English-medium education

1012:

proficiency and the effect on learning academic subjects through English. It is now also recognized that teaching EMI is not the same as teaching in the shared mother tongue, and some specialized guides and handbooks are now available for teachers. The spread of EMI has also been criticized and contested in many countries and in the research literature. It has led to concerns about the quality of education, its impact on student learning, accessibility to education and its impact on linguistic diversity and social justice. Despite its rampant spread, EMI's effect on improving student proficiency of English is still an under-investigated phenomenon in research literature, although a few handbooks and research volumes are available that propose innovative ways of addressing the problems of EMI and exploiting its strong points.

301:, the bed on which all men that passed that way must lie, be it never so big for them, be it never so small for them: the traveller for whom it was too large had his limbs stretched until he filled it; the traveller for whom it was too small had his limbs chopped off until he fitted into it—comfortably. It was a grim jest to play upon travellers. The English have done it to Irish children not by way of jest, but with a purpose. Our English-Irish systems took, and take, absolutely no cognisance of the differences between individuals, of the differences between localities, of the: differences between urban and rural communities, of the differences springing from a different ancestry, Gaelic or Anglo-Saxon. 493: 225:) as, apart from documenting the state of education in Wales, the Commissioners were also free with their comments disparaging the language, Non-conformity, and the morals of the Welsh people in general. An immediate effect of the report was for a belief to take root in the minds of ordinary people that the only way for Welsh people to get on in the world was through the medium of English, and an inferiority complex developed about the Welsh language whose effects have not yet been completely eradicated. The historian 1118:

instructional materials and, above all, the absence of a sociolinguistic environment in which English is meaningful. Socio-economic conditions influence both the range of possibilities of learning English (i.e. paying for a private English course, moving to an English-speaking country for a period to improve the level of English) and the effective access to an EMI course, considering that some universities charge higher fees for courses taught in English.

628:), there were English-medium schools set up by the former British colonial government and Christian missionaries. However, following the implementation of the 1967 National Language Act which stipulated the conversion of all English-medium schools to Malay-medium schools; all English-medium schools were definitely phased out. The policy has now caused many newly graduates to become unemployed as they cannot find jobs especially in the 1114:

international competencies is another key motivating factor. Moreover, courses taught entirely in English are seen as indispensable for promoting mobility, cultural diversity, and intercultural understanding. In this situation, English native speakers have an unfair market advantage. On the other hand, non-native speakers have to reach an adequate level of English in order to fulfill the admission requirements in EMI courses.

703:

English books with the exception for Bengali and Arabic. English-medium schools are mainly private and thus traditionally were reserved for the upper and upper middle class. However huge demand in urban areas has resulted in large number of English-medium schools mushrooming. This has caused a fall in quality. O and A level exams are arranged through the

1110:

English has a hegemonic position in the higher education field. This is one of the reasons why in the last decade there has been a huge increase in the number of bachelor's and master's programmes where teaching is conducted entirely in English (English-taught programs, ETPs). In Europe, it increased from 725 to 8089 in the period between 2001 and 2017.

2358: 367:. The SSPCK had five schools by 1711, 25 by 1715, 176 by 1758 and 189 by 1808, by then with 13,000 pupils attending. At first the SSPCK avoided using the Gaelic language with the result that pupils ended up learning by rote without understanding what they were reading. In 1741 the SSPCK introduced a Gaelic-English vocabulary, then in 1766 brought in a 188:(3) and also that from henceforth no Person or Persons that use the Welsh Speech or Language, shall have or enjoy any manner Office or Fees within this Realm of England, Wales, or other the King's Dominion, upon Pain of forfeiting the same Offices or Fees, unless he or they use and exercise the English Speech or Language. 666:. A National Plus school in Indonesia is a school that offers education beyond the minimum requirements of the national Indonesian accreditation authorities. National Plus schools offer some subjects taught in English and may provide some native English speakers on staff or may offer international curricula such as from 1171:

Other critics have argued that the dominance of English influences the Japanese language and people's views of language, culture, race, ethnicity and identity which are affected by the worldview of native English speakers; and that teaching English creates cultural and linguistic stereotypes not only

1054:

A number of universities are involved in English-medium education through the International Scholarly Exchange Curriculum program (ISEC program). The ISEC program establishes a platform for those universities to communicate with other international institutions who use English-medium education. Other

747:

Its conquest of hegemony or consensual rule was literally accomplished through the deployment of English as the official medium of business, schooling and government. This pedagogical strategy was designed to cultivate an intelligencia, a middle stratum divorced from its roots in the plebeian masses,

674:(IBO). National Plus schools can typically be differentiated from international schools by their core market. International schools tend to primarily exist to serve the needs of expatriate students and national plus schools for Indonesian students; however, there is significant overlap on both sides. 468:

The beauty of Gaelic music and song is inescapable. But without the living language, it risks becoming an empty shell. That is why an education system, up to the level represented by the college here in Skye, is so important – to ensure fluency and literacy which will continue to renew the health and

355:

so that "the youth be exercised and trayned up in civilitie, godlines, knawledge, and learning, that the vulgar Inglische toung be universallie plantit, and the Irische language, whilk is one of the chief and principall causes of the continewance of barbaritie and incivilitie amongis the inhabitantis

177:

Also be it enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That all Justices, Commissioners, Sheriffs, Coroners, Escheators, Stewards, and their Lieutenants, and all other Officers and Ministers of the Law, shall proclaim and keep the Sessions Courts, Hundreds, Leets, Sheriffs Courts, and all other Courts in the

1223:

became more important for the final evaluation than it was before. Moreover, English became an entry requirement for the most exclusive and desirable programs, such as business, law, sciences, technology. These decisions have had detrimental effects and have created many issues in the Chinese school

1193:

Critics of English-medium curricula point out that English-medium students are weak in their mother tongue (Bengali). They say that in English-medium schools, English is the first priority. They also argue that English-medium students are less patriotic. These days, schools in which English as their

843:

mainly provide courses taught in Italian, but in recent years there has been an increase in the number of English-taught programmes, especially in master's degrees. According to law, it is possible for universities to hold classes in a language different from Italian (particularly English), in order

540:

British records show that indigenous education was widespread in the 18th century, with a school for every temple, mosque or village in most regions of the country. Subjects taught included Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, Theology, Law, Astronomy, Metaphysics, Ethics, Medical Science and Religion. The

281:

During the first four decades of their existence, there is no mention of the Irish language in the programme of regulations of the Commissioners of National Education; furthermore no provision whatsoever was made in 1831 when the original scheme was drawn up for education of those children who spoke

1137:

Another controversial issue is whether introducing EMI courses could in a certain way downgrade the courses taught in the local language. EMI courses might be considered elitist and may lead to discrimination even among students of the same university. Coming to the teaching side, lecturers may not

1020:

In Europe there has been a sharp increase in the number of ETPs in the 21st century. According to Wachter and Maiworm's study, there were just 725 English-taught programs in 2001, 2,389 in 2007 and in their 2014 study the number had risen to 8,089. Although there may be some problems with the study

702:

the system of education is divided into three different branches. Students are free to choose anyone of them provided that they have the means. These branches are: The English Medium, The Bengali Medium, and The Religious Branch. In the English Medium system, courses are all taught in English using

556:

proved to be a defining text in the theories of how education policies should be formed (ed. Horace Hayman Wilson: London, Piper, Stephenson and Spence, 1858). Mill advocated the introduction of European knowledge to counter balance Indian traits judged to be irrational. Instilling ideals of reason

1117:

The first issue is about equal access to English learning. Living in an urban or rural area as well as the socio-economic condition of the student have an impact on his chance to learn the English language. Especially in rural areas, there is a shortage of qualified teachers, a lack of appropriate

960:

Language soon became a sensitive issue in education. At least two dozen English-language schools operated in rural areas of the Cape Colony by 1827, but their presence rankled among devout Afrikaners, who considered the English language and curriculum irrelevant to rural life and Afrikaner values.

339:

Among the items listed in this agreement was the "planting of the gospell among these rude, barbarous, and uncivill people" by Protestant churches; the outlawing of bards who were traditionally on circuit between the houses of noblemen; the requirement that all men of wealth send their heirs to be

1184:

provide a broader context for understanding such ideologies. These discourses represent both resistance and accommodation to the hegemony of the West with a promotion of nationalistic values and learning a Western mode of communication, namely, English. Among several proposals offered by critics,

1113:

Another reason is universities' interest in increasing their income, especially in places where domestic enrollment is decreasing. Furthermore, some institutions charge domestic students higher fees to enroll in EMI programmes. Enhancing the employability of domestic students, providing them with

956:

The earliest European schools in South Africa were established in the Cape Colony in the late seventeenth century by Dutch Reformed Church elders committed to biblical instruction, which was necessary for church confirmation. In rural areas, itinerant teachers (meesters) taught basic literacy and

686:

has recently announced the introduction of English lessons on a phased basis to all schools across the country. This new policy states that "English language has been made compulsory from Class-1 onwards" and the "Introduction of English as medium of instruction for science, mathematics, computer

371:

with facing pages of Gaelic and English texts for both languages to be read alongside one another, with more success. After a number of years of unsuccessful attempts at English-only teaching methods, it was realized that literacy in Gaelic was a much more effective means of teaching and a bridge

1011:

process that many universities are pushing. There is a growing body of research literature on this phenomenon which explores issues such as the development of EMI in different countries, reasons for the spread of EMI, lecturers' and students' beliefs about EMI, learning gains in terms of English

1002:

Since the beginning of the twentieth century there has been a sharp increase in the number of universities across the globe that offer English taught programmes (ETPs), that is degree courses which are taught through the medium of English, though these universities are located in countries where

579:

morals, and in intellect. To that class we may leave it to refine the vernacular dialects of the country, to enrich those dialects with terms of science borrowed from the Western nomenclature, and to render them by degrees fit vehicles for conveying knowledge to the great mass of the population.

578:

It is impossible for us, with our limited means, to attempt to educate the body of the people. We must at present do our best to form a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern; a class of persons, Indian in blood and colour, but English in taste, in opinions, in

1109:

suggests that education as a public good is no longer a current value in itself but rather an item traded by the defenders of centralised wealth. Moreover, the indicators used in international rankings reward the percentage of international students enrolled in universities. In this situation,

169:

is the first section of the 1535 Act, which states: "the people of the same dominion have and do daily use a speche nothing like ne consonant to the naturall mother tonge used within this Realme" and then declares the intention "utterly to extirpe alle and singular sinister usages and customs"

855:

examined the matter and delivered the judgement n° 42/2017 which states that the complete exclusion of Italian from these courses clashes with the principle of primacy of the Italian language enshrined in the Constitution. Furthermore, the court explained that the internationalization of the

583:

In 1835 Lord William Bentinck revitalised the earlier Charter Act with his New Education Policy which determined that English should be the official language of the courts, diplomacy and administration. Prior to this Persian had been the accepted language of diplomacy. Bentninck's motive was

484:, who has ministerial responsibility for Gaelic, said: "This is a momentous day for Gaelic as we open a new chapter in the language's history. We have come a long way since the dark days of 1616 when an Act of Parliament ruled that Gaelic should be 'abolishit and removit' from Scotland." 844:

to promote cultural exchanges and student mobility, as well as strengthening the cooperation with foreign universities. Nowadays there are some bachelor's and master's degrees that exclusively use English as their vehicular language, while some others are held only partially in English.

636:

jobs provided by the government. This led to a criticism over the policy by local governments from the East Malaysian sides who are now feel the impacts to their younger generations caused by the federal government policy who have been too long sidelined the importance to mastering the

785:

Although the national education system is held in Italian, by law, it's possible for children to attend international private schools (which are considered equivalent in their status – they are called "scuole paritarie") that use English as the only language for education.

274:(sic) was founded in 1831, by the British Government, under the direction of the Chief Secretary, E.G. Stanley. Some 2,500 national schools were established in Ulster in the period 1832–1870, built with the aid of the Commissioners of National Education and local trustees. 1228:

areas. Nowadays, this educational disadvantage of minority students and students who come from the peripheral parts of China is widely discussed in China, as it is considered to diminish the possibility of social mobility instead of offering any development benefits.

1133:

The use of English as a medium of instruction in non-English speaking countries may lead local languages to be inadequate in the future as a medium of higher education. One risk is they will not develop the necessary registers to express specific academic knowledge.

557:

would accordingly 'reform' Indians by the example of Western systems of thought and outlook. His ideas discredited Indian culture, language and literature even as its assumptions of moral superiority authorised and justified the presence of the British in India.

