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342:(1904–1984); and a panel of scientists from industry and academia. The committee's goal was to consider ways of improving the Department of Commerce's environmental science efforts by improving management efficiency and making the provision of environmental science services to the public more effective. The committee's work resulted in its recommendation that the Department of Commerce consolidate various scientific efforts scattered within and between the Weather Bureau, Coast and Geodetic Survey, and National Bureau of Standards by establishing a new parent agency – the Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA) – which would coordinate the activities of the Weather Bureau and Coast and Geodetic Survey and bring at least some of their efforts, along with some of the work done in the National Bureau of Standards, together into new organizations that focused scientific and engineering mission support for shared areas of inquiry.
39:
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1298:. The Commission determined that "because of the importance of the seas to this Nation and the world, our Federal organization of marine affairs must be put in order," and that fulfilling the U.S. ocean policy declared in the 1966 act and making "full and wise use of the marine environment" required the study of both the ocean and the atmosphere and their interactions with one another. Accordingly, it recommended the creation of an independent "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency" to administer the principal civil marine and atmospheric programs of the United States, and that the new agency be composed of the
426:, with the ESSA Administrator as its senior executive. It consisted of five principal service and research elements, each of which reported directly to the ESSA Administrator: the Institutes for Environmental Research, reorganized in 1967 as the ESSA Research Laboratories; the Environmental Data Service; the United States Weather Bureau; the National Environmental Satellite Center; and the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. Various other headquarters staff elements also reported directly to the Administrator, including the U.S. ESSA Commissioned Officer Corps (or "ESSA Corps").
1049:
918:
1061:
1115:, known informally as the "ESSA Corps," whose director reported directly to the ESSA Administrator. Like the Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps before it, the ESSA Corps was responsible for providing commissioned officers to operate the Coast and Geodetic Survey's ships, fly aircraft, support peacetime defense requirements and purely civilian scientific projects, and provide a ready source of technically skilled officers which could be incorporated into the
1357:(1908–1998) proposed instead that the new Administration become part of the Department of Commerce, where ESSA already was in place. Nixon decided to side with Stans, as well as to incorporate some of the Stratton Commission's and Advisory Council's recommendations, and in early July 1970 submitted Department of Commerce Reorganization Plan No. 4. It proposed the creation in 90 days within the Department of Commerce of the new
1036:
208:
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1361:(NOAA), consisting of ESSA; the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and the marine sport fishing program of the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife; the Office of Sea Grant Programs from the National Science Foundation; the mapping, charting, and research functions of the U.S. Army's U.S. Lake Survey; the U.S. Navy's National Oceanographic Data Center; the
1185:, modified by the addition of a blue circle to the center of the red triangle, within which was a stylized, diamond-shaped map of the world. Because the Coast and Geodetic Survey retained its identity after it was placed under ESSA in 1965, ships of the Survey's fleet continued to fly the Coast and Geodetic Survey flag as a
989:
TIROS paved the way for the more advanced weather satellites of the TIROS Operational System (TOS). The ESSA National
Environmental Satellite Center worked jointly with NASA to deploy the new TOS satellites, which constituted an operational experiment with early imaging and weather broadcast systems.
