: 140: 130: 125: 106: 96: 91: 83: 72: 64: 51: 43: 35: 26: 10234:← Johnson administration 9867:Agricultural Act of 1970 9410:1973 Chilean coup d'état 9119:templates for discussion 9091:Toxicity category rating 9086:Total maximum daily load 9023:National Priorities List 8905:Office of Surface Mining 8730:Federal Noxious Weed Act 8631:(1972, 1977, 1987, 2014) 8605:Solid Waste Disposal Act 8346:Rapanos v. United States 6733:16 U.S.C. §1533(b)(1)(A) 6082:Pacific Legal Foundation 5804:"Section 10. Exceptions" 5725:National Geographic News 3766:National Geographic News 3715:"Endangered Species Act" 3602:"What is CITES? | CITES" 3110:United States Government 2956:Experimental populations 2854:Portland Audubon Society 2780:Secretary of Agriculture 2395:wildflower found in the 2342:northern flying squirrel 2328:Northern flying squirrel 2254:non-essential population 2118:be a "higher-priority". 1778:snail darter controversy 1701:Pacific Legal Foundation 1484:Species awaiting listing 10296:1973 in the environment 10132:Saturday Night Massacre 9874:Farm Credit Act of 1971 9844:Alternative minimum tax 9053:Renewable Fuel Standard 8871:Inflation Reduction Act 8678:Safe Drinking Water Act 7641:Ecological Applications 7360:Leshy, John D. (2001). 6860:U.S.C 1533(b)(5)(A)-(E) 6832:10.1126/science.1220660 5883:. Yale Environment 360. 5839:10.1126/science.adn3245 5453:Biological Conservation 5231:"Partners and Projects" 5003:Biological Conservation 4382:10.58948/0738-6206.1581 4257:Unintended Consequences 3956:10.58948/0738-6206.1382 3369:"Bald Eagle Fact Sheet" 3271:Punke, Michael (2007). 2644:likely to be affected. 2432:Echinacea tennesseensis 1912:Mississippi gopher frog 1740:. In January 2020, the 1650:of endangered plants." 1461:red-cockaded woodpecker 1353:to engage in a form of 1144:Examples of freshwater 1039:red-cockaded woodpecker 1028:red-cockaded woodpecker 908:wherever it was found. 855:Smithsonian Institution 800:) are jointly managed. 700:Passage of the 1973 Act 231:agreed to by the Senate 205:on July 24, 1973 ( 194:Committee consideration 135:16 U.S.C.: Conservation 10186:United States v. Nixon 9837:Tax Reform Act of 1969 9514:Native American policy 9493:Family Assistance Plan 8666:Endangered Species Act 8611:Endangered Species Act 8493:Rivers and Harbors Act 8042:United States v. SCRAP 7988:Vermont Yankee v. NRDC 7918:accessed June 16, 2012 7912:accessed June 16, 2012 7906:accessed June 16, 2012 7894:accessed June 16, 2012 7888:accessed June 16, 2012 7882:accessed June 16, 2012 7876:accessed June 16, 2012 7870:accessed July 25, 2005 7800:55.4 (2005): 360–367. 7691:46.5 (1996): 355–363. 6104:"The Road to Recovery" 5429:. The Wildlife Society 4760:"Reclassified Species" 3322:Public Land Law Review 3133:public domain material 3106:public domain material 2938:Safe Harbor Agreements 2920:Incidental Take Permit 2827: 2635:Biological assessments 2388:Potentilla robbinsiana 2330: 2316: 2305: 2250:experimental essential 2186: 1976:White-tailed ptarmigan 1943: 1903: 1845: 1822:was reintroduced into 1799: 1786:Little Tennessee River 1772: 1705:President Donald Trump 1675:Six months after this 1661: 1614: 1547: 1533: 1448: 1435:Incidental Take Permit 1368: 1292: 1281: 1209:leatherback sea turtle 1184: 1181:Leatherback sea turtle 1149: 1106: 1030: 1017:Little Tennessee River 990: 950: 872: 773: 765: 611: 229:on December 19, 1973; 10243:Ford administration → 9745:Smithsonian Agreement 9268:Judicial appointments 8991:Executive Order 13990 8985:Executive Order 13432 8980:Environmental justice 8865:CHIPS and Science Act 8572:Fish and Wildlife Act 8448:Guam v. United States 7980:Sierra Club v. Morton 7754:(Island Press, 1997). 6587:Associated Press News 6519:"There will be blood" 6460:National Park Service 5602:16 U.S.C. 1533(b)(2) 5045:Nature Communications 4909:Defenders of Wildlife 3800:Associated Press News 2823: 2786:Secretary of the Army 2589:the area include the 2385:Robbins' cinquefoil ( 2326: 2311: 2303: 2184: 1939: 1899: 1866:Northwest Forest Plan 1841: 1795: 1768: 1685:Karner blue butterfly 1681:National Park Service 1656: 1608: 1579:Reagan administration 1545: 1529: 1477:Defenders of Wildlife 1443: 1407:National Park Service 1393:, geneticists at the 1363: 1319:National Park Service 1287: 1279: 1249:Defenders of Wildlife 1179: 1143: 1101: 1025: 985: 932: 867:homepage image, with 863: 784:(NMFS). NMFS handles 771: 763: 607: 10266:1973 in American law 10148:White House Plumbers 9074:State of the Climate 8742:Magnuson–Stevens Act 8548:McSweeney-McNary Act 8200:West Virginia v. EPA 8152:Massachusetts v. EPA 7850:) as amended in the 7744:31 (2001): 199–227. 7678:Washburn Law Journal 7126:on December 25, 2008 6326:. September 15, 2019 6114:on February 15, 2020 5952:Conservation Letters 5731:on October 25, 2005. 5518:on February 21, 2020 5425:Learn, Joshua Rapp. 5370:. High Country News. 5313:. February 29, 2020. 5217:Yale Environment 360 4940:Conservation Biology 4670:"Public Law 100-478" 4518:on October 16, 2011. 4410:on October 30, 2006. 4311:on October 12, 2007. 3996:Conservation Letters 3667:Rinde, Meir (2017). 3656:on February 3, 2011. 3638:on October 17, 2013. 