548:

of 1813 decreed that English would be taught in the Indian education system although not as a replacement for indigenous languages. Instead, it was anticipated that English would co-exist with Oriental studies as a means by which moral law could be reinforced.

1089:

Criticisms in English-medium instruction (EMI) refers to the exacerbation of global and local inequalities through the detrimental effects on linguistic and cultural diversity provoked by English-language teaching and in particular English-medium instruction.

602:

Lord Ripon's Hunter Commission of 1882 somewhat belatedly advocated that there should be increased provision of education at primary level and for women. The theory was that there would be a subsequent rise in the calibre of applicants for third level entry.

723:, the education system is based on the British Colonial model, due to nearly a century of British and Christian presences. Nearly all schools are government-operated, and also there has been a recent increase in privately funded English language schools. 1021:

and the numbers may not be entirely accurate, there has been an exponential increase in the last 20 years. The country with the highest number of ETPs is the Netherlands (1,078 in 2014), though the growth (39.3%) has been below the European average.

531:

The forced introduction of English to church services in Cornwall provided a major reason for the rebellion. The articles of the rebels states: "and we the cornyshe men (whereof certen of vs vnderstande no Englysh) vtterly refuse thys new English."

131:

These policies were gradually abolished in the wake of Canada's adoption of official bilingualism (French/English) in 1969 and multiculturalism in 1971, but English remains the predominant language of education outside of Quebec and New Brunswick.

570:

The term 'Macaulay's Children' is used to refer to people born of Indian ancestry who adopt Western culture as a lifestyle. It is usually used in a derogatory fashion, and the connotation is one of disloyalty to one's country and one's heritage.

116:, French outside of Quebec and all other minority languages have faced laws against them at one time or another. English-only education laws were gradually rolled out across Canada during the nineteenth and twentieth century, culminating in the 282:

Irish only. According to the official opinion of later Commissioners, expressed in a formal reply to the Chief Secretary in 1884, " the anxiety of the promoters of the National Scheme was to encourage the cultivation of the English language.

813:(MYP), which is addressed to students aged 11 to 16; the majority of these schools are located in regions of Northern and Northern-Central Italy. Concluding this course of studies, Italian children come to the end of compulsory education. 1138:

be able to perform as well as if they were performing in their native language. Not sufficient proficiency in English of lecturers leads to a simplification of contents and materials and, in general, to a reduced quality of instruction.

1150:

have explored the subject of English in the Japanese education system. Major criticisms addressed the way textbooks for English-language teaching are designed. These tend to depict English-speaking societies (mostly associated with the

687:

science and other selected subjects like economics and geography in all schools in a graduated manner." Caretaker Minister for Education Mr. Shujaat Ali Beg declared 25 January 2008 that 18 colleges of the city of Karachi would be made

584:

ostensibly to "regenerate" society, but the ramifications were boundless. From this moment on only those with Western style education and a knowledge of English were eligible for government employment or for a career in public life.

886:

is compulsory for nine years between the ages of 7 and 16. This is broken up into four years of primary, five years of high school, and two additional years of high school or vocational school. The majority of instruction is in

645:

began to support the re-establishment of English-medium schools, and request for the approval of more English-medium schools in the state from the federal government using its autonomy in education. The move was followed by

2515: 241:

wrote in (1596) a recommendation that "the Irish ... be educated in English, in grammar and in science ... for learning hath that wonderful power of itself that it can soften and temper the most stern and savage nature."

523:

with English, and under the guise of suppressing Catholicism, English was effectively imposed as the language of the Church, with the intent of it becoming the language of the people. At the time people in many areas of

1206:

try their best to educate their students about their own culture. Also, the students are not taught the social studies courses which sometimes discusses about the social problems the government is dealing with.

316:

Attempts were made by legislation, in the later medieval and early modern period, to establish English at first among the aristocracy and increasingly amongst all ranks by education acts and parish schools. The

805:

Secondary education is made up of lower secondary schools (from 12 to 14) and upper secondary schools (from 14 to 19). In both cases, children have the possibility to attend entirely English-taught schools.

832:(DP), which is recognised by some universities. This two-year curriculum is mostly provided by schools in Northern and Northern-Central Italy. It is more widely available than the Middle Years Programme. 1219:, English-language teaching has become increasingly important in the national scholastic system since university admission regulations changed in 2001. The value of the English-language component of the 1163:

these texts also assume that the West has ownership of critical thinking and that non-western countries are underdeveloped in their logic, critical and analytical skills. As underlined by the studies of

981:

set out to influence British education in the area for the English-speaking populations. He founded a series of schools known as the "Milner Schools" in South Africa. These schools consist of modern day

214: 2411: 961:

Throughout the nineteenth century, Afrikaners resisted government policies aimed at the spread of the English language and British values, and many educated their children at home or in the churches.

587:

In 1854 Sir Charles Wood published his Education Dispatch which was aimed at widening the availability of Western oriented knowledge. Universities were established under the London examining model in

477:

is the first piece of legislation to give formal recognition to the Gaelic language in Scotland. It recognises Gaelic as an official language of Scotland, commanding "equal respect" with English.

290:

published a series of studies of the English-medium education system in Ireland. His article entitled The Murder Machine embodies an article which appeared in the Irish Review for February 1913.

3088: 1067:; Shanghai New York University; and Wenzhou-Kean University. In 2018 there were over 1000 such China–foreign program partnerships, but over 200 were terminated due to concerns over quality. 2043: 770:(which is recognized by Italian Ministry of Education). Its principles refer to the idea of an international and global education, combining pedagogical principles with strict standards. 541:

schools were attended by students from all classes of society. Gandhi is said to have described the traditional educational system as a beautiful tree that was destroyed by British rule.

375:

Since 1918 education acts have provided for teaching Gaelic in Gaelic-speaking areas, but development was very slow until Gaelic became an initial teaching medium in the Gaelic areas of

3949: 1159:) as problem-free, and this leads to notions of idealised societies where Japanese students may think there are no injustices, discrimination or social disharmony. According to 1024:

Although there has been a considerable growth in the number of ETPs, largely at master's level, it is a minority of students (less than 2%), that are actually enrolled in ETPs.

75:

Known as English-medium instruction (EMI), or ICLHE (integrating content and language in higher education), this rapidly growing phenomenon has been contested in many contexts.

856:

universities cannot be achieved by marginalizing the Italian language, therefore there must be a balance between the offers provided by the university in the two languages.