27:
1380:
Accordingly, on 3 October 1970, ESSA was abolished as part of
Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1970, and it was replaced by NOAA. Under NOAA, the National Weather Service continued to operate as such, while the Coast and Geodetic Survey was disestablished and its functions were divided under various new
1451:
ESSA's work in designing weather satellites and managing their missions was a major step forward both technologically and in terms of weather monitoring and prediction. It prompted further development of weather satellites in the exploration of their use, playing a major role in the development of
1349:
was one that proposed the replacement of the U.S. Department of the
Interior with a new U.S. Department of Natural Resources, and that this new department include a "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration" which combined ESSA with some elements of the Department of the Interior; the Nixon
1435:
holistically, ESSA pioneered the revolutionary organizational concept of uniting scientific and engineering activities that had been scattered among its subordinate agencies so as to establish unified mission support to meet environmental science and technology objectives. ESSA's successor, NOAA,
1262:
The act created a
Commission on Marine Science, Engineering, and Resources – which came to be known informally as the "Stratton Commission" – and gave it the responsibility to review ongoing and planned U.S. Government marine science activities and recommend a national oceanographic program and a
1145:
to serve as ESSA's first deputy administrator. At the time the highest-ranking officer in the combined history of the Coast and
Geodetic Survey Corps and ESSA Corps, Vice Admiral Karo served as Deputy Administrator of ESSA from 1965 to 1967. He was the only officer in the combined history of the
404:
that had been part of the
National Bureau of Standards, together under a single parent scientific agency for the first time. Although the Weather Bureau and Coast and Geodetic Survey retained their independent identities under ESSA, the offices of Director of the Weather Bureau and Director and
1306:; ESSA and its subordinates, the National Weather Service and U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, from the U.S. Department of Commerce; the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and the functions of the Bureau of Sport Fisheres and Wildlife dealing with marine and migratory fishes from the
1350:
administration considered placing the new
Administration within the Department of the Interior as an interim measure pending the creation of a new Department of Natural Resources. Noting that two-thirds of the new Administration would be made up of ESSA personnel and funding,
2019:
1648:"meteohistory.org "The Making of NOAA, 1963–2005: AN Evening With Robert M. White", transcription of presentation by Robert M. White at Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, Washington, D.C., December 1, 2005, p. 59"
1613:"meteohistory.org "The Making of NOAA, 1963–2005: AN Evening With Robert M. White", transcription of presentation by Robert M. White at Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, Washington, D.C., December 1, 2005, p. 58"
982:(TIROS) Program. These satellites, launched between 1960 and 1965 and known as TIROS 1 through 10, were the first generation of American weather satellites. These early satellites carried low-resolution television and
2012:
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2005:
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governments, industry, academia, and other institutions with programs or interest in marine science and technology; it also included four U.S. Congressional advisors, including former U.S. Senator
400:
ESSA was established on 13 July 1965 under the
Department of Commerce's Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1965. Its creation brought the Weather Bureau and the Coast and Geodetic Survey, as well as the
283:. This allowed the U.S. Government for the first time to take a comprehensive approach to studying the oceans and the atmosphere, also bringing together various technologies – ships, aircraft,
471:
401:
219:
1362:
1024:, geodetic work in the interior of the United States and at sea, and other scientific work, such as in seismology. The Coast and Geodetic Survey also continued to operate its fleet of
1020:, whose history dated to 1807, was subordinated to ESSA. While under ESSA, it retained its distinct identity and continued to carry out its responsibilities for coastal and oceanic
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360:
The new
Administration will then provide a single national focus for our efforts to describe, understand, and predict the state of the oceans, the state of the lower and upper
1341:
Soon after the
Commission published the report, the U.S. Congress began to deliberate action on it, as did the Advisory Council on Executive Organization created by President
902:
1415:, known informally as the "NOAA Corps." Like its predecessors, the Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps and ESSA Corps, the NOAA Corps became one of the then-seven (now eight)
1374:
395:
would enable scientists to investigate the physical environment as a "scientific whole" rather than a "collection of separate and distinct fields of scientific interest."
986:. Designed mainly to test the feasibility of weather satellites, TIROS proved to be extremely successful. Four were still operating when ESSA was established in 1965.
2207:
693:
and the development of a theoretical basis for the behavior and properties of the atmosphere and the oceans through mathematical modeling and computer simulation,.
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in Miami, Florida, which outfitted and operated aircraft specially instrumented for research and made aerial environmental measurements for ESSA and other groups.
2441:
2420:
2366:
2471:
2461:
1134:(1923–2015) served as the Administrator of ESSA throughout its existence. On the day ESSA and the ESSA Corps were created, Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps
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on 3 February 1966. The last of these satellites was decommissioned in 1977, but ESSA's work with NASA laid the foundation for the deployment of the first
562:
2491:
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1918:
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521:
To more precisely reflect the scope and mission of the individual elements of the Institutes for Environmental Research, ESSA reorganized them into the
665:, which studied the diffusion, transport, and dissipation of atmospheric contaminants and the development of methods for the prediction and control of
300:
1707:
865:
Under ESSA, the National Data Center was renamed the Environmental Data Service (EDS). In 1966, ESSA transferred the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey's
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Deputy Director of the Coast and Geodetic Survey were abolished. These offices were replaced by a new Administrator and Deputy Administrator of ESSA.
