Environmental policy of the United States

2126: 2107: 1146:. These values—that people depend on and are interconnected with the environment, that damage to the environment can cause health issues, and that dependence on non-renewable resources should be limited—along with a uniquely sympathetic president and Congress, led to great environmental policy change in the 1970s. In 1972 the Club of Rome report came out which was a scholarly effort to gauge the severity of the environmental problem. A team of researchers concluded with one of the most alarming appraisals of the time and set off widespread debates over the findings, its methods, and policy implications. The model was built mainly to investigate major trends of global concerns such as accelerating industrialization, rapid population growth, widespread malnutrition, depletion of nonrenewable resources and a deteriorating environment. They concluded that if the present growth trends in 2261:(NEPA), generally leans against developers and allows virtually anyone to challenge projects in court on environmental grounds. This leads to lengthy delays and increased costs for clean energy projects. Researchers found that nearly two-thirds of solar energy projects, 31% of transmission lines, and 38% of wind energy projects that completed federal environmental impact studies between 2010-2018 were litigated. The editorial says that many environmental concerns are valid, but the permitting process does not reasonably weigh the costs and benefits of building essential clean energy infrastructure. It needs to be streamlined to accelerate the clean power expansion required to meet emissions reduction goals. The editorial concludes that Congress should reform the permitting process and preempt state and local rules that make it harder to build high-priority clean energy projects. 2139: 2088: 2153: 1723:(NSR). The NSR initiative would require power plants to upgrade to anti-pollution technologies before they can expand existing facilities and add new technologies. The Clear Skies initiative proposed by the Bush administration main intention was to remove the New Source Review provision and deregulate some of the standards that the Clean Air Act required energy facilities to meet. The proposed removal of the NSR prompted nine northeastern states to file suit in federal court to prevent the new ruling. Advocates against Clear Skies viewed the removal of NSR as a weakening of existing laws and an "assault on the Clean Air Act". Environmental advocates and their political allies would eventually prevail in defeating the Clear Skies initiative. 108: 1531:(OMB) was also given new powers to write regulations. During the first Reagan administration, the OMB was given the power to require a favorable cost-benefit analysis of any regulation before it could be implemented. This was used to delay new regulations, and changes that resulted in regulatory relief often had this requirement waived. At the beginning of the second Reagan administration, the OMB was given more power. All regulatory agencies were required to submit proposals each year for all major environmental regulation, which allowed OMB to reduce regulatory efforts before such proposed regulations became public. 448:

environment one of their specialties. The EPA is the concern of over half the Congressional committees. Some seventy committees and subcommittees control water quality policy, for example. Such fragmentation creates both opportunities and problems. While such a variety of committees provide enormous access for environmentalist and industry groups to lobby, the division of tasks means that no one committee or agency looks at environmental problems as a whole. Building policy consensus in Congress is rarely easy because of the diversity of interests and of members whose concerns need to be met.

1950:, but it did not include Obama's proposal to commit to cutting greenhouse gas emissions in half by 2050. In 2014, Obama reached an agreement with China in which China pledged to reach peak carbon emission levels by 2030, while the US pledged to cut its emissions by 26–28 percent compared to its 2005 levels. The deal provided momentum for a potential multilateral global warming agreement among the world's largest carbon emitters. Many Republicans criticized Obama's climate goals as a potential drain on the economy. At the 5236: 1122:, which pointed out the perils of pesticide use and rallied concern for the environment in general. Carson argued that nature deserved human protection and referred to pesticides as the atomic bomb for insects. She stated that these pesticides would cycle through the environment hurting humans and nature and thought they should be used wisely. Carson played a big role in environment activism that was later to come. Along with critiques of the misuse of technology from figures such as 2233:

also strives to make every building energy efficient. One of the main factors for its proposal was a United Nations report released in October 2018 stating that "the world must cut greenhouse gases by almost half by 2030" to avoid the fate of irreversible damage by 2030, if the United States continues business as usual. "To stop further warming, greenhouse gases must be reduced to 350 parts per million. Carbon dioxide levels are already above 400 parts per million."

52:, which has been called "the big bang of U.S. environmental politics, launching the country on a sweeping social learning curve about ecological management never before experienced or attempted in any other nation." NEPA established a comprehensive US national environmental policy and created the requirement to prepare an environmental impact statement for "major federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the environment." Author and consultant 2443:, and several other top EPA personnel. In 1986, Congress passed the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act, increasing funding to $ 9 billion and providing for studies and new technologies. By 1995, Superfund cleanup still took an average of twelve years per site, and costs for each site can range in the billions of dollars. Superfund, while showing improvements, has been probably the most criticized of environmental programs based on costs of 20: 1401:(1976), two of the landmark laws approved in the "environmental decade." In the international field, agreements with Canada, Mexico, China, Japan, the Soviet Union and several European countries included provisions to protect endangered species. Ford narrowly defeated Ronald Reagan for renomination in 1976, when environmental issues were not an issue. He was defeated by Jimmy Carter, who attacked Ford's environmental record. 1426:, his campaign rhetoric and the rhetoric of his environmentalist supporters, compounded by his lack of experience with Congress. He was forced to retreat, and lost much of his influence on Capitol Hill. Democrats in Congress were displeased with his moralistic, executive-oriented, rational approach to decision-making and his reluctance adjustment to go along with standard congressional methods of compromise, patronage, and 1551:, to head the EPA, along with others with strong environmental inclinations. Before accepting the appointment, Reilly secured the President's agreement to support his pro-environment agenda and his access to the White House, but competing interests caused conflicts. In other departments with environmental responsibilities and in White House offices, however, he appointed people who were more development-oriented, such as 1834:

system. The EPA came-up with the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR). CAIR was aimed at reducing 70 percent of pollution from coal burning plants. However, CAIR would later be struck down by U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia in 2008. Additionally, The Clean Air Mercury Rule (CAMR) was also introduced. CAMR was created for the purpose of establishing a permanent national cap on mercury emissions.

2540:. While this cost resembles that of many other countries, calculating it is challenging both conceptually (deciding what costs are included) and practically (with data from a broad range of sources). In 1994, almost $ 122 billion was spent on pollution abatement and control. $ 35 billion of that has been in direct government spending, $ 65 billion was spent by business, and $ 22 billion was spent by individuals. 1712:. The Clear Skies proposal's stated goals were to reduce three pollutants: sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and mercury. Clear Skies was to use a market based system by allowing energy companies to buy and trade pollution credits. The president argued that since Clear Skies would use a market based system, millions of tons of pollution would be eliminated when compared to the 1579:) was formed in 1989 to play the same role as the previous Task Force on Regulatory Relief that Bush had served on in the Reagan administration, which was to negotiate on behalf of the President for regulatory relief with the heads of federal agencies. This executive branch agency negotiated with EPA Administrator Reilly, leading to industry-favorable rulings such as the 1083:, which has been largely superseded by the Clean Water Act. However, most current major environmental statutes, such as the federal statutes listed above, were passed during the modern environmental movement spanning the late 1960s through the early 1980s. Prior to the passage of these statutes, most federal environmental laws were not nearly as comprehensive. 1587:, the Council on Competitiveness was independent and was not required to keep records of its proceedings. The Council on Competitiveness received its authority from a White House memorandum and its members included Vice President Dan Quayle, Treasury Secretary Nicholas Brady, Commerce Secretary Robert Mosbacher, and White House Chief of Staff John Sununu. 2520:

track, especially water pollutants. While air and water standards have been slowly improving, in 1996 70 million people still lived in counties that did not meet EPA ozone standards. 36% of rivers and 39% of lakes did not meet minimum standards for all uses (swimming, fishing, drinking, supporting aquatic life). In the same period, the size of the

139:". One type of tradable permit system is an "auction of pollution rights" in which the amount of allowed pollution is set and divided into units, which are then auctioned, giving environmental organizations the opportunity to buy the units to create a cleaner environment than originally planned. Such a plan was implemented for SO 1469:, served as Carter's Secretary of the Interior during 1978 to 1981. He convinced Carter to withdraw nearly half of 375 million acres of public domain land from commercial use in a series of executive moves and new laws. In December 1978 the President placed more 56 million acres of the state's federal lands into the 2257:. The editorial argues this is just one example of the conflicts between environmental protection and the need for new infrastructure to support the clean energy transition. Solar, wind, and carbon capture projects often face opposition from conservation groups. The permitting process, established by laws like the 1384:" in which Western ranchers had the support of state government in 15 Western states who passed laws and launched litigation to try to nullify federal environmental protections that interfered with their business. They lost repeatedly in the federal courts, most notably in the Supreme Court decision in 2315:

and economic growth. During George H. W. Bush's presidential campaign, he called for new Clean Air Act legislation to curtail sulfur- and nitrogen-dioxide emissions. In 1990, after he was elected, amendments to the Clean Air Act were finally passed that cut emissions by over 12 million tons per year,

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on April 6, 2024, discusses the challenges faced by clean energy projects as caused by lawsuits filed in federal court by environmental activists. One example is the Cardinal-Hickory Creek high-voltage transmission line between Iowa and Wisconsin. It would connect over 160 renewable energy facilities

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The new CAA standards that were to be promulgated were unattainable with existing technology—they were technology-forcing. The standards that the EPA put into place called mainly for state implementation. Each state prepared state implementation plans (SIPs), requiring EPA approval. The 1970 CAA also

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interests, limiting increases to environmental regulatory budgets and slowing efforts to protect the environment. Since the 1970s, despite frequent legislative gridlock, there have been significant achievements in environmental regulation, including increases in air and water quality and, to a lesser

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of various substances for humans. But assumptions made about expected dosage and exposure to chemicals are often disputed, and the dosage given to animals is typically much larger than what humans normally consume. While industry groups tend to take a risk-tolerant position, environmentalists take a

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The actions taken during the Bush administration were seen by environmentalists as ideological rather than scientifically based. The criticism stemmed from the president's shifting views while he was a candidate for president and executive action taken as president. The Bush presidency was viewed as

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In 2001, President Bush reversed an environmental campaign promise to regulate carbon dioxide emissions from coal-burning power plants. Governor Bush had pledged that power plants would have to meet clean-air standards, while promising to enact tougher policies to protect the environment. The broken

