819:, 24 February 1855. Quote: "...Our Treaty on Claims with Great Britain: On motion of Mr. HOUSTON, the bill carrying into effect the treaty between the United States and Great Britain on the subject of claims, concluded February, 1853, was taken up...the commission provided for the payment of $ 270,700 against this Government, due British subjects, and $ 329,000 against the British Government, due to American citizens, requiring the money to be paid in one year from the expiration of the commission, which expired on the 15th of last month...The treaty has relation to slaves on board the
882:, Capt. ROGERS of Baltimore, arrived at Savannah-la-Mar, when the black cook or steward, being desirous of getting rid of that vessel, and the master not wishing to let him go, a band of half-savage negroes went on board and took him out by force, and insulted the captain in the most shameful manner, while the magistrates looked on and countenanced the atrocious act....You would greatly oblige me if you would be pleased to caution masters of vessels against shipping negroes to come to any port in this island, as they are sure to have trouble."
1275:
165:, a British colony. When the customs officers arrived on the large, 127-ton ship on February 11, they discovered that it held a total of 78 slaves, in what they reported were appalling conditions. The captives were not listed on the ship's manifest for cargo. Alexandria and Washington, DC comprised a major market for slaves from the Chesapeake Bay area, of Virginia, Maryland and Delaware, being sold and shipped to the Deep South. Most of the slaves on the
1270:
459:
78:, the US and Britain agreed to settle a variety of claims dating to 1814, including those for slaves freed after 1834. This was ultimately settled by arbitration in 1855, establishing a payment of $ 270,700 against the US Government, due British subjects, and $ 329,000 against the British Government, due to American citizens. Ultimately some insurance companies were paid for the loss of property of the slaves.
764:"In the mean time, I can engage that instructions shall be given to the governors of her Majesty’s colonies on the southern borders of the United States to execute their own laws with careful attention to the wish of their government to maintain good neighbourhood, and that there shall be no officious interference with American vessels driven by accident or violence into those ports."
323:, while repeating that British law forbidding slavery was unalterable, assured Webster that, in the interest of 'good neighbourhood,' the Crown would inform the governors of the colonies on the southern borders of the United States against "officious interference" when chance drove American vessels into British jurisdiction.
228:
several incidents in which
British officials in Bermuda or the West Indies freed slaves owned by Americans. While the US and Britain worked to suppress the international slave trade from Africa, the US wanted to protect its domestic slavers if weather or accidents drove them into British colonial ports. In the case of the
780:, 10 June 1837, p. 226: Note: Slave trader Oliver Simpson, of the District of Columbia, brought suit against the Charleston Fire and Marine Insurance company in the Court of Common Pleas for the Charleston District, South Carolina, for the loss of 28 slaves valued at $ 20,000 due to their emancipation from the
227:
case contributed to the tensions arising between Great
Britain and the United States over the question of slavery during the period after it had been abolished in Britain and her colonies. The United States continued with it as a domestic trade and profitable institution in the South. This was one of
110:
would be manumitted." This interpretation led to
British colonial officials' freeing a total of nearly 450 slaves owned by U.S. nationals from 1830 to 1842, in incidents in which American merchant ships were wrecked in the Bahamas or put into colonial ports for other reasons. The American slave ship
377:, advising shipmasters to avoid bringing black crew to Jamaica, because of their high rate of desertion at the island. He noted that it was difficult to recover deserters because of strong local opposition to slavery, as well as the US and Great Britain lacking any treaty applying to their recovery.
