468:(AOAH) may detoxify LPS when it enters, or is produced in, animal tissues. It may also convert LPS in the intestine into an LPS inhibitor. Neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells produce this lipase, which inactivates LPS by removing the two secondary acyl chains from lipid A to produce tetraacyl LPS. If mice are given LPS parenterally, those that lack AOAH develop high titers of non-specific antibodies, develop prolonged hepatomegaly, and experience prolonged endotoxin tolerance. LPS inactivation may be required for animals to restore homeostasis after parenteral LPS exposure. Although mice have many other mechanisms for inhibiting LPS signaling, none is able to prevent these changes in animals that lack AOAH.
983:
antibody to measure the endotoxin activity in EDTA whole blood specimens. This assay uses the biological response of the neutrophils in a patientâs blood to an immunological complex of endotoxin and exogenous antibody â the chemiluminescent reaction formed creates an emission of light. The amount of chemiluminescence is proportional to the logarithmic concentration of LPS in the sample and is a measure of the endotoxin activity in the blood. The assay reacts specifically with the Lipid A moiety of LPS of Gram-negative bacteria and does not cross-react with cell wall constituents of Gram-positive bacteria and other microorganisms.
657:. Of mammals, humans are much more sensitive to LPS than other primates, and other animals as well (e.g., mice). A dose of 1 ÎŒg/kg induces shock in humans, but mice will tolerate a dose up to a thousand times higher. This may relate to differences in the level of circulating natural antibodies between the two species. It may also be linked to multiple immune tactics against pathogens, and part of a multi-faceted anti-microbial strategy that has been informed by human behavioral changes over our species' evolution (e.g., meat eating, agricultural practices, and smoking). Said et al. showed that LPS causes an
1134:
polypeptide antibiotics derived from
Bacillus polymyxa with an effective antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria, but their intravenous clinical use has been limited due to their nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity side effects. The extracorporeal use of the Toraymyxin cartridge allows PMX-B to bind lipid A with a very stable interaction with its hydrophobic residues thereby neutralizing endotoxins as the blood is filtered through the extracorporeal circuit inside the cartridge, thus reversing endotoxemia and avoiding its toxic systemic effects.
783:
6324:
525:
507:
234:
296:, or O side-chain of the bacteria. The O antigen is attached to the core oligosaccharide, and comprises the outermost domain of the LPS molecule. The structure and composition of the O chain is highly variable from strain to strain, determining the serological specificity of the parent bacterial strain; there are over 160 different O antigen structures produced by different
38:
1311:). Very low levels of LPS can cause coagulation of the limulus lysate due to a powerful amplification through an enzymatic cascade. However, due to the dwindling population of horseshoe crabs, and the fact that there are factors that interfere with the LAL assay, efforts have been made to develop alternative assays, with the most promising ones being
992:
states, starting with a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and ending in multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS) before death. Early symptoms include rapid heart rate, quick breathing, temperature changes, and blood clotting issues, resulting in blood vessels widening and reduced blood volume, leading to cellular dysfunction.
764:(HSCs) through the bonding with TLR4, causing them to proliferate in reaction to a systemic infection. This response activate the TLR4-TRIF-ROS-p38 signaling within the HSCs and through a sustained TLR4 activation can cause a proliferative stress, leading to impair their competitive repopulating ability. Infection in mice using
341:(also known as KDO, keto-deoxyoctulosonate). The core oligosaccharide is less variable in its structure and composition, a given core structure being common to large groups of bacteria. The LPS cores of many bacteria also contain non-carbohydrate components, such as phosphate, amino acids, and ethanolamine substituents.
544:) with the help of a protein called MsbA. The O-antigen, another part of LPS, is made by special enzyme complexes on the inner membrane. It is then moved to the outer membrane through three different systems: one is Wzy-dependent, another relies on ABC transporters, and the third involves a synthase-dependent process.
705:
Portions of the LPS from several bacterial strains have been shown to be chemically similar to human host cell surface molecules; the ability of some bacteria to present molecules on their surface which are chemically identical or similar to the surface molecules of some types of host cells is termed
1209:
B29 toward obesity and insulin resistance in a human patient. The presumed mechanism for the association of endotoxin with obesity is that endotoxin induces an inflammation-mediated pathway accounting for the observed obesity and insulin resistance. Bacterial genera associated with endotoxin-related
982:
Because the LPS is very difficult to measure in whole blood and because most LPS is bound to proteins and complement, the
Endotoxin Activity Assay (EAAâą) was developed and cleared by the US FDA in 2003. EAA is a rapid in vitro chemiluminescent immunodiagnostic test. It utilizes a specific monoclonal
973:
The typical detection methods rely on identifying the lipid A part of LPS because Lipid A is very similar among different bacterial species and serotypes. LPS testing techniques fall into six categories, and they often overlap: in vivo tests, in vitro tests, modified immunoassays, biological assays,
969:
The current methods for testing LPS are quite sensitive, but many of them struggle to differentiate between different LPS groups. Additionally, the nature of LPS, which has both water-attracting and water-repelling properties (amphiphilic), makes it challenging to develop sensitive and user-friendly
840:
contains anti-LOS antibodies that are bactericidal and patients that have infections caused by serotypically distinct strains possess anti-LOS antibodies that differ in their specificity compared with normal serum. These differences in humoral immune response to different LOS types can be attributed
1284:
is frequently contaminated with endotoxins. Ovalbumin is one of the extensively studied proteins in animal models and also an established model allergen for airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR). Commercially available ovalbumin that is contaminated with LPS can falsify research results, as it does not
302:
strains. The presence or absence of O chains determines whether the LPS is considered "rough" or "smooth". Full-length O-chains would render the LPS smooth, whereas the absence or reduction of O-chains would make the LPS rough. Bacteria with rough LPS usually have more penetrable cell membranes to
999:
LPS also plays a crucial role in symptoms caused by infections from harmful bacteria, including severe conditions like
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, meningococcemia, and meningitis. Certain bacteria can adapt their LPS to cause long-lasting infections in the respiratory and digestive systems.
560:
The human body carries endogenous stores on LPS. The epithelial surfaces are colonized by a complex microbial flora (including gram-negative bacteria), which outnumber human cells by a factor of 10 to 1. Gram-negative bacterial will shed endotoxins. This host-microbial interaction is a symbiotic
4594:
Ruiz AG, Casafont F, Crespo J, CayĂłn A, Mayorga M, Estebanez A, et al. (October 2007). "Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein plasma levels and liver TNF-alpha gene expression in obese patients: evidence for the potential role of endotoxin in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis".
539:
The entire process of making LPS starts with a molecule called lipid A-Kdo2, which is first created on the surface of the bacterial cell's inner membrane. Then, additional sugars are added to this molecule on the inner membrane before it's moved to the space between the inner and outer membranes
1133:
Toraymyxin is a widely used extracorporeal endotoxin removal therapy through direct hemoadsorption (also referred to as hemoperfusion). It is a polystyrene-derived cartridge with molecules of polymyxin B (PMX-B) covalently bound to mesh fibers contained within it. Polymyxins are cyclic cationic
991:
LPS is a powerful toxin that, when in the body, triggers inflammation by binding to cell receptors. Excessive LPS in the blood, endotoxemia, may cause a highly lethal form of sepsis known as endotoxic septic shock. This condition includes symptoms that fall along a continuum of pathophysiologic
965:
Lipopolysaccharide is a significant factor that makes bacteria harmful, and it helps categorize them into different groups based on their structure and function. This makes LPS a useful marker for telling apart various Gram-negative bacteria. Swiftly identifying and understanding the types of
1012:
In general the health effects of LPS are due to its abilities as a potent activator and modulator of the immune system, especially its inducement of inflammation. LPS is directly cytoxic and is highly immunostimulatory â as host immune cells recognize LPS, complement are strongly activated.
1230:
There is experimental and observational evidence that LPS might play a role in depression. Administration of LPS in mice can lead to depressive symptoms, and there seem to be elevated levels of LPS in some people with depression. Inflammation may sometimes play a role in the development of
1003:
Recent studies have shown that LPS disrupts cell membrane lipids, affecting cholesterol and metabolism, potentially leading to high cholesterol, abnormal blood lipid levels, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In some cases, LPS can interfere with toxin clearance, which may be linked to
966:
pathogens involved is crucial for promptly managing and treating infections. Since LPS is the main trigger for the immune response in our cells, it acts as an early signal of an acute infection. Therefore, LPS testing is more specific and meaningful than many other serological tests.
1192:
Epidemiological studies have shown that increased endotoxin load, which can be a result of increased populations of endotoxin-producing bacteria in the intestinal tract, is associated with certain obesity-related patient groups. Other studies have shown that purified endotoxin from
1025:, or more specifically endotoxic septic shock, while lower concentration of endotoxins in the bloodstream is called metabolic endotoxemia. Endotoxemia is associated with obesity, diet, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes, while also host genetics might have an effect.
200:
and helps stabilize the overall membrane structure. It is of crucial importance to many gram-negative bacteria, which die if the genes coding for it are mutated or removed. However, it appears that LPS is nonessential in at least some gram-negative bacteria, such as
995:
Recent research indicates that even small LPS exposure is associated with autoimmune diseases and allergies. High levels of LPS in the blood can lead to metabolic syndrome, increasing the risk of conditions like diabetes, heart disease, and liver problems.
393:
The "rough form" of LPS has a lower molecular weight due to the absence of the O polysaccharide. In its place is a short oligosaccharide: this form is known as
Lipooligosaccharide (LOS), and is a glycolipid found in the outer membrane of some types of
156:, toxins that are released by bacteria into the surrounding environment, and endotoxins, which are toxins "within" the bacterial cell and released only after destruction of the bacterial outer membrane. Subsequent work showed that release of LPS from
801:
O-antigens (the outer carbohydrates) are the most variable portion of the LPS molecule, imparting antigenic specificity. In contrast, lipid A is the most conserved part. However, lipid A composition also may vary (e.g., in number and nature of
745:, have been shown to have this trisaccharide as part of their LOS structure. The presence of these human cell surface 'mimics' may, in addition to acting as a 'camouflage' from the immune system, play a role in the abolishment of
1074:, dilation of blood vessels and a decrease in cardiac function and can further worsen shock. LPS is also a potent activator of complemen. Uncontrolled complement activation may trigger destructive endothelial damage leading to
4346:
Parlesak A, SchĂ€fer C, SchĂŒtz T, Bode JC, Bode C (May 2000). "Increased intestinal permeability to macromolecules and endotoxemia in patients with chronic alcohol abuse in different stages of alcohol-induced liver disease".