3303:Kristina Alexander, 3076:northern spotted owl 2825:Northern spotted owl 2793:The Chairman of the 2603:Scaphirhynchus albus 2481:improve this article 2367:Eggert's sunflower ( 2207:danger of extinction 2003:Petition and listing 1850:Northern spotted owl 1843:Northern spotted owl 1789:passage of the Act. 1754:Biden administration 1647:Conservation Letters 1258:conservation science 941:disease or predation 869:Florida torreya tree 575:George Bird Grinnell 251:on December 28, 1973 180:Harrison A. Williams 10311:Turtle conservation 10202:impeachment process 10118:Operation Sandwedge 9853:Revenue Act of 1971 9653:1970 VRA Amendments 9401:Shanghai Communiqué 9394:1972 visit to China 9346:Paris Peace Accords 9318:International trips 9198:Second inauguration 9038:Not-To-Exceed (NTE) 8970:Environmental crime 8965:Effluent guidelines 8726:, 2014, 2016, 2022) 8466:federal legislation 7972:Missouri v. Holland 7900:accessed July, 2005 7761:29 (1999): 463–491. 7633:12.3 (1998): 3-20. 7527:on January 30, 2022 7506:, pp. 168–169. 7485:on January 19, 2022 7464:, pp. 147–148. 7452:, pp. 170–171. 7406:on February 1, 2022 6824:2012Sci...337..802B 6436:. December 11, 2023 6354:. December 16, 2020 6220:The Huffington Post 6040:(126): 42642–42652. 5964:2010ConL....3...45S 5465:2016BCons.201..220P 5406:. February 25, 2019 5057:2020NatCo..11.4668B 5015:2015BCons.184..209M 4952:2013ConBi..27..669C 4702:. Arizona Republic. 4218:. Associated Press. 2662:Formal consultation 2370:Helianthus eggertii 1734:brink of extinction 1419:guerrilla rewilding 1391:U.S. Forest Service 1051:greater sage-grouse 1043:habitat destruction 1035:perverse incentives 882:interstate commerce 772:NOAA Fisheries logo 161:Legislative history 23: 10125:Operation Gemstone 9424:1972 Moscow Summit 9180:First inauguration 8858:Louisiana v. Biden 8772:CERCLA (Superfund) 8680:(1974, 1986, 1996) 7996:Hughes v. Oklahoma 7831:United States Code 7818:United States Code 7726:. Public Affairs. 7663:(JHU Press, 2001). 7643:6.1 (1996): 1–11. 7521:Endangered Species 7479:Endangered Species 7400:Endangered Species 7181:with Maine Animals 7176:2008-12-07 at the 7049:"Delisting Report" 6964:16 U.S.C. §1533(f) 6278:. October 21, 2019 6140:. October 16, 2019 4960:10.1111/cobi.12050 4873:www.esasuccess.org 4828:10.7717/peerj.6803 4631:. Bridge Michigan. 4465:10.1257/jep.12.3.3 4364:Boyt, Jeb (1993). 4305:PERC Policy Series 4008:10.1111/conl.12031 3772:on August 14, 2019 2828: 2331: 2306: 2187: 1944: 1904: 1846: 1800: 1773: 1752:In June 2021, the 1689:managed relocation 1677:climate adaptation 1645:. A 2010 paper in 1643:assisted migration 1615: 1601:Climate adaptation 1548: 1449: 1369: 1355:assisted migration 1331:managed relocation 1282: 1261:recovery actions. 1205:Hawaiian monk seal 1185: 1150: 1031: 898:assisted migration 873: 774: 766: 612: 190:) on June 12, 1973 36:Other short titles 21: 10253: 10252: 10178:White House tapes 10169:list of opponents 10010:Noise Control Act 9609:Shafer Commission 9475:Space exploration 9445:Washington Summit 9339:Cambodian bombing 9247:1974 SOTU Address 9240:1973 SOTU Address 9233:1972 SOTU Address 9226:1971 SOTU Address 9219:1970 SOTU Address 9188:Bring Us Together 9104: 9103: 9033:New Source Review 8819:Energy Policy Act 8802:Oil Pollution Act 8672:Oil Pollution Act 8660:Noise Control Act 8590:Acid Rain Program 8578:Oil Pollution Act 8542:Oil Pollution Act 8536:Clarke–McNary Act 8458: 8457: 8418:Sackett v. EPA II 7759:Environmental Law 7742:Environmental Law 7733:978-1-58648-374-6 7670:75 (1997): 1029+ 7579:, January 5, 2001 7366:Environmental Law 7059:on July 28, 2007. 7015:on March 26, 2010 6976:, pp. 72–73. 6818:(6096): 802–803. 6799:, pp. 50–67. 6634:LaValle, Andrew. 6553:High Country News 6486:High Country News 6166:. August 12, 2019 6058:. U.S. Government 5901:. U.S. Government 4679:. U.S. Government 4270:Blackmon, David. 4242:High Country News 3848:. New York Times. 3282:978-0-06-089782-6 3200:Issues in Ecology 2595:Sterna antillarum 2557: 2556: 2549: 2531: 2414:Erigeron maguirei 2237:E(S/A), T(S/A) = 2225:Other categories: 2139:George H. W. Bush 1919:Tiehm's buckwheat 1901:Dusky gopher frog 1804:California condor 1797:California condor 1339:Torreya Guardians 1199:; the Cook Inlet 1061:." In 2018, Rep. 886:Torreya Guardians 865:Torreya Guardians 810:If determinable, 798:Atlantic sturgeon 586:Lacey Act of 1900 579:Forest and Stream 505: 504: 315:December 28, 1979 289:November 10, 1978 203:Passed the Senate 174:in the Senate as 109:Statutes at Large 87:December 27, 1973 16:United States law 10323: 10246: 10237: 10220: 10213: 10204: 10197: 10190: 10180: 10171: 10164: 10157: 10150: 10143: 10134: 10127: 10120: 10113: 10093: 10086: 10079: 10072: 10065: 10058: 10051: 10042: 10035: 10028: 10019: 10012: 10005: 9998: 9991: 9984: 9977: 9970: 9963: 9954: 9947: 9940: 9918: 9911: 9904: 9897: 9890: 9883: 9876: 9869: 9862: 9855: 9846: 9839: 9830: 9823: 9816: 9807: 9800: 9793: 9786: 9777: 9770: 9763: 9756: 9747: 9740: 9733: 9726: 9719: 9712: 9705: 9698: 9696:Bank Secrecy Act 9676: 9669: 9662: 9655: 9648: 9641: 9632: 9625: 9618: 9611: 9604: 9597: 9590: 9583: 9576: 9569: 9562: 9555: 9546: 9539: 9532: 9523: 9516: 9509: 9502: 9495: 9477: 9470: 9461: 9454: 9447: 9440: 9433: 9426: 9419: 9412: 9403: 9396: 9389: 9380: 9373: 9364: 9357: 9354:Peace with Honor 9348: 9341: 9334: 9327: 9320: 9300: 9293: 9291:Executive Orders 9284: 9277: 9270: 9263: 9256: 9249: 9242: 9235: 9228: 9221: 9214: 9207: 9200: 9191: 9182: 9175: 9148: 9141: 9134: 9125: 9124: 8950:Clean Power Plan 8882:Federal agencies 8524:Weeks–McLean Act 8378:Sackett v. EPA I 8028: 8027: 7946: 7939: 7932: 7923: 7922: 7793: 7737: 7713: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7613: 7608:on April 6, 2010 7594: 7588: 7587: 7586: 7584: 7578: 7568: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7557: 7543: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7532: 7513: 7507: 7501: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7490: 7471: 7465: 7459: 7453: 7447: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7436: 7422: 7416: 7415: 7413: 7411: 7392: 7386: 7380: 7374: 7373: 7357: 7351: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7324: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7310: 7294: 7288: 7287: 7261: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7236: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7211: 7205: 7204: 7202: 7200: 7189: 7183: 7168: 7162: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7152: 7142: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7131: 7122:. 