344:
incidents. A claims commission met in London from
September 15, 1853 to January 15, 1855 to settle the amount of total awards covered under this treaty, which extended to a variety of claims dating from December 1814. In February 1855, Congress passed a bill accepting the commission's settlement and
176:
The customs officials told
Captain Smith that the slaves were illegal in Bermuda and subject to forfeiture; they ordered him to bring them ashore. The British summoned a gunboat and Royal Navy forces to put the crew under armed guard. When Smith threatened to leave in defiance, local forces detained
30:
waters on
February 11, 1835 while it carried 78 slaves in addition to other cargo. It became the centre of a minor international incident when the British authorities freed nearly all the slaves. Britain had abolished slavery in its Caribbean colonies effective 1834. At that time it advised "foreign
372:
with papers showing he was a free man named
Nettles. Later he said his name was really Anderson, and he was a slave escaping from a Mr. Robinson. The Consul noted that, if this were true, Anderson would have become free "on touching British soil." The Consul had written to the Collector of the Port
348:
For several years following signing of the
Webster-Ashburton Treaty, the United States had no complaints against Britain related to emancipating slaves from American ships at Caribbean ports. But, even if officials could be instructed to turn a blind eye, the residents of British colonies (many of
208:
A woman named
Ridgely, with her five children, chose to return to the United States. The remaining 72 people chose to stay in Bermuda. That night, on February 18, 1835, the Supreme Court freed them. A journalist present wrote, "It would be difficult to describe the sense of joy and wonderment that
204:
The
Bermuda Supreme Court convened at 9 p.m. on February 18 to interview the slaves. The hearing lasted until midnight in a packed room; a large crowd of locals attended the session. Bermuda's Chief Justice Thomas Butterfield interviewed the slaves individually, and asked whether they wished to
57:
ordering him to deliver the slaves to the Bermuda Supreme Court so they could speak as to their choice of gaining freedom in the colony or returning with the ship to slavery in the United States. The court met from 9 p.m. to midnight on February 18, and the Chief Justice interviewed each slave.
98:
rapidly developed cotton cultivation. With labor demand at a height, in the antebellum years, nearly a million enslaved African Americans were moved to the Deep South in a forced migration, two-thirds through the domestic slave trade. New Orleans had the largest slave market and its port was
73:
freed a total of nearly 450 slaves from United States ships in the domestic trade, after the ships had been wrecked in their waters or entered their ports for other reasons. United States owners kept pressing the government for claims for their losses. In the
848:, 20 July 1855. Note: The newspaper discussed the international ramifications of a slave being taken off an American ship by Jamaican residents and being set free. It called for a lasting solution to be found by "the two governments interested".
193:
from the court compelling the captain, Elliot Smith, to bring the slaves "before the Chief Justice and answer for themselves whether they would proceed with the vessel to her destined port and continue slaves, or remain at Bermuda and be free."
205:
return to the US and slavery, or remain in Bermuda as free persons. During this session, the Court heard that many of the people had been free blacks in Maryland that raiders had kidnapped and sold into slavery.
875:, Jamaica, dated 2 July 1855," warning shipmasters against allowing blacks to crew vessels putting into Jamaica because of frequent problems with desertion. In addition, Harrison refers to a recent incident:
331:
The articles of a February 1853 Treaty of Claims between Great Britain and the United States included the claims of slave-owners who had suffered financially through the British liberation of slaves in the
173:, and they were highly valuable, as they were young, American-born and spoke English. They were listed as mostly between the ages of 7 and 15, and 19 to 25. There were a total of 41 females and 37 males.
293:
were freed by the British colonists. It was the most successful slave revolt in US history. The US was concerned not only about compensation for slaveholders' losses. It feared that the success of the
127:. Britain paid an indemnity to the US in those two cases, but only in 1855 under the Treaty of Claims of 1853. Additional slaves were liberated from American ships during the intervening years.
548:
from British colonial officials (who freed them), the US consul in February 1834 was told by the Lieutenant Governor that "he was acting in regard to the slaves under an opinion of 1818 by
216:, and $ 70 was quickly raised from attendees to help them. Mayor William Cox of Hamilton offered them the use of a vacant storehouse as a place to sleep. Well-wishers and the
170:
297:
slaves would encourage others to attempt such ship revolts to reach freedom in the British West Indies, and threaten the coastwise slave trade and slavery in the South.
201:, an "immense crowd" had gathered to greet them. Many of the crowd had been freed just the year before and were excited to think the American slaves might gain freedom.
180:
90:) and in the Caribbean to intercept illegal vessels and suppress the trade. The United States in its legislation preserved the right to operate ships for its domestic
47:
628:
134:
slavery effective in August 1834 in the British Isles, most of its colonies and their waters. Since the emancipation, Britain had advised "foreign nations that any
728:
197:
Some 78 slaves, many of them women with children, were removed from the ship to prepare for their court hearing. By the time they landed at Barr's Bay Park near
75:
119:
in February 1834. Customs officials seized the cargoes of slaves when brought into Nassau by wreckers, and colonial officials freed them: 164 slaves from the
1307:
793:
86:
Both the United States and Great Britain had banned the international slave trade since 1807, and both operated sailing patrols off Africa (Britain's
1322:
908:
397:(2009), includes a passage featuring teacher Verona Trott, who talks about her ancestor Mahalay Warfield, one of the 72 slaves freed from the
1302:
1297:
992:
262:, he tried to arrange for another ship to take his slave cargo for delivery. British magistrates backed with armed force boarded
138:
found in Bermuda waters would be subject to arrest and seizure. Their cargoes were liable to forfeiture" without compensation.