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Jimmy Carter supported many of the goals of the environmentalist movement, and appointed prominent environmentalists to high positions. As president his rhetoric strongly supported environmentalism, with a certain softness regarding his acceptance of nuclear energy; he been trained in nuclear energy

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Political scientists Byron Daines and Glenn Sussman have evaluated all the presidents from Franklin Roosevelt to George W. Bush on their environmentalism. in their judgment, all the Democrats are evaluated as having a positive impact on the environment, along with one Republican: Nixon. Capital the

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Fragmentation within the executive branch is duplicated in Congress and within the states. Congress exercises a major role through legislative and oversight hearings. It also influences policy by publishing studies and reports. Individual members typically take announce positions and some make the

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is to protect the environment for future generations while interfering as little as possible with the efficiency of commerce or the liberty of the people and to limit inequity in who is burdened with environmental costs. As his first official act bringing in the 1970s, President Richard Nixon signed

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Since the major environmental legislation of the 1970s was enacted, great progress has been made in some areas, but the environmental protection has come at a high price. Between 1970 and 1996, air pollutants dropped 32% while the population grew by 29%. Other pollutants have been more difficult to

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While the initial costs in cutting emissions levels were expected to be over $ 4.6 billion for utilities and a 40% rise in electricity costs, the impact ended up being only about $ 1 billion and a 2–4% rise in electricity costs. Part of the reason for the relatively low costs is the availability of

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administration, the United States undertook a risk-averse policy, acting through the EPA and Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) to research and control the pollutants suspected to cause acid deposition even in the face of scientific uncertainty. The Reagan administration was more risk tolerant.

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Since the environmental movement of the 1970s, the nature of environmental issues has changed. While the initial emphasis was on conventional air and water pollutants, which were the most obvious and easily measurable problems, newer issues are long-term problems that are not easily discernible and

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in 10 years" or by 2030. In addition to addressing environmental concerns associated with climate change, the Green New Deal aims to "fix societal problems like economic inequality and racial injustice" by ensuring that everyone has access to education, clean water, and employment with benefits. It

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The aim of hazardous waste regulation is to prevent harm from occurring due to hazardous waste and to pass the burdens of cleanup of hazardous waste on to the original producers of the waste. Some of the problems of hazardous waste regulation are that the negative effects of hazardous waste can be

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to 35 miles per US gallon (6.7 L/100 km), a 40 percent increase from 2009 levels. Both environmentalists and auto industry officials largely welcomed the move, as the plan raised national emission standards but provided the single national efficiency standard that auto industry officials

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to negotiate a post-2012 global climate plan after Kyoto expires. The plan calls for inclusion of both developed and developing nations to address greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, during the later years, President Bush's position on climate changed. The president had taken steps in the later

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During President Bush's eight years in office he utilized his executive powers for a number of issues. In an effort to bypass NSR requirements, the president took executive action to "curb plant-by-plant permit reviews". He also ordered the EPA to develop a regional regulation using a market-based

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at the Department of the Interior were overtly hostile to environmental protection. Through his appointments, Reagan changed the operations of environmental protection from stiff regulation to "cooperative regulation." (Burford and most of her Assistant Administrators were forced to resign in 1983

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created a universal accounting system for emissions, required each country to monitor its emissions, and required each country to create a plan to reduce its emissions. Several climate negotiators noted that the US-China climate deal and the EPA's emission limits helped make the deal possible. In

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On July 21, 1989, Bush sent a bill to Congress proposing amendments to the Clean Air Act. The core of the amendments were meant to reduce acid rain by limiting sulfur dioxide emissions from coal burning plants, to bring eighty urban areas up to current air quality standards and to lower emissions

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By midterm, however, Carter's inability to work closely with the Democratic Congress meant that many initiatives were never passed, to the great disappointment of his supporters. Carter's weakness was exhibited in his 1977 decision to eliminate funding for 19 water resource construction projects,

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system to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions, a strategy which allowed utilities flexibility in meeting the laws goal. The final version of the bill included new regulatory programs for control of acid rain and for the issuance of stationary source operating permits, and expansion of the regulatory

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in 2009, Obama sought to convince the Senate to pass the bill as well. The legislation would have required the US to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 17 percent by 2020 and by 83 percent by the middle of the 21st century. However, the bill was strongly opposed by Republicans and neither it nor a

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warned of the possibility of catastrophic climate change caused by increasing carbon dioxide concentrations introduced into the atmosphere by fossil fuel consumption. However, other issues—such as known harms to health from pollutants, and avoiding energy dependence on other nations—seemed more

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have acted as "bully pulpit" to gain support for environmental legislation. Their role as chief diplomat enables them to enact international agreements with environmental stipulations. Ronald Reagan signed the Montreal Protocol, Obama was a leader in negotiating the Paris agreement and the Bush

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attempts after the 1994 elections to roll back environmental laws and regulations through the appropriations process. During the Clinton administration, the EPA's budget was increased, and much of the country's natural resources were put under greater protection, such as the restoration of the

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being emitted into the air, traveling and landing in a different place, and changing the acidity of the water or land on which the chemicals fall. Acid deposition in the Northeast United States from the burning of coal and in the West United States from utilities and motor vehicles caused

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Within a few months after entering the White House, Reagan removed the solar panels that his predecessor Carter had installed on the roof of the White House's West Wing. "Reagan's political philosophy viewed the free market as the best arbiter of what was good for the country. Corporate

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The environmental policy of Biden administration is characterized by strong measures for protecting climate and environment. Nevertheless, because it requires 67 votes in the Senate so can be blocked by Republicans, the US remains the only UN member state which has not ratified the

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years of his presidency to address environmental criticism of his broken campaign promises, and argued that the Kyoto protocol was a plan to cripple the US economy. This stern position caused him serious credibility challenges on environmental issues both nationally and globally.

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Report in 1987, and a follow-up report published by the Relative Risk Reduction Strategies Committee in 1990 suggested that the EPA should adopt a more pro-active posture, educating the public and assigning budgetary priorities for objectively assessed high-risk threats.

99:(EIS) to evaluate the alternatives and impacts of proposed federal actions. The EIS process is designed to forge federal policies, programs, projects, and plans. A large percentage of nations around the world have adopted provisions that emulate the American EIS process. 2380:

Although the phase-out of CFCs took almost two decades, the policy is generally seen as a success. While a crisis seems to be averted, due to the longevity of CFC particles in the atmosphere, the ozone layer is only expected to start showing sign of recovery by 2024.

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at Interior were all encouraging from an environmental standpoint. Clinton eliminated the Council on Competitiveness, returning regulatory authority to agency heads, and Clinton and Gore argued that environmental protection and economic growth were not incompatible.

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He used presidential powers, and promoted legislation in Congress to create a permanent political structure, most notably the Environmental Protection Agency, the White House Council on Environmental Quality, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and

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is highly fragmented at the national, state and local levels. While the EPA is the most comprehensive environmental agency, its authority on these matters is not absolute. Virtually all of the federal executive departments have some area of environmental authority.

1238:(EPA), which consolidated environmental programs from other agencies into a single entity. The legislation during this period concerned primarily first-generation pollutants in the air, surface water, groundwater, and solid waste disposal. Air pollutants such as 1375:

His primary concern was a stable economy, and environmental issues took less priority than policies for economic growth. Environmentalists left over from the Nixon days, such as EPA head Russell Train, opposed this, while opponents of environmentalism, such as

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other five Republicans had a mixed impact (Eisenhower, Ford and George H.W. Bush), or negative impacts (Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush). Daines and Sussman conclude their analysis by identifying six major achievements for which they give credit to Nixon.

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In the later years of the Bush administration, the president engaged in a series of environmental proposals. He called on countries with the largest greenhouse gases to establish a global goal to control emissions and in 2008 initiated the U.S to join the

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EPA Alumni Association: EPA Administrator William K. Reilly describes his relationship with President Bush and their mutual understanding before Reilly accepted the appointment. Reflections on US Environmental Policy: An Interview with William K. Reilly

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administration rejected the Kyoto protocol. Presidents can use their "soft" power to draw attention to environmental issues and set broad administrative goals. They can veto legislation and, through executive orders, regulate administrative behavior.

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Opinion about human causation of climate change increased substantially with education among Democrats, but not among Republicans. Conversely, opinions favoring becoming carbon neutral declined substantially with age among Republicans, but not among

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The sharp divide over the existence of and responsibility for global warming and climate change falls largely along political lines. Overall, 60% of Americans surveyed said oil and gas companies were "completely or mostly responsible" for climate

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self-interest, he felt, would steer the country in the right direction," the author Natalie Goldstein wrote in "Global Warming.". (In October 2010, President Obama planned to reintroduce the solar panels on the White House roofs, after 31 years.)

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campaign promise was seen as a betrayal by environmental groups. The president's reversal on regulating carbon dioxide emissions was one of a series of controversial stands on environmental issues. For example, the Bush administration ruled that

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Carter was successful in the long term in his energy policy, although his poor publicity apparatus obscured that success during his time in office. Americans had become alarmingly dependent on imported oil, purchasing about a fourth of all the

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were exempt from Kyoto's requirements as a reason for his opposition. When President Bush withdrew from the Kyoto Protocol, many of his critics alleged that he made his decision on ideology rather than on science. Suzanne Goldenberg from the

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who had worked for a major hazardous waste generator. The result was that her implementation of Superfund was designed mainly to delay regulation, and the subsequent controversy resulted in the resignation of Lavelle, EPA administrator

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The U.S. political divide on the seriousness of climate change is more than about double that of all other countries surveyed, except Australia. U.S. right-wing opinion was found to be more extreme than any other country in this Pew

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Implementation has been difficult, with years sometimes passing between legislation passage and initial regulations. Superfund was passed in December 1980, just before Reagan took office. The first administrator of Superfund was

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He broadened the attention span of the Republican Party to include environmental issues, for the first time since the days of Theodore Roosevelt. He thereby "dislodged the Democratic Party from its position of dominance over the

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Critics of environmental legislation argue that the gains made in environmental protection come at too great a cost. A 2003 paper estimated the overall cost of environmental regulation in the United States to be about 2% of the

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entered office skeptical of environmental protection laws and campaigned against harsh government regulation with the environmental arena in mind. As Reagan entered office, he was given two transition reports. One report was

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energy sources also contributed to coal's decline. Obama encouraged this successful transition away from coal in large part due to the fact that coal emits more carbon than other sources of power, including natural gas.