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Seattle Times. 6499: 6490: 6489: 6477: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6426: 6420: 6419: 6416:Federal Register 6407: 6401: 6400: 6392: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6370: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6342: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6316: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6294: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6283: 6266: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6255: 6238: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6210: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6156: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6100: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6084:. March 23, 2018 6074: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6063: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6034:Federal Register 6031: 6022: 6016: 6015: 6003: 5997: 5996: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5917: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5876: 5870: 5869: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5822: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5800: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5771: 5765: 5764: 5756: 5745: 5739: 5733: 5732: 5727:. 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Archived from 4395: 4386: 4385: 4376:(2): 1009–1050. 4361: 4352: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4296: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4267: 4261: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4233: 4220: 4219: 4211: 4202: 4201: 4181: 4172: 4171: 4163: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4143: 4134: 4121: 4120: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4098: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4078: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4038:The Conversation 4029: 4020: 4019: 3987: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3958: 3934: 3925: 3924: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3883: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3841: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3813: 3804: 3803: 3791: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3741: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3711: 3702: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3652:. Archived from 3646: 3640: 3639: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3581:portals.iucn.org 3573: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3415: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3335: 3329: 3318: 3312: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3224: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3197: 3188: 3151: 3146: 3140: 3130: 3129: 3119: 3113: 3103: 3102: 3093: 3079: 3071: 3016:Critical habitat 2932:Federal Register 2552: 2545: 2541: 2538: 2532: 2530: 2489: 2465: 2457: 2426: 2408: 2399:of New Hampshire 2382: 2364: 2191:Federal Register 2090:Federal Register 2076:critical habitat 1811:from which this 1631:invasive species 1621:Federal Register 1516:critical habitat 1509:Critical habitat 1467:in the northern 1387:American Forests 1376:of the northern 1327:Lupinus perennis 1127:peregrine falcon 841:Federal Register 825:critical habitat 812:critical habitat 726:Russell E. Train 716: 712: 668: 664: 634: 630: 566:passenger pigeon 425:Bennett v. Spear 342: 341:October 13, 1982 326: 322: 316: 300: 296: 290: 274: 270: 259:Major amendments 213:Passed the House 163: 144:sections created 110: 57: 31: 24: 20: 10331: 10330: 10326: 10325: 10324: 10322: 10321: 10320: 10256: 10255: 10254: 10249: 10240: 10231: 10223: 10216: 10209: 10200: 10193: 10183: 10176: 10167: 10160: 10155:Watergate Seven 10153: 10146: 10139: 10130: 10123: 10116: 10109: 10096: 10089: 10082: 10075: 10068: 10061: 10054: 10047: 10038: 10031: 10024: 10015: 10008: 10001: 9994: 9987: 9980: 9975:Clean Water Act 9973: 9966: 9959: 9950: 9943: 9936: 9928: 9921: 9914: 9907: 9900: 9893: 9886: 9879: 9872: 9865: 9858: 9851: 9842: 9835: 9826: 9819: 9812: 9803: 9796: 9789: 9782: 9773: 9766: 9759: 9752: 9743: 9736: 9729: 9722: 9715: 9708: 9701: 9694: 9687:Economic policy 9681: 9672: 9665: 9658: 9651: 9644: 9637: 9630:Cannabis policy 9628: 9621: 9614: 9607: 9600: 9593: 9586: 9579: 9572: 9565: 9558: 9551: 9542: 9535: 9528: 9519: 9512: 9505: 9498: 9491: 9485:Domestic policy 9480: 9473: 9468:Operation CHAOS 9466: 9457: 9450: 9443: 9436: 9429: 9422: 9415: 9408: 9399: 9392: 9387:Tar Baby option 9385: 9376: 9371:Cold War period 9369: 9360: 9351: 9344: 9337: 9330: 9323: 9316: 9303: 9296: 9289: 9280: 9273: 9266: 9259: 9252: 9245: 9238: 9231: 9224: 9217: 9210: 9205:Silent majority 9203: 9196: 9185: 9178: 9171: 9158: 9152: 9122: 9105: 9100: 8932: 8924: 8876: 8629:Clean Water Act 8473: 8472:and lower court 8471: 8469: 8464: 8454: 8424: 8298: 8236: 8206: 8184:Michigan v. EPA 8096: 8026: 7963: 7955: 7950: 7810: 7790: 7734: 7710: 7680:41 (2001): 50+ 7626: 7621: 7611: 7609: 7596: 