35:
found in Bermuda waters would be subject to arrest and seizure. Their cargoes were liable to forfeiture" without compensation.
564:
710:
625:
952:
Heritage: Including an Account of Bermudian Builders, Pilots, and Petitioners of the Early Post-Abolition Period 1834-1859
517:
312:, which Britain refused. Southern slaveholders continued to press Congress for compensation for their loss of "property."
755:
570:, New York University (NYU) Press, 2012, p. 103. Horne notes 300; more were freed when all five ships are considered.
537:
1312:
1038:
305:
599:
1219:
985:
695:
250:, carrying 38 slaves from Richmond to New Orleans for sale, went aground on one of the Abacos islands in the
437:
871:, 24 July 1855. Note: It includes "Letter to Collector of port of Norfolk from Consul R. Monroe Harrison,
813:"Acts of Congress/List of Acts and Resolutions Passed at the Second Session of the Thirty-third Congress"
686:
434:
860:
841:
812:
567:
Negro Comrades of the Crown: African Americans and the British Empire Fight the U.S. Before Emancipation
289:
case the year before and knew the British had abolished slavery. Ultimately, 128 of 135 slaves from the
1278:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1229:
1001:
154:
131:
1250:
978:
905:
549:
415:
301:
1129:
1109:
733:
259:
94:
among various markets along the East and Gulf coasts, which became increasingly important as the
220:
aided the new freedmen in finding housing and jobs, and quickly integrating into local society.
651:
368:
and "set at large". According to the US Consul in Jamaica, the man in question had boarded the
799:, Volume 2, New York: Banks Law Publishing Co., 1902, pp. 446-447. Quote: "Claims Convention.
775:
1067:
1047:
677:
247:
91:
23:
970:
1317:
1239:
1198:
1098:
266:, taking the slaves off and freeing them when they reached shore. The Americans protested.
242:
150:
87:
544:
Gales & Seaton, 1837, p. 251-253. Note: In trying to retrieve American slaves off the
8:
1166:
1154:
964:
893:
356:
reported that an American slave had been removed in late June by Jamaicans from the brig
107:
304:(1842) were underway at the time and partially resolved the international tensions. The
1160:
1119:
349:
whom had formerly been enslaved) sometimes took direct action to free American slaves.
232:
and other incidents, local British citizens took action on behalf of American slaves.
1088:
1027:
1017:
872:
514:
374:
198:
162:
27:
1057:
217:
184:
1208:
1079:
912:
632:
282:
69:
was one of several similar incidents from 1830 to 1842: officials in Bermuda and
924:
1145:
361:
320:
316:
255:
26:
in the early 19th century along the Atlantic Coast. Bad weather forced it into
258:
took the ship to port, the captain refused to let the slaves off. With the US
1291:
656:
521:
464:
189:
52:
403:
To celebrate the 175th anniversary of the liberation of the slaves from the
161:
was driven off-course by a hurricane and forced to put in for provisions at
102:
In 1818, the Home Office in London had ruled that "any slave brought to the
274:
425:
slaves' freedom by making an 'ambassador of friendship' visit to Bermuda.
407:
local authorities commissioned sculptor Chesley Trott to create a statue.
386:
The Bermudian Heritage Museum at St. George has an exhibit related to the
1139:
270:
135:
70:
32:
488:
442:
95:
39:
430:
277:
on an American brig. After 19 slaves took control of the crew of the
717:: A-K, Vol. II, L-Z, ed. Junius P. Rodriguez, ABC-CLIO, 1997, p. 340
183:
intervened; he was the Bermudian founder in 1832 of the local black
480:
213:
827:. The bill passed under the operation of the previous question."
365:
308:
had formally demanded the return of the American slaves from the
251:
103:
803:
10 Stat at L., Treaties, p. 110. U.S. Tr. and Con. 1889, p. 445
212:
The Attorney General initiated a subscription on behalf of the
1000:
626:"February 18, 1835: Supreme Court frees 72 Enterprise slaves"
515:"1835. February 11. Slave ship the brigantine Enterprise..."