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The two major policy tools for protecting the environment are rules and inducements. The United States has chosen to use rules, primarily through regulation. Such regulations can come in the form of design standards and

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In addition to growing public support, structural changes such as Congressional reform and new access to the courts gave environmentalists new power to enact change. The movement that formed held three key values:

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Alternatively, the government can use inducements, or "market reform". Inducements are rewards and punishments used to influence people or groups. The two major types of market reforms are charge systems, such as

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Despite criticism from some environmental hardliners, the Clinton administration had several notable environmental accomplishments. Clinton created the President's Council on Sustainable Development, signed the

4225: 1511:(R-MI). Each report called for drastic changes in environmental regulation, primarily through administrative changes. In pursuit of this strategy, Reagan gradually reduced the EPA's budget by 30% through the 1458:

advised that "the policy implications of this issue are still too uncertain to warrant Presidential involvement and policy initiatives", and the fossil fuel industry began sowing doubt about climate science.

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He helped ensure that Congress build a permanent structure supportive of environmentalism, especially the National Environmental Policy Act of 1970, which enjoined all federal agencies to help protect the

540: 2079:. He also invited American manufacturers to suggest which regulations should be eliminated; industry leaders submitted 168 comments, of which nearly half targeted Environmental Protection Agency rules. 5525: 1776:. Dorm contended that the administration made a "covert attempt to silence the science" while Hansen alleged the administration was "trying to block data showing an acceleration in global warming". 2361:(CFCs), which were used beginning in the 1930s in a number of important areas, were determined in 1974 to be responsible for much of the depletion of the ozone layer. Four years later, the EPA and 2487:, and lifestyle choices are frequently more important in causing cancer than exposure to chemicals. While the governmental role in mitigating lifestyle-choice risks can be very controversial (see 4401: 4275: 5471: 694: 494: 1914:, unveiled in 2015, seeks to reduce US greenhouse gas emissions by 26 to 28 percent by 2025. Obama also imposed regulations on soot, sulfur, and mercury that encouraged a transition away from 127:. Performance standards specify emission levels and let those covered by the rules decide how those levels will be met. Design standards specify exactly how performance standards will be met. 2419: 4360: 5789: 2415: 464: 1286:), dissolved solids, nutrients, and toxic substances such as metals and pesticides. For groundwater, the pollutants included biological contaminants, inorganic and organic substances, and 3654: 2430:

difficult to detect and controversial and that, due mainly to the large amount of hazardous waste that is generated (214 million tons in 1995), regulation can be difficult and costly.

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set up a market-like system of emissions trading, and set a cap on emissions for the year 2000. These goals were achieved to some degree by the installation of industrial scrubbers.

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group had long desired. In 2012, Obama set even higher standards, mandating an average fuel efficiency of 54.5 miles per US gallon (4.32 L/100 km). Obama also signed the

1638:, however, suggested that he would be willing to make compromises. Through a number of middle-of-the-road positions, on issues such as grazing fees in the West and clean-up of the 1583:

and the allowance of untreated toxic chemicals in local landfills (this was later reversed). While previous regulatory-relief efforts, such as Reagan's use of OMB, were subject to

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facing the world. Obama took several steps to combat global warming, but was unable to pass a major bill addressing the issue, in part because many Republicans and some Democrats

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obtained briefing papers that revealed the administration thanked Exxon for their "active involvement" on climate change. The Guardian reported documents revealed Under-secretary

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production. American consumption per capita was more than double that of Europe or Japan. Carter's goal was to reverse this dependence. He supported the 1977 laws creating the

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Ford's successes included the addition of two national monuments, six historical sites, three historic parks and two national preserves. None were controversial. He signed the

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Finally, they assert: "Nixon did not have to be personally committed to the environment to become one of the most successful presidents in promoting environmental priorities."

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use and scrap environmental regulations, which he often referred to as an impediment to business. Trump has announced plans to pull the United States out of the 191 nation

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The Clean Air Act amendments of 1970 (CAA) and the Federal Water Pollution Control Act amendments of 1972 (Clean Water Act) moved environmental concerns in a new direction.

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Acceptance of wind and solar facilities in one's community is stronger among Democrats (blue), while acceptance of nuclear power plants is stronger among Republicans (red).

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banned CFCs in aerosol cans. As research in the 1980s indicated that the problem was worse than before, and revealed a controversial massive hole in the ozone layer over

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Trump's "America First Energy Plan" focused on increasing the use of fossil fuels without mentioning renewable energy. It would repeal many Obama policies including the

550: 7185: 7004: 6906: 1874:, on the environment, winning the backing of 'all mainstream environmental groups' and public confidence on the issue. Upon election, appointments such as that of the 1698: 7190: 7014: 6485: 5411: 3505: 3082: 2254: 1783:

and in the media. Some of President Bush's harshest critics claim his decision taken on the Kyoto Protocol was due to his close relationship with big oil companies.

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differ in views of the seriousness of climate change, with the gap widening in the 2010s and Democrats more than three times as likely to view it as a major threat.

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despite strong objections from Congressmen who favored the programs. Carter distrusted the programs, based on his own troubled gubernatorial experience with the

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Timo Christopher Allan, "Locked up!: A history of resistance to the creation of national parks in Alaska" (PhD dissertation Washington State University, 2010).

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Coates, Peter. "Emerging from the Wilderness (or, from Redwoods to Bananas): Recent Environmental History in the United States and the Rest of the Americas,"

1515:, cut the number of EPA employees, and appointed people at key agency positions who would enthusiastically follow the administration line. Appointees such as 7162: 7096: 6027: 3541: 1897:

whether global warming is occurring and whether human activity contributes to it. Following his inauguration, Obama asked that Congress pass a bill to put a

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as EPA Administrator, were people with a history of opposition to the agency they were named to head. The Director of the Climate and Development Lab and

7059: 6994: 6728: 6115: 4253:"As Economic Concerns Recede, Environmental Protection Rises on the Public's Policy Agenda / Partisan gap on dealing with climate change gets even wider" 3096: 2579: 2564: 1206: 945: 530: 259: 7294: 7135: 7044: 7029: 6809: 6804: 6794: 6743: 6738: 6245: 6227: 4815: 1411: 647: 5170:

Sussman, Glen, and Byron W. Daynes. "Spanning the century: Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin Roosevelt, Richard Nixon, Bill Clinton, and the environment."

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separate proposed bipartisan compromise ever came up for a vote in the Senate. In 2013, Obama announced that he would bypass Congress by ordering the

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Under this administrative strategy of regulatory relief, environmental laws were written and interpreted more favorably for industry interests. The

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Popp, David. "Environmental policy and innovation: a decade of research." (National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series w25631, 2019)

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It argued that, given the scientific uncertainties about harm and exposure levels, new expenditures should not be undertaken that would curtail

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program for toxic air emissions. Congress passed the bill with large majorities in both houses, and Bush signed the bill on November 15, 1990.

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are overstated, some have claimed, while many high-priority threats go unpublicized. In order to combat this discrepancy, the EPA published a

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producing 25 gigawatts of green power. It is facing a temporary halt due to a lawsuit by environmental groups condemning its impact on the

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Robert L. Fischman and Jeremiah I. Williamson. "The Story of Kleppe v. New Mexico: The Sagebrush Rebellion as Un-Cooperative Federalism."

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professor J. Timmons Roberts said in 2018, "It's been a hard year.... Literally every country in the world is moving ahead without us."

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Air, Drinking water, Noise, Nuclear energy, Ocean dumping, Outer continental shelf, Research and development, Solid waste, Toxics, Water

60: 4721: 4490: 4297: 3424:

Graham, John. "Bush: On the Home Front." Graham, John. Cleaner Air, Warmer Climate. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010. pg 201.

7149: 6901: 6841: 6666: 5635: 5627: 3790: 3291: 2559: 2549: 2418:(CERCLA, or Superfund) was enacted in 1980 to assist in the cleanup of abandoned hazardous waste disposal sites. In the mid-1980s, the 380: 4856:

Sept 20, 2012; a poll of scholars ranks Theodore Roosevelt as #1 followed by Nixon, Carter, Obama, Jefferson, Ford, FDR, and Clinton

2782: 6961: 5985: 4930:

Flippen, J. Brooks. "Conservative Conservationist: Russell E. Train and the Emergence of American Environmentalism" (LSU Press, 2006)

2554: 1512: 165: 2463:. The science behind risk assessment varies greatly in uncertainty and tends to be the focus of political controversy. For example, 1185:

in New York State. The case has been described as giving birth to environmental litigation and helping create the legal doctrine of

6631: 6616: 5948: 5397: 4799: 1863: 282: 1764:

said the idea of a head of state putting the science question on the table was horrifying. Bush's critics included Jonathon Dorm,

1290:. Finally, solid waste contaminants from agriculture, industry, mining, municipalities, and other sectors were put under control. 71:(EPA). Partially due to the high costs associated with these regulations, there has been a backlash from business and politically 7106: 6956: 6896: 6671: 6520: 6382: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 5207:

Turner, James Morton, "The Specter of Environmentalism": Wilderness, Environmental Politics, and the Evolution of the New Right.

1719:

The main provisions of the 1970 Clean Air Act were to control air pollution on a national level and an initiative program called

295: 5128: 4378: 1756:

said the decision to walk away from Kyoto was "the equivalent to 'flipping the bird,' frankly, to the rest of the world". Also,

1297:

established deadlines and penalties for automobile emission standards in new cars, resulting in the development and adoption of

6853: 6836: 6753: 6686: 6475: 6318: 6215: 6203: 5877: 5679: 4857: 4151: 2399: 1902: 1647: 1398: 756: 738: 304: 255: 115: 81: 4938: 4864:

Silent Spring Revolution: John F. Kennedy, Rachel Carson, Lyndon Johnson, Richard Nixon, and the Great Environmental Awakening

3680: 2971: 1217: 7314: 7299: 7157: 6641: 6636: 6563: 6084: 5861: 3012: 2842: 2749: 2724: 2642: 2617: 2138: 1423: 4178: 4021: 2894:

Paul E. Scheele, "President carter and the water projects: a case study in presidential and congressional decision-making."