192:

An effect of this language clause was to lay the foundation for creating a thoroughly Anglicised ruling class of landed gentry in Wales, which would have many consequences.

748:

who would service the ideological apparatus of Anglo-Saxon supremacy. Americanization was mediated through English, sanctioned as the language of prestige and aspiration.

363:(SSPCK) was established in order to further funding sources for Highland church schools. All manner of incentives and punishments were used to stop children from speaking 210:

In July 1846, the British Government appointed three commissioners to inquire into the state of education in Wales; the Commissioners were all monoglot English-speakers.

60:

and other technologies. As a result of this, in many states throughout the world where English is not the predominant language there are English-medium schools. Also in

95: 2928: 3090:

Internationalisation, higher education and the growing demand for English: an investigation into the English medium of instruction (EMI) movement in China and Japan

1253: 173:

Section 20 of the 1535 Act makes English the only language of the law courts and that those who used Welsh would not be appointed to any public office in Wales:

360: 1782: 1224:

system, due to the lack of English-language professors and appropriate funds. The starkest consequences are in the poorest parts of the country, as rural and

766:

In Italy education is provided in Italian and, by law, it is mandatory until the age of 16. However, there are some English-medium schools which follow the

406:, Gaelic has long been taught as a subject—often through the medium of English, even to native speakers. A move towards bilingual secondary education in the 1332: 928: 249:, with the intended purpose "that there shall be one Free School at least appointed in every County, for the education of youth in learning and religion." 3918:

European Journal of Education, Vol. 19, No. 1, Multicultural Education (1984) 'Education Policy and the Role of the Irish Language from 1831 to 1981.' URL

1160: 2216: 1915: 1165: 1106: 3726: 4004: 2344: 904: 1429:"Integrating Content and Language in Higher Education – international association about higher education at the interface of content and language" 957:

math skills. British mission schools proliferated after 1799, when the first members of the London Missionary Society arrived in the Cape Colony.

103: 2950: 2069: 1276: 252:

These schools provided an English-medium education to the sons of landed settlers in Ireland, most of whom were of Scottish or English descent.

2855: 1537: 1147: 3912: 2627:"English language use at the internationalised universities of Northern Europe: Is there a correlation between Englishisation and world rank?" 3489: 561: 545: 650:

in 2017 when a minister from the state also urged the return of English-medium schools, which grows with more support from other ministers.

1195: 1180: 3200: 1081:

Secondary schools in Hong Kong are mainly categorised as EMI schools (English-medium schools) and CMI schools (Chinese-medium schools).

828:", where it has been introduced in the third year and fourth year with a second language). Students aged 16–19 can choose to attend the 606:

The inevitable result was that an Indian-based education was viewed as being second rate in comparison to an English-medium education.

3922: 3897: 1942: 1650: 1130:

perpetuating the stereotype that having a Western-style education is superior and something that is necessary for a successful future

1055:

universities that offer English-medium education (China–foreign cooperative universities), also known as branch campuses, include the

911:

is necessary. A number of private schools and universities are involved in English-medium education. In some private universities in

851:

and some of its professors, regarding the decision to use English as the sole language of all the master's degrees and the PhDs. The

3994: 3989: 2281: 2018: 1008: 899:

into the syllabus as an additional language for grades 3–11 in educational institutions. According to the Ministry of Education of

774: 773:

In Italian high-schools, since 2010, some subjects can be taught in a language different from Italian (according to the concept of

671: 65: 3496: 2900: 2597: 2583: 2436: 567:

Thomas MacAulay's infamous 'Minute on Indian Education' (1835) encapsulates both the overt and covert agendas for such a policy.

442: 1126:, who has written extensively on the topic of linguistic imperialism, is very critical of EMI, as he sees it as another form of 1453:

Phillipson, Robert (1 May 2008). "Lingua franca or lingua frankensteinia? English in European integration and globalisation1".

1064: 1056: 2246: 2095: 3999: 3483: 3282: 3126: 3101: 1975: 1744: 1364: 743:

who made the following comment regarding the use made by the US administration of the English language to rule his country:

560:

The current system of education, was introduced and funded by the British in the 19th century, following recommendations by

3061: 2121: 874:, Michael Moore interviews several American citizens studying at the university who were taking courses taught in English. 667: 411: 2147: 3974: 1049: 916: 891:, but the language of instruction in mostly higher institutions is Russian. The Ministry of Education and Science of the 820:) approach has been applied in all high schools, through the teaching of a non-linguistic subject in a foreign language ( 474: 415: 311: 3151: 2878: 2725: 1849: 1588: 1499: 991: 978: 2541: 3856: 3829: 3812: 3788: 3761: 3714: 3697: 3680: 3661: 3644: 3627: 3610: 3575: 3554: 3525: 3506: 3446: 3429: 3412: 3395: 3372: 2994: 2831: 2320: 1685: 125: 109: 48:, and in many of these it has remained the medium of education. The increased economic and cultural influence of the 939:

with the possibility of receiving education abroad, job opportunities, travel purposes and getting information from

229:

referred to the significance of the report and its consequences as "the Glencoe and the Amritsar of Welsh history".

3927: 2776:

Cho, Jinhyun (2012). "Campus in English or campus in shock?: Korean students hit hard by English-medium lectures".

1736: 920: 147: 3343:

In: Pütz, Martin (ed.) The cultural Context in Foreign Language Teaching. Frankfurt a. M.: Lang. pp. 221–240.

1807: 848: 99: 3979: 2741:

Knight, Jane (2013). "The changing landscape of higher education internationalisation – for better or worse?".

983: 426:, with some experimentation in the Western Isles, but the sector is hampered by acute teacher shortage, and an 1760: 3964: 348: 204: 40:

and its spread to the rest of Great Britain and Ireland, beginning in the sixteenth century. The rise of the

1992: 36:

Initially this is associated with the expansion of English from its homeland in England and the lowlands of

3935: 3035: 1060: 852: 574:

The passage to which the term refers is from his 'Minute on Indian Education' delivered in 1835. It reads:

564:. Traditional structures were not recognized by the British government and have been on the decline since. 2929:"China's Ministry of Education approves termination of more than 200 Chinese-foreign cooperative programs" 2224: 1919: 1865: 1203: 790: 767: 732: 450: 3969: 3928:

Empire? What Empire? Imperialism and British national identity c. 1815–1914 by Professor Bernard Porter

3902: 2516:"Milano, stop alla linea internazionale del Politecnico. "L'inglese non-può mai sostituire l'italiano"" 924: 794: 1604:

Séamas Ó Buachalla (1984). "Educational Policy and the Role of the Irish Language from 1831 to 1981".