1013:
Complement activation and a rising anti-inflammatory response can lead to immune cell dysfunction, immunosuppression, widespread coagulopathy, serious tissue damage and can progress to multi-system organ failure and death.
369:. These hydrophobic fatty acid chains anchor the LPS into the bacterial membrane, and the rest of the LPS projects from the cell surface. The lipid A domain is the most bioactive and responsible for much of the toxicity of
2326:
Khan MM, Ernst O, Sun J, Fraser ID, Ernst RK, Goodlett DR, Nita-Lazar A (August 2018). "Mass
Spectrometry-based Structural Analysis and Systems Immunoproteomics Strategies for Deciphering the Host Response to Endotoxin".
3693:"The structure of lipooligosaccharide produced by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, strain 15253, isolated from a patient with disseminated infection. Evidence for a new glycosylation pathway of the gonococcal lipooligosaccharide"
385:). The Lipid A moiety is a very conserved component of the LPS. However Lipid A structure varies among bacterial species. Lipid A structure largely defines the degree and nature of the overall host immune activation.
92:(from which toxicity is largely derived), all covalently linked. In current terminology, the term endotoxin is often used synonymously with LPS, although there are a few endotoxins (in the original sense of
847:
it has been demonstrated that the antigenicity of LOS molecules can change during an infection due to the ability of these bacteria to synthesize more than one type of LOS, a characteristic known as
4739:
Wicks IP, Howell ML, Hancock T, Kohsaka H, Olee T, Carson DA (March 1995). "Bacterial lipopolysaccharide copurifies with plasmid DNA: implications for animal models and human gene therapy".
1082:(aHUS) with injury to various organs such as including kidneys and lungs. The skin can show the effects of vascular damage often coupled with depletion of coagulation factors in the form of
4102:
Romaschin AD, Harris DM, Riberio MB, Paice J, Foster DM, Walker PM, Marshall JC (1998). "A rapid assay of endotoxin in whole blood using autologous neutrophil dependent chemiluminescence".
4551:
Lepper PM, Schumann C, Triantafilou K, Rasche FM, Schuster T, Frank H, et al. (July 2007). "Association of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and coronary artery disease in men".
3477:
Lohmann KL, Vandenplas ML, Barton MH, Bryant CE, Moore JN (2007). "The equine TLR4/MD-2 complex mediates recognition of lipopolysaccharide from
Rhodobacter sphaeroides as an agonist".
4816:
4465:
Li J, Nation RL, Turnidge JD, Milne RW, Coulthard K, Rayner CR, Paterson DL (2006). "Colistin: The Re-Emerging
Antibiotic for Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections".
547:
Ultimately, LPS is transported to the outer membrane by a membrane-to-membrane bridge of lipolysaccharide transport (Lpt) proteins. This transporter is a potential antibiotic target.
2014:
Kukkonen M, Korhonen TK (July 2004). "The omptin family of enterobacterial surface proteases/adhesins: from housekeeping in
Escherichia coli to systemic spread of Yersinia pestis".
1288:
In pharmaceutical production, it is necessary to remove all traces of endotoxin from drug product containers, as even small amounts of endotoxin will cause illness in humans. A
112:
Lipopolysaccharides can have substantial impacts on human health, primarily through interactions with the immune system. LPS is a potent activator of the immune system and is a
3633:"Variation suggestive of horizontal gene transfer at a lipopolysaccharide (lps) biosynthetic locus in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the bacterial leaf blight pathogen of rice"
561:
relationship which plays a critical role in systemic immunologic homeostasis. When this is disrupted, it can lead to disease such as endotoxemia and endotoxic septic shock.
3032:
Poltorak A, He X, Smirnova I, Liu MY, Van Huffel C, Du X, et al. (December 1998). "Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice: mutations in Tlr4 gene".
516:
subunits are translocated across the inner membrane (by Wzx) where they are polymerized (by Wzy, chain length determined by Wzz) and ligated (by WaaL) on to complete Core-
3520:
Netea MG, van Deuren M, Kullberg BJ, Cavaillon JM, Van der Meer JW (March 2002). "Does the shape of lipid A determine the interaction of LPS with Toll-like receptors?".
833:
is antagonistic to TLRs. In general, LPS gene clusters are highly variable between different strains, subspecies, species of bacterial pathogens of plants and animals.
2377:
KilĂĄr A, Dörnyei Ă, Kocsis B (2013). "Structural characterization of bacterial lipopolysaccharides with mass spectrometry and on- and off-line separation techniques".
903:
host immune defenses. Taken together, these observations suggest that variations in bacterial surface molecules such as LOS can help the pathogen evade both the
3555:
Seydel U, Oikawa M, Fukase K, Kusumoto S, Brandenburg K (May 2000). "Intrinsic conformation of lipid A is responsible for agonistic and antagonistic activity".
3940:
Boonen B, Alpizar YA, Sanchez A, LĂłpez-Requena A, Voets T, Talavera K (July 2018). "Differential effects of lipopolysaccharide on mouse sensory TRP channels".
381:, fragments of membrane containing lipid A may be released into the circulation, causing fever, diarrhea, and possible fatal endotoxic septic shock (a form of
184:, contributing greatly to the structural integrity of the bacteria and protecting the membrane from certain kinds of chemical attack. LPS is the most abundant
4969:
160:
microbes does not necessarily require the destruction of the bacterial cell wall, but rather, LPS is secreted as part of the normal physiological activity of
895:
2154:"Smooth and rough lipopolysaccharide phenotypes of Brucella induce different intracellular trafficking and cytokine/chemokine release in human monocytes"
3083:
4900:
806:
chains even within or between genera). Some of these variations may impart antagonistic properties to these LPS. For example, diphosphoryl lipid A of
2279:"Endotoxin of Neisseria meningitidis composed only of intact lipid A: inactivation of the meningococcal 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid transferase"
766:
717:
680:
Endotoxins are in large part responsible for the dramatic clinical manifestations of infections with pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, such as
116:(agent that causes fever). In severe cases, LPS can trigger a brisk host response and multiple types of acute organ failure which can lead to
1796:"Comparison of bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced sickness behavior in rodents and humans: Relevance for symptoms of anxiety and depression"
4820:
3247:"Endotoxin shock in antibody-deficient mice: unraveling the role of natural antibody and complement in the clearance of lipopolysaccharide"
2193:
Tsujimoto H, Gotoh N, Nishino T (December 1999). "Diffusion of macrolide antibiotics through the outer membrane of
Moraxella catarrhalis".
716:
L2,3,5,7,9, the terminal tetrasaccharide portion of the oligosaccharide (lacto-N-neotetraose) is the same tetrasaccharide as that found in
4219:
Kallio KA, HÀtönen KA, Lehto M, Salomaa V, MÀnnistö S, Pussinen PJ (April 2015). "Endotoxemia, nutrition, and cardiometabolic disorders".
2524:"Intestinal alkaline phosphatase detoxifies lipopolysaccharide and prevents inflammation in zebrafish in response to the gut microbiota"
957:
on epithelial cells. TRPV4 activation by LPS was necessary and sufficient to induce nitric oxide production with a bactericidal effect.
3438:"Pathogen-Induced TLR4-TRIF Innate Immune Signaling in Hematopoietic Stem Cells Promotes Proliferation but Reduces Competitive Fitness"
5916:
1176:
LPS serotypes (attributed to certain tetra- and pentasaccharide moieties of the core oligosaccharide) have also been implicated with
1033:
1032:, is considered to be an important factor in the development of alcoholic hepatitis, which is likely to develop on the basis of the
96:
that are inside the bacterial cell that are released when the cell disintegrates) that are not related to LPS, such as the so-called
414:
cell envelope. LOS play an important role in the pathogenesis of certain bacterial infections because they are capable of acting as
307:. O antigen is exposed on the very outer surface of the bacterial cell, and, as a consequence, is a target for recognition by host
418:
and immunomodulators. Furthermore, LOS molecules are responsible for the ability of some bacterial strains to display molecular
4999:
4311:
Ceccanti M, Attili A, Balducci G, Attilia F, Giacomelli S, Rotondo C, et al. (October 2006). "Acute alcoholic hepatitis".
1075:
3734:"Antigenic diversity of Haemophilus somnus lipooligosaccharide: phase-variable accessibility of the phosphorylcholine epitope"
899:, a pathogen of cattle, has also been shown to display LOS phase variation, a characteristic which may help in the evasion of
4154:
3607:
3016:
1548:
1181:
841:
to the structure of the LOS molecule, primarily within the structure of the oligosaccharide portion of the LOS molecule. In
1432:
Avila-CalderĂłn ED, Ruiz-Palma MD, Aguilera-Arreola MG, VelĂĄzquez-Guadarrama N, Ruiz EA, Gomez-Lunar Z, et al. (2021).
1274:
be removed from the DNA or protein to avoid contaminating experiments and to avoid toxicity of products manufactured using
938:
924:
695:
472:
5126:
4776:"Endotoxin contamination of ovalbumin suppresses murine immunologic responses and development of airway hyper-reactivity"
4387:
Stephens DS, Greenwood B, Brandtzaeg P (June 2007). "Epidemic meningitis, meningococcaemia, and
Neisseria meningitidis".
445:
338:
242:
149:
6348:
3337:"Programmed death-1-induced interleukin-10 production by monocytes impairs CD4+ T cell activation during HIV infection"
1900:
1079:
487:
3161:
Brinkworth JF, Valizadegan N (2021). "Sepsis and the evolution of human increased sensitivity to lipopolysaccharide".
5255:
5247:
2437:
1527:
Roth J, Blatteis CM (October 2014). "Mechanisms of fever production and lysis: lessons from experimental LPS fever".
165:
5251:
5139:
4991:
1111:
5354:
5225:
4181:
Gomes JM, Costa JA, Alfenas RC (March 2017). "Metabolic endotoxemia and diabetes mellitus: A systematic review".
120:. In lower levels and over a longer time period, there is evidence LPS may play an important and harmful role in
6044:
6001:
731:. In another example, the terminal trisaccharide portion (lactotriaose) of the oligosaccharide from pathogenic
265:
LPS are amphipathic and composed of three parts: the O antigen (or O polysaccharide) which is hydrophilic, the
1177:
5506:
5150:
5145:
3075:
4931:
3985:"TRPV4 activation triggers protective responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharides in airway epithelial cells"
1632:"Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012"
1292:
oven is used for this purpose. Temperatures in excess of 300 °C are required to fully break down LPS.