1926:

Obama's campaign to fight global warming found more success at the international level than in Congress. Obama attended the

7304: 6761: 6626: 6263: 6221: 5379: 4680: 3153:

Duffy, Robert J. (1996). "Divided Government and Institutional Combat: The Case of the Quayle Council on Competitiveness".

2390: 1352:, and John C. Whitaker (who was a senior White House aide for four years, becoming Undersecretary of the Interior in 1973). 348: 263: 3228:"United States signs Kyoto Protocol on climate change". Issues in Science and Technology. FindArticles.com. 08 Feb, 2011. 2087: 1477:

doubled the amount of public land set aside for national parks and wildlife refuges. Carter used his power under the 1906

1304:

For wastewater, each discharging facility was required to obtain a permit, and EPA began to issue new federal standards ("

7208: 7200: 6948: 6535: 6387: 5697: 5643: 5557: 5096: 4867: 2589: 2503: 2499: 1761: 1643: 989: 766: 417: 311: 270: 4830: 3937: 3732: 3487: 3434: 3216:

Paul Rauber "Does he deserve your vote? – Bill Clinton's environmental record". Sierra. FindArticles.com. 08 Feb, 2011.

2491:), chemical exposure through lifestyle choices can also occur involuntarily if the public is not properly educated (see 1791:"sound out Exxon executives and other anti-Kyoto business groups on potential alternatives to Kyoto". However, in 2003, 7223: 7130: 6828: 6661: 6646: 6621: 6605: 6589: 6257: 6021: 5781: 5719: 5689: 5428: 4103: 2203: 1748:

wrote the Bush years are seen "as concerted assault, from the administration's undermining of the science". Bush's own

1599: 1439: 1312:" for treating their wastes. Congress also established a massive public works program to assist in the construction of 1166:

remains unchanged than the limits to growth on this planet will be reached sometime within the next one hundred years.

909: 397: 331: 172:

As chief executive, the President plays an important role in environmental policy. Presidents such as Teddy Roosevelt,

85: 5077:

Macekura, Stephen. "The limits of the global community: the Nixon administration and global environmental politics."

4465: 2152: 1983:

bill, which provided incentives to consumers to trade in older, less fuel-efficient cars for more efficient cars. The

1410:

with atomic submarines in the Navy. Carter signed several significant bills to protect the environment, including the

1007: 7251: 7088: 6090: 6033: 5997: 5829: 5499: 5273: 5064: 3197: 2498:

Finally, the way that threats are presented to the public plays a large role in how those threats are addressed. The

2258: 1227: 1194: 1190: 873: 748: 358: 338: 45: 4327:"Americans Largely Favor U.S. Taking Steps To Become Carbon Neutral by 2050 / Appendix (Detailed charts and tables)" 3242: 2002:

According to a report by The American Lung Association, there was a "major improvement" in air quality under Obama.

1716:. However, the president's critics argued that the Clear Skies policy would weaken provisions in the Clean Air Act. 317: 6999: 6676: 6515: 6495: 6362: 6251: 6197: 6072: 4907: 4540: 3844: 2455:

Underlying the policy decisions made by the United States is the concept of risk control, consisting of two parts:

2097: 2093: 2068: 1822: 1671: 1231: 1053:, relating to who has a right to bring a lawsuit, is an important issue in environmental law in the United States. 917: 219: 5192: 4996:

Klyza, Christopher McGrory. "Power, partisanship, and contingency: the president and US environmental policy." in

4125: 1470: 6151: 6108: 5420: 3321: 2236:

The proposed United States legislation was rejected by the Senate on March 26, 2019, with Senate Majority Leader

1907: 1528: 1174: 881: 427: 209: 5368: 4054: 7309: 6442: 6422: 6133: 6078: 5960: 5727: 5709: 5117: 4326: 3816: 2525: 1975: 1576: 1239: 1182: 1080: 225: 96: 4923:

Flippen, J. Brooks. "Richard Nixon, Russell Train, and the birth of modern American environmental diplomacy."

1825:

contended that the Bush administration issued more regulations than any other administration in U.S. history.

7236: 6874: 6651: 6582: 6051: 5569: 1809: 1735:, citing fears of negative consequences for the U.S. economy. Bush also cited that developing countries like 1713: 1543:

Environmental policy during the first Bush administration contained a mixture of innovation and restriction.

1189:

to bring environmental claims. The Scenic Hudson case also is said to have helped inspire the passage of the

626: 325: 95:

As established under NEPA, the US was the first nation in the world to introduce the concept of preparing an

4732: 3761: 3375: 2160:

Trump's appointments to key agencies dealing in energy and environmental policy reflected his commitment to

2048:. While Obama's environmental agenda prioritized the reduction of carbon emissions through the use of clean 1779:

President Bush's refusal to seek ratification from the Senate was widely criticized by his opponents in the

6015: 4442: 3513: 2488: 2407: 2362: 1685: 1177:, prior to passage of the major federal environmental statutes. The case helped halt the construction of a 1099: 792: 300: 148: 107: 5348: 6480: 6427: 6397: 6280: 6102: 5276: 4265:(Discontinuity resulted from survey changing in 2015 from reciting "global warming" to "climate change".) 3709: 1980: 1971: 1651: 1615: 1443: 927: 2528:

expanded by over three times to manage over 92,000,000 acres (370,000 km). In 1995, 41% of the 960

1821:

being weak on the environment due to ideology and close ties with big oil. However, Eli Lehrer from the

5907: 5384: 3110: 2041: 1939: 1025: 407: 4846:(2 vol. Greenwood, 2008), with 150 topics covered in encyclopedic fashion with pro and con arguments. 3229: 6470: 6407: 6286: 6269: 6139: 6045: 6009: 5102: 3217: 2444: 2018: 1481:

to set aside 57 million acres in 17 national monuments. The remaining acres were withdrawn under the

1372: 1309: 1279: 784: 431: 5293: 3394: 3052: 6558: 6553: 6490: 5813: 5059:

Lester, James P., and Emmett N. Lombard. "The comparative analysis of state environmental policy."

3573: 3415:." Graham, John. Cleaner Air, Warmer Climate. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010. 194-196. 2221: 1996: 1890: 1805: 1676: 1086:

The precursor of the modern environmental movement in the United States was the early 20th century

818: 774: 3472:

Elizabeth Bomberg, and Betsy Super. "The 2008 Presidential Election: Obama and the Environment."

6338: 6145: 5376:– former senior EPA officials describe the evolution of the U.S. fight to protect the environment 5330: 4179:"US and Syria are now the only two countries not in the Paris Climate Accord | CNN Politics" 2473: 2296: 1709: 1584: 1504: 1394: 1139: 1017: 35:

is a federal governmental action to regulate activities that have an environmental impact in the

3628: 1355:

Nixon initiated worldwide diplomatic attention to environmental issues, working especially with

1234:

which oversaw the environmental impact of federal actions. Later in the year, Nixon created the

4076: 3968: 2537: 2229: 1780: 1765: 1753: 1595: 1499: 1283: 1271: 1230:(NEPA), beginning the 1970s that some have called the "environmental decade." NEPA created the 999: 625:, Conservation oversight, Energy budget, Mines, Oil shale, Outer continental shelf, Radiation ( 288: 5189:

The Rise of the American Conservation Movement: Power, Privilege, and Environmental Protection

1102:

was formed and public concern for consumer protection began, epitomized by the publication of

7172: 6458: 6447: 6332: 6325: 6039: 6003: 5915: 5447: 4778: 3048: 2883: 2521: 2403: 2350: 2184: 1894: 1340:

Nixon appointed a series of strong environmentalists into highly visible positions including

1087: 1076: 247: 173: 5148:

Presidential administration and the environment: Executive leadership in the age of gridlock

4977: 4887: 4872:

Carman, Christopher Jan. "Dimensions of environmental policy support in the United States."

3295: 2524:

grew from 26,000,000 acres (110,000 km) to 83,000,000 acres (340,000 km), and the

1995:, repair public housing, and weatherize modest-income homes. Obama also promoted the use of 6541: 5991: 5667: 5619: 4746: 4276:"54% of Americans view climate change as a major threat, but the partisan divide has grown" 2779: 2165: 1947: 1386: 1067:

The history of environmental law in the United States can be traced back to early roots in

971: 891: 802: 53: 40: 5317: 5300: 4953:

Guber, Deborah Lynn. "Voting preferences and the environment in the American electorate."

2447:, implementation problems, and the questionable seriousness of the problems it addresses. 1169:

One lawsuit that has been widely recognized as one of the earliest environmental cases is

8: 6437: 6432: 5954: 5439: 5362: 5028:

Kraft, Michael E. "U.S. Environmental Policy and Politics: From the 1960s to the 1990s."

4406: 4230: 3439: 3265: 2492: 2358: 2240:(R-KY) leading the voting process. The legislation received 57 "no's" and 43 "presents". 2173: 1381: 1349: 1341: 1317: 1305: 1298: 48:(NEPA) into law on New Years Day, 1970. Also in the same year, America began celebrating 4837:

Managing the Environment, Managing Ourselves: A History of American Environmental Policy

4750: 4716:

The Editorial Board, "Opinion Environmentalism could stop the clean-energy transition"

2369:, three international agreements were made to reduce the ozone-damaging substances- the 1882:

were seen as a confirmation that his presidency was serious about environmental issues.

5463: 5017:

Kraft, Michael E., and Norman J. Vig. "Environmental policy in the Reagan presidency."