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1771:
docs.lib.noaa.gov ESSA TECHNICAL REPORT ERL 175-ITS 112: On the Role of Vertical Neutral-Gas Motions in Producing Ion Convergence at E-Region Heights
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Nine of ESSA's TOS satellites were launched between 1966 and 1969, each named "ESSA" followed by a number from 1 to 9, beginning with the launch of
760:
at Boulder, Colorado, which conducted theoretical, laboratory, rocket, and satellite studies of the physical and chemical processes controlling the
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The first U.S. Government organization with the word "environment" in its title, ESSA was the first such organization chartered to study the global
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In June 1966, the U.S. Congress passed the Marine Resources and Engineering Development Act, which declared that it was U.S. Government policy to:
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disturbances and the development and use of techniques for continuous monitoring and early detection and reporting of important space disturbances.
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1161:(1908–1991), who served in this capacity from 1965 to 1968. He was succeeded by the second and last Director of the ESSA Corps, Rear Admiral
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1983:
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Historic technical reports from the Environmental Science Services Administration (and other Federal agencies) are available in the
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reorganization of the U.S. Government to carry out the program. President Lyndon Johnson appointed 15 members to the commission;
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1819:"RADM Michael S. Devany, NOAA Director, NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps Director, NOAA Office of Marine and Aviation Operations"
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1252:(NOAA) on 3 October 1970. NOAA′s flag bore similarities to ESSA′s flag and, like the ESSA flag, was based on the design of the
1107:, a component of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey with a history dating back to 1917, were transferred to the control of the
877:, where they merged with the U.S. Weather Bureau's National Weather Records Center to create ESSA's Environmental Data Center.
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for the benefit of mankind, to assist in protection of health and property, enhancement of commerce, transportation, and
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in Boulder, Colorado, which served as the central U.S. Government agency for research and services in the propagation of
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1969:
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648:, and conducted laboratory and field experiments examining ways of developing feasible methods of weather modification
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became subordinate to ESSA. It retained its identity as the U.S. Weather Bureau while under ESSA. It was renamed the
711:
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phenomena with a goal of improving methods of forecasting, detecting, and providing advance warnings of such storms.
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To tackle scientific and technological problems related to understanding the global environment, ESSA created the
2121:
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1377:, although it did not follow the Stratton Commission's recommendation to include the U.S. Coast Guard in NOAA.
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1294:. The commission began its work in early 1967, and on 9 January 1969 it issued its final report, entitled
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worked jointly with NASA to develop weather satellite capabilities. It managed the first operational U.S.
2065:
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In the 1970 reorganization that created NOAA, the ESSA Corps was resubordinated to NOAA, becoming the
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2096:
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1201:...develop, encourage, and maintain a coordinated, comprehensive, and long-range national program in
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joined the hydrographic survey ships of the former Coast and Geodetic Survey fleet to form the new
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responded to an increasing national need for adequate warnings of severe natural hazards (e.g.,
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512:, mostly staffed by personnel from the U.S. Weather Bureau's Office of Meteorological Research.
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1970:
eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov Historical Missions: Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA)
1946:
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The Director of the Weather Bureau, Dr. Robert M. White, explained that the creation of ESSA:
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1282:, ESSA Administrator Robert M. White, and other representatives of U.S. Government agencies,
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1824:. US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from
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history.noaa.gov NOAA -- AT ITS CREATION: The Environmental Science Services Administration
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NOAA offices, all of which fell under NOAA's new National Ocean Survey (later renamed the
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operations of the United States. It operated until 1970, when it was replaced by the new
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1907:
Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1970, reprinted with amendments in 5 U.S.C. app. at 1557–61
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continued and broadened the application of this organizational concept by adding marine
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subordinated to ESSA. ESSA served as the prototype not only for NOAA but also for the
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In May 1964, the U.S. Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Science and Technology, Dr.