7595: 7591: 7582: 7580: 7576: 7570: 7569: 7565: 7555: 7553: 7545: 7544: 7540: 7530: 7528: 7515: 7514: 7510: 7502: 7498: 7488: 7486: 7473: 7472: 7468: 7460: 7456: 7448: 7444: 7434: 7432: 7424: 7423: 7419: 7409: 7407: 7394: 7393: 7389: 7381: 7377: 7358: 7354: 7341: 7339: 7326: 7325: 7318: 7308: 7306: 7295: 7291: 7276: 7262: 7258: 7248: 7246: 7238: 7237: 7233: 7223: 7221: 7213: 7212: 7208: 7198: 7196: 7191: 7190: 7186: 7178:Wayback Machine 7169: 7165: 7156: 7154: 7150: 7144: 7143: 7139: 7129: 7127: 7118: 7117: 7113: 7103: 7101: 7096: 7095: 7091: 7082: 7078: 7069: 7068: 7064: 7047: 7046: 7042: 7033: 7032: 7028: 7018: 7016: 7012: 7001: 6997: 6996: 6992: 6984: 6980: 6972: 6968: 6963: 6956: 6946: 6944: 6939: 6938: 6934: 6924: 6922: 6917: 6916: 6912: 6902: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6891: 6876: 6868: 6864: 6859: 6855: 6808: 6804: 6793: 6782: 6774: 6770: 6765: 6761: 6753: 6749: 6741: 6737: 6732: 6728: 6718: 6716: 6708: 6704: 6703: 6699: 6689: 6687: 6681: 6677: 6667: 6665: 6655: 6651: 6641: 6639: 6632: 6628: 6617: 6613: 6598: 6594: 6579: 6575: 6564: 6560: 6549: 6545: 6530: 6526: 6515: 6511: 6500: 6493: 6478: 6474: 6464: 6462: 6454: 6453: 6449: 6439: 6437: 6428: 6427: 6423: 6408: 6404: 6393: 6389: 6379: 6377: 6371: 6367: 6357: 6355: 6344: 6343: 6339: 6329: 6327: 6318: 6317: 6313: 6303: 6301: 6296: 6295: 6291: 6281: 6279: 6268: 6267: 6263: 6253: 6251: 6239: 6235: 6225: 6223: 6211: 6207: 6197: 6195: 6183: 6179: 6169: 6167: 6158: 6157: 6153: 6143: 6141: 6132: 6131: 6127: 6117: 6115: 6102: 6101: 6097: 6087: 6085: 6076: 6075: 6071: 6061: 6059: 6050: 6049: 6045: 6029: 6023: 6019: 6004: 6000: 5993:Sierra Magazine 5985: 5981: 5944: 5940: 5930: 5928: 5918: 5914: 5904: 5902: 5899:Regulations.gov 5893: 5892: 5888: 5877: 5873: 5858: 5854: 5823: 5819: 5809: 5807: 5802: 5801: 5794: 5784: 5782: 5773: 5772: 5768: 5757: 5748: 5740: 5736: 5717: 5713: 5676: 5669: 5656: 5655: 5651: 5636: 5632: 5627: 5618: 5610: 5606: 5601: 5594: 5584: 5582: 5574: 5573: 5569: 5561: 5557: 5547: 5545: 5537:Platt, John R. 5535: 5531: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5504: 5500: 5499: 5495: 5490:. Mother Jones. 5484: 5480: 5449: 5442: 5432: 5430: 5423: 5419: 5409: 5407: 5404:Popular Science 5398: 5397: 5390: 5379: 5375: 5364: 5360: 5350: 5348: 5340: 5339: 5332: 5323: 5322: 5318: 5305: 5304: 5300: 5292:TheGuardian.com 5285: 5284: 5280: 5253: 5249: 5239: 5237: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5209: 5202: 5192: 5190: 5183: 5176: 5166: 5164: 5159: 5158: 5147: 5137: 5135: 5130: 5129: 5125: 5115: 5113: 5108: 5107: 5090: 5040: 5034: 5030: 4998: 4992: 4985: 4932: 4923: 4913: 4911: 4904: 4898: 4887: 4877: 4875: 4867: 4866: 4862: 4807: 4803: 4793: 4791: 4783: 4782: 4778: 4768: 4766: 4758: 4757: 4753: 4745: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4726: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4711: 4707: 4696: 4692: 4682: 4680: 4672: 4666: 4662: 4652: 4650: 4641: 4640: 4636: 4625: 4621: 4611: 4609: 4600: 4599: 4595: 4585: 4583: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4559: 4557: 4547: 4540: 4531: 4530: 4523: 4515: 4508: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4444: 4440: 4430: 4428: 4420: 4419: 4415: 4404:Reason Magazine 4396: 4389: 4362: 4355: 4346: 4342: 4332: 4330: 4329:. July 12, 2018 4321: 4320: 4316: 4297: 4290: 4280: 4278: 4268: 4264: 4253: 4249: 4234: 4223: 4212: 4205: 4182: 4175: 4164: 4157: 4147: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4124: 4113: 4109: 4100: 4099: 4092: 4082: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4062:. The Guardian. 4056: 4052: 4042: 4040: 4030: 4023: 3988: 3979: 3969: 3967: 3935: 3928: 3917: 3913: 3898:(7): e0000225. 3884: 3875: 3865: 3863: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3842: 3835: 3825: 3823: 3815: 3814: 3807: 3792: 3785: 3775: 3773: 3760: 3759: 3755: 3745: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3720: 3718: 3713: 3712: 3705: 3696: 3692: 3682: 3680: 3665: 3661: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3624: 3620: 3610: 3608: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3585: 3583: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3562: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3543: 3541: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3501: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3479: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3416: 3387: 3377: 3375: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3352: 3350: 3349:on May 25, 2017 3337: 3336: 3332: 3324:16 (1995): 27+ 3319: 3315: 3302: 3298: 3283: 3269: 3265: 3255: 3253: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3215: 3211: 3195: 3189: 3154: 3147: 3143: 3127: 3120: 3116: 3100: 3094: 3087: 3083: 3082: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3012: 2998: 2975:civil penalties 2967: 2958: 2949: 2940: 2907: 2887: 2818: 2764: 2706: 2693: 2664: 2637: 2628: 2619: 2617:Section 7(a)(2) 2611:potamilus capax 2599:pallid sturgeon 2582: 2580:Section 7(a)(1) 2572:(NMFS) and the 2562: 2553: 2542: 2536: 2533: 2490: 2488: 2478: 2466: 2455: 2446: 2440: 2436: 2427: 2418: 2411:Maguire daisy ( 2409: 2400: 2397:White Mountains 2383: 2374: 2365: 2321: 2263: 2179: 2159: 2085: 2083:Listing process 2065:Executive Order 2025: 2023: 2017: 2015: 2005: 1996: 1988: 1964:Rocky Mountains 1763: 1738:Governor Newsom 1697: 1611:Relict trillium 1603: 1511: 1486: 1469:Rocky Mountains 1427: 1378:Rocky Mountains 1343:Florida Torreya 1314: 1297: 1270: 1244: 1193:Atlantic salmon 1170: 1111: 1092: 1090:Risk assessment 1083: 1075:Clean Water Act 1008: 999: 981: 