484:
395:
The Lion and the Mouse: The Story of American and Bermuda
99:
important for the slave trade and related businesses.
273:
gained notoriety as it resulted from a November 1841
149:
In February 1835, seven days out on a voyage between
878:"...It is only a few days since that the brigantine
842:"Liberation of the American Slave at Savanna la Mar"
552:
and Lord Gifford to the British Secretary of State."
454:
801:
Concluded February 8, 1853, proclaimed August 1853.
756:"Letter from Lord Ashburton to Daniel Webster," in
22:was a United States merchant vessel active in the
345:appropriating funds for the US payment required.
326:
115:was wrecked in 1830 off Abaco Island, as was the
58:Seventy-two of the seventy-eight slaves from the
1289:
965:Bermudian Heritage Museum at St. George, Bermuda
894:Bermudian Heritage Museum at St. George, Bermuda
652:"Another Seizure of American Slaves in Bermuda"
595:
593:
591:
589:
421:helped celebrate the 175th anniversary of the
38:Bermuda customs officers called a gunboat and
986:
954:, Bermuda: The Berkeley Education Ltd., 1979.
837:
835:
833:
315:In correspondence with US Secretary of State
947:, Bermuda Islands: Panatel VDS Limited, 2004
796:The Treaty Making Power of the United States
715:The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery
639:, Bermuda Biographies, accessed 3 April 2013
187:(a mutual aid group). He obtained a writ of
727:Williams, Michael Paul (11 February 2002).
586:
62:chose to stay in Bermuda and gain freedom.
993:
979:
830:
706:
704:
560:
558:
1308:Pre-emancipation African-American history
1002:Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1835
896:, Official website, accessed 5 April 2013
856:
854:
673:
671:
669:
538:Appendix: "Brigs Encomium and Enterprise"
510:
508:
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
496:
1323:Maritime incidents involving slave ships
726:
720:
440:upholding the rights of Africans on the
141:
50:served the white captain with a writ of
701:
678:"Seizure of American Slaves in Bermuda"
647:
645:
555:
1290:
851:
787:
666:
621:
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
493:
285:; one of the leaders had heard of the
974:
915:, Bermuda Biographies, February 2010
642:
479:Variously described in sources as a
433:launched in 2000 to commemorate the
235:
1303:Maritime incidents in February 1835
608:
300:The US-British negotiations on the
13:
937:
14:
1334:
958:
1298:International maritime incidents
1273:
1268:
542:Register of Debates in Congress,
457:
393:Lucinda Spurling's documentary,
281:they ordered the ship sailed to
918:
899:
887:
806:
769:
749:
306:Martin Van Buren administration
65:The freeing of the slaves from
46:ship, and a Bermudian ex-slave
861:"The Jamaica Negro Difficulty"
660:, 20 Mar 1835, reprinted from
573:
531:
473:
411:was unveiled in February 2010.
390:and the freeing of its slaves.
327:Claims treaty and compensation
1:
696:American Colonization Society
450:
81:
682:New York Journal of Commerce
662:New York Journal of Commerce
7:
761:, vol. VI, p. 316. Quote:
758:The Works of Daniel Webster
602:Negro Comrades of the Crown
581:Negro Comrades of the Crown
10:
1339:
185:Young Men's Friendly Lodge
155:Charleston, South Carolina
1263:
1179:
1008:
950:Dr. Kenneth E. Robinson,
380:
927:Freedom Schooner Amistad
690:(Bermuda), collected in
550:Sir Christopher Robinson
528:, Bermuda History Online
302:Webster-Ashburton Treaty
1313:19th century in Bermuda
734:Richmond Times-Dispatch
319:, the British diplomat
246:, a US schooner in the
945:Bermuda—Five Centuries
884:
794:Charles Henry Butler,
766:
692:The African Repository
414:In February 2010, the
876:
777:Niles Weekly Register
762:
711:"Hermosa Case (1840)"
637:This Month in History
631:May 23, 2013, at the
352:On 20 July 1855, the
248:coastwise slave trade
92:coastwise slave trade
76:1853 Treaty of Claims
42:forces to detain the
24:coastwise slave trade
729:"Brig Creole slaves"
157:, the American brig
151:Alexandria, Virginia
88:West Africa Squadron
865:Norfolk (Va.) Argus
446:to free themselves.