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LBJ′s Neglected Legacy: How Lyndon Johnson Reshaped Domestic Policy & Government
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The flag of the Environmental Science Services Administration was in essence the
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Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps, ESSA Corps, and the ESSA Corps′ successor, the
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history.noaa.gov NOAA's Heritage: Environmental Science Services Administration
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to its portfolio of holistic study of the oceans and atmosphere alongside the
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of the geophysical environment, with a special emphasis on the propagation of
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1708:"Anonymous, "Pattern Set For Titles and Names of Organizational Components,"
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programs in 1958, and ESSA inherited these upon its creation in 1965. ESSA's
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1141:(1903–1986) simultaneously became an ESSA Corps officer and was promoted to
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at Boulder, Colorado, which studied the nature, behavior, and mechanisms of
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NOAA Photo Library: Image ID: pers0027, NOAA's People Collection (caption)
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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps
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in 1969. Among the Advisory Council's proposals for reorganization of the
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as whole, bringing together the study of the oceans with that of both the
1279:
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1947:
Wilson, Robert H., Norman J. Glickman, and Laurence E. Lynn, Jr., eds.,
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Office of the Assistant Secretary for Insular and International Affairs
1419:, and carries out responsibilities similar to those of the ESSA Corps.
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United States Environmental Science Services Commissioned Officer Corps
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dated 13 May 1965 in which he formally proposed the creation of ESSA,
214:, ca. 1971. He was the Administrator of ESSA throughout its existence.
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26:
1782:
nixonfoundation.org President Nixon On Establishing the EPA and NOAA
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1992:
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1448:, which was established two months after NOAA, on 2 December 1970.
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responded to technological advances in capabilities to observe the
144:
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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Corps
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in February 1969. It operated from February 1969 to November 1972.
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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generation, propagation, modification, detection, and monitoring
613:, which studied oceanography, the geology and geophysics of the
430:
Institutes for Environmental Research/ESSA Research Laboratories
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1150:(NOAA Corps), to reach that rank until NOAA Corps Rear Admiral
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at Boulder, Colorado, which sought to develop new methods for
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Basin and its margins; oceanic processes and dynamics; and
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1082:(1968–1970) were the only two Directors of the ESSA Corps.
1005:
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944:
fleet during the years the Survey was subordinate to ESSA.
829:
properties of the Earth and its atmosphere, the nature of
1951:, Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 2015, p. 357.
1213:, and increased utilization of these and other resources.
525:
in 1967. The ESSA Research Laboratories were made up of:
516:
1592:
1590:
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2421:
White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy
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Office of Surface Mining, Reclamation, and Enforcement
1157:
The first Director of the ESSA Corps was Rear Admiral
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1275:, Dean of the Graduate School of Oceanography at the
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The seal of the U.S. ESSA Commissioned Officer Corps.
488:, made up of staff from the Research Division of the
1805:"Vice Adm. Devany named NOAA Deputy Under Secretary"
1585:
2319:
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
1183:
flag of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey
392:
and communicate and process environmental data; and
244:created in 1965 as part of a reorganization of the
228:
was Deputy Administrator of ESSA from 1965 to 1967.
1993:Technical Report Archive and Image Library (TRAIL)
1986:Our Nation and the Sea: A Plan For National Action
1736:
1427:The first U.S. Government organization to address
1296:Our Nation and the Sea: A Plan For National Action
1089:U.S. ESSA Commissioned Officer Corps (ESSA Corps)
502:, made up of Coast and Geodetic Survey personnel.
435:Institutes for Environmental Research (1965–1967)
311:. Committee members included the Director of the
2433:
2309:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
2195:Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
1902:
1900:
1347:executive branch of the United States Government
1248:ESSA was abolished upon the creation of the new
1154:was promoted to vice admiral on 2 January 2014.
841:, and methods for the more effective use of the
303:, established a special committee to review the
2150:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
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1846:
1462:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1359:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1250:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
880:
706:scientifically in order to improve predictions.