972: 955: 927: 918: 894:Florida Torreya 851: 790:freshwater fish 758: 714: 702: 666: 658: 652: 632: 602: 558: 501: 363: 362: 345: 324: 298: 272: 254: 245:Signed into law 159: 108: 73:Enacted by 55: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10329: 10319: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10251: 10250: 10248: 10247: 10238: 10228: 10225: 10224: 10222: 10221: 10214: 10207: 10206: 10205: 10191: 10181: 10174: 10173: 10172: 10158: 10151: 10144: 10137: 10136: 10135: 10128: 10121: 10106: 10104: 10098: 10097: 10095: 10094: 10087: 10080: 10073: 10066: 10059: 10052: 10045: 10044: 10043: 10029: 10022: 10021: 10020: 10013: 10006: 9999: 9992: 9985: 9978: 9971: 9957: 9956: 9955: 9948: 9933: 9931: 9923: 9922: 9920: 9919: 9912: 9905: 9898: 9891: 9884: 9877: 9870: 9863: 9856: 9849: 9848: 9847: 9833: 9832: 9831: 9817: 9810: 9809: 9808: 9801: 9794: 9780: 9779: 9778: 9771: 9764: 9750: 9749: 9748: 9741: 9727: 9720: 9713: 9706: 9699: 9691: 9689: 9683: 9682: 9680: 9679: 9678: 9677: 9663: 9656: 9649: 9642: 9635: 9634: 9633: 9626: 9612: 9605: 9598: 9591: 9584: 9577: 9570: 9563: 9556: 9549: 9548: 9547: 9540: 9526: 9525: 9524: 9510: 9503: 9496: 9488: 9486: 9482: 9481: 9479: 9478: 9471: 9464: 9463: 9462: 9455: 9448: 9441: 9434: 9427: 9413: 9406: 9405: 9404: 9390: 9383: 9382: 9381: 9378:Linkage policy 9367: 9366: 9365: 9362:Vietnamization 9358: 9349: 9342: 9328: 9325:Nixon Doctrine 9321: 9313: 9311: 9309:Foreign policy 9305: 9304: 9302: 9301: 9294: 9287: 9286: 9285: 9278: 9264: 9257: 9250: 9243: 9236: 9229: 9222: 9215: 9208: 9201: 9194: 9193: 9192: 9176: 9168: 9166: 9160: 9159: 9151: 9150: 9143: 9136: 9128: 9102: 9101: 9099: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9080:Tailoring Rule 9077: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9043:PACE financing 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8994: 8988: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8936: 8934: 8926: 8925: 8923: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8886: 8884: 8878: 8877: 8875: 8874: 8868: 8862: 8854: 8848: 8842: 8836: 8828: 8822: 8816: 8810: 8805: 8799: 8793: 8787: 8781: 8775: 8769: 8763: 8757: 8751: 8745: 8739: 8733: 8727: 8681: 8675: 8669: 8663: 8657: 8651: 8645: 8644: 8643: 8632: 8626: 8620: 8614: 8608: 8602: 8594: 8593: 8592: 8581: 8575: 8569: 8563: 8557: 8551: 8545: 8539: 8533: 8527: 8521: 8515: 8509: 8503: 8502: 8501: 8490: 8484: 8477: 8475: 8460: 8459: 8456: 8455: 8453: 8452: 8444: 8435: 8433: 8426: 8425: 8423: 8422: 8414: 8406: 8398: 8390: 8382: 8374: 8366: 8358: 8350: 8342: 8334: 8326: 8318: 8309: 8307: 8300: 8299: 8297: 8296: 8288: 8280: 8272: 8264: 8256: 8247: 8245: 8238: 8237: 8235: 8234: 8226: 8217: 8215: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8204: 8196: 8188: 8180: 8172: 8164: 8156: 8148: 8140: 8132: 8124: 8116: 8107: 8105: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8094: 8086: 8078: 8070: 8062: 8054: 8046: 8037: 8035: 8025: 8024: 8016: 8008: 8000: 7992: 7984: 7976: 7967: 7965: 7957: 7956: 7949: 7948: 7941: 7934: 7926: 7920: 7919: 7913: 7907: 7901: 7895: 7889: 7883: 7877: 7871: 7865: 7857: 7837: 7824: 7809: 7808:External links 7806: 7805: 7804: 7794: 7788: 7773: 7762: 7755: 7748: 7738: 7732: 7717: 7708: 7695: 7685: 7674: 7664: 7657: 7647: 7637: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7619: 7589: 7563: 7538: 7508: 7496: 7466: 7454: 7442: 7417: 7387: 7385:, p. 127. 7375: 7352: 7316: 7305:. Nossaman LLP 7289: 7274: 7256: 7231: 7206: 7184: 7163: 7137: 7111: 7089: 7076: 7062: 7040: 7037:. May 5, 2011. 7026: 6990: 6988:, p. 198. 6978: 6966: 6954: 6932: 6910: 6874: 6862: 6853: 6802: 6780: 6768: 6759: 6747: 6735: 6726: 6697: 6675: 6649: 6626: 6611: 6592: 6573: 6558: 6543: 6524: 6509: 6491: 6472: 6447: 6421: 6402: 6387: 6365: 6351:Democracy Now! 6337: 6311: 6289: 6261: 6233: 6205: 6177: 6151: 6125: 6095: 6069: 6043: 6017: 5998: 5979: 5938: 5912: 5886: 5871: 5852: 5833:(6677): 1350. 5817: 5792: 5766: 5746: 5734: 5711: 5690:(4): 360–367. 5667: 5649: 5630: 5616: 5604: 5592: 5567: 5555: 5529: 5493: 5478: 5440: 5417: 5388: 5373: 5358: 5330: 5316: 5298: 5278: 5247: 5222: 5200: 5174: 5145: 5123: 5088: 5051:(4668): 4668. 5028: 4983: 4946:(4): 669–678. 4921: 4885: 4860: 4801: 4776: 4751: 4734: 4705: 4690: 4660: 4634: 4619: 4593: 4567: 4538: 4521: 4497: 4479: 4438: 4422:"POLITICO Pro" 4413: 4387: 4353: 4340: 4314: 4288: 4262: 4247: 4221: 4203: 4173: 4155: 4122: 4107: 4090: 4065: 4050: 4021: 4002:(5): 300–316. 3977: 3926: 3911: 3873: 3851: 3833: 3805: 3783: 3753: 3728: 3703: 3690: 3659: 3641: 3618: 3593: 3568: 3551: 3526: 3521:New York Times 3511: 3485: 3470: 3453: 3426:(1): 369–391. 3385: 3360: 3330: 3313: 3296: 3281: 3263: 3238: 3231: 3209: 3152: 3141: 3114: 3084: 3081: 3080: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3035: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3011: 3008: 2997: 2994: 2966: 2963: 2957: 2954: 2948: 2945: 2939: 2936: 2906: 2903: 2886: 2883: 2849: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2812: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2788: 2782: 2763: 2760: 2754:path forward. 