410:
spp. LOS plays a central role in maintaining the integrity and functionality of the outer membrane of the
161:
213:. It has also been implicated in non-pathogenic aspects of bacterial ecology, including surface adhesion,
2750:"Targeting LPS biosynthesis and transport in gram-negative bacteria in the era of multi-drug resistance"
2471:
Bilski J, Mazur-Bialy A, Wojcik D, Zahradnik-Bilska J, Brzozowski B, Magierowski M, et al. (2017).
1752:"Circulating lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) as a marker of obesity-related insulin resistance"
1485:"Structural and functional analysis of a cloned delta endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis berliner 1715"
619:
was awarded a portion of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work demonstrating that
5265:
3288:"A critical role of natural immunoglobulin M in immediate defense against systemic bacterial infection"
3196:
Warren HS, Fitting C, Hoff E, Adib-Conquy M, Beasley-Topliffe L, Tesini B, et al. (January 2010).
1708:"Molecular mimicry of host structures by bacterial lipopolysaccharides and its contribution to disease"
649:
LPS function has been under experimental research for several years due to its role in activating many
17:
2661:
Wang X, Quinn PJ (April 2010). "Lipopolysaccharide: Biosynthetic pathway and structure modification".
812:(RsDPLA) is a potent antagonist of LPS in human cells, but is an agonist in hamster and equine cells.
6358:
3590:
Reeves PP, Wang L (2002). "Genomic Organization of LPS-Specific Loci". In Hacker J, Kaper JB (eds.).
1094:. The limbs can also be affected, sometimes with devastating consequences such as the development of
1021:
The presence of endotoxins in the blood is called endotoxemia. High level of endotoxemia can lead to
188:
on the cell surface of most gram-negative bacteria, contributing up to 80% of the outer membrane of
5555:
4963:
4684:"An opportunistic pathogen isolated from the gut of an obese human causes obesity in germfree mice"
4262:
LeskelÀ J, Toppila I, HÀrma MA, Palviainen T, Salminen A, Sandholm N, et al. (November 2021).
2854:
Pahil KS, Gilman MS, Baidin V, Clairfeuille T, Mattei P, Bieniossek C, et al. (January 2024).
1300:
877:(modification with sialic acid residues), and as a result are able to increase their resistance to
483:
3891:"Gustatory-mediated avoidance of bacterial lipopolysaccharides via TRPA1 activation in Drosophila"
5339:
5327:
5131:
5120:
3832:
Meseguer V, Alpizar YA, Luis E, Tajada S, Denlinger B, Fajardo O, et al. (20 January 2014).
3198:"Resilience to bacterial infection: difference between species could be due to proteins in serum"
2573:"Intestinal alkaline phosphatase prevents antibiotic-induced susceptibility to enteric pathogens"
2473:"The Role of Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase in Inflammatory Disorders of Gastrointestinal Tract"
1750:
Moreno-Navarrete JM, Ortega F, Serino M, Luche E, Waget A, Pardo G, et al. (November 2012).
1338:
1275:
1071:
1037:
1029:
933:
808:
761:
750:
635:
581:
495:
477:
4430:
Kellum JA, Formeck CL, Kernan KF, Gomez H, Carcillo JA (2022). "Subtypes and Mimics of Sepsis".
3834:"TRPA1 channels mediate acute neurogenic inflammation and pain produced by bacterial endotoxins"
2799:"Lipopolysaccharide is transported to the cell surface by a membrane-to-membrane protein bridge"
1378:
Rietschel ET, Kirikae T, Schade FU, Mamat U, Schmidt G, Loppnow H, et al. (February 1994).
5373:
5311:
5069:
4959:
3983:
Alpizar YA, Boonen B, Sanchez A, Jung C, LĂłpez-Requena A, Naert R, et al. (October 2017).
1146:
of some LOS molecules is thought to cause autoimmune-based host responses, such as flareups of
908:
865:
859:
721:
712:
682:
436:
395:
370:
181:
105:
5387:
3436:
Takizawa H, Fritsch K, Kovtonyuk LV, Saito Y, Yakkala C, Jacobs K, et al. (August 2017).
2238:"Chemistry and metabolism of 3-deoxy-D-mannooctulosonic acid. I. Stereochemical determination"
1150:. Other examples of bacterial mimicry of host structures via LOS are found with the bacteria
535:
and outer membrane by the lipopolysaccharide transport (Lpt) proteins A, B, C, D, E, F, and G.
6162:
5797:
5158:
2913:
Zampaloni C, Mattei P, Bleicher K, Winther L, ThÀte C, Bucher C, et al. (January 2024).
2120:
1483:
Höfte H, de Greve H, Seurinck J, Jansens S, Mahillon J, Ampe C, et al. (December 1986).
1118:
1103:
853:
843:
742:
687:
578:
465:
3889:
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1630:
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1431:
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5401:
5349:
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4855:
4695:
3996:
3845:
3041:
2926:
2867:
2810:
2386:
2152:
Rittig MG, Kaufmann A, Robins A, Shaw B, Sprenger H, Gemsa D, et al. (December 2003).
1353:
1205:
1158:
790:
650:
491:
320:
266:
2797:
Sherman DJ, Xie R, Taylor RJ, George AH, Okuda S, Foster PJ, et al. (February 2018).
8:
6327:
3691:
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1794:
Lasselin J, Schedlowski M, Karshikoff B, Engler H, Lekander M, Konsman JP (August 2020).
1316:
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4000:
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5101:
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4843:
4716:
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4620:
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4528:
4501:
4412:
4324:
4288:
4264:"Genetic Profile of Endotoxemia Reveals an Association With Thromboembolism and Stroke"
4263:
4244:
4079:
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4017:
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3965:
3917:
3890:
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3833:
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3782:
3502:
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3388:
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3336:
3312:
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3222:
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3133:
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2831:
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2774:
2749:
2725:
2700:
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2523:
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1991:
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1409:
1343:
1147:
881:-mediated killing or even down-regulate complement activation or evade the effects of
786:
639:
452:(Hep) moieties. The outer core oligosaccharide chain varies depending on the bacterial
325:
The core domain always contains an oligosaccharide component that attaches directly to
4919:
4641:
Cani PD, Amar J, Iglesias MA, Poggi M, Knauf C, Bastelica D, et al. (July 2007).
4478:
4400:
4360:
4115:
3709:
3692:
3659:
3632:
3533:
2701:"Transport of lipopolysaccharide across the cell envelope: the long road of discovery"
2429:
2303:
2278:
2254:
2237:
1724:
1707:
782:
444:
portion of the molecule has a symmetrical structure and the inner core is composed of
6310:
note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species
6270:
6214:
5501:
4923:
4881:
4797:
4756:
4721:
4664:
4612:
4568:
4533:
4482:
4447:
4404:
4364:
4328:
4293:
4236:
4198:
4160:
4150:
4119:
4084:
4022:
3957:
3922:
3871:
3814:
3763:
3758:
3749:
3733:
3714:
3664:
3613:
3603:
3572:
3568:
3537:
3494:
3459:
3418:
3404:
3366:
3317:
3268:
3227:
3178:
3138:
3057:
3012:
2989:
2954:
2895:
2836:
2779:
2730:
2678:
2643:
2602:
2553:
2504:
2453:
2433:
2402:
2344:
2308:
2259:
2210:
2175:
2134:
2085:
2031:
1996:
1947:
1896:
1863:
1829:
1817:
1773:
1729:
1653:
1612:
1554:
1544:
1506:
1465:
1401:
1252:
1143:
878:
738:
541:
129:
4624:
4580:
4416:
4248:
3969:
3506:
3335:
Said EA, Dupuy FP, Trautmann L, Zhang Y, Shi Y, El-Far M, et al. (April 2010).
2571:
Alam SN, Yammine H, Moaven O, Ahmed R, Moss AK, Biswas B, et al. (April 2014).
2356:
2294:
1875:
1812:
1795:
1665:
1413:
1380:"Bacterial endotoxin: molecular relationships of structure to activity and function"
6209:
6027:
5633:
5549:
5491:
5297:
4915:
4871:
4863:
4787:
4748:
4711:
4703:
4654:
4604:
4560:
4523:
4513:
4474:
4439:
4396:
4356:
4320:
4283:
4275:
4228:
4190:
4142:
4111:
4074:
4066:
4012:
4004:
3949:
3912:
3902:
3861:
3853:
3804:
3794:
3753:
3745:
3704:
3654:
3644:
3595:
3564:
3529:
3486:
3449:
3408:
3400:
3389:"Molecular mimicry as an inducing trigger for CNS autoimmune demyelinating disease"
3356:
3348:
3307:
3299:
3258:
3217:
3209:
3170:
3128:
3118:
3049:
2981:
2944:
2934:
2885:
2875:
2826:
2818:
2769:
2761:
2720:
2712:
2670:
2633:
2592:
2584:
2543:
2535:
2494:
2484:
2443:
2425:
2394:
2336:
2298:
2290:
2249:
2222:
2202:
2165:
2124:
2116:
2075:
2065:
2023:
1986:
1978:
1937:
1929:
1918:"Biological functions and biogenesis of secreted bacterial outer membrane vesicles"
1855:
1807:
1763:
1719:
1643:
1602:
1592:
1536:
1496:
1455:
1445:
1391:
1195:
904:
817:
746:
550:
453:
431:
298:
169:
58:
4194:
3053:
2674:
6292:
6197:
5792:
5447:
5344:
5189:
5164:
5049:
4977:
2972:
Marshall JC (2005). "Lipopolysaccharide: an endotoxin or an exogenous hormone?".
2765:
2588:
1890:
1648:
1631:
1046:
may cause uncontrolled activation of mammalian immune systems with production of
848:
794:
691:
643:
627:
589:
415:
113:
97:
85:
4774:
Watanabe J, Miyazaki Y, Zimmerman GA, Albertine KH, McIntyre TM (October 2003).
4518:
4502:"Endotoxin in Sepsis: Methods for LPS Detection and the Use of Omics Techniques"
4055:"The Role of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cell Signalling in Chronic Inflammation"
3599:
6234:
5782:
5722:
5545:
5537:
5284:
5238:
5007:
4564:
4008:
3953:
3594:. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Vol. 2. pp. 109â35.