549:processes; the internal structure and accurate
307:service activities and responsibilities of the
266:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
118:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1865:history.noaa.gov A History of NOAA: Background
1679:
1677:
1675:
1271:chaired it, and its members included attorney
2442:Environmental Science Services Administration
2406:Environmental Science Services Administration
2059:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
2013:
1897:
1446:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1385:). The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries of the
1371:National Oceanographic Instrumentation Center
1105:United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps
961:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
860:
332:United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps
234:Environmental Science Services Administration
20:Environmental Science Services Administration
2472:Meteorological instrumentation and equipment
2208:National Laboratories and Technology Centers
1843:
686:, which studied the dynamics and physics of
626:Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry Laboratory
408:
294:
2462:1970 disestablishments in the United States
2385:U.S. Special Presidential Envoy for Climate
1672:
1165:(1912–2000), who served from 1968 to 1970.
776:of the Earth and equivalent regions of the
590:, oceanic processes, sea-air interactions,
248:. Its mission was to unify and oversee the
2492:Government agencies disestablished in 1970
2380:Clean Energy Innovation and Implementation
2314:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2231:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
2020:
2006:
1304:United States Department of Transportation
1189:while the Survey was subordinate to ESSA.
478:Group of the National Bureau of Standards.
2342:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
1642:
1640:
1607:
1605:
1472:Television Infrared Observation Satellite
1373:; and the Department of Transportation's
980:Television Infrared Observation Satellite
955:Television Infrared Observation Satellite
2457:1965 establishments in the United States
2452:Agencies of the United States government
1387:United States Department of the Interior
1308:United States Department of the Interior
1193:Disestablishment and replacement by NOAA
1167:
1034:
916:
901:
819:Institute for Telecommunications Science
628:at Boulder, Colorado, which studied the
217:
206:
16:Former U.S. government scientific agency
2487:Meteorology research and field projects
2447:Government agencies established in 1965
2416:United States Coast and Geodetic Survey
2357:Combat Capabilities Development Command
2117:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
1574:United States Coast and Geodetic Survey
1417:uniformed services of the United States
1391:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
1312:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
1121:uniformed services of the United States
1018:United States Coast and Geodetic Survey
1012:United States Coast and Geodetic Survey
1006:United States Coast and Geodetic Survey
969:National Environmental Satellite Center
949:National Environmental Satellite Center
942:United States Coast and Geodetic Survey
940:– was among ships in commission in the
490:United States Coast and Geodetic Survey
466:, made up mostly of personnel from the
321:United States Coast and Geodetic Survey
195:United States Coast and Geodetic Survey
84:United States Coast and Geodetic Survey
2434:
2251:Natural Resources Conservation Service
1637:
1602:
1365:from the Department of the Interior's
699:National Hurricane Research Laboratory
640:, and the chemical composition of and
553:; and the distribution of the Earth's
517:ESSA Research Laboratories (1967–1970)
364:, and the size and shape of the earth.
356:described ESSA's mission in this way:
242:United States Federal executive agency
2001:
1000:Synchronous Meteorological Satellites
675:Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
441:Institutes for Environmental Research
2467:United States Department of Commerce
1911:
1336:United States Department of the Navy
1328:United States Department of the Army
1126:
533:at Boulder, Colorado, which studied
472:Central Radio Propagation Laboratory
402:Central Radio Propagation Laboratory
309:United States Department of Commerce
246:United States Department of Commerce
185:U.S. ESSA Commissioned Officer Corps
1352:United States Secretary of Commerce
1119:in time of war, and was one of the