2748: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2731: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2705: 2702: 2692: 2689: 2663: 2660: 2636: 2633: 2627: 2624: 2618: 2615: 2607:fat pocketbook 2581: 2578: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2469: 2467: 2460: 2454: 2451: 2445: 2442: 2438: 2437: 2428: 2421: 2419: 2410: 2403: 2401: 2384: 2377: 2375: 2366: 2359: 2320: 2317: 2286: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2262: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2246: 2235: 2227: 2226: 2222: 2221: 2210: 2178: 2177:Listing status 2175: 2166:public hearing 2158: 2155: 2147:George W. Bush 2115: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2084: 2081: 2004: 2001: 1995: 1992: 1987: 1984: 1956:climate change 1887:Climate change 1824:North Carolina 1762: 1759: 1747:climate change 1696: 1693: 1627:climate change 1602: 1599: 1510: 1507: 1485: 1482: 1426: 1423: 1374:Whitebark Pine 1366:Whitebark Pine 1351:North Carolina 1347:glacial relict 1313: 1310: 1296: 1293: 1269: 1266: 1243: 1240: 1213:chinook salmon 1207:; the Pacific 1169: 1166: 1110: 1107: 1091: 1088: 1082: 1079: 1007: 1004: 998: 995: 980: 977: 971: 968: 954: 951: 949: 948: 945: 942: 939: 936: 926: 923: 917: 914: 910:Climate change 890:glacial relict 850: 847: 835: 834: 831: 828: 821: 818: 815: 808: 786:marine species 780:(FWS) and the 757: 754: 746:16 U.S.C. 701: 698: 654:Main article: 651: 648: 609:Whooping crane 601: 598: 570:whooping crane 557: 554: 544:(FWS) and the 503: 502: 500: 499: 498:___ (2021) 479: 478:___ (2018) 459: 440: 421: 402: 383: 360: 359: 358: 355: 354: 347: 346: 344: 343: 317: 291: 264: 261: 260: 256: 255: 253: 252: 242: 224: 210: 200: 191: 168: 165: 164: 156: 155: 145: 138: 137: 132: 131:Titles amended 128: 127: 123: 122: 112: 104: 103: 98: 94: 93: 89: 88: 85: 81: 80: 74: 70: 69: 66: 62: 61: 58: 49: 48: 45: 41: 40: 37: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10328: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10263: 10261: 10245: 10244: 10239: 10236: 10235: 10230: 10229: 10226: 10219: 10215: 10212: 10208: 10203: 10199: 10198: 10196: 10192: 10188: 10187: 10182: 10179: 10175: 10170: 10166: 10165: 10163: 10159: 10156: 10152: 10149: 10145: 10142: 10138: 10133: 10129: 10126: 10122: 10119: 10115: 10114: 10112: 10108: 10107: 10105: 10103: 10099: 10092: 10088: 10085: 10081: 10078: 10074: 10071: 10067: 10064: 10060: 10057: 10053: 10050: 10046: 10041: 10037: 10036: 10034: 10030: 10027: 10023: 10018: 10014: 10011: 10007: 10004: 10000: 9997: 9993: 9990: 9986: 9983: 9979: 9976: 9972: 9969: 9965: 9964: 9962: 9958: 9953: 9949: 9946: 9942: 9941: 9939: 9935: 9934: 9932: 9930: 9927:Environmental 9924: 9917: 9913: 9910: 9906: 9903: 9899: 9896: 9892: 9889: 9885: 9882: 9878: 9875: 9871: 9868: 9864: 9861: 9857: 9854: 9850: 9845: 9841: 9840: 9838: 9834: 9829: 9825: 9824: 9822: 9818: 9815: 9811: 9806: 9802: 9799: 9795: 9792: 9788: 9787: 9785: 9781: 9776: 9772: 9769: 9765: 9762: 9758: 9757: 9755: 9751: 9746: 9742: 9739: 9735: 9734: 9732: 9728: 9725: 9721: 9718: 9714: 9711: 9707: 9704: 9700: 9697: 9693: 9692: 9690: 9688: 9684: 9675: 9671: 9670: 9668: 9664: 9661: 9657: 9654: 9650: 9647: 9643: 9640: 9636: 9631: 9627: 9624: 9620: 9619: 9617: 9613: 9610: 9606: 9603: 9599: 9596: 9592: 9589: 9585: 9582: 9578: 9575: 9571: 9568: 9564: 9561: 9557: 9554: 9550: 9545: 9541: 9538: 9534: 9533: 9531: 9527: 9522: 9518: 9517: 9515: 9511: 9508: 9504: 9501: 9497: 9494: 9490: 9489: 9487: 9483: 9476: 9472: 9469: 9465: 9460: 9456: 9453: 9449: 9446: 9442: 9439: 9438:SALT I Treaty 9435: 9432: 9428: 9425: 9421: 9420: 9418: 9414: 9411: 9407: 9402: 9398: 9397: 9395: 9391: 9388: 9384: 9379: 9375: 9374: 9372: 9368: 9363: 9359: 9355: 9350: 9347: 9343: 9340: 9336: 9335: 9333: 9329: 9326: 9322: 9319: 9315: 9314: 9312: 9310: 9306: 9299: 9295: 9292: 9288: 9283: 9282:controversies 9279: 9276: 9275:Supreme Court 9272: 9271: 9269: 9265: 9262: 9258: 9255: 9251: 9248: 9244: 9241: 9237: 9234: 9230: 9227: 9223: 9220: 9216: 9213: 9209: 9206: 9202: 9199: 9195: 9189: 9184: 9183: 9181: 9177: 9174: 9170: 9169: 9167: 9165: 9161: 9156: 9149: 9144: 9142: 9137: 9135: 9130: 9129: 9126: 9120: 9116: 9115: 9110: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9075: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9058:Right to know 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8998: 8995: 8992: 8989: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8937: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8887: 8885: 8883: 8879: 8872: 8869: 8866: 8863: 8860: 8859: 8855: 8852: 8849: 8846: 8843: 8840: 8837: 8834: 8833: 8829: 8826: 8823: 8820: 8817: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8803: 8800: 8797: 8794: 8791: 8788: 8785: 8782: 8779: 8776: 8773: 8770: 8767: 8764: 8761: 8758: 8755: 8752: 8749: 8746: 8743: 8740: 8737: 8734: 8731: 8728: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8705: 8701: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8682: 8679: 8676: 8673: 8670: 8667: 8664: 8661: 8658: 8655: 8652: 8649: 8646: 8642: 8639: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8630: 8627: 8624: 8621: 8618: 8615: 8612: 8609: 8606: 8603: 8600: 8599: 8595: 8591: 8588: 8587: 8585: 8584:Clean Air Act 8582: 8579: 8576: 8573: 8570: 8567: 8564: 8561: 8558: 8555: 8552: 8549: 8546: 8543: 8540: 8537: 8534: 8531: 8528: 8525: 8522: 8519: 8516: 8513: 8510: 8507: 8504: 8500: 8497: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8488: 8485: 8482: 8479: 8478: 8476: 8467: 8461: 8450: 8449: 8445: 8442: 8441: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8427: 8420: 8419: 8415: 8412: 8411: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8399: 8396: 8395: 8391: 8388: 8387: 8383: 8380: 8379: 8375: 8372: 8371: 8367: 8364: 8363: 8359: 8356: 8355: 8351: 8348: 8347: 8343: 8340: 8339: 8335: 8332: 8331: 8327: 8324: 8323: 8319: 8316: 8315: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8301: 8294: 8293: 8289: 8286: 8285: 8281: 8278: 8277: 8273: 8270: 8269: 8265: 8262: 8261: 8257: 8254: 8253: 8249: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8239: 8232: 8231: 8227: 8224: 