4917: 4897: 4656: 4156: 3999: 3942: 3518: 3412: 3202: 3178: 3170: 2529: 1964: 1680: 1418:, a federal program designed to clean up sites contaminated with hazardous substances. 1414:, which regulates strip mining. In 1980 Carter signed into law a bill that established 1163: 1091: 4967:

Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955–1985

1485:. Business and conservative interests complained that economic growth would be hurt. 6574: 6500: 6127: 6057: 5973: 5269: 5134: 5113: 4884:

The Green Years, 1964–1976: When Democrats and Republicans United to Repair the Earth

4733:

Newman, P. A., Nash, E. R., Kawa, S. R., Montzka, S. A. and Schauffler, S. M (2006).

3918: 3182: 3008: 2745: 2720: 2638: 2613: 2374: 2292: 1960: 1931: 1898: 1720: 1548: 1544: 1466: 1455: 1151: 1033:

There are many more environmental laws in the United States, both at the federal and

981: 953: 837: 144: 136: 124: 64: 4989:

Hejny, Jessica. "The Trump Administration and environmental policy: Reagan redux?."

4612: 4587: 4515: 4402:"Trump's Cabinet picks are often in direct conflict with the agencies they may lead" 3119: 1524:

due to scandals involving their mismanagement of Superfund and other EPA programs.)

512:, Conservation oversight, Energy budget, Mines, Oil shale, Outer continental shelf, 6417: 5312: 4764: 4754: 3908: 3605: 3162: 2479:

Another issue is the effect that chemicals can have relative to lifestyle choices.

2402:(RCRA) to govern hazardous waste from its initial generation to final disposition ( 2287: 2181: 2076: 2072: 2049: 1992: 1988: 1959:

2016, the international community agreed to the Kigali accord, an amendment to the

1943: 1911: 1788: 1377: 1313: 1247: 1147: 385: 111: 5389: 4379:"Americans don't hate living near solar and wind farms as much as you might think" 3132: 2680: 6699: 6096: 5933: 5771: 5651: 5352: 5252: 4904:

White House Politics and the Environment: Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush

4822: 4028: 3002: 2868:

White House Politics and the Environment: Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush

2855:

White House Politics and the Environment: Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush

2786: 2460: 2456: 2395: 2338: 2312: 2237: 2057: 1955: 1757: 1478: 1251: 1159: 1095: 963: 935: 855: 826: 251: 77: 5010:

Kotlowski, Dean J. "Deeds Versus Words: Richard Nixon and Civil Rights Policy."

2228:(D-MA). The main goal of the legislation is for the United States "to switch to 114:

documents and literature related to US environmental regulations, including the

6723: 6510: 5262: 4963: 3938:"Nations, Fighting Powerful Refrigerant That Warms Planet, Reach Landmark Deal" 2780:"Scenic Hudson Collection: Records Relating to the Storm King Case, 1963–1981." 2574: 2464: 2333: 2283: 2220:

This environmental policy was first proposed on February 7, 2019, by both Rep.

2215: 1935: 1886: 1844: 1732: 1663: 1580: 1556: 1552: 1508: 1267: 1243: 1186: 1143: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1112:. The modern environmental movement was inspired in part by the publication of 1109: 1050: 622: 509: 436:

Maritime and environmental stewardship, National Pollution Funds Center (NPFC)

389: 89: 24: 5854:

Los Angeles County Flood Control District v. Natural Resources Defense Council

5288:

Mauldin, Erin Stewart. "The United States in Global Environmental History" in

4564: 4298:"Revealed: 60% of Americans say oil firms are to blame for the climate crisis" 4226:"EPA emerges as major target after Trump solicits policy advice from industry" 3913: 3896: 2410:(TSCA) to anticipate possible hazards from chemicals. Following the events at 1507:. Another was "Avoiding a GOP Economic Dunkirk" from conservative Congressman 7288: 6719: 6525: 6505: 3922: 3655:"Obama unveils ambitious agenda to combat climate change, bypassing Congress" 2507: 2044:

represented a shift from the policy priorities and goals of his predecessor,

1667: 1627: 1623: 1568: 1520: 1493: 1380:, encouraged this. As Secretary of the Interior, Kleppe was a leader of the " 1345: 1223: 1118: 1113: 1049:

also play an important role in environmental issues. In addition, the law of

177: 147:

and has been undertaken for greenhouse gases on a regional scale as a way to

36: 5373: 4769: 3030:"Solar Panels on White House Roof, Removed by Reagan, to Return Under Obama" 2060:. At a presidential debate in March 2016, Trump said he would eliminate the 6714: 6412: 3791:"Global Climate Pact Gains Momentum as China, U.S. and Brazil Detail Plans" 3757: 3509: 2440: 2435: 2346: 2307: 2177: 2161: 2045: 1867: 1773: 1591: 1516: 1462: 1371:

Environmentalism was a peripheral issue during the short administration of

1287: 630: 513: 72: 5197:

Train, Russell E. "The environmental record of the Nixon administration."

5125:

Public Policy in the United States: Challenges, Opportunities, and Changes

5110:

The Greening of a Nation? Environmentalism in the United States since 1945

5042:

Lake, Laura M. "The environmental mandate: activists and the electorate."

5003:

Kotlowski, Dean J.; "Richard Nixon and the Origins of Affirmative Action"

4466:"Why the US won't join the single most important treaty to protect nature" 3601: 2956:

Seth S. King, "Carter Designates U.S. Land In Alaska For National Parks,"

402:

Energy policy coordination, Petroleum allocation research and development

6789: 6694: 6530: 5182:

The politics of western water: the congressional career of Wayne Aspinall

4759: 4734: 4705: 3871:"Paris accord is a big win for Obama, even as climate dangers still loom" 2300: 2053: 1919: 1875: 1871: 1808:

can claim they do not discharge animal waste to avoid oversight from the

1655: 1602:

and lobbying to remove all binding targets from the proposal on limiting

1575:

The private-sector Council on Competitiveness (distinct from the federal

1450: 1178: 63:, environmental policy continued to mature in the 1970s as several broad 5329:(2010), 696pp; 33 essays by scholars that emphasize the historiography; 5219:

California greenin': How the Golden State became an environmental leader

5202: 4877: 3345:

Barcott, Bruce. "Changing All the Rules." The New York Times April 2004.

2899: 2243: 1795:

head of public affairs Nick Thomas denied taking any position on Kyoto.

1650:

in 1994, Clinton dissatisfied some environmentalists. Specifically, the

6784: 5966: 5047: 5022: 3569: 3542:"Many Conservative Republicans Believe Climate Change Is a Real Threat" 3174: 2484: 2411: 2366: 2169: 1879: 1784: 1699:

Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration § Environment

1639: 1560: 1446:, funded with $ 20 billion for joint ventures with the private sector. 1427: 1263: 1104: 1068: 1038: 1034: 730: 695:

Timeline of major U.S. environmental and occupational health regulation

84:

and political pressure from environmental groups, modifications to the

4104:"As Trump Again Rejects Science, Biden Calls Him a 'Climate Arsonist'" 3681:"Obama's Strategy on Climate Change, Part of Global Deal, Is Revealed" 2918:"The 1977 White House climate memo that should have changed the world" 1991:

production, make federal buildings more energy-efficient, improve the

1974:

in the United States. In 2009, Obama announced a plan to increase the

6709: 6239: 5979: 5897: 5526:

Baltimore Gas & Electric Co. v. Natural Resources Defense Council

5292:

ed. by J. R. McNeill, Erin Stewart Mauldin. (2012) pp. 132–152;

4914:

The Republic of Nature: An Environmental History of the United States

2940:

The Politics of Environment: Cecil Andrus and the Alaska Lands Act,"

2815:(2010) pages 82-83, summarizing their review of Nixon on pages 66-83. 2416:

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

2279: 2225: 1658:

were outspoken in their criticism of Clinton's environmental record.

1415: 1270:

were also concerns. In surface water, the pollutants of concern were

1259: 1155: 845: 49: 5139:

The Green Revolution: The American Environmental Movement, 1962–1999

3166: 2764: 2660:

The EIS Book: Managing and Preparing Environmental Impact Statements

1858:

Presidency of Barack Obama § Climate change and the environment

1708:

In 2002 Bush announced an environment legislative initiative titled

19: 6704: 4353:"Climate Change Remains Top Global Threat Across 19-Country Survey" 4102:

Baker, Peter; Friedman, Lisa; Kaplan, Thomas (September 14, 2020).

3230:

http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3622/is_199801/ai_n8763527/

2789:

Archives and Special Collections, Marist College, Poughkeepsie, NY.

2570:

Foreign policy of the Obama administration regarding Climate change

2483:, for example, typically surface decades after first exposure to a 2468: 2295:, and was partially exacerbated by the Clean Air Act, which forced 1635: 1538: 1275: 1072: 1042: 4200:"Trump says he'd eliminate 'Department of Environment Protection'" 3218:

http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1525/is_n5_v81/ai_18646401/

2766:

Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission,

2303:, resulting in farther transmission of sulfur dioxide in the air. 1567:

from over two- hundred airborne toxic chemicals. Bush supported a

1171:

Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission,

6066:

Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission

5155:

Ronald Reagan and the Public Lands: America's Conservation Debate

4816:

Environmental history of the United States § Further reading

4310:

Source: Guardian/Vice/CCN/YouGov poll. Note: ±4% margin of error.

3504: 1619: 1316:

plants for municipalities, and most plants were required to meet

1211: 1046: 5380:

H-Environment web resource for students of environmental history

5359:

Excerpt from "The Birth of Environmentalism" by Robert E. Taylor

4638:"Senate defeats Green New Deal, as Democrats call vote a 'sham'" 4351:

Poushter, Jacob; Fagan, Moira; Gubbala, Sneha (31 August 2022).

1692: 1193:, and the creation of such environmental advocacy groups as the 67:

were passed, regulating air and water pollution and forming the

5752:

Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service

5736:

Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon

4491:"Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Releases Green New Deal Outline" 4377:

Chiu, Allyson; Guskin, Emily; Clement, Scott (3 October 2023).