1109:United States Secretary of Commerce
1016:Under the 1965 reorganization, the
891:Under the 1965 reorganization, the
13:
2284:Science and Technology Directorate
2199:Office of Environmental Management
1921:Coast and Geodetic Survey Heritage
1332:National Oceanographic Data Center
702:at Miami, Florida, which examined
14:
2503:
2367:Executive Office of the President
2255:National Water and Climate Center
2102:Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
2029:United States government agencies
1977:
1886:Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1970
1793:earth.nasa.gov NASA Earth Science
1597:Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1965
1393:was transferred to NOAA, and its
1363:Marine Minerals Technology Center
712:National Severe Storms Laboratory
563:Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratory
319:(1923–2015); the Director of the
2390:Council on Environmental Quality
2170:Oceanic and Atmospheric Research
1867:
1254:Coast and Geodetic Survey′s flag
1235:
1221:
1099:In the 1965 reorganization, the
1059:
1047:
603:Pacific Oceanographic Laboratory
131:United States federal government
37:
25:
2276:Department of Homeland Security
2122:United States Geological Survey
2045:Environmental Protection Agency
1963:
1940:
1879:
1811:
1797:
1786:
1095:NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps
837:, information transmission and
413:
2052:Global Change Research Program
1775:
1764:
1700:
1688:
545:, and related earth sciences;
1:
2411:United States Fish Commission
2337:Air Force Research Laboratory
2226:Agricultural Research Service
1712:, October 12, 1965, pp. 3, 5"
1579:
1367:United States Bureau of Mines
744:Space Disturbances Laboratory
2347:Joint Typhoon Warning Center
2246:Foreign Agricultural Service
893:United States Weather Bureau
881:United States Weather Bureau
835:electromagnetic interference
468:National Bureau of Standards
451:. The four institutes were:
336:National Bureau of Standards
313:United States Weather Bureau
190:United States Weather Bureau
79:United States Weather Bureau
7:
2066:National Science Foundation
1455:
1452:modern weather satellites.
1320:National Science Foundation
1032:while subordinate to ESSA.
172:U.S. Department of Commerce
160:, Administrator (1965–1970)
10:
2508:
2241:Food and Nutrition Service
2084:Department of the Interior
1375:National Data Buoy Project
1316:National Sea Grant Program
1277:University of Rhode Island
1117:United States armed forces
1092:
1009:
952:
884:
861:Environmental Data Service
578:, with an emphasis on the
523:ESSA Research Laboratories
418:ESSA was headquartered in
2398:
2365:
2327:
2297:
2289:United States Coast Guard
2274:
2218:Department of Agriculture
2216:
2185:
2140:
2097:Bureau of Land Management
2082:
2039:
1422:
1324:United States Lake Survey
1300:United States Coast Guard
735:, and other severe local
531:Earth Sciences Laboratory
409:Components and activities
295:Establishment and mission
177:
167:
150:
136:
126:
110:
92:
71:
53:
48:
36:
24:
2352:Office of Naval Research
2160:Marine Fisheries Service
2092:Bureau of Indian Affairs
1467:National Weather Service
1209:, rehabilitation of our
998:weather satellites, the
897:National Weather Service
887:National Weather Service
854:Research Flight Facility
654:Air Resources Laboratory
2261:Rural Utilities Service
2073:Smithsonian Institution
1176:
96:on October 3, 1970
2142:Department of Commerce
1383:National Ocean Service
1215:
1173:
1040:
945:
914:
398:
366:
347:United States Congress
334:; the Director of the
229:
215:
98:; 53 years ago
59:; 59 years ago
2477:Satellite meteorology
2375:Climate Policy Office
2329:Department of Defense
2299:Department of Health
2112:National Park Service
2107:Bureau of Reclamation
2033:environmental science
1984:NOAA Central Library
1429:environmental science
1199:
1171:
1101:commissioned officers
1038:
978:system, known as the
920:
905:
800:electromagnetic waves
370:
358:
305:environmental science
221:
210:
57:on July 13, 1965
2187:Department of Energy
1831:on February 15, 2013
1211:commercial fisheries
1022:hydrographic surveys
596:weather modification
509:Atmospheric Sciences
390:physical environment
345:In a message to the
2236:Farm Service Agency
1159:James C. Tison, Jr.
1111:. This created the
1076:James C. Tison, Jr.
551:figure of the Earth
330:(1903–1986) of the
273:natural environment
21:
2301:and Human Services
1891:2016-03-04 at the
1369:; the U.S. Navy's
1322:; elements of the
1288:Warren G. Magnuson
1269:Julius A. Stratton
1174:
1041:
1002:of 1974 and 1975.