3454:
3437:
3263:
3246:
2939:
2880:
2539:
2027:
1597:
1396:
1379:
1333:
1304:
1289:
1122:
658:
356:
293:
77:
4608:
4443:
4232:
4070:
2340:
2070:
1982:
1450:
6342:
6224:
6167:
5921:
5884:
5832:
5777:
5762:
5638:
5598:
5541:
5335:
5184:
5107:
4752:
3490:
1434:"Outer Membrane Vesicles of Gram-Negative Bacteria: An Outlook on Biogenesis"
837:
616:
426:, aiding in the evasion of host immune defenses and thus contributing to the
411:
378:
214:
197:
157:
53:
4848:
Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences
4279:
3303:
2856:"A new antibiotic traps lipopolysaccharide in its intermembrane transporter"
2822:
937:
flies. At higher concentrations, LPS activates other members of the sensory
6287:
6277:
6260:
6229:
6177:
6141:
6100:
6054:
5991:
5894:
5817:
5752:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5565:
5379:
5215:
5012:
4927:
4885:
4801:
4792:
4775:
4725:
4707:
4668:
4616:
4572:
4537:
4486:
4451:
4408:
4368:
4332:
4297:
4240:
4202:
4164:
4088:
4026:
3961:
3926:
3875:
3818:
3799:
3767:
3668:
3649:
3617:
3576:
3541:
3498:
3463:
3422:
3370:
3231:
3182:
3142:
2993:
2958:
2899:
2840:
2783:
2734:
2682:
2647:
2606:
2557:
2508:
2489:
2457:
2406:
2348:
2312:
2214:
2179:
2138:
2089:
2035:
2000:
1951:
1867:
1821:
1777:
1657:
1616:
1558:
1469:
1285:
accurately reflect the effect of the protein antigen on animal physiology.
1218:
1067:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1022:
890:
654:
608:
601:
382:
362:
121:
117:
4844:"Biochemical principle of Limulus test for detecting bacterial endotoxins"
4760:
4123:
3718:
3321:
3272:
3061:
2263:
2206:
1733:
1510:
1405:
6250:
6204:
6192:
6049:
5996:
5946:
5852:
5847:
5837:
5802:
5787:
5653:
5364:
5321:
5292:
5112:
5090:
5027:
5017:
3123:
2622:"Intestinal alkaline phosphatase: novel functions and protective effects"
1768:
1751:
1540:
1212:
1200:
1063:
882:
874:
728:
612:
406:
366:
359:
304:
4867:
3907:
2716:
2170:
2153:
1203:. A more recent study has uncovered a potentially contributing role for
27:
Class of molecules found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria
6282:
6219:
6136:
6114:
6059:
6022:
5966:
5936:
5926:
5867:
5857:
5842:
5827:
5822:
5807:
5727:
5712:
5628:
5618:
5613:
5603:
5570:
5260:
5220:
5037:
5032:
3857:
3174:
2915:"A novel antibiotic class targeting the lipopolysaccharide transporter"
2638:
2621:
2470:
1348:
1328:
1244:
1199:
can induce obesity and insulin-resistance when injected into germ-free
1099:
1091:
886:
724:
699:
662:
631:
593:
498:") from bacteria by dephosphorylating the Lipid A portion of LPS.
64:
31:
4817:"The Detection of Endotoxins Via the LAL Test, the Chromogenic Method"
4659:
4642:
4500:
Virzi GM, Mattiotti M, de Cal M, Ronco C, Zanella M, DeRosa S (2022).
4146:
3245:
Reid RR, Prodeus AP, Khan W, Hsu T, Rosen FS, Carroll MC (July 1997).
3156:
3154:
3152:
2398:
2054:"Bacterial endotoxins: biological properties and mechanisms of action"
2047:
2045:
1859:
1062:
which is responsible for immune system cell activation. Damage to the
673:
which leads to IL-10 production by monocytes after binding of PD-1 by
6187:
6182:
6172:
6152:
6095:
6085:
6080:
6039:
5951:
5767:
5747:
5737:
5697:
5692:
5672:
5643:
5593:
5575:
5528:
5520:
5427:
5411:
5022:
3732:
Howard MD, Cox AD, Weiser JN, Schurig GG, Inzana TJ (December 2000).
1967:"On the essentiality of lipopolysaccharide to Gram-negative bacteria"
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1281:
1248:
1169:
1083:
741:
from human cells. Most meningococci from groups B and C, as well as
733:
670:
585:
532:
513:
427:
400:
153:
3352:
1258:
6090:
6070:
5981:
5976:
5941:
5931:
5906:
5862:
5812:
5757:
5732:
5717:
5682:
5677:
5608:
5560:
5533:
5479:
5407:
5060:
3286:
Boes M, Prodeus AP, Schmidt T, Carroll MC, Chen J (December 1998).
3213:
3149:
2985:
2042:
1793:
1107:
1095:
604:
308:
73:
52:, is a collective term for components of the outermost membrane of
4773:
1565:
829:
instead of TLR4), and completely cylindrical lipid A like that of
6245:
5707:
5702:
5687:
5648:
5623:
5460:
5440:
5080:
3939:
3107:"Roles of Toll-Like Receptors in Nitroxidative Stress in Mammals"
2277:
Tzeng YL, Datta A, Kolli VK, Carlson RW, Stephens DS (May 2002).
1749:
1264:
1087:
1043:
754:
707:
517:
449:
441:
419:
350:
334:
326:
289:
285:
270:
218:
185:
125:
100:
89:
81:
4643:"Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance"
4550:
3519:
3076:"The 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - Press Release"
1270:
prepared from bacteria or proteins expressed from bacteria, and
1162:, organisms which cause gastrointestinal disease in humans, and
551:
Biological effects on hosts infected with Gram-negative bacteria
524:
6012:
5986:
5956:
5772:
5474:
5455:
5203:
1028:
Moreover, endotoxemia of intestinal origin, especially, at the
900:
770:
showed similar results, validating the experimental model also
597:
506:
282:
222:
4141:. Contributions to Nephrology. Vol. 167. pp. 14â24.
3592:
Pathogenicity Islands and the Evolution of Pathogenic Microbes
2912:
233:
5961:
5877:
5872:
5742:
5663:
5002:
4310:
4261:
3781:
Boonen B, Alpizar YA, Meseguer VM, Talavera K (August 2018).
3780:
3690:
3476:
3435:
2853:
2754:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research
2522:
Bates JM, Akerlund J, Mittge E, Guillemin K (December 2007).
1312:
1296:
1059:
954:
950:
946:
942:
928:
893:
by immune system cells as well as a reduced oxidative burst.
821:) is more agonistic, while less conical lipid A like that of
674:
574:
374:
330:
93:
68:
with a common structural architecture. Lipopolysaccharides (
3195:
2521:
1482:
914:
911:(killing by neutrophils, for example) host immune defenses.
569:
LPS acts as the prototypical endotoxin because it binds the
6126:
6034:
4386:
4101:
1377:
1358:
920:
826:
803:
777:
666:
620:
570:
3888:
3554:
144:
The toxic activity of LPS was first discovered and termed
5971:
4738:
4499:
4345:
4218:
3831:
3285:
2424:. Advances in Immunology. Vol. 103. pp. 29â48.
1705:
1629:
1267:
4429:
4137:
Opal SM (2010). "Endotoxins and other sepsis triggers".
3982:
2151:
1706:
Moran AP, Prendergast MM, Appelmelk BJ (December 1996).
923:
mediated pathways, certain members of the family of the
885:
antibodies. Sialylation may also contribute to hindered
815:
It has been speculated that conical lipid A (e.g., from
653:. LPS also produces many types of mediators involved in
4593:
3334:
1745:
1743:
638:
induced by LPS in various cell types that express TLR (
180:
LPS is a major component of the outer cell membrane of
3731:
2796:
2570:
2422:
Chapter 2 Kill the BacteriaâŠand Also Their Messengers?
2276:
37:
4640:
4464:
3160:
3031:
2192:
1427:
1425:
1423:
217:
sensitivity, and interactions with predators such as
1740:
1102:. Loss of function of the adrenal glands can cause
531:Completed LPS molecules are transported across the
303:hydrophobic antibiotics, since a rough LPS is more
3244:
2376:
2325:
2235:
2051:
1964:
1420:
4180:
4052:
3783:"TRP Channels as Sensors of Bacterial Endotoxins"
1319:version of a protein in the LAL assay, Factor C.
1263:Lipopolysaccharides are frequent contaminants in
1259:Role as contaminant in biotechnology and research
6340:
4382:
4380:
4378:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3382:
3380:
2698:
2013:
288:contained within an LPS is referred to as the O
2419:
1965:Zhang G, Meredith TC, Kahne D (December 2013).
1789:
1787:
4214:
4212:
3386:
2699:Ruiz N, Kahne D, Silhavy TJ (September 2009).
2102:
584:complex in many cell types, but especially in
221:. LPS is also required for the functioning of
4985:
4553:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
4375:
4176:
4174:
3675:
3377:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2016:International Journal of Medical Microbiology
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1371:
869:, are capable of further modifying their LOS
501:
5068:
4892:
4835:
4636:
4634:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4036:
3725:
3104:
2694:
2692:
1784:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1526:
520:molecules (which were translocated by MsbA).
196:. LPS increases the negative charge of the
4544:
4209:
2741:
2464:
1841:
1839:
1578:
1522:
1520:
1299:for detecting presence of endotoxin is the
1128:
977:
919:Recently, it was shown that in addition to
907:(antibody and complement-mediated) and the
4992:
4978:
4171:
3630:
3589:
3105:Li Y, Deng SL, Lian ZX, Yu K (June 2019).
2747:
2515:
2363:
2270:
2096:
927:recognize LPS. LPS-mediated activation of
555:
5917:Androctonus australis hector insect toxin
4962:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
4875:
4819:. Wako Chemicals USA, Inc. Archived from
4791:
4715:
4658:
4631:
4587:
4527:
4517:
4287:
4268:Journal of the American Heart Association
4130:
4078:
4033:
4016:
3916:
3906:
3865:
3808:
3798:
3757:
3708:
3658:
3648:
3453:
3412:
3360:
3311:
3262:
3221:
3132:
3122:
2948:
2938:
2889:
2879:
2830:
2773:
2724:
2689:
2660:
2654:
2637:
2596:
2547:
2498:
2488:
2447:
2302:
2253:
2169:
2128:
2079:
2069:
1990:
1941:
1915:
1909:
1892:Textbook of Microbiology & Immunology
1811:
1767:
1723:
1672:
1647:
1606:
1596:
1500:
1459:
1449:
1395:
1231:depression, and LPS is pro-inflammatory.