2635:

Global Environmental Policy: Concepts, Principles, and Practice

2480: 2349:(called the ozone layer), where it serves to block much of the 1918:

as an energy source, but the falling price of wind, solar, and

132: 5870:

National Association of Manufacturers v. Department of Defense

5822:

National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife

5744:

National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife

5660:

HollyFrontier Cheyenne Refining v. Renewable Fuels Association

4443:"Biden Signs Sweeping Executive Orders on Climate and Science" 3322:"Senate panel hangs dark cloud over Bush's "Clear Skies" plan" 3097:"Lessons in bipartisanship: the 1990 Clean Air Act amendments" 1999:, and 400,000 electric cars had been sold by the end of 2015. 1798: 2342: 1792: 1740: 1736: 1255: 5243:

The Future of Environmental History: Needs and Opportunities

4802:. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future. Working Paper. 2190: 1618:

promised a change in the direction of environmental policy.

1473:, protecting them from mineral or oil development. The 1980 1207:

Environmental history of the United States#White House roles

5838:

Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council

5806:

S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection

5798:

South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe

4827:

A Climate of Crisis: America in the Age of Environmentalism

4541:"What Is the Green New Deal? A Climate Proposal, Explained" 3762:"U.S. and China Reach Climate Accord After Months of Talks" 3357:"Bush Will Continue to Oppose Kyoto Pact on Global Warming" 2984:"Ex-Official of E.P.A. Indicted Over Dispute With Congress" 2321: 1915: 1769: 1435: 1356: 642:

Air, Drinking water, Noise, Radiation, Solid waste, Toxics

422:

Cleaning up the natural disasters caused by climate change

154: 5054:

The Environmental Protection Agency: From Nixon to Clinton

5035:

Kraft, Michael E. "Congress and environmental policy." in

4636:

Grandoni (1), Sonmez (2), Dino, Felicia (March 26, 2019).

4566:

What Happened to Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's Green New Deal

3376:"The Worst of Times: Bush's Environmental Legacy Examined" 3243:"President's Clear Skies Initiative Submitted to Congress" 2983: 1870:

obtained a clear lead above his rival, Republican Senator

1449:

A 1977 memo from President Carter's chief science adviser

6486:

National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

4183: 3083:

National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

2354: 2255:

Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge

1901:

on domestic carbon emissions. After the House passed the

1609: 56:

has called NEPA the world's "environmental Magna Carta".

5518:

Metropolitan Edison Co. v. People Against Nuclear Energy

4635: 4325:

Tyson, Alec; Funk, Cary; Kennedy, Brian (1 March 2022).

2398:

regulations began in the United States in 1976 with the

1488: 1404: 1056: 5084:

Milazzo, Paul Charles. "Nixon and the Environment." in

5072:

Encyclopedia of the U.S. Government and the Environment

4704:

See "Cardinal-Hickory Creek Transmission Line Project"

3135:. Washington, D.C.: Center for Regulatory Effectiveness 2719:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 215–216. 2012:

Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration

2005: 1967:, organic compounds that contribute to global warming. 1851: 1218:

presidency of Richard Nixon § Environmental policy

541:

Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs

6604: 5760:

United States Fish and Wildlife Service v. Sierra Club

5604:

Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA

5480:

Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services

5343: 4077:"Did Air Quality Improve Under Obama? - FactCheck.org" 3514:"Obama on Climate Change: The Trends Are 'Terrifying'" 2209: 1366: 682:

Impact of environmental regulations on small business

565:

Impact of environmental regulations on small business

5257:

Uncommon Ground Rethinking the Human Place in Nature

4055:"Electric vehicle sales fall far short of Obama goal" 2244:

Environmentalist lawsuits blocking clean air projects

1987:

provided $ 54 billion in funds to encourage domestic

1442:, and the Emergency Natural Gas Act, and created the 6276:

Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992

5283:

A Field on Fire: The Future of Environmental History

4350: 4291: 4289: 4149: 3897:"The Paris Agreement on Climate Change—Made in USA?" 3486:

Mufson, Steven; Rucker, Philip (December 11, 2008).

2911: 2909: 2907: 2585:

List of United States federal environmental statutes

2197:

Environmental policy of the Joe Biden administration

499:

Oceans, Research and Development, Radiation, Toxics

6116:

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act

5419: 5385:

Top 23 Global Nonprofits Protecting the Environment

4829:(2014), wide-ranging scholarly history since 1950s 4152:"52 Environmental Rules on the Way Out Under Trump" 4150:Popovich, Nadja; Albeck-Ripka, Livia (2017-10-05). 4101: 3498: 2882:Robert A. Strong, "Jimmy Carter: Domestic affairs" 2580:

List of environmental agencies in the United States

2565:

Climate change and agriculture in the United States

1590:In 1992, Bush opposed international efforts at the 946:

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act

6246:Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act 5374:EPA Alumni Association: A Half Century of Progress 5298: 5093:Conservation and environmentalism: an encyclopedia 4800:"Calculating the Cost of Environmental Regulation" 4798:Pizer, William A.; Kopp, Raymond J. (2003-02-28). 3845:"Nations Approve Landmark Climate Accord in Paris" 3266:"Bush Energy Proposal Seeks to 'Clear Skies' 2018" 3111: 1412:Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 495:Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation 6300:Coalition for Responsible Regulation, Inc. v. EPA 4376: 4370: 4365:Only statistically significant differences shown. 4286: 3969:"Obama to Toughen Rules on Emissions and Mileage" 3962: 3960: 3109:United States. Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. 2904: 7286: 6358:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 6122:Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act 5488:BP P.L.C. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore 5247:Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society 5037:The Oxford Handbook of U.S. Environmental Policy 4681:"Here's why no one voted for the Green New Deal" 4324: 4095: 4022:"American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009" 2878: 2876: 2025:It'll start getting cooler. You just watch. ... 1539:The George H. W. Bush Administration (1989–1993) 1079:. The first statutory environmental law was the 465:Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry 353:Oceanic and atmospheric monitoring and research 287:Public lands, Energy, Minerals, National parks, 4844:Great Debates in American Environmental History 4346: 4344: 4320: 4318: 3817:"GOP to attack climate pact at home and abroad" 3488:"Nobel Physicist Chosen To Be Energy Secretary" 3198:"A Closer Look: Ecology, the Economy, and Bush" 1475:Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act 6368:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 5612:Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen 5534:Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen 5299:Mohai, P.; Pellow, D.; Roberts, J. T. (2009). 5007:. Volume: 60. Issue: 3. 1998. pp. 523 ff. 4974:A History of Environmental Politics since 1945 4245: 3957: 3784: 3782: 3533: 3081:The formal name for the air toxics program is 2052:, the Trump administration sought to increase 1985:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 1910:to implement new carbon emissions limits. The 1726: 1483:Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 1258:were put under regulation, and issues such as 1212:Nixon and the Environmental Decade (1970–1980) 658:Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure 16:Governmental action to protect the environment 6590: 6378:United States Environmental Protection Agency 6028:Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act 5405: 5327:A Companion to American Environmental History 5268:(U of Pittsburgh Press, 1998) essays by Hays 4991:Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences 4852:Bryce, Emma. "America's Greenest Presidents' 4735:"When will the Antarctic ozone hole recover?" 3065: 3063: 3061: 2873: 2064:as a part of his plan to balance the budget. 1952:2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference 1928:2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference 1703: 1693:The George W. Bush Administration (2001–2009) 1622:, the Vice President, and appointees such as 7123: 6982: 6917: 6862: 6777: 5588:Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council 5369:Environmental Protection Bills – GovTrack.us 5241:Coulter, Kimberly, and Christof Mauch, eds. 4783:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4661:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4341: 4315: 4268: 4126:"Promises about Environment on The Obameter" 3995:"U.S. Sets Higher Fuel Efficiency Standards" 3838: 3836: 3834: 3703: 3701: 3602:"Obama implores Senate to pass climate bill" 3485: 2424:Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act 1837: 1200: 900:Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act 608:Committee on Oversight and Government Reform 320:, Pollution control from defense facilities 6234:Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act 5550:Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council 5542:Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance 5290:A Companion to Global Environmental History 4046: 3779: 3315: 3313: 1862:Environmental issues were prominent in the 1815: 1799:Reverses promise to regulate carbon dioxide 1675:Everglades and the increase in size of the 1301:and greatly reducing automobile pollution. 1063:Environmental movement in the United States 371:Department of Housing and Urban Development 224:Environmental policy, Agency coordination, 214:Budget, Agency coordination and management 61:environmental movement in the United States 6597: 6583: 6228:Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act 5636:American Electric Power Co. v. Connecticut 5628:Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corp. 5580:Train v. Natural Resources Defense Council 5412: 5398: 5305:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 4665:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4488: 4052: 3808: 3373: 3195: 3058: 2717:The World Transformed: 1945 to the present 2560:Climate change policy of the United States 2550:Environmental history of the United States 7295:Environmental policy in the United States 5986:North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 5955:Forest Service Organic Administration Act 5596:Whitman v. American Trucking Associations 5316: 5281:Hersey, Mark D., and Ted Steinberg, eds. 5259:(W.W. Norton, 1995) 16 essays by experts. 4797: 4768: 4758: 4613:"Why the Green New Deal Is Happening Now" 4588:"Why the Green New Deal Is Happening Now" 4516:"Why the Green New Deal Is Happening Now" 4259:. Pew Research Center. 13 February 2020. 4197: 3935: 3912: 3894: 3842: 3831: 3814: 3788: 3750: 3724: 3698: 3678: 3672: 3646: 3564: 3562: 3539: 3395:"Revealed: How Oil Giant Influenced Bush" 3000: 2657: 2632: 2607: 2555:Environmental Racism in the United States 2191:The Biden Administration (2021 – present) 1828: 1513:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 1454:pressing and immediate. Energy Secretary 618:Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs 521:Committee on Environment and Public Works 505:Committee on Energy and Natural Resources 452:Senate and House committee jurisdictions 166:environmental issues in the United States 33:environmental policy of the United States 5949:Yellowstone National Park Protection Act 4842:Black, Brian C., and Donna L. Lybecker. 4538: 4489:Kurtzleben, Danielle (7 February 2019). 4223: 4114:from the original on September 15, 2020. 3986: 3730: 3652: 3596: 3594: 3512:; Davenport, Coral (September 8, 2016). 3319: 3310: 2826:White House politics and the Environment 2813:White House politics and the Environment 2800:White House politics and the Environment 2692: 2168:. Several of his cabinet picks, such as 2151: 1308:") that required industries to use the " 662:Noise, Water pollution, Water resources 155:Power delegation and policy jurisdiction 106: 18: 6383:United States Fish and Wildlife Service 4945:Presidents and the American Environment 4896:(Scarecrow, 2009), worldwide coverage; 4295: 3862: 3815:Restuccia, Andrew (September 7, 2015). 3756: 3733:"Climate deal falls short of key goals" 3540:Davenport, Coral (September 28, 2015). 3263: 3027: 2672:U.S. Council on Environmental Quality. 1885:During his presidency, Obama described 1670:to the Senate), and stood firm against 233:Department of Health and Human Services 7287: 6476:National Ambient Air Quality Standards 6319:Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act 6216:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 6204:Hazardous Materials Transportation Act 5878:County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund 5365:Web Archives (archived 2004-11-21) 4440: 4427:Ness, Erik, "The Cost of Skepticism," 4308:from the original on 26 October 2021. 4278:. Pew Research Center. 18 April 2023. 4053:Shepardson, David (January 20, 2016). 3992: 3966: 3929: 3868: 3843:Davenport, Coral (December 12, 2015). 3731:Eilperin, Juliet (December 19, 2009). 3559: 3354: 3094: 2915: 2612:(10th ed.). CQ Press. p. 9. 2450: 2400:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 2027:I don't think science knows, actually. 1903:American Clean Energy and Security Act 1648:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1610:The Clinton Administration (1993–2001) 1399:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 757:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 739:Hazardous Materials Transportation Act 551:Committee on Labor and Human Resources 116:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 82:scientific consensus on global warming 7320:Environmentalism in the United States 6578: 6564:Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action 6085:Environmental Quality Improvement Act 5862:Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co. 5472:Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation 5393: 5318:10.1146/annurev-environ-082508-094348 5266:Explorations In Environmental History 4969:(1987), a standard scholarly history 4463: 4363:from the original on 31 August 2022. 4263:from the original on 16 January 2021. 3936:Davenport, Coral (October 15, 2016). 3626: 3620: 3591: 3568: 3392: 3264:Marquis, Christopher (30 July 2012). 3152: 2282:and dry deposition, is the result of 1489:The Reagan Administration (1981–1989) 1405:The Carter Administration (1977–1981) 1057:Origins of the environmental movement 442: 375:Housing, Urban parks, Urban planning 6293:Energy Independence and Security Act 6264:National Environmental Education Act 4882:Coodley, Gregg, and David Sarasohn. 4399: 4389:from the original on 3 October 2023. 3869:Mufson, Steven (December 12, 2015). 3707: 2714: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2693:Vig, Norman; Kraft, Michael (2019). 2472:risk-averse position, following the 2420:Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments 2391:Hazardous waste in the United States 2006:The Trump Administration (2017–2021) 1970:Obama took several actions to raise 1852:The Obama Administration (2009–2017) 1634:Clinton's record as the governor of 864:Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments 204:Overall policy, Agency coordination 6536:Significant New Alternatives Policy 6388:U.S. Global Change Research Program 5698:Southern Union Co. v. United States 5644:Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA 5558:Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms 4998:Handbook of US Environmental Policy 4902:Daynes, Byron W. and Glen Sussman. 4337:from the original on 18 April 2022. 4282:from the original on 22 April 2023. 4224:Eilperin, Juliet (April 16, 2017). 3679:Davenport, Carol (March 31, 2015). 2739: 2590:List of environmental organizations 2504:environmental effects of pesticides 2384: 2210:Green New Deal proposed by liberals 1762:Pew Center on Global Climate Change 1731:President Bush refused to sign the 1644:North American Free Trade Agreement 1367:The Ford Administration (1974–1977) 1071:doctrines, for example, the law of 990:North American Free Trade Agreement 767:Federal Water Pollution Control Act 668:Committee on Science and Technology 418:Federal Emergency Management Agency 159: 13: 6606:Public policy of the United States 6313:America's Water Infrastructure Act 6303:(D.C. Cir. Court of Appeals, 2012) 6022:Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act 5782:United States v. Riverside Bayview 5720:Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill 5690:City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey 5344:US Environmental Protection Agency 4809: 4610: 4585: 4513: 4441:Rosane, Olivia (28 January 2021). 4400:Bump, Philip (December 13, 2016). 4296:McGreal, Chris (26 October 2021). 3789:Davenport, Coral (June 30, 2015). 3653:Eilperin, Juliet (June 25, 2013). 3461:Development in American Politics 6 3374:Goldenberg, Suzanne (2009-01-16). 3292:"Bush Chips Away at Clean Air Act" 3289: 3116:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 3099:. Denver, CO: Environment America. 2928:from the original on 17 June 2022. 2866:Byron W. Daynes and Glen Sussman, 2853:Byron W. Daynes and Glen Sussman, 2327: 2273: 2270:can be surrounded by controversy. 2204:Convention on Biological Diversity 1963:which sought to reduce the use of 1008:Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments 910:Occupational Safety and Health Act 882:Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments 14: 7331: 6329:(5th Cir. Court of Appeals, 2022) 6091:National Environmental Policy Act 6069:(2nd Cir. Court of Appeals, 1965) 5830:Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper Inc. 5790:SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers 5337: 5225: 3294:. The Sierra Club. Archived from 3196:Greenhouse, Steven (1992-06-14). 