946:
936:operations in the
915:
847:telecommunications
644:substances in the
459:Telecommunications
230:
216:
111:Superseding agency
72:Preceding agencies
19:
2429:
2428:
2203:Office of Science
1959:978-1-4773-0054-1
1395:fisheries science
1207:national security
1152:Michael S. Devany
1139:Henry Arnold Karo
1127:Senior leadership
976:weather satellite
965:weather satellite
911:weather satellite
780:of other planets.
704:tropical cyclones
574:, which studied
328:Henry Arnold Karo
205:
204:
2499:
2022:
2015:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1925:. Archived from
1915:
1909:
1904:
1895:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1862:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
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1815:
1809:
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1784:
1779:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1757:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1723:
1717:. Archived from
1716:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1681:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1660:on July 14, 2014
1659:
1653:. Archived from
1652:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1625:on July 14, 2014
1624:
1618:. Archived from
1617:
1609:
1600:
1594:
1239:
1225:
1187:distinctive mark
1078:(1965–1968) and
1063:
1051:
984:infrared cameras
869:Data Centers to
786:Wave Propagation
723:, which studied
646:lower atmosphere
301:Herbert Holloman
277:lower atmosphere
151:Agency executive
106:
104:
99:
67:
65:
60:
41:
29:
22:
18:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2394:
2361:
2323:
2300:
2293:
2270:
2212:
2181:
2175:Weather Service
2155:Geodetic Survey
2136:
2078:
2035:
2026:
1980:
1975:
1968:
1964:
1945:
1941:
1932:
1930:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1893:Wayback Machine
1884:
1880:
1868:
1863:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1595:
1586:
1582:
1458:
1425:
1265:Ford Foundation
1260:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1195:
1179:
1132:Robert M. White
1129:
1097:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1014:
1008:
957:
951:
899:(NWS) in 1970.
889:
883:
863:
519:
437:
432:
416:
411:
317:Robert M. White
297:
212:Robert M. White
201:
163:
158:Robert M. White
122:
102:
100:
97:
88:
63:
61:
58:
49:Agency overview
44:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2505:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2482:Space agencies
2479:
2474:
2469:
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2427:
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2325:
2324:
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2305:
2303:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2266:Forest Service
2263:
2258:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2197:
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2183:
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2062:
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2048:
2040:
2037:
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2024:
2017:
2010:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1989:
1979:
1978:External links
1976:
1974:
1973:
1962:
1939:
1910:
1896:
1878:
1842:
1810:
1796:
1785:
1774:
1763:
1735:
1724:on May 7, 2017
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1194:
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1090:
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1030:research ships
1010:Main article:
1007:
1004:
973:polar orbiting
953:Main article:
950:
947:
932:– seen during
885:Main article:
882:
879:
875:North Carolina
862:
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857:
850:
843:radio spectrum
815:
792:remote sensing
781:
751:
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707:
694:
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649:
622:
599:
594:research, and
558:
518:
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507:Institute for
503:
497:Institute for
493:
485:Earth Sciences
483:Institute for
479:
457:Institute for
436:
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386:
354:Lyndon Johnson
351:U.S. President
340:Allen V. Astin
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254:climatological
250:meteorological
226:H. Arnold Karo
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1929:on 2015-12-19
1928:
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1875:
1874:public domain
1866:
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1399:oceanographic
1396:
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1353:
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1339:
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1238:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1208:
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1198:
1190:
1188:
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1170:
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1124:
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1062:
1050:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1027:
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996:geostationary
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963:(NASA) began
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635:
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2071:
2064:
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2050:
2043:
2031:involved in
1985:
1965:
1948:
1942:
1931:. Retrieved
1927:the original
1920:
1913:
1881:
1833:. Retrieved
1826:the original
1813:
1799:
1788:
1777:
1766:
1726:. Retrieved
1719:the original
1709:
1702:
1690:
1662:. Retrieved
1655:the original
1627:. Retrieved
1620:the original
1450:
1426:
1410:
1379:
1340:
1295:
1261:
1228:NOAA's logo.
1200:
1196:
1180:
1163:Don A. Jones
1156:
1143:vice admiral
1136:Rear Admiral
1130:
1098:
1080:Don A. Jones
1026:survey ships
1015:
988:
968:
958:
927:
890:
864:
853:
818:
814:frequencies.