430:

inspectorate report of 1994 regarded Gaelic-medium secondary education as divisive and inappropriate.

399:. Gaelic-medium primary education commenced with two schools in 1985, growing to 42 units by 1993/94. 336:

leaders and institutions of Gaelic society, in order to bring it under control of central government.

213:

The Commissioners reported to the Government on 1 July 1847 in three large blue-bound volumes – the ''

2677:"Higher education teachers' attitudes towards English medium instruction: A three-country comparison" 1280: 987: 117: 2489: 2200: 1715: 736: 1102: 256: 1243: 1093:

The internationalisation of education provision, achieved in the European territory thanks to the

3387: 1894: 1491:

Centres and Peripheries: Metropolitan and Non-Metropolitan Journalism in the Twenty First Century

1277:"The Imperial Archive. A site dedicated to the study of Literature, Imperialism, Postcolonialism" 865: 392: 196: 3355:

Teaching English-Medium Instruction Courses in Higher Education: A Guide for Non-Native Speakers

2718:

Teaching English-Medium Instruction Courses in Higher Education: A Guide for Non-Native Speakers

1185:

raising critical awareness of English domination parallels the philosophy of critical pedagogy.

3323:, European Journal of Education, Vol. 19, No. 1, Multicultural Education (1984), pp. 75–92 2676: 1127: 1098: 970: 810: 318: 264: 195:

The parts of the 1535 Act relating to language were definitively repealed only in 1993, by the

141: 1965: 340:

educated in Lowland schools where they would be taught to "speik, reid, and wryte Inglische."

124:

in Ontario in 1912, which both attacked French and other European minority languages, and the

1730: 1663: 1489: 1248: 615: 516: 508: 151: 30: 2177: 824:), including English (this methodology has been implemented in graduation year, except for " 492: 3984: 3794: 3561: 2313:

Storia dell'educazione linguistica in Italia : dalla Legge Casati alla Riforma Gelmini

870: 840: 829: 663: 659: 260: 200: 181:(2) and all Oaths of Officers, Juries and Inquests, and all other Affidavits, Verdicts and 113: 3944: 2824:

Linguistic diversity and social justice : an introduction to applied sociolinguistics

1783:"A speech by HRH The Prince Charles, Duke of Rothesay, at Sabhal Mor Ostaig, Isle of Skye" 1639: 434: 8: 3597: 1811: 1238: 1007:. This phenomenon, generally known as English-medium instruction, is seen as part of the 907:

is to teach the basic level of foreign language, as under market conditions knowledge of

403: 89: 3011:"Times Higher Education World University Rankings | Universityrankings.ch / Methodology" 2289: 1888: 3378: 2976: 2849: 2801: 2758: 2657: 2338: 1703: 1691: 1621: 1225: 1038: 761: 638: 352: 159: 3010: 1172:

of English but also of Japanese people. Recent discourses linked with the concepts of

3852: 3825: 3808: 3784: 3757: 3710: 3693: 3676: 3667: 3657: 3640: 3623: 3606: 3571: 3550: 3521: 3502: 3479: 3442: 3425: 3408: 3391: 3368: 3278: 3147: 3122: 3097: 2990: 2951:"Cantonese, Putonghua or English? The language politics of Hong Kong's school system" 2874: 2837: 2827: 2805: 2793: 2762: 2721: 2698: 2661: 2649: 2326: 2316: 1971: 1845: 1740: 1681: 1515: 1495: 1470: 1466: 1410: 1123: 1004: 825: 388: 226: 3512: 2982: 2901:"English-Taught Programmes in European Higher Education: The State of Play in 2014" 2785: 2750: 2688: 2641: 2598:"English-Taught Programmes in European Higher Education: The State of Play in 2014" 2386: 2250: 1673: 1613: 1462: 1400: 1387:

Macaro, Ernesto; Curle, Samantha; Pun, Jack; An, Jiangshan; Dearden, Julie (2018).

940: 932: 908: 896: 512: 496: 461: 329: 61: 26: 2626: 1305: 735:(1898–1901), and declared the Philippines a US colony. US imperial rule followed. 112:. French language rights have been guaranteed in the province of Quebec since the 72:, particularly at master's level, are being taught through the medium of English. 3939: 3862: 3541: 2754: 2271:'Ó Mhársa go Magla' by Tomás Mac Síomóin. First published in 2006. ISSN 1649-3079 2204: 1669: 1592: 1542: 1094: 821: 704: 500: 376: 364: 69: 3907: 1565: 2464: 2155: 1156: 1119: 974: 629: 457: 246: 238: 166: 41: 2789: 1405: 1388: 3958: 3720: 2841: 2819: 2797: 2702: 2693: 2653: 2330: 1474: 1414: 1152: 633: 625: 621: 481: 407: 384: 368: 121: 49: 2645: 1586: 1516:"Report of Commission of Enquiry into the State of Education in Wales, 1847" 215:

Reports of the Commissioners of Inquiry into the state of education in Wales

56:

has also furthered the global spread of English, as has the rapid spread of

3201:"Should non-English-speaking countries teach in English? | British Council" 2986: 1837: 1833: 325: 182: 53: 45: 1174: 1076: 740: 632:

due to the lack of English proficiency; the graduates can only depend on

437:(literally: "the great barn at Ostaig") a Gaelic-medium college based in 287: 752:

English is used for instruction at all Universities in The Philippines.

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The setting up of 'Royal Schools' in Ireland, was proclaimed in 1608 by

3917: 3468:

Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 18/3 p. 248.

3321:

Educational Policy and the Role of the Irish Language from 1831 to 1981

3117:

Dimova, Slobodanka; Hultgren, Anna Kristina; Jensen, Christian (2015).

1625: 1389:"A systematic review of English medium instruction in higher education" 936: 912: 900: 892: 888: 883: 699: 414:. Gaelic-medium secondary education has developed less satisfactorily. 380: 2070:"Re-establish English-medium government schools in Sabah, says Rahman" 1695: 1487: 3891: 3458:

Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 17/6: 485–596.