2839:University of Colorado Law Review 2798:Byron Daines and Glenn Sussman , 2701: 2610:Environmental Politics and Policy 2259:National Environmental Policy Act 1642:, and through his support of the 1228:National Environmental Policy Act 1205:For previous administrations see 1195:Natural Resources Defense Council 1191:National Environmental Policy Act 874:National Environmental Policy Act 749:Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 46:National Environmental Policy Act 6516:Presidential Climate Action Plan 6496:New Source Performance Standards 6363:Council on Environmental Quality 6252:Emergency Wetlands Resources Act 4198:Feldscher, Kyle (4 March 2016). 4027:. April 20, 2009. Archived from 3993:Vlasic, Bill (August 28, 2012). 3967:Broder, John M. (May 19, 2009). 3435:"Bush Proposes Talks on Warming" 2769:354 F.2d 608, December 29, 1965. 2744:. Boston: Longman. p. 227. 2341:is the reduced concentration of 2278:Acid deposition, in the form of 2137: 2124: 2105: 2086: 2040:The environmental policy of the 2033:—Donald Trump, on climate change 1930:, which drafted the non-binding 1823:Competitive Enterprise Institute 1683:cases from this period included 1232:Council on Environmental Quality 918:Emergency Wetlands Resources Act 700:Major Environmental Legislation 638:Committee on Energy and Commerce 220:Council on Environmental Quality 6152:Water Resources Development Act 6109:Coastal Zone Management Program 5421:United States environmental law 5209:The Journal of American History 5086:A Companion to Richard M. Nixon 4955:Society & Natural Resources 4791: 4726: 4710: 4698: 4673: 4629: 4604: 4579: 4557: 4532: 4507: 4482: 4457: 4434: 4421: 4393: 4217: 4191: 4171: 4143: 4118: 4069: 4014: 3888: 3479: 3466: 3453: 3427: 3418: 3405: 3386: 3367: 3355:Sanger, David E. (2001-06-12). 3348: 3339: 3283: 3257: 3235: 3222: 3210: 3189: 3146: 3125: 3103: 3088: 3075: 3040: 3028:Chipman, Kim (5 October 2010). 3021: 2994: 2976: 2964: 2948: 2932: 2888: 2860: 2847: 2831: 2818: 2805: 2792: 2467:is often used to determine the 1750:Environmental Protection Agency 1604:global carbon dioxide emissions 1547:appointed an environmentalist, 1529:Office of Management and Budget 1236:Environmental Protection Agency 1175:Second Circuit Court of Appeals 428:Department of Homeland Security 243:Environmental Protection Agency 226:Environmental impact statements 210:Office of Management and Budget 102: 69:Environmental Protection Agency 6443:Environmental impact statement 6423:Corporate average fuel economy 6307:Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act 5728:Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife 5199:Presidential Studies Quarterly 5012:New England Journal of History 4920:, a standard scholarly history 4894:The A to Z of Environmentalism 3627:Walsh, Bryan (July 26, 2010). 2896:Presidential Studies Quarterly 2772: 2758: 2733: 2686: 2666: 2658:Eccleston, Charles H. (2010). 2651: 2633:Eccleston, Charles H. (2010). 2626: 2601: 2526:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1976:Corporate Average Fuel Economy 1577:Competitiveness Policy Council 1222:On January 1, 1970, President 1081:Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 648:Committee on Natural Resources 531:Committee on Foreign Relations 193:Environmental Responsibilities 97:environmental impact statement 1: 5325:Sackman, Douglas Cazaux, ed. 5213:online at History Cooperative 5074:(2 vol ABC-CLIO, 2010), 950pp 4539:Friedman, Lisa (2019-02-21). 3122:. Approved November 15, 1990. 3095:Madsen, Travis (2017-11-15). 2916:Pattee, Emma (14 June 2022). 2595: 627:Nuclear Regulatory Commission 326:Nuclear Regulatory Commission 7315:Environmental social science 7300:United States federal policy 6222:Toxic Substances Control Act 5162:The Environmental Presidency 4739:Geophysical Research Letters 3133:"Council on Competitiveness" 2674:Code of Federal Regulations, 2489:Smoking in the United States 2408:Toxic Substances Control Act 1938:. The deal provided for the 1686:United States v. Weitzenhoff 1090:, associated with President 793:Toxic Substances Control Act 381:Department of Transportation 7: 7305:History of environmentalism 6847:Low-level radioactive waste 6481:National Climate Assessment 6428:Discharge Monitoring Report 6281:Food Quality Protection Act 6103:Coastal Zone Management Act 5349:Environmental Law Institute 5235:10 (2004), pp. 407–38 5184:(U of Arizona Press, 2002). 5070:Lindstrom, Matthew J. ed. 5044:Political Science Quarterly 5019:Political Science Quarterly 5014:1999–2000 56(2–3): 122–144. 4464:Jones, Benji (2021-05-20). 3895:Milkoreit, Manjana (2019). 3629:"Why the Climate Bill Died" 3001:Goldstein, Natalie (2009). 2944:36#3 (Fall 1992), pp 28-36. 2742:Understanding Public Policy 2543: 1727:Global environmental policy 1616:Bill Clinton administration 1444:Synthetic Fuels Corporation 1116:'s controversial 1962 book 928:Consumer Product Safety Act 678:Committee on Small Business 588:Committee on Appropriations 561:Committee on Small Business 475:Committee on Appropriations 86:United States energy policy 10: 7336: 6258:Global Change Research Act 5908:United States v. Bestfoods 5355: (archived 2009-12-11) 4813: 3393:Vidal, John (2005-06-08). 3320:Vedantam (10 March 2005). 2608:Rosenbaum, Walter (2016). 2532:were stable or improving. 2404:cradle-to-grave regulation 2388: 2331: 2213: 2194: 2009: 1864:2008 presidential election 1855: 1704:The Clear Skies Initiative 1696: 1215: 1098:. During this period, the 1060: 1026:Healthy Forests Initiative 692: 688: 535:International environment 412:Electric power generation 408:Tennessee Valley Authority 343:International environment 316:Civil works construction, 283:Department of the Interior 164:Governmental authority on 7250: 7222: 7199: 7171: 7148: 7105: 7087: 6947: 6887: 6827: 6752: 6685: 6612: 6531:Section 608 Certification 6471:Maximum contaminant level 6408:Best available technology 6396: 6348: 6054:(1963, 1970, 1977, 1990) 6034:Air Pollution Control Act 5998:Migratory Bird Treaty Act 5930: 5896: 5770: 5708: 5678: 5568: 5498: 5427: 5180:Sturgeon, Stephen Craig. 5061:Natural Resources Journal 5056:(2nd ed. Oxford UP, 1994) 5030:Journal of Policy History 4980:a shorter version of his 4935:Nixon and the Environment 3914:10.1017/S1537592719000951 2514: 2264: 2019:2020 California wildfires 1997:plug-in electric vehicles 1838:Bush environmental legacy 1310:best available technology 1280:biochemical oxygen demand 1201:Presidential involvements 810:Clean Air Act Amendments 785:Air Pollution Control Act 672:Research and Development 612:Interagency subject area 569: 545:Interagency subject area 456: 432:United States Coast Guard 296:Department of Agriculture 6559:Toxicity category rating 6554:Total maximum daily load 6491:National Priorities List 6373:Office of Surface Mining 6198:Federal Noxious Weed Act 6099:(1972, 1977, 1987, 2014) 6073:Solid Waste Disposal Act 5814:Rapanos v. United States 5141:(Hill & Wang, 1993) 5112:(Harcourt Brace, 1998). 4874:Social Science Quarterly 3901:Perspectives on Politics 3710:"Inside the war on coal" 3506:Hirschfield Davis, Julie 2697:. Sage. pp. 88–109. 2637:. Taylor & Francis. 2222:Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez 1816:Environmental regulation 1677:Everglades National Park 1598:by refusing to sign the 1581:redefinition of wetlands 819:Solid Waste Disposal Act 775:Solid Waste Disposal Act 578:Committee on Agriculture 276:Environmental litigation 6521:Renewable Fuel Standard 6339:Inflation Reduction Act 6146:Safe Drinking Water Act 5301:"Environmental Justice" 5233:Environment and History 4835:Andrews, Richard N.L., 4359:. Pew Research Center. 3413:Bush: On the Home Front 2500:threat of nuclear power 2474:precautionary principle 1972:vehicle fuel efficiency 1585:Congressional oversight 1505:The Heritage Foundation 1424:Army Corps of Engineers 1395:Safe Drinking Water Act 1373:Gerald Ford, 1974–1977. 1272:conventional pollutants 1173:decided in 1965 by the 1018:Safe Drinking Water Act 598:Committee on the Budget 485:Committee on the Budget 318:Dredge and fill permits 149:mitigate global warming 137:tradable permit systems 6134:Endangered Species Act 6079:Endangered Species Act 5961:Rivers and Harbors Act 5510:United States v. SCRAP 5456:Vermont Yankee v. NRDC 5201:26.1 (1996): 185-196. 5052:Landy, Marc K. et al. 5046:98.2 (1983): 215–233. 4957:14.6 (2001): 455–469. 4886:(UP of Kansas, 2021) 4431:March/April 2018, p.16 3474:Environmental Politics 3245:. White House Archives 2715:Hunt, Michael (2014). 2538:gross domestic product 2164:, particularly of the 2157: 2030: 1934:as a successor to the 1829:Reducing air pollution 1781:United States Congress 1766:Earth Policy Institute 1754:Christine Todd Whitman 1596:Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 1500:Mandate for Leadership 1000:Endangered Species Act 349:Department of Commerce 143:emissions in the 1990 119: 28: 7310:Environmental history 6459:Executive Order 13990 6453:Executive Order 13432 6448:Environmental justice 6333:CHIPS and Science Act 6040:Fish and Wildlife Act 5916:Guam v. United States 5448:Sierra Club v. Morton 5221:(Princeton UP, 2019). 5174:4.3 (2004): 337-355. 5091:Paehlke, Robert, ed. 5081:11.4 (2011): 489–518. 5021:99.3 (1984): 415–439 5000:(Edward Elgar, 2020). 4947:(UP of Kansas, 2015) 4927:32.4 (2008): 613-638. 4429:Brown Alumni Monthly, 3760:(November 11, 2014). 3071:Environmental Policy. 2898:8.4 (1978): 348-364. 2824:Daines and Sussman , 2811:Daines and Sussman , 2522:National Park Service 2351:ultraviolet radiation 2230:100% renewable energy 2185:environmental studies 2155: 2022: 1666:(although he did not 1216:Further information: 1088:conservation movement 1077:public trust doctrine 330:License and regulate 312:Department of Defense 305:Soil and Conservation 271:Department of Justice 174:Franklin D. Roosevelt 125:performance standards 110: 92:have been suggested. 22: 7115:Same-sex immigration 6542:State of the Climate 6210:Magnuson–Stevens Act 6016:McSweeney-McNary Act 5668:West Virginia v. EPA 5620:Massachusetts v. EPA 5211:96.1 (2009): 123–47 4993:8.2 (2018): 197–211. 4943:Graham Jr., Otis L. 4933:Flippen, J. Brooks. 4760:10.1029/2005GL025232 4083:. September 21, 2017 3574:"As the World Burns" 3572:(October 11, 2010). 2778:Scenic Hudson, Inc. 2740:Dye, Thomas (2011). 2695:Environmental Policy 2493:Endocrine disruptors 2426:(1986) were passed. 2293:a number of problems 2166:fossil fuel industry 2042:Trump administration 1948:developing countries 1471:National Park System 1440:Department of Energy 1387:Kleppe v. New Mexico 1299:catalytic converters 972:Clean Air Act (1990) 892:Clean Air Act (1970) 803:Clean Air Act (1963) 398:Department of Energy 80:. Due to increasing 54:Charles H. Eccleston 41:environmental policy 6506:Not-To-Exceed (NTE) 6438:Environmental crime 6433:Effluent guidelines 6194:, 2014, 2016, 2022) 5934:federal legislation 5440:Missouri v. Holland 5363:Library of Congress 5187:Taylor, Dorceta E. 5172:White House Studies 5160:Soden, Dennis, ed. 5123:Rushefsky, Mark E. 5088:(2011) pp: 270–290. 5032:12.1 (2000): 17–42. 4862:Brinkley, Douglas. 4751:2006GeoRL..3312814N 4718:The Washington Post 4685:Washington Examiner 4407:The Washington Post 4383:The Washington Post 4231:The Washington Post 4204:Washington Examiner 3875:The Washington Post 3737:The Washington Post 3708:Grunwald, Michael. 3659:The Washington Post 3492:The Washington Post 3440:The Washington Post 2938:Stephen W. Haycox, 2451:Risk control policy 2359:Chlorofluorocarbons 2250:The Washington Post 2174:Secretary of Energy 2069:Climate Action Plan 1981:"cash-for-clunkers" 1878:-winning physicist 1760:, president of the 1600:biodiversity treaty 1382:Sagebrush Rebellion 1350:Russell W. Peterson 1342:William Ruckelshaus 1318:secondary treatment 1306:effluent guidelines 1183:Storm King Mountain 1100:U.S. Forest Service 701: 453: 364:Occupational health 359:Department of Labor 339:Department of State 76:degree, control of 59:As a result of the 6657:Telecommunications 6326:Louisiana v. Biden 6240:CERCLA (Superfund) 6148:(1974, 1986, 1996) 5464:Hughes v. Oklahoma 5150:(Routledge, 2013). 4925:Diplomatic History 4892:Dauvergne, Peter. 4848:online book review 4611:Amadeo, Kimberly. 4586:Amadeo, Kimberly. 4545:The New York Times 4514:Amadeo, Kimberly. 4187:. 24 October 2017. 4157:The New York Times 4108:The New York Times 4034:on January 6, 2011 4000:The New York Times 3973:The New York Times 3943:The New York Times 3849:The New York Times 3795:The New York Times 3766:The New York Times 3685:The New York Times 3546:The New York Times 3519:The New York Times 3476:2009. 18: 424-430. 3361:The New York Times 3298:on 29 October 2011 3270:The New York Times 3203:The New York Times 2988:The New York Times 2785:2005-12-18 at the 2530:endangered species 2158: 2035:September 13, 2020 1681:U.S. Supreme Court 1654:and its candidate 1164:resource depletion 1092:Theodore Roosevelt 846:CERCLA (Superfund) 699: 451: 443:Legislative branch 289:Endangered species 200:White House Office 120: 65:environmental laws 29: 7282: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7144: 7143: 7083: 7082: 6943: 6942: 6883: 6882: 6823: 6822: 6572: 6571: 6501:New Source Review 6287:Energy Policy Act 6270:Oil Pollution Act 6140:Oil Pollution Act 6128:Noise Control Act 6058:Acid