8223: 8219: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8209: 8202: 8201: 8197: 8194: 8193: 8189: 8186: 8185: 8181: 8178: 8177: 8173: 8170: 8169: 8165: 8162: 8161: 8157: 8154: 8153: 8149: 8146: 8145: 8141: 8138: 8137: 8133: 8130: 8129: 8125: 8122: 8121: 8117: 8114: 8113: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8099: 8092: 8091: 8087: 8084: 8083: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8071: 8068: 8067: 8063: 8060: 8059: 8055: 8052: 8051: 8047: 8044: 8043: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8029: 8022: 8021: 8017: 8014: 8013: 8009: 8006: 8005: 8001: 7998: 7997: 7993: 7990: 7989: 7985: 7982: 7981: 7977: 7974: 7973: 7969: 7968: 7966: 7962: 7961:Supreme Court 7958: 7954: 7947: 7942: 7940: 7935: 7933: 7928: 7927: 7924: 7917: 7914: 7911: 7908: 7905: 7902: 7899: 7896: 7893: 7890: 7887: 7884: 7881: 7878: 7875: 7872: 7869: 7866: 7863: 7862: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7812: 7811: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7785: 7781: 7780: 7774: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7760: 7756: 7753: 7749: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7729: 7725: 7724: 7718: 7716: 7711: 7705: 7701: 7696: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7662: 7658: 7655: 7652: 7648: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7627: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7593: 7575: 7574: 7567: 7552: 7548: 7542: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7512: 7505: 7500: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7470: 7463: 7458: 7451: 7446: 7431: 7427: 7421: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7391: 7384: 7379: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7356: 7350: 7347: 7336: 7335: 7331: 7323: 7321: 7304: 7300: 7293: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7275:1-55963-271-2 7271: 7267: 7260: 7245: 7241: 7235: 7220: 7216: 7210: 7194: 7188: 7182: 7179: 7175: 7172: 7167: 7149: 7148: 7141: 7125: 7121: 7115: 7099: 7093: 7086: 7080: 7072: 7066: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7044: 7036: 7030: 7011: 7007: 7000: 6994: 6987: 6982: 6975: 6970: 6961: 6959: 6942: 6936: 6920: 6914: 6895: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6872:, p. 50. 6871: 6866: 6857: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6806: 6798: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6778:, p. 58. 6777: 6772: 6763: 6757:, p. 23. 6756: 6751: 6745:, p. 40. 6744: 6739: 6730: 6714: 6707: 6701: 6686: 6679: 6664: 6662: 6653: 6637: 6630: 6622: 6615: 6607: 6603: 6596: 6588: 6584: 6577: 6569: 6562: 6554: 6547: 6539: 6535: 6528: 6520: 6513: 6505: 6498: 6496: 6487: 6483: 6476: 6461: 6457: 6451: 6435: 6431: 6425: 6417: 6413: 6406: 6398: 6391: 6376: 6369: 6353: 6352: 6347: 6341: 6325: 6321: 6315: 6299: 6293: 6277: 6276: 6271: 6265: 6250: 6249: 6244: 6237: 6222: 6221: 6216: 6209: 6194: 6193: 6188: 6181: 6165: 6161: 6155: 6139: 6135: 6129: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6099: 6083: 6079: 6073: 6057: 6053: 6047: 6039: 6035: 6028: 6021: 6013: 6009: 6002: 5994: 5990: 5983: 5974: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5942: 5927: 5923: 5916: 5900: 5896: 5890: 5882: 5875: 5867: 5863: 5856: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5821: 5805: 5799: 5797: 5780: 5776: 5770: 5763:, p. 77. 5762: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5744:, p. 86. 5743: 5738: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5715: 5707: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5674: 5672: 5663: 5659: 5653: 5645: 5641: 5634: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5614:, p. 68. 5613: 5608: 5599: 5597: 5581: 5577: 5571: 5565:, p. 89. 5564: 5559: 5544: 5540: 5533: 5514: 5510: 5503: 5497: 5489: 5482: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5447: 5445: 5428: 5421: 5405: 5401: 5395: 5393: 5385:. Missoulian. 5384: 5377: 5369: 5362: 5347: 5343: 5337: 5335: 5326: 5320: 5312: 5308: 5302: 5295:. April 2022. 5294: 5293: 5288: 5282: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5251: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5218: 5214: 5207: 5205: 5188: 5181: 5179: 5162: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5133: 5127: 5111: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5084: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5039: 5032: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 4997: 4990: 4988: 4979: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4910: 4903: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4874: 4870: 4864: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4805: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4744: 4738: 4727:September 24, 4722: 4715: 4709: 4701: 4694: 4683:September 24, 4678: 4671: 4664: 4648: 4644: 4638: 4630: 4623: 4607: 4603: 4597: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4556: 4552: 4545: 4543: 4534: 4528: 4526: 4514: 4507: 4501: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4475: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4442: 4427: 4423: 4417: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4394: 4392: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4360: 4358: 4350: 4344: 4328: 4324: 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2680: 2677: 2671: 2668: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2632: 2623: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2586: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2551: 2548: 2540: 2537:December 2020 2529: 2526: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2498: – 2497: 2493: 2492:Find sources: 2486: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2470:This section 2468: 2464: 2459: 2458: 2450: 2441: 2434: 2433: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2415: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2389: 2381: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2363: 2358: 2357: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2325: 2315: 2310: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2291: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2268: 2261:Recovery plan 2255: 2251: 2247: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2228: 2224: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2199: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2183: 2174: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2162:Public notice 2154: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2111: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2092: 2091: 2080: 2077: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2062: 2061:Ronald Reagan 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2027: 2021: 2013: 2008: 2000: 1991: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1960:Cascade Range 1957: 1953: 1949: 1948:weasel family 1942: 1938: 1934: 1932: 1929:(crucial for 1928: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1805: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1771: 1767: 1758: 1755: 1750: 1748: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1722: 1718:released its 1717: 1713: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1622: 1612: 1609:The seeds of 1607: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1574: 1572: 1566: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1525: 1520: 1517: 1506: 1504: 1503:Scioto madtom 1501:declared the 1500: 1499:IUCN Red List 1495: 1492: 1481: 1478: 1473: 1470: 1466: 1465:grizzly bears 1462: 1458: 1457:Massachusetts 1454: 1453:piping plover 1446: 1445:Piping plover 1442: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1422: 1420: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1291: 1286: 1278: 1274: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1253: 1250: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1221:white abalone 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1165: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1147: 1142: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1123:brown pelican 1120: 1115: 1109:Effectiveness 1105: 1100: 1098: 1087: 1078: 1076: 1070: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1029: 1026:Range map of 1024: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1003: 994: 989: 984: 976: 967: 965: 961: 946: 943: 940: 937: 934: 933: 931: 922: 913: 911: 907: 901: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 870: 866: 862: 858: 856: 846: 843: 842: 832: 829: 826: 822: 819: 816: 813: 809: 806: 805: 804: 801: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 770: 762: 753: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 722: 720: 713: 707: 697: 693: 691: 687: 682: 680: 676: 672: 665: 657: 647: 644: 640: 638: 631: 623: 621: 617: 610: 606: 597: 595: 591: 587: 582: 580: 576: 571: 567: 563: 553: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 530: 526: 525:Richard Nixon 522: 518: 514: 510: 497: 493: 489: 485: 484: 480: 477: 473: 469: 465: 464: 460: 457: 454: 450: 446: 445: 441: 438: 435: 431: 427: 426: 422: 419: 416: 412: 408: 407: 403: 400: 397: 393: 389: 388: 384: 381: 378: 374: 370: 369: 365: 364: 356: 352: 348: 338: 334: 330: 323: 318: 312: 308: 304: 297: 292: 286: 282: 278: 271: 266: 265: 262: 257: 250: 249:Richard Nixon 247:by President 246: 243: 240: 236: 232: 228: 225: 222: 219:, in lieu of 218: 214: 211: 208: 204: 201: 199: 195: 192: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 170: 169: 166: 162: 157: 154:§§ 1531-1544. 153: 149: 146: 143: 139: 136: 133: 129: 124: 121: 117: 113: 111: 105: 102: 99: 95: 90: 86: 82: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 34: 30: 25: 19: 10241: 10232: 10184: 10162:Enemies List 10076: 9616:War on drugs 9112: 9072: 8945:Citizen suit 8933:and concepts 8856: 8830: 8665: 8596: 8446: 8438: 8416: 8408: 8400: 8392: 8384: 8376: 8368: 8360: 8352: 8344: 8336: 8328: 8320: 8312: 8290: 8282: 8274: 8266: 8258: 8250: 8241: 8228: 8220: 8198: 8190: 8182: 8174: 8166: 8158: 8150: 8142: 8134: 8126: 8118: 8110: 8088: 8080: 8072: 8064: 8056: 8048: 8040: 8018: 8010: 8002: 7994: 7986: 7978: 7970: 7859: 7797: 7778: 7765: 7758: 7751: 7741: 7722: 7699: 7688: 7677: 7667: 7660: 7640: 7630: 7612:December 17, 7610:. Retrieved 7606:the original 7601: 7592: 7583:December 17, 7581:, retrieved 7572: 7566: 7556:February 28, 7554:. Retrieved 7550: 7541: 7531:February 28, 7529:. Retrieved 7525:the original 7520: 7511: 7499: 7489:February 28, 7487:. Retrieved 7483:the original 7478: 7469: 7457: 7445: 7435:February 28, 7433:. Retrieved 7429: 7420: 7410:February 28, 7408:. Retrieved 7404:the original 7399: 7390: 7378: 7369: 7365: 7355: 7349: 7340:. Retrieved 7337: 7333: 7329: 7307:. Retrieved 7302: 7292: 7265: 7259: 7247:. Retrieved 7243: 7234: 7222:. Retrieved 7218: 7209: 7197:. Retrieved 7187: 7166: 7157:December 17, 7155:, retrieved 7146: 7140: 7130:November 23, 7128:. Retrieved 7124:the original 7114: 7102:. Retrieved 7092: 7084: 7079: 7065: 7057:the original 7052: 7043: 7029: 7017:. Retrieved 7010:the original 7005: 6993: 6981: 6969: 6947:December 25, 6945:. Retrieved 6935: 6925:December 25, 6923:. Retrieved 6913: 6903:December 25, 6901:. 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