847:

In 2012 a controversy sparked between the university's senate of the

423: 333: 298: 297:

And English education in Ireland has seemed: to some like the bed of

1732:

National Literacy Campaigns: Historical and Comparative Perspectives

1617: 777:(CLIL) in order to strengthen the students' linguistic competences. 3933:

TEFL Courses Online Review – ESL teaching strategies and techniques

1677: 1168:, this reinforces Japanese views of inferiority of non-westerners. 683: 588: 525: 344: 57: 37: 935:. English language viewed in the minds of the young generation of 33:—particularly where English is not the mother tongue of students. 3331:

Language Choice and cultural Imperialism: a Nigerian Perspective.

1365:"English as a medium of instruction —a growing global phenomenon" 1199: 642: 419: 263:

in County Fermanagh, The Cavan Royal School in County Cavan, The

1886: 441:, on the Isle of Skye in north west Scotland. It is part of the 3932: 3898:

Minute by the Hon'ble T.B. Macaulay, dated the 2 February 1835.

1842:

Looking at the Mermaid: A Reader in Cornish Literature 900–1900

1220: 596: 592: 427: 203:

copy of the act reads that sections 18–21 were repealed by the

3476:

English-medium instruction at universities: Global challenges.

3401:

Canagarajah, A. Suresh, Thomas Ricento & Terrence G. Wiley

3087:

Galloway, Nicola; Kriukow, Jaroslav; Numajiri, Takuya (2017).

2567:"The Ministry of Education and Science of the Kyrgyz Republic" 3603:

The Cultural Politics of English as an International Language

2871:

Essential competencies for English-medium university teaching

1216: 720: 708: 647: 520: 446: 438: 155: 356:

of the Ilis and Heylandis, may be abolisheit and removeit."

267:

in Tyrone and The Royal and Prior School in County Donegal.

1084: 817: 396: 351:, which sought to establish schools in every parish in the 2381: 2379: 1832: 816:

Since 2010, the content and language integrated learning (

3849:

Language Policy, Culture, and Identity in Asian Contexts.

2978:

Illegitimate Practices, Global English Language Education

2197: 1967:

Standards of English: Codified Varieties around the World

1943:"Minute on Education (1835) by Thomas Babington Macaulay" 519:, which was made available only in English. In replacing 332:, which would seem to have been designed specifically to 2898: 2595: 2566: 1254:

List of Irish medium primary schools in Northern Ireland

3878:

The Theory and Practice of Critical Discourse Analysis.

3736:(1997) My English Book Step IV. Lahore: Metro Printers. 3547:

Struggle to Teach English as an International Language

3181: 3166: 3119:

English Medium Instruction in European Higher Education

3086: 2376: 1665:

Gaelic Scotland: The Transformation of a Culture Region

1640:

http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/E900007-001/index.html

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Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge

96:

Language policies of Canada's provinces and territories

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Sociocultural Constraints in EFL Teaching in Cameroon.

2148:"Indonesian National "Plus" and International Schools" 255:

However, only five such schools were actually set up;

3950:

UNESCO Cultural and Linguistic Diversity in Education

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Primary Stage English (1993). Lahore: Tario Brothers.

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Reclaiming the Local in Language Policy and Practice.

3195: 3193: 3062:"Why teaching in English may not be such a good idea" 2743:

Perspectives: Policy and Practice in Higher Education

2675:

Macaro, Ernesto; Dearden, Julie (29 September 2016).

1661: 1428: 809:

Concerning middle schools, some of them offer the IB

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Resisting Linguistic Imperialism in English Teaching

3262:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. pp. 10, 15. 3224: 3116: 1101:

for universities, has produced a change in the core

511:

of 1549, where the English state sought to suppress

433:

Third level provision through Gaelic is provided by

2868: 2715: 2584:'Assessment of Higher Education in Kyrgyz Republic' 997: 797:– which includes children from 3 to 12 years old). 789:English-medium primary schools in Italy follow the 499:, Prayer Book Rebellion Memorial, near the site of 3190: 3121:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 82. 2019:"Adenan: Sarawak will back English-medium schools" 1761:"Euromosaic – Gaelic in Scotland (United Kingdom)" 1603: 3456:Review Article: ironising the Myth of Linguicism. 2044:"Approve more English-medium schools, govt urged" 321:passed some ten such acts between 1494 and 1698. 3956: 3277:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 174. 3144:Illegitimate Practices: Global English Education 2681:Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching 1538:"'Glencoe of Welsh history' is published online" 1488:David Hutchison and Hugh O'Donnell, ed. (2014). 1386: 791:International Baccalaureate Organization program 768:International Baccalaureate Organization program 410:was frustrated by a change of government in the 217:". This report quickly became known in Wales as 3903:Sabhal Mòr Ostaig, Colaiste Ghàidhlig na h-Alba 1916:"Western Education in Nineteenth-Century India" 793:which has a sub-section dedicated to children ( 658:English-medium schools in Indonesia consist of 104:Timeline of official languages policy in Canada 3913:English Next by David Graddol, British Council 3310: 2359:"Website of the Italian Ministry of Education" 1963: 994:, Hamilton Primary School, and St. Marys DSG. 464:, (who is patron of the College) stated that: 185:, to be given and done in the English Tongue; 165:An often quoted example of the effects on the 3472:Doiz, A., Lasabaster, D., & Sierra, J. M. 3405:Journal of Language, Identity, and Education. 3238: 3236: 2674: 2198:Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Education 1970:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 280–. 1940: 1494:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 44. 3839:The Spread of English and its Appropriation. 3407:Special issue. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 3036:"QS World University Rankings – Methodology" 2869:Breeze, Ruth; Sancho Guinda, Carmen (2017). 2716:Breeze, Ruth; Sancho Guinda, Carmen (2021). 2343:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2096:"Mositun: Bring back English-medium schools" 1279:. Qub.ac.uk. 30 January 2006. Archived from 1196:Cambridge Assessment International Education 868:teaches at least 100 courses in English. In 293:Pearse wrote in his pamphlet the following: 162:are sometimes known as the "Acts of Union." 3146:. Bristol: Multingual Matters. p. 14. 2178:"Guides for Foreign Residents & Expats" 2016: 1728: 1300: 1298: 1097:and boosted by the increased importance of 108:Education is a provincial matter under the 3880:Applied Linguistics 19/1 pp. 136–151. 3781:Ideology, Politics, and Language Policies. 3744:Of EFL Teachers, Conscience and Cowardice. 3233: 2899:Wächter, Bernd; Maiworm, F. (Eds) (2014). 2894: 2892: 2890: 2854:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2596:Wächter, Bernd; Maiworm, F. (Eds) (2014). 2437:"academic cooperation association website" 1844:. Francis Boutle Publishers. p. 267. 1452: 3654:Global Englishes and Transcultural Flows. 3620:English and the Discourses of Colonialism 2692: 2490:"Universitaly – Gli Atenei si presentano" 2122:"Support grows for Sabah English schools" 1887:James Mill, Horace Hayman Wilson (1847). 1404: 1358: 1356: 387:education authority introduced bilingual 3478:Bristol, England: Multilingual Matters. 2624: 2513: 1918:. Qub.ac.uk. 4 June 1998. Archived from 1295: 1085:Criticisms of English-medium instruction 775:Content and Language Integrated Learning 672:International Baccalaureate Organisation 491: 4005:English as a second or foreign language 3845:Tsui, Amy B.M. & James W. Tollefson 3727:Linguistic Diversity and Social Justice 3535:Review Article: linguistic Imperialism. 3441:, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press. 3275:Linguistic Diversity and Social Justice 2948: 2887: 2217:"18 colleges declared 'English medium'" 1990: 1362: 1330: 714: 443:University of the Highlands and Islands 3957: 3870:World Englishes 17/3 pp. 397–401. 3297: 3272: 3257: 2818: 2740: 2514:Cavadini, Federica (31 January 2018). 1890:The history of British India, Volume 6 1353: 1057:University of Nottingham Ningbo, China 515:speaking with the introduction of the 3822:The Local Politics of Global English. 3581:Kramsch, Klaire and Patricia Sullivan 3570:, Central European University Press. 3242: 3141: 2974: 2578: 2576: 2249:. Sanisoft.tripod.com. Archived from 1271: 1269: 951: 731:The United States of America won the 552:The 1817 publication of James Mill's 528:did not speak or understand English. 383:from 1958. In 1975 the newly created 328:were abducted and forced to sign the 128:which attacked Aboriginal languages. 3182:Galloway; Kriukow; Numajiri (2017). 3167:Galloway; Kriukow; Numajiri (2017). 2582:Asian Development Bank (ADB), 2015, 1382: 1380: 1378: 800: 668:Cambridge International Examinations 412:1979 United Kingdom general election 3868:EIL: squaring the Circles. A Reply. 3560:Kontra, Miklos, Robert Phillipson, 2775: 1662:Charles W. J. Withers (July 1990). 1065:Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University 1050:English-language education in China 931:students are taught exclusively in 917:American University of Central Asia 835: 475:Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005 312:Gaelic medium education in Scotland 44:increased the language's spread to 13: 3587:ELT Journal 50/3 pp. 199–212. 3537:ELT Journal 47/4 pp. 358–360. 3333:ELT Journal 49/2 pp. 122–132. 2573: 2310: 1993:"Get English back into the system" 1964:Raymond Hickey (6 December 2012). 1729:Arnove, R.F.; Graff, H.J. (1987). 1266: 992:Potchefstroom High School for Boys 780: 726: 535: 64:, due to the recent trend towards 14: 4016: 3945:The Murder Machine by P.H. Pearse 3908:The Common School, by Seamus Dunn 3884: 3771:Language and Politics in Pakistan 3225:Dimova; Hultgren; Jensen (2015). 2981:. Bristol: Multilingual Matters. 2017:Sulok Tawie (10 September 2016). 1375: 1043: 964: 126:Indian residential schools system 110:Canadian constitution, section 92 3773:Karachi: Oxford University Press 3568:Language: A Right and a Resource 2625:Hultgren, Anna Kristina (2014). 1866:"Education in Pre-British India" 1467:10.1111/j.1467-971X.2008.00555.x 1188: 1015: 998:English-medium instruction (EMI) 689:"Model English Medium Colleges," 3995:History of the English language 3692:, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 3639:, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 3291: 3266: 3251: 3218: 3175: 3160: 3135: 3110: 3080: 3054: 3028: 3003: 2968: 2942: 2921: 2862: 2812: 2769: 2734: 2709: 2668: 2618: 2589: 2559: 2534: 2507: 2482: 2457: 2429: 2404: 2351: 2304: 2274: 2265: 2239: 2209: 2191: 2170: 2140: 2114: 2088: 2062: 2036: 2010: 1984: 1957: 1934: 1908: 1880: 1858: 1826: 1800: 1775: 1753: 1737:Springer Science+Business Media 1722: 1655: 1644: 1632: 1597: 1580: 1558: 1530: 1306:"Lecture 7: World-Wide English" 946: 921:International Alatoo University 849:Polytechnic University of Milan 100:Official bilingualism in Canada 3754:The English-Vernacular Divide. 