108:British West Indies
967:, Official website
911:2010-03-30 at the
435:U.S. Supreme Court
1285:
1284:
1221:Manchester Packet
1200:Queen of the Isle
863:, reprinted from
687:The Royal Gazette
684:, reprinted from
526:History 1800-1899
520:July 3, 2013, at
416:Freedom Schooner
375:Norfolk, Virginia
236:Related incidents
163:Hamilton, Bermuda
106:from outside the
31:nations that any
28:Hamilton, Bermuda
1330:
1277:
1272:
1256:
1245:
1234:
1224:
1214:
1203:
1193:
1172:
1149:
1134:
1124:
1114:
1111:Hannah Elizabeth
1104:
1093:
1083:
1073:
1062:
1052:
1042:
1032:
1022:
995:
988:
981:
972:
971:
943:Rosemary Jones,
931:
922:
916:
903:
897:
891:
885:
858:
849:
839:
828:
810:
804:
791:
785:
773:
767:
753:
747:
746:
744:
742:
724:
718:
708:
699:
675:
664:
649:
640:
623:
606:
597:
584:
577:
571:
562:
553:
535:
529:
512:
491:
477:
467:
462:
461:
460:
218:Friendly Society
123:and 45 from the
1338:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1259:
1248:
1237:
1227:
1217:
1206:
1196:
1186:
1180:Other incidents
1175:
1152:
1137:
1127:
1117:
1107:
1096:
1086:
1076:
1065:
1055:
1045:
1035:
1025:
1015:
1004:
999:
961:
940:
938:Further reading
935:
934:
923:
919:
913:Wayback Machine
906:"Chesley Trott"
904:
900:
892:
888:
859:
852:
840:
831:
811:
807:
792:
788:
774:
770:
754:
750:
740:
738:
725:
721:
709:
702:
676:
667:
650:
643:
633:Wayback Machine
624:
609:
598:
587:
578:
574:
563:
556:
536:
532:
513:
494:
478:
474:
463:
458:
456:
453:
429:is an American
383:
329:
283:Nassau, Bahamas
238:
177:the Americans.
147:
84:
12:
11:
5:
1336:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1283:
1282:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1246:
1235:
1225:
1215:
1204:
1194:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1153:Unknown date:
1150:
1135:
1125:
1115:
1105:
1094:
1084:
1074:
1063:
1053:
1043:
1033:
1023:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1005:
998:
997:
990:
983:
975:
969:
968:
960:
959:External links
957:
956:
955:
948:
939:
936:
933:
932:
917:
898:
886:
869:New York Times
850:
846:New York Times
829:
817:New York Times
805:
786:
768:
748:
737:. Richmond, VA
719:
700:
665:
641:
607:
600:Horne (2012),
585:
579:Horne (2012),
572:
565:Gerald Horne,
554:
530:
492:
471:
470:
469:
468:
452:
449:
448:
447:
412:
401:
391:
382:
379:
362:Savanna-la-Mar
354:New York Times
328:
325:
321:Lord Ashburton
317:Daniel Webster
237:
234:
181:Richard Tucker
169:were owned by
146:
140:
130:Great Britain
83:
80:
48:Richard Tucker
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1335:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
991:
989:
984:
982:
977:
976:
973:
966:
963:
962:
953:
949:
946:
942:
941:
929:
928:
921:
914:
910:
907:
902:
895:
890:
883:
881:
880:Young America
874:
870:
866:
862:
857:
855:
847:
843:
838:
836:
834:
826:
822:
818:
814:
809:
802:
798:
797:
790:
783:
779:
778:
772:
765:
760:
759:
752:
736:
735:
730:
723:
716:
712:
707:
705:
698:, 1835, p. 89
697:
694:, volume 11,
693:
689:
688:
683:
679:
674:
672:
670:
663:
659:
658:
657:Salem Gazette
653:
648:
646:
638:
634:
630:
627:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
605:, pp. 107-108
604:
603:
596:
594:
592:
590:
582:
576:
569:
568:
561:
559:
551:
547:
543:
539:
534:
527:
523:
522:archive.today
519:
516:
511:
509:
507:
505:
503:
501:
499:
497:
490:
486:
482:
476:
472:
466:
465:Mexico portal
455:
445:
444:
439:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
419:
413:
410:
406:
402:
400:
396:
392:
389:
385:
384:
378:
376:
371:
370:Young America
367:
363:
359:
358:Young America
355:
350:
346:
343:
339:
335:
324:
322:
318:
313:
311:
307:
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
244:
233:
231:
226:
221:
219:
215:
210:
206:
202:
200:
195:
192:
191:
190:habeas corpus
186:
182:
178:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
144:
139:
137:
133:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
109:
105:
100:
97:
93:
89:
79:
77:
72:
68:
63:
61:
56:
54:
53:habeas corpus
49:
45:
41:
36:
34:
29:
25:
21:
20:
1252:
1241:
1230:
1220:
1210:
1199:
1189:
1188:
1168:
1161:
1155:
1140:
1130:
1120:
1110:
1100:
1089:
1078:
1069:
1058:
1048:
1037:
1028:
1018:
951:
944:
926:
920:
901:
889:
879:
877:
868:
864:
845:
824:
820:
816:
808:
800:
795:
789:
781:
776:
771:
763:
757:
751:
739:. Retrieved
732:
722:
714:
691:
685:
681:
661:
655:
636:
601:
580:
575:
566:
545:
541:
533:
525:
475:
441:
426:
422:
417:
408:
404:
398:
394:
387:
369:
357:
353:
351:
347:
341:
337:
333:
330:
314:
309:
299:
294:
290:
286:
278:
275:slave revolt
268:
263:
241:
239:
229:
224:
222:
211:
209:prevailed."
207:
203:
196:
188:
179:
175:
166:
158:
148:
142:
129:
124:
120:
116:
112:
101:
85:
66:
64:
59:
51:
43:
37:
18:
17:
15:
1318:Slave ships
1131:Duckenfield
784:in Bermuda.
741:February 2,
405:Enterprise,
399:Enterprise.
271:Creole Case
171:Joseph Neal
71:the Bahamas
1292:Categories
1231:San Felipe
1190:Enterprise
1070:Challenger
1039:Oracabessa
1029:George III
1009:Shipwrecks
930:, Facebook
925:"Events",
821:Enterprise
782:Enterprise
489:brigantine
451:References
423:Enterprise
388:Enterprise
334:Enterprise
230:Enterprise
225:Enterprise
167:Enterprise
159:Enterprise
145:in Bermuda
143:Enterprise
96:Deep South
82:Background
67:Enterprise
60:Enterprise
44:Enterprise
40:Royal Navy
19:Enterprise
1251:HMS
1242:Cleopatra
1240:HMS
1146:shipwreck
1101:Cleopatra
1099:HMS
1080:Montezuma
1068:HMS
1049:Cambridge
431:tall ship
409:We Arrive
240:In 1840,
132:abolished
1249:27 Nov:
1238:26 Oct:
1218:27 Aug:
1207:14 Jun:
1197:25 Mar:
1187:11 Feb:
1169:Research
1156:Coquette
1138:10 Dec:
1118:30 Nov:
1108:19 Nov:
1097:19 Sep:
1087:29 Jun:
1077:14 Jun:
1066:19 May:
1056:13 May:
1046:22 Apr:
1036:17 Mar:
1026:12 Mar:
1016:30 Jan:
909:Archived
873:Kingston
629:Archived
583:, p. 137
546:Encomium
518:Archived
481:schooner
438:decision
338:Hermosa,
254:. After
214:freedmen
199:Hamilton
125:Encomium
117:Encomium
1228:1 Sep:
1128:1 Dec:
443:Amistad
427:Amistad
418:Amistad
366:Jamaica
287:Hermosa
279:Creole,
264:Hermosa
256:salvors
252:Bahamas
243:Hermosa
136:slavers
104:Bahamas
33:slavers
1211:Ingham
1162:Latona
1121:Cadmus
1090:Adonis
825:Creole
381:Legacy
342:Creole
310:Creole
295:Creole
291:Creole
260:consul
1209:USRC
1019:Sylph
867:, in
121:Comet
113:Comet
1279:1836
1266:1834
1253:Star
1167:HCS
1141:Hive
1059:Neva
823:and
743:2010
485:brig
340:and
269:The
223:The
153:and
16:The
487:or
373:of
360:at
1294::
1165:,
1159:,
853:^
844:,
832:^
815:,
731:.
713:,
703:^
680:,
668:^
654:,
644:^
635:,
610:^
588:^
557:^
540:,
524:,
495:^
483:,
364:,
336:,
1148:)
1144:(
994:e
987:t
980:v
745:.
55:,
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.