784:
766:thermosphere
754:
743:
729:squall lines
710:
697:
673:
652:
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588:ocean basins
576:oceanography
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499:Oceanography
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476:Geoacoustics
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414:Headquarters
399:
367:
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325:Rear Admiral
298:
270:
258:hydrographic
237:
233:
231:
223:Vice Admiral
137:Headquarters
127:Jurisdiction
1835:January 10,
1728:October 18,
1280:John Knauss
1242:NOAA's flag
926:USC&GS
923:survey ship
831:radio noise
823:radio waves
796:sound waves
778:atmospheres
688:geophysical
443:, based in
2436:Categories
1933:2010-02-15
1580:References
1406:NOAA fleet
1330:; and the
1292:Washington
1284:U.S. state
938:Bering Sea
934:helicopter
921:The ocean
867:Seismology
804:millimeter
788:Laboratory
774:ionosphere
762:mesosphere
758:Laboratory
737:convective
684:New Jersey
642:nucleating
611:Washington
584:geophysics
547:earthquake
539:seismology
379:hurricanes
362:atmosphere
285:satellites
281:ionosphere
103:1970-10-03
64:1965-07-13
1710:ESSA News
1334:from the
1326:from the
1318:from the
1302:from the
1267:chairman
871:Asheville
770:exosphere
725:tornadoes
680:Princeton
592:hurricane
420:Rockville
375:tornadoes
141:Rockville
93:Dissolved
1889:Archived
1664:March 4,
1629:March 4,
1522:TIROS-10
1456:See also
930:(OSS 32)
928:Surveyor
839:antennas
808:infrared
756:Aeronomy
721:Oklahoma
663:Maryland
474:and the
463:Aeronomy
449:Colorado
424:Maryland
279:and the
268:(NOAA).
262:geodetic
240:) was a
145:Maryland
2399:Defunct
1919:"NOAA,
1517:TIROS-9
1512:TIROS-8
1507:TIROS-7
1502:TIROS-6
1497:TIROS-5
1492:TIROS-4
1487:TIROS-3
1482:TIROS-2
1477:TIROS-1
1103:of the
812:optical
798:and of
630:physics
619:tsunami
607:Seattle
580:geology
572:Florida
543:geodesy
445:Boulder
101: (
62: (
1957:
1567:ESSA-9
1562:ESSA-8
1557:ESSA-7
1552:ESSA-6
1547:ESSA-5
1542:ESSA-4
1537:ESSA-3
1532:ESSA-2
1527:ESSA-1
1423:Legacy
1314:; the
992:ESSA-1
908:ESSA-9
825:, the
810:, and
717:Norman
634:clouds
470:′ old
383:floods
315:, Dr.
260:, and
54:Formed
1829:(PDF)
1822:(PDF)
1722:(PDF)
1715:(PDF)
1658:(PDF)
1651:(PDF)
1623:(PDF)
1616:(PDF)
1066:Jones
1054:Tison
827:radio
748:space
568:Miami
289:radar
43:Flag.
31:Seal.
1955:ISBN
1837:2014
1730:2017
1666:2017
1631:2017
1431:and
1397:and
1177:Flag
1028:and
959:The
906:The
852:The
845:for
833:and
817:The
783:The
772:and
753:The
742:The
709:The
696:The
672:The
651:The
624:The
601:The
582:and
560:The
555:mass
529:The
505:The
495:The
481:The
455:The
238:ESSA
232:The
1389:′s
1310:′s
1290:of
802:at
715:at
678:at
657:at
632:of
605:at
586:of
566:at
2438::
1953:,
1899:^
1845:^
1738:^
1674:^
1639:^
1604:^
1587:^
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1338:.
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873:,
806:,
768:,
764:,
731:,
727:,
719:,
682:,
661:,
636:,
609:,
570:,
541:,
537:,
447:,
422:,
385:);
381:,
377:,
338:,
323:,
287:,
256:,
252:,
143:,
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2014:t
2007:v
1936:.
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1876:.
1839:.
1807:.
1732:.
1697:.
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1256:.
849:.
669:.
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557:.
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236:(
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66:)
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