1114:, both of which can be life-threatening.
1034:small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome
925:transient receptor potential ion channels
915:Non-canonical pathways of LPS recognition
737:spp. LOS is also found in lactoneoseries
76:consisting of three parts: an outer core
4675:
2971:
2236:Hershberger C, Binkley SB (April 1968).
2121:10.1146/annurev.biochem.71.110601.135414
1836:
1712:FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology
1517:
781:
778:Effect of variability on immune response
665:expansion and function by up-regulating
523:
505:
232:
175:
166:bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs)
36:
4841:
4681:
3387:Chastain EM, Miller SD (January 2012).
1581:"The role of endotoxin in septic shock"
1239:Inflammation induced by LPS can induce
1180:and a variant of GuillainâBarrĂ© called
1066:layer of blood vessels caused by these
494:prevents intestinal inflammation (and "
388:
355:Lipid A is, in normal circumstances, a
41:Structure of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
14:
6341:
4898:
4814:
4053:Page MJ, Kell DB, Pretorius E (2022).
2619:
1888:
1800:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
1303:(LAL) assay, utilizing blood from the
1234:
1137:
1076:disseminated intravascular coagulation
600:, which promotes the secretion of pro-
464:A highly conserved host enzyme called
4973:
3006:
2195:Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy
1845:
1050:mediators that may lead to endotoxic
459:
4313:Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology
4136:
3292:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
4780:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
3697:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
3631:Patil PB, Sonti RV (October 2004).
2420:Munford R, Lu M, Varley AW (2009).
2242:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1934:10.1146/annurev.micro.091208.073413
1579:Kellum JA, Ronco C (October 2023).
339:3-Deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid
150:Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer
56:of gram-negative bacteria, such as
24:
5271:Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB)
4325:10.1097/01.mcg.0000225570.04773.5d
3202:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
3086:from the original on 23 March 2018
2052:Galanos C, Freudenberg MA (1993).
1502:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1986.tb10443.x
1187:
1080:atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome
1058:reaction is primarily mediated by
986:
749:when infecting hosts with certain
564:
446:3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid
25:
6370:
4953:
2748:Romano KP, Hung DT (March 2023).
1243:, as has been shown for the lung
1007:
825:may activate a different signal (
490:restoring normal gut microbiota.
225:, a class of bacterial protease.
6323:
6322:
3750:10.1128/JCM.38.12.4412-4419.2000
3738:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
3569:10.1046/j.1432-1033.2000.01326.x
3557:European Journal of Biochemistry
3405:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01076.x
1756:International Journal of Obesity
1489:European Journal of Biochemistry
1112:Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
696:WaterhouseâFriderichsen syndrome
249:(core), glucosamine residues in
5355:Extracellular adenylate cyclase
4808:
4767:
4732:
4493:
4458:
4423:
4339:
4304:
4255:
4139:Endotoxemia and Endotoxin Shock
4095:
3976:
3933:
3882:
3825:
3774:
3624:
3583:
3548:
3513:
3470:
3429:
3328:
3279:
3238:
3189:
3098:
3068:
3025:
3000:
2965:
2906:
2847:
2790:
2613:
2564:
2413:
2319:
2295:10.1128/JB.184.9.2379-2388.2002
2229:
2186:
2145:
2105:"Lipopolysaccharide endotoxins"
2007:
1971:Current Opinion in Microbiology
1958:
1882:
1813:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.05.001
1117:It has also been reported that
473:intestinal alkaline phosphatase
168:, which may also contain other
4901:"A new era in pyrogen testing"
2103:Raetz CR, Whitfield C (2002).
1848:Journal of Cellular Physiology
1623:
1476:
1121:LOS can cause damage to human
1016:
760:LPS can be sensed directly by
228:
13:
1:
5507:Fibronectin binding protein A
4920:10.1016/s0167-7799(01)01694-8
4899:Ding JL, Ho B (August 2001).
4815:Komski L (16 December 2014).
4479:10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70580-1
4401:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61016-2
4361:10.1016/S0168-8278(00)80242-1
4195:10.1016/j.metabol.2016.12.009
4116:10.1016/s0022-1759(98)00003-9
3710:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)43819-7
3534:10.1016/S1471-4906(01)02169-X
3479:Journal of Endotoxin Research
3054:10.1126/science.282.5396.2085
2675:10.1016/j.plipres.2009.06.002
2430:10.1016/S0065-2776(09)03002-8
2255:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)93581-7
2109:Annual Review of Biochemistry
1922:Annual Review of Microbiology
1725:10.1016/s0928-8244(96)00072-7
1364:
1225:
793:recognize LPS and trigger an
48:, now more commonly known as
4682:Fei N, Zhao L (April 2013).
2766:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119407
2705:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
2589:10.1097/sla.0b013e31828fae14
2329:Journal of Molecular Biology
2158:Journal of Leukocyte Biology
1889:Parija SC (1 January 2009).
1649:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31827e83af
686:, the pathogens that causes
646:(fever-inducing substance).
642:). LPS is also an exogenous
471:Dephosphorylation of LPS by
276:
162:membrane vesicle trafficking
139:
7:
5248:Staphylococcus aureus alpha
5226:PantonâValentine leukocidin
4519:10.3390/diagnostics13010079
3600:10.1007/978-3-642-56031-6_7
2620:LallĂšs JP (February 2014).
1322:
475:can reduce the severity of
373:. When bacterial cells are
152:. He distinguished between
10:
6375:
5266:Toxic shock syndrome toxin
4565:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.02.070
4009:10.1038/s41467-017-01201-3
3954:10.1016/j.ceca.2018.04.004
3455:10.1016/j.stem.2017.06.013
3264:10.4049/jimmunol.159.2.970
2940:10.1038/s41586-023-06873-0
2881:10.1038/s41586-023-06799-7
2663:Progress in Lipid Research
2540:10.1016/j.chom.2007.10.010
2028:10.1016/j.ijmm.2004.01.003
1598:10.1186/s13054-023-04690-5
1397:10.1096/fasebj.8.2.8119492
960:
502:Biosynthesis and transport
348:
344:
318:
273:, the hydrophobic domain.
29:
6349:Membrane-active molecules
6318:
6305:
6243:
6163:(+)-Allopumiliotoxin 267A
6150:
6124:
6113:
6068:
6010:
5904:
5893:
5662:
5519:
5490:
5426:
5363:
5310:
5283:
5236:
5211:
5202:
5175:
5088:
5079:
5059:
5048:
4609:10.1007/s11695-007-9243-7
4444:10.1016/j.ccc.2021.11.013
4233:10.1007/s00592-014-0662-3
4071:10.1177/24705470221076390
2477:Mediators of Inflammation
2379:Mass Spectrometry Reviews
2341:10.1016/j.jmb.2018.06.032
2071:10.1155/S0962935193000687
1983:10.1016/j.mib.2013.09.007
1916:Kulp A, Kuehn MJ (2010).
1451:10.3389/fmicb.2021.557902
1438:Frontiers in Microbiology
1110:into the adrenals causes
753:(HLA) genotypes, such as
661:-dependent inhibition of
5556:beta-Nitropropionic acid
4964:Medical Subject Headings
4753:10.1089/hum.1995.6.3-317
3491:10.1177/0968051907083193
1529:Comprehensive Physiology
1301:Limulus Amebocyte Lysate
1210:obesity effects include
1129:Treatment of Endotoxemia
978:Endotoxin Activity Assay
953:. LPS is recognized by
941:family as well, such as
823:Porphyromonas gingivalis
762:hematopoietic stem cells
727:antigens found on human
626:As part of the cellular
484:Clostridioides difficile
365:decorated with multiple
269:(also hydrophilic), and
257:and phosphate groups in
30:Not to be confused with
5340:Heat-labile enterotoxin
5331:heat-stable enterotoxin
4908:Trends in Biotechnology
4280:10.1161/JAHA.121.022482
3304:10.1084/jem.188.12.2381
2823:10.1126/science.aar1886
2528:Cell Host & Microbe
2283:Journal of Bacteriology
1339:Host-pathogen interface
1276:industrial fermentation
1251:(the latter leading to
1178:GuillainâBarrĂ© syndrome
1098:, requiring subsequent
1072:capillary leak syndrome
1038:intestinal permeability
1030:host-pathogen interface
934:Drosophila melanogaster
831:Rhodobacter sphaeroides
809:Rhodobacter sphaeroides
751:human leukocyte antigen
636:reactive oxygen species
556:LPS storage in the body
478:Salmonella tryphimurium
314:
211:Acinetobacter baumannii
5449:Bacillus thuringiensis
4842:Iwanaga S (May 2007).
4793:10.1074/jbc.M307752200
4708:10.1038/ismej.2012.153
3800:10.3390/toxins10080326
3650:10.1186/1471-2180-4-40
1636:Critical Care Medicine
1182:Miller-Fisher syndrome
1070:mediators can lead to
931:was shown in mice and
873:, for example through
866:Haemophilus influenzae
860:Neisseria meningitidis
798:
713:Neisseria meningitidis
683:Neisseria meningitidis
536:
521:
437:Neisseria meningitidis
396:Gram-negative bacteria
371:Gram-negative bacteria
329:and commonly contains
262:
203:Neisseria meningitidis
182:gram-negative bacteria
106:Bacillus thuringiensis
42:
4349:Journal of Hepatology
4065:: 24705470221076390.
3989:Nature Communications
3838:Nature Communications
3393:Immunological Reviews
3251:Journal of Immunology
2207:10.1007/s101560050034
1104:adrenal insufficiency
1004:neurological issues.
974:and chemical assays.
854:Neisseria gonorrhoeae
844:Neisseria gonorrhoeae
785:
688:meningococcal disease
651:transcription factors
623:is the LPS receptor.
527:
509:
466:acyloxyacyl hydrolase
237:The saccharolipid Kdo
236:
207:Moraxella catarrhalis
176:Functions in bacteria
40:
5350:Pseudomonas exotoxin
3522:Trends in Immunology
3124:10.3390/cells8060576
2490:10.1155/2017/9074601
1769:10.1038/ijo.2011.256
1541:10.1002/cphy.c130033
1354:Schwartzman reaction
1206:Enterobacter cloacae
1159:Campylobacter jejuni
1060:Toll-like receptor 4
791:innate immune system
634:is one of the major
492:Alkaline phosphatase
389:Lipooligosaccharides
321:Core oligosaccharide
267:core oligosaccharide
4960:Lipopolysaccharides
4868:10.2183/pjab.83.110
4860:2007PJAB...83..110I
4786:(43): 42361â42368.