3260:Ideologies of English in Japan 1566:"CAIN: CSC: The Common School" 1508: 1481: 1446: 1421: 1333:"English as a Global Language" 1324: 1027: 984:Pretoria High School for Girls 1: 3851:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 3841:University of Vienna, Vienna. 3424:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 1991:Irene C (21 September 2015). 1606:European Journal of Education 1568:. Cain.ulst.ac.uk. 5 May 1993 1259: 877: 693: 349:School Establishment Act 1616 223:The Treason of the Blue Books 205:Statute Law Revision Act 1887 78: 4000:English as a global language 3637:Critical Applied Linguistics 3439:English as a Global Language 3066:Times Higher Education (THE) 2755:10.1080/13603108.2012.753957 1194:medium of instruction under 1070: 1061:United International College 853:Italian Constitutional Court 739:quotes the Filipino scholar 653: 469:creativity of the language. 418:followed on from primary in 372:towards fluency in English. 199:, though annotations on the 148:Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 7: 3990:Majority–minority relations 3675:, Oxford University Press. 3549:, Oxford University Press. 3311:Sources and further reading 3096:. London: British Council. 2391:International Baccalaureate 2311:E., Balboni, Paolo (2009). 1232: 1210: 1204:International Baccalaureate 1141: 859: 677: 609: 487: 445:, and also has a campus on 305: 10: 4021: 3975:English-language education 3730:. Oxford University Press. 3142:Widin, Jacqueline (2010). 2975:Widin, Jacqueline (2010). 2826:(First ed.). Oxford. 2546:www.cortecostituzionale.it 1074: 1047: 1036: 969:In order to anglicize the 925:University of Central Asia 759: 613: 309: 232: 139: 93: 87: 68:, an increasing number of 3746:ELT Journal 53/3 200–206. 3015:www.universityrankings.ch 2955:Hong Kong Free Press HKFP 2790:10.1017/S026607841200020X 2387:"Find an IB World School" 2247:"Education in Bangladesh" 1406:10.1017/S0261444817000350 988:Pretoria Boys High School 624:(and some years later in 562:Thomas Babington Macaulay 272:National Education System 118:Manitoba Schools Question 83: 2949:Varsity (9 April 2017). 2694:10.14746/sllt.2016.6.3.5 2416:www.gazzettaufficiale.it 1893:. James Madden. p. 1868:. Infinityfoundation.com 1591:29 December 2006 at the 1032: 755: 554:History of British India 451:Ionad Chaluim Chille Ìle 257:The Royal School, Armagh 135: 25:system is one that uses 23:English-medium education 3805:Linguistic Human Rights 3797:& Robert Phillipson 3388:Oxford University Press 3273:Piller, Ingrid (2015). 2646:10.1515/multi-2014-0018 2203:8 February 2008 at the 1518:. GENUKI. 13 March 2003 1363:Dearden, Julie (2015). 1331:Crystal, David (2003). 929:OSCE Academy in Bishkek 866:University of Ljubljana 733:Philippine–American War 347:, followed this by the 277:S. Ó Buachalla states: 219:Brad y Llyfrau Gleision 197:Welsh Language Act 1993 3756:Multilingual Matters. 3740:Rajagopalan, Kanavilli 3734:Punjab Text Book Board 3673:Linguistic Imperialism 3418:Canagarajah, A. Suresh 3379:Canagarajah, A. Suresh 3367:Multilingual Matters. 3361:Brutt-Griffler, Janina 3258:Kubota, Ryuko (2003). 3205:www.britishcouncil.org 2987:10.21832/9781847693082 2908:www.aca-secretariat.be 2720:. London: Bloomsbury. 2605:www.aca-secretariat.be 2542:"Corte Costituzionale" 2444:www.aca-secretariat.be 1128:linguistic imperialism 1099:international rankings 903:, the main purpose of 811:Middle Years Programme 750: 581: 504: 471: 319:Parliament of Scotland 303: 284: 265:Royal School Dungannon 190: 142:Welsh medium education 3980:Medium of instruction 3938:2 August 2018 at the 3807:, Mouton De Gruyter. 3795:Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove 3585:Appropriate Pedagogy. 3357:. London: Bloomsbury. 3351:Sancho Guinda, Carmen 1340:culturaldiplomacy.org 1249:Medium of instruction 795:Primary Years Program 745: 664:National Plus schools 660:international schools 641:of English. By 2016, 616:Education in Malaysia 576: 517:Book of Common Prayer 509:Prayer Book rebellion 495: 466: 416:Gaelic-medium streams 310:Further information: 295: 279: 175: 152:Parliament of England 140:Further information: 94:Further information: 31:medium of instruction 16:Medium of instruction 3965:History of education 3892:Language on the Move 3707:English-Only Europe? 3562:Tove Skutnabb-Kangas 3518:Politics of English. 3501:Palgrave Macmillan. 3499:in an Age of Empire. 3466:Response to a Reply. 3337:Bobda, Augustin Simo 2412:"Gazzetta Ufficiale" 2227:on 30 September 2016 1787:princeofwales.gov.uk 1672:. pp. 327–329. 1103:concept of education 1009:internationalization 871:Where to Invade Next 841:Italian universities 830:IB Diploma Programme 715:The Union of Myanmar 391:shortly followed by 324:In 1609 nine Gaelic 261:Portora Royal School 201:Statute Law Database 170:belonging to Wales. 114:Treaty of Paris 1763 66:internationalization 3835:Spichtinger, Daniel 3750:Ramanathan, Vaidehi 3650:Pennycook, Alastair 3633:Pennycook, Alastair 3616:Pennycook, Alastair 3598:Pennycook, Alastair 3520:Sage Publications. 2520:Corriere della Sera 2315:. UTET università. 2292:on 7 September 2015 2152:Living in Indonesia 2050:. 14 September 2016 1941:Frances Pritchett. 1812:Scottish Parliament 1638:The Murder Machine 1239:Bilingual education 480:Education Minister 404:secondary education 90:Education in Canada 3923:Gaelic in Scotland 3703:Phillipson, Robert 3690:Rights to Language 3686:Phillipson, Robert 3668:Phillipson, Robert 3564:& Tibor Varady 3317:Séamas Ó Buachalla 3247:. pp. 14, 15. 3068:. 22 November 2017 2873:. Cham: Springer. 1651:Gaelic in Scotland 1244:Welsh in education 1226:minority languages 1122:is another issue. 1105:. British scholar 1039:Education in China 1003:English is not an 952:Colonial education 762:Education in Italy 682:The Government of 639:universal language 505: 353:Scottish Highlands 286:The Irish patriot 259:in County Armagh, 160:Kingdom of England 3970:Linguistic rights 3824:Lexington Books. 3818:Sonntag, Selma K. 3531:Holborrow, Marnie 3484:978-1-84769-815-5 3284:978-0-19-993726-4 3128:978-1-61451-527-2 3103:978-0-86355-862-7 2286:www.istruzione.it 1977:978-1-139-85121-3 1814:. 2 February 2005 1808:"Official Report" 1746:978-0-306-42458-8 1393:Language Teaching 1146:Scholars such as 1124:Robert Phillipson 1005:official language 882:Education in the 826:liceo linguistico 801:Secondary schools 620:Up until 1981 in 435:Sabhal Mòr Ostaig 389:primary education 227:Kenneth O. Morgan 4012: 3783:John Benjamins. 3542:Holliday, Adrian 3513:Holborow, Marnie 3304: 3303: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3240: 3231: 3230: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3197: 3188: 3187: 3179: 3173: 3172: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3095: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3042:. 22 August 2016 3040:Top Universities 3032: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2905: 2896: 2885: 2884: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2853: 2845: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2696: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2640:(3–4): 389–411. 2631: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2602: 2593: 2587: 2580: 2571: 2570: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2441: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2408: 2402: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2383: 2374: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2342: 2334: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2288:. 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