4700:2013ISMEJ...7..880F
4395:(9580): 2196â2210.
4001:2017NatCo...8.1059A
3908:10.7554/eLife.13133
3850:2014NatCo...5.3125M
3703:(48): 30345â30351.
3046:1998Sci...282.2085P
3040:(5396): 2085â2088.
2931:2024Natur.625..566Z
2872:2024Natur.625..572P
2815:2018Sci...359..798S
2717:10.1038/nrmicro2184
2391:2013MSRv...32...90K
2171:10.1189/jlb.0103015
1895:. India: Elsevier.
1241:cellular senescence
1235:Cellular senescence
1165:Haemophilus ducreyi
1153:Helicobacter pylori
1138:Auto-immune disease
949:and to some extent
836:Normal human blood
787:Toll-like receptors
710:. For example, in
511:LPS final assembly:
430:of these bacterial
424:antigenic diversity
134:cellular senescence
6266:Alpha-Bungarotoxin
5436:Lipopolysaccharide
5394:Pore-forming toxin
4741:Human Gene Therapy
4221:Acta Diabetologica
3858:10.1038/ncomms4125
3175:10.1002/evan.21887
3080:www.nobelprize.org
2639:10.1111/nure.12082
1344:Mucopolysaccharide
1309:Limulus polyphemus
1148:multiple sclerosis
896:Haemophilus somnus
799:
739:glycosphingolipids
720:, a precursor for
640:toll-like receptor
537:
522:
460:LPS detoxification
263:
46:Lipopolysaccharide
43:
6336:
6335:
6301:
6300:
6271:Beta-Bungarotoxin
6215:Pumiliotoxin 251D
6109:
6108:
5515:
5514:
5502:Clumping factor A
5422:
5421:
5306:
5305:
5279:
5278:
5198:
5197:
4937:on 2 January 2014
4660:10.2337/db06-1491
4603:(10): 1374â1380.
4467:Lancet Infect Dis
4432:Crit Care Clinics
4156:978-3-8055-9484-4
4147:10.1159/000315915
4104:J Immunol Methods
3744:(12): 4412â4419.
3609:978-3-540-42682-0
3563:(10): 3032â3039.
3448:(2): 225â240.e5.
3298:(12): 2381â2386.
3018:978-1-4160-2974-8
2925:(7995): 566â571.
2866:(7995): 572â577.
2809:(6377): 798â801.
2626:Nutrition Reviews
2577:Annals of Surgery
2399:10.1002/mas.21352
2335:(17): 2641â2660.
2058:Mediators Inflamm
1860:10.1002/jcp.26956
1854:(12): 9121â9135.
1762:(11): 1442â1449.
1550:978-0-470-65071-4
1253:neurodegeneration
1144:molecular mimicry
1036:and an increased
542:periplasmic space
434:. In the case of
416:immunostimulators
253:, acyl chains in
170:virulence factors
16:(Redirected from
6366:
6359:Bacterial toxins
6326:
6325:
6254:
6210:Histrionicotoxin
6156:
6130:
6122:
6121:
6074:
6028:Alpha-latrotoxin
6016:
5910:
5902:
5901:
5634:Sterigmatocystin
5586:, Fumonisin B3,
5550:epsilon-amanitin
5469:B. thuringiensis
5298:Diphtheria toxin
5241:
5209:
5208:
5178:
5094:
5086:
5085:
5077:
5076:
5066:
5065:
5057:
5056:
4994:
4987:
4980:
4971:
4970:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4936:
4930:. Archived from
4905:
4896:
4890:
4889:
4879:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4823:on 29 March 2015
4812:
4806:
4805:
4795:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4719:
4688:The ISME Journal
4679:
4673:
4672:
4662:
4653:(7): 1761â1772.
4638:
4629:
4628:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4548:
4542:
4541:
4531:
4521:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4384:
4373:
4372:
4343:
4337:
4336:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4291:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4216:
4207:
4206:
4178:
4169:
4168:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4082:
4050:
4031:
4030:
4020:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3920:
3910:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3869:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3812:
3802:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3761:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3712:
3688:
3673:
3672:
3662:
3652:
3637:BMC Microbiology
3628:
3622:
3621:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3457:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3416:
3384:
3375:
3374:
3364:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3315:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3266:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3225:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3158:
3147:
3146:
3136:
3126:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3009:Basic Immunology
3007:Abbas A (2006).
3004:
2998:
2997:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2952:
2942:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2893:
2883:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2834:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2777:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2728:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2641:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2600:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2551:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2502:
2492:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2451:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2374:
2361:
2360:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2306:
2289:(9): 2379â2388.
2274:
2268:
2267:
2257:
2248:(7): 1578â1584.
2233:
2227:
2226:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2173:
2164:(6): 1045â1055.
2149:
2143:
2142:
2132:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2083:
2073:
2049:
2040:
2039:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1994:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1945:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1843:
1834:
1833:
1815:
1791:
1782:
1781:
1771:
1747:
1738:
1737:
1727:
1703:
1670:
1669:
1651:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1610:
1600:
1576:
1563:
1562:
1535:(4): 1563â1604.
1524:
1515:
1514:
1504:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1463:
1453:
1429:
1418:
1417:
1399:
1375:
1249:microglial cells
1245:epithelial cells
1196:Escherichia coli
851:. Additionally,
747:immune tolerance
260:
256:
252:
248:
84:, an inner core
21:
6374:
6373:
6369:
6368:
6367:
6365:
6364:
6363:
6339:
6338:
6337:
6332:
6314:
6297:
6293:Cardiotoxin III
6249:
6244:
6239:
6151:
6146:
6125:
6117:
6105:
6069:
6064:
6011:
6006:
5905:
5897:
5889:
5793:Resiniferatoxin
5658:
5511:
5493:
5486:
5451:delta endotoxin
5418:
5359:
5345:Pertussis toxin
5313:
5302:
5275:
5237:
5232:
5194:
5190:Listeriolysin O
5176:
5171:
5089:
5071:
5051:
5044:
4998:
4956:
4951:
4950:
4940:
4938:
4934:
4903:
4897:
4893:
4840:
4836:
4826:
4824:
4813:
4809:
4772:
4768:
4737:
4733:
4680:
4676:
4639:
4632:
4597:Obesity Surgery
4592:
4588:
4549:
4545:
4498:
4494:
4463:
4459:
4428:
4424:
4385:
4376:
4344:
4340:
4309:
4305:
4274:(21): e022482.
4260:
4256:
4217:
4210:
4179:
4172:
4157:
4135:
4131:
4100:
4096:
4051:
4034:
3981:
3977:
3938:
3934:
3887:
3883:
3830:
3826:
3779:
3775:
3730:
3726:
3689:
3676:
3629:
3625:
3610:
3588:
3584:
3553:
3549:
3518:
3514:
3475:
3471:
3434:
3430:
3385:
3378:
3353:10.1038/nm.2106
3341:Nature Medicine
3333:
3329:
3284:
3280:
3243:
3239:
3194:
3190:
3159:
3150:
3103:
3099:
3089:
3087:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3005:
3001:
2980:(S7): S470â80.
2974:Clin Infect Dis
2970:
2966:
2911:
2907:
2852:
2848:
2795:
2791:
2746:
2742:
2697:
2690:
2659:
2655:
2618:
2614:
2569:
2565:
2520:
2516:
2469:
2465:
2440:
2418:
2414:
2375:
2364:
2324:
2320:
2275:
2271:
2234:
2230:
2191:
2187:
2150:
2146:
2101:
2097:
2050:
2043:
2012:
2008:
1963:
1959:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1887:
1883:
1844:
1837:
1792:
1785:
1748:
1741:
1704:
1673:
1628:
1624:
1577:
1566:
1551:
1525:
1518:
1481:
1477:
1430:
1421:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1325:
1261:
1237:
1228:
1190:
1188:Link to obesity
1140:
1131:
1123:fallopian tubes
1106:and additional
1019:
1010:
989:
987:Pathophysiology
980:
963:
917:
889:attachment and
849:phase variation
795:immune response
780:
692:meningococcemia
628:stress response
590:dendritic cells
567:
565:Immune response
558:
553:
504:
462:
391:
353:
347:
323:
317:
281:The repetitive
279:
258:
254:
250:
246:
240:
231:
178:
164:in the form of
142:
98:delta endotoxin
86:oligosaccharide
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6372:
6362:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6330:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6312:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6274:
6273:
6268:
6257:
6255:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6235:Zetekitoxin AB
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6201:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6170:
6165:
6159:
6157:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6144:
6139:
6133:
6131:
6119:
6111:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6077:
6075:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6031:
6030:
6019:
6017:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5913:
5911:
5899:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5875:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5783:Pseudaconitine
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5723:Djenkolic acid
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5669:
5667:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5546:gamma-amanitin
5538:alpha-amanitin
5531:
5525:
5523:
5517:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5509:
5504:
5498:
5496:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5477:
5465:
5464:
5463:
5458:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5432:
5430:
5424:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5398:
5397:
5396:
5384:
5383:
5382:
5369:
5367:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5333:
5325:
5318:
5316:
5308:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5289:
5287:
5285:Actinomycetota
5281:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5244:
5242:
5239:Staphylococcus
5234:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5228:
5218:
5212:
5206:
5200:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5181:
5179:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5148:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5110:
5097:
5095:
5083:
5074:
5063:
5054:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
4997:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4955:
4954:External links
4952:
4949:
4948:
4914:(8): 277â281.
4891:
4854:(4): 110â119.
4834:
4807:
4766:
4747:(3): 317â323.
4731:
4694:(4): 880â884.
4674:
4630:
4586:
4543:
4492:
4473:(9): 589â601.
4457:
4438:(2): 195â211.
4422:
4374:
4355:(5): 742â747.
4338:
4319:(9): 833â841.
4303:
4254:
4227:(2): 395â404.
4208:
4170:
4155:
4129:
4110:(2): 169â185.
4094:
4059:Chronic Stress
4032:
3975:
3932:
3881:
3824:
3773:
3724:
3674:
3623:
3608:
3582:
3547:
3528:(3): 135â139.
3512:
3485:(4): 235â242.
3469:
3442:Cell Stem Cell
3428:
3399:(1): 227â238.
3376:
3347:(4): 452â459.
3327:
3278:
3257:(2): 970â975.
3237:
3214:10.1086/649557
3208:(2): 223â232.
3188:
3169:(2): 141â157.
3163:Evol Anthropol
3148:
3097:
3067:
3024:
3017:
2999:
2986:10.1086/432000
2964:
2905:
2846:
2789:
2740:
2711:(9): 677â683.
2688:
2653:
2612:
2583:(4): 715â722.
2563:
2534:(6): 371â382.
2514:
2463:
2438:
2412:
2362:
2318:
2269:
2228:
2201:(4): 196â200.
2185:
2144:
2095:
2041:
2006:
1977:(6): 779â785.
1957:
1908:
1902:978-8131221631
1901:
1881:
1835:
1783:
1739:
1718:(2): 105â115.
1671:
1642:(2): 580â637.
1622:
1564:
1549:
1516:
1495:(2): 273â280.
1475:
1419:
1390:(2): 217â225.
1369:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1334:Depyrogenation
1331:
1324:
1321:
1315:tests using a
1305:Horseshoe crab
1290:depyrogenation
1260:
1257:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1189:
1186:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1018:
1015:
1009:
1008:Health effects
1006:
988:
985:
979:
976:
962:
959:
916:
913:
779:
776:
767:S. typhimurium
566:
563:
557:
554:
552:
549:
529:LPS transport:
503:
500:
461:
458:
390:
387:
357:phosphorylated
349:Main article:
346:
343:
319:Main article:
316:
313:
294:polysaccharide
278:
275:
238:
230:
227:
177:
174:
172:and proteins.
141:
138:
78:polysaccharide
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6371:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6329:
6321:
6320:
6317:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6304:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6263:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6225:Samandaridine
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6199:
6198:Marinobufagin
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6168:Batrachotoxin
6166:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6154:
6149:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6128:
6123:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6078:
6076:
6072:
6067:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6029:
6026:
6025:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6018:
6014:
6009:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5922:Charybdotoxin
5920:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5908:
5903:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5886:
5883:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5833:Solauricidine
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5778:Protoanemonin
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5763:Oenanthotoxin
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5661:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5639:Trichothecene
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5599:Ibotenic acid
5597:
5595:
5592:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5542:beta-amanitin
5539:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5489:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5425:
5413:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5375:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5337:
5336:Cholera toxin
5334:
5332:
5330:
5326:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5309:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5286:
5282:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5235:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5185:Anthrax toxin
5183:
5182:
5180:
5174:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5108:Tetanospasmin
5106:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5092:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5047:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4988:
4983:
4981:
4976:
4975:
4972:
4965:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4902:
4895:
4887:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4838:
4822:
4818:
4811:
4803:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4770:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4735:
4727:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4678:
4670:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4637:
4635:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4590:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4547:
4539:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4496:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4461:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4426:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4342:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4307:
4299:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4258:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4215:
4213:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4177:
4175:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4133:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4098:
4090:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4028:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3936:
3928:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3885:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3828:
3820:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3777:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3728:
3720:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3627:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3551:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3516:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3383:
3381:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3331:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3020:
3014:
3010:
3003:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2760:(3): 119407.
2759:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2693:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2669:(2): 97â107.
2668:
2664:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2439:9780123748324
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2385:(2): 90â117.
2384:
2380:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2064:(7): S11-16.
2063:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2046:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1840:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1788:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1744:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1521:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1384:FASEB Journal
1381:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1295:The standard
1293:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1168:which causes
1167:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1135:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1014:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
984:
975:
971:
967:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
935:
930:
926:
922:
912:
910:
909:cell-mediated
906:
902:
898:
897:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
867:
862:
861:
857:, as well as
856:
855:
850:
846:
845:
839:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
819:
813:
811:
810:
805:
796:
792:
788:
784:
775:
773:
769:
768:
763:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
735:
730:
726:
723:
719:
718:paragloboside
715:
714:
709:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
684:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
624:
622:
618:
617:Bruce Beutler
614:
610:
606:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
580:
576:
572:
562:
548:
545:
543:
534:
530:
526:
519:
515:
512:
508:
499:
497:
493:
489:
486:
485:
480:
479:
474:
469:
467:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
438:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
412:Gram negative
409:
408:
403:
402:
397:
386:
384:
380:
379:immune system
376:
372:
368:
364:
361:
358:
352:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
322:
312:
310:
306:
301:
300:
295:
291:
287:
284:
274:
272:
268:
244:
235:
226:
224:
220:
216:
215:bacteriophage
212:
208:
204:
199:
198:cell membrane
195:
191:
187:
183:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
158:Gram negative
155:
151:
147:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
110:
108:
107:
102:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
80:termed the O-
79:
75:
71:
67:
66:
61:
60:
55:
54:cell envelope
51:
47:
39:
33:
19:
6309:
6288:Calcicludine
6278:Calciseptine
6261:Bungarotoxin
6230:Tarichatoxin
6178:Arenobufagin
6142:Tetrodotoxin
6101:Tetrodotoxin
6055:Vanillotoxin
5992:Phaiodotoxin
5895:Invertebrate
5818:Solasodamine
5753:Lotaustralin
5588:Fumonisin B4
5584:Fumonisin B2
5580:Fumonisin B1
5566:Cytochalasin
5468:
5448:
5435:
5400:
5386:
5380:Superantigen
5372:
5328:
5216:Streptolysin
5157:
5138:
5119:
5100:
4939:. Retrieved
4932:the original
4911:
4907:
4894:
4851:
4847:
4837:
4825:. Retrieved
4821:the original
4810:
4783:
4779:
4769:
4744:
4740:
4734:
4691:
4687:
4677:
4650:
4646:
4600:
4596:
4589:
4559:(1): 25â31.
4556:
4552:
4546:
4509:
4505:
4495:
4470:
4466:
4460:
4435:
4431:
4425:
4392:
4388:
4352:
4348:
4341:
4316:
4312:
4306:
4271:
4267:
4257:
4224:
4220:
4186:
4182:
4138:
4132:
4107:
4103:
4097:
4062:
4058:
3992:
3988:
3978:
3945:
3942:Cell Calcium
3941:
3935:
3898:
3894:
3884:
3841:
3837:
3827:
3790:
3786:
3776:
3741:
3737:
3727:
3700:
3696:
3640:
3636:
3626:
3591:
3585:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3445:
3441:
3431:
3396:
3392:
3344:
3340:
3330:
3295:
3291:
3281:
3254:
3250:
3240:
3205:
3201:
3191:
3166:
3162:
3114:
3110:
3100:
3088:. Retrieved
3079:
3070:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3011:. Elsevier.
3008:
3002:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2863:
2859:
2849:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2708:
2704:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2632:(2): 82â94.
2629:
2625:
2615:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2421:
2415:
2382:
2378:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2061:
2057:
2019:
2015:
2009:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1891:
1884:
1851:
1847:
1803:
1799:
1759:
1755:
1715:
1711:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1588:
1584:
1532:
1528:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1441:
1437:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1308:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1238:
1229:
1219:Enterobacter
1217:
1211:
1204:
1201:mouse models
1194:
1191:
1173:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1141:
1132:
1116:
1068:inflammatory
1056:inflammatory
1052:septic shock
1048:inflammatory
1042:
1027:
1023:septic shock
1020:
1011:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
981:
972:
968:
964:
932:
918:
894:
891:phagocytosis
883:bactericidal
870:
864:
858:
852:
842:
835:
830:
822:
816:
814:
807:
800:
771:
765:
759:
732:
729:erythrocytes
711:
704:
690:, including
681:
679:
655:septic shock
648:
625:
609:nitric oxide
602:inflammatory
568:
559:
546:
538:
528:
510:
482:
476:
470:
463:
435:
405:
399:
392:
383:septic shock
363:disaccharide
354:
324:
297:
280:
264:
245:residues in
210:
206:
202:
193:
189:
179:
145:
143:
122:autoimmunity
118:septic shock
111:
104:
103:produced by
72:) are large
69:
63:
57:
49:
45:
44:
6354:Glycolipids
6251:Snake venom
6205:Epibatidine
6193:Cinobufagin
6050:Stromatoxin
5997:Imperatoxin
5947:Scyllatoxin
5853:Tagetitoxin
5848:Swainsonine
5838:Solauricine
5803:Solamargine
5798:Scopolamine
5788:Retronecine
5654:Zearalenone
5322:Shiga toxin
5293:Cord factor
5132:Enterotoxin
5127:Alpha toxin
5121:perfringens
5113:Tetanolysin
5091:Clostridium
5028:hepatotoxin
5018:enterotoxin
5008:cardiotoxin
4506:Diagnostics
4189:: 133â144.
3995:(1): 1059.
2483:: 9074601.
2115:: 635â700.
2022:(1): 7â14.
1928:: 163â184.
1317:recombinant
1213:Escherichia
1064:endothelial
1017:Endotoxemia
939:TRP channel
875:sialylation
613:eicosanoids
594:macrophages
407:Haemophilus
367:fatty acids
360:glucosamine
305:hydrophobic
229:Composition
6343:Categories
6283:Taicatoxin
6220:Samandarin
6173:Bufotoxins
6137:Ciguatoxin
6115:Vertebrate
6060:Huwentoxin
6040:Cupiennins
6023:Latrotoxin
5967:Kaliotoxin
5937:Margatoxin
5927:Maurotoxin
5868:Toxalbumin
5858:Tinyatoxin
5843:Strychnine
5828:Solasonine
5823:Solasodine
5808:Solanidine
5728:Falcarinol
5713:Delphinine
5629:Phalloidin
5619:Ochratoxin
5614:Orellanine
5604:Lolitrem B
5571:Ergotamine
5521:Mycotoxins
5365:Mechanisms
5324:/Verotoxin
5261:Exfoliatin
5221:Leukocidin
5038:phototoxin
5033:neurotoxin
4183:Metabolism
3793:(8): 326.
3117:(6): 576.
1591:(1): 400.
1444:: 557902.
1365:References
1349:Nesfatin-1
1329:Bioaerosol
1226:Depression
1172:. Certain
1119:gonococcal
1108:hemorrhage
1100:amputation
1092:ecchymoses
1078:(DIC), or
887:neutrophil
879:complement
725:glycolipid
706:molecular
700:meningitis
669:levels on
663:CD4 T-cell
632:superoxide
448:(KDO) and
398:, such as
309:antibodies
241:-Lipid A.
194:Salmonella
130:depression
65:Salmonella
32:glycolipid
18:Endotoxins
6188:Bufotenin
6183:Bufotalin
6153:Amphibian
6096:Saxitoxin
6086:Eledoisin
6081:Conotoxin
5952:Hefutoxin
5768:Oleandrin
5748:Linamarin
5738:Helenalin
5698:Cicutoxin
5693:Chaconine
5673:Amygdalin
5644:Vomitoxin
5594:Gliotoxin
5576:Fumonisin
5529:Aflatoxin
5492:Virulence
5428:Endotoxin
5159:botulinum
5140:difficile
5050:Bacterial
5023:hemotoxin
5013:cytotoxin
4941:2 January
4512:(1): 79.
3948:: 72â81.
1830:218665128
1806:: 15â24.
1585:Crit Care
1282:Ovalbumin
1174:C. jejuni
1170:chancroid
1084:petechiae
743:gonococci
734:Neisseria
671:monocytes
605:cytokines
586:monocytes
533:periplasm
514:O-antigen
496:leaky gut
488:infection
428:virulence
404:spp. and
401:Neisseria
277:O-antigen
154:exotoxins
146:endotoxin
140:Discovery
74:molecules
50:endotoxin
6328:Category
6091:Onchidal
6071:Mollusca
5982:Bestoxin
5977:Birtoxin
5942:Slotoxin
5932:Agitoxin
5907:Scorpion
5863:Tomatine
5813:Solanine
5758:Mimosine
5733:Gossypol
5718:Divicine
5683:Antiarin
5678:Anisatin
5609:Muscimol
5561:Citrinin
5534:Amatoxin
5480:Cry34Ab1
5408:AB toxin
5402:type III
5314:negative
5072:positive
5061:Exotoxin
4928:11451451
4886:24019589
4827:14 March
4802:12909619
4726:23235292
4669:17456850
4647:Diabetes
4625:44494003
4617:18000721
4581:12136094
4573:17601541
4538:36611371
4487:16931410
4452:35369943
4417:16951072
4409:17604802
4369:10845660
4333:17016141
4298:34668383
4249:24020127
4241:25326898
4203:28183445
4165:20519895
4089:35155966
4027:29057902
3970:13681499
3962:29689522
3927:27296646
3876:24445575
3844:: 3125.
3819:30103489
3768:11101573
3669:15473911
3618:12014174
3577:10806403
3542:11864841
3507:36784237
3499:17956942
3464:28736216
3423:22168423
3371:20208540
3232:20001600
3183:33689211
3143:31212769
3090:28 April
3084:Archived
2994:16237650
2959:38172634
2950:10794144
2900:38172635
2891:10794137
2841:29449493
2784:36543281
2735:19633680
2683:19815028
2648:24506153
2607:23598380
2558:18078689
2509:28316376
2458:19755182
2407:23165926
2357:49481716
2349:29949751
2313:11948150
2215:11810516
2180:12960272
2139:12045108
2090:18475562
2036:15293449
2001:24148302
1952:20825345
1876:51924586
1868:30078211
1822:32433924
1778:22184060
1666:34855187
1658:23353941
1617:37858258
1608:10585761
1559:25428854
1470:33746909
1414:28156137
1323:See also
1096:gangrene
871:in vitro
582:receptor
333:such as
101:proteins
6246:Reptile
5708:Daphnin
5703:Coniine
5688:Brucine
5649:Zeranol
5624:Patulin
5471:toxins
5461:Cry3Bb1
5441:Lipid A
5388:type II
5329:E. coli
5081:Bacilli
4877:3756735
4856:Bibcode
4761:7779915
4717:3603399
4696:Bibcode
4529:9818564
4289:8751832
4124:9672205
4080:8829728
4018:5651912
3997:Bibcode
3918:4907694
3867:3905718
3846:Bibcode
3810:6115757
3719:7982947
3414:3586283
3362:4229134
3322:9858525
3313:2212438
3273:9218618
3223:2798011
3134:6627996
3062:9851930
3042:Bibcode
3034:Science
2927:Bibcode
2868:Bibcode
2832:5858563
2811:Bibcode
2803:Science
2775:9922520
2726:2790178
2598:3855644
2549:2730374
2500:5339520
2449:2812913
2387:Bibcode
2264:4296687
2223:2742306
2130:2569852
2081:2365449
1992:3974409
1943:3525469
1734:8988391
1511:3023091
1461:7969528
1406:8119492
1265:plasmid
1088:purpura
1054:. This
1044:Lipid A
970:tests.
961:Testing
905:humoral
818:E. coli
789:of the
772:in vivo
755:HLA-B35
708:mimicry
644:pyrogen
598:B cells
518:Lipid A
450:heptose
442:lipid A
432:strains
420:mimicry
377:by the
351:Lipid A
345:Lipid A
335:heptose
327:lipid A
299:E. coli
290:antigen
286:polymer
271:Lipid A
223:omptins
219:amoebae
190:E. coli
186:antigen
126:obesity
114:pyrogen
90:Lipid A
82:antigen
59:E. coli
6118:toxins
6013:Spider
5987:BmKAEP
5957:HgeTx1
5898:toxins
5773:Persin
5666:toxins
5494:factor
5475:Cry6Aa
5467:Other
5456:Cry1Ac
5374:type I
5177:Other:
5102:tetani
5052:toxins
5003:Toxins
4966:(MeSH)
4926:
4884:
4874:
4800:
4759:
4724:
4714:
4667:
4623:
4615:
4579:
4571:
4536:
4526:
4485:
4450:
4415:
4407:
4389:Lancet
4367:
4331:
4296:
4286:
4247:
4239:
4201:
4163:
4153:
4122:
4087:
4077:
4025:
4015:
3968:
3960:
3925:
3915:
3874:
3864:
3817:
3807:
3787:Toxins
3766:
3756:
3717:
3667:
3660:524487
3657:
3643:: 40.
3620:. 264.
3616:
3606:
3575:
3540:
3505:
3497:
3462:
3421:
3411:
3369:
3359:
3320:
3310:
3271:
3230:
3220:
3181:
3141:
3131:
3060:
3015:
2992:
2957:
2947:
2919:Nature
2898:
2888:
2860:Nature
2839:
2829:
2782:
2772:
2733:
2723:
2681:
2646:
2605:
2595:
2556:
2546:
2507:
2497:
2456:
2446:
2436:
2405:
2355:
2347:
2311:
2304:134985
2301:
2262:
2221:
2213:
2178:
2137:
2127:
2088:
2078:
2034:
1999:
1989:
1950:
1940:
1899:
1874:
1866:
1828:
1820:
1776:
1732:
1664:
1656:
1615:
1605:
1557:
1547:
1509:
1468:
1458:
1412:
1404:
901:bovine
698:, and
611:, and
454:strain
440:, the
331:sugars
283:glycan
209:, and
132:, and
94:toxins
6045:PhTx3
5962:HsTx1
5885:Tutin
5878:Ricin
5873:Abrin
5743:Ledol
5664:Plant
5256:delta
5204:Cocci
5165:Botox
4935:(PDF)
4904:(PDF)
4621:S2CID
4577:S2CID
4413:S2CID
4245:S2CID
3966:S2CID
3895:eLife
3759:87614
3503:S2CID
3111:Cells
2353:S2CID
2219:S2CID
1872:S2CID
1826:S2CID
1662:S2CID
1410:S2CID
1313:ELISA
1297:assay
955:TRPV4
951:TRPM8
947:TRPM3
943:TRPV1
929:TRPA1
838:serum
675:PD-L1
659:IL-10
375:lysed
259:green
255:black
6127:Fish
6035:CSTX
5312:Gram
5252:beta
5070:Gram
4943:2014
4924:PMID
4882:PMID
4829:2015
4798:PMID
4757:PMID
4722:PMID
4665:PMID
4613:PMID
4569:PMID
4534:PMID
4483:PMID
4448:PMID
4405:PMID
4365:PMID
4329:PMID
4294:PMID
4237:PMID
4199:PMID
4161:PMID
4151:ISBN
4120:PMID
4085:PMID
4023:PMID
3958:PMID
3923:PMID
3872:PMID
3815:PMID
3764:PMID
3715:PMID
3665:PMID
3614:PMID
3604:ISBN
3573:PMID
3538:PMID
3495:PMID
3460:PMID
3419:PMID
3367:PMID
3318:PMID
3269:PMID
3228:PMID
3179:PMID
3139:PMID
3092:2018
3058:PMID
3013:ISBN
2990:PMID
2955:PMID
2896:PMID
2837:PMID
2780:PMID
2758:1870
2731:PMID
2679:PMID
2644:PMID
2603:PMID
2554:PMID
2505:PMID
2481:2017
2454:PMID
2434:ISBN
2403:PMID
2345:PMID
2309:PMID
2260:PMID
2211:PMID
2176:PMID
2135:PMID
2086:PMID
2032:PMID
1997:PMID
1948:PMID
1897:ISBN
1864:PMID
1818:PMID
1774:PMID
1730:PMID
1654:PMID
1613:PMID
1555:PMID
1545:ISBN
1507:PMID
1466:PMID
1402:PMID
1359:AOAH
1272:must
1247:and
1216:and
1156:and
1142:The
1090:and
921:TLR4
863:and
827:TLR2
804:acyl
667:PD-1
621:TLR4
596:and
575:TLR4
571:CD14
481:and
422:and
337:and
315:Core
292:, O
251:blue
192:and
88:and
62:and
6002:Pi3
5972:Lq2
5412:AB5
4916:doi
4872:PMC
4864:doi
4788:doi
4784:278
4749:doi
4712:PMC
4704:doi
4655:doi
4605:doi
4561:doi
4524:PMC
4514:doi
4475:doi
4440:doi
4397:doi
4393:369
4357:doi
4321:doi
4284:PMC
4276:doi
4229:doi
4191:doi
4143:doi
4112:doi
4108:212
4075:PMC
4067:doi
4013:PMC
4005:doi
3950:doi
3913:PMC
3903:doi
3862:PMC
3854:doi
3805:PMC
3795:doi
3754:PMC
3746:doi
3705:doi
3701:269
3655:PMC
3645:doi
3596:doi
3565:doi
3561:267
3530:doi
3487:doi
3450:doi
3409:PMC
3401:doi
3397:245
3357:PMC
3349:doi
3308:PMC
3300:doi
3296:188
3259:doi
3255:159
3218:PMC
3210:doi
3206:201
3171:doi
3129:PMC
3119:doi
3050:doi
3038:282
2982:doi
2945:PMC
2935:doi
2923:625
2886:PMC
2876:doi
2864:625
2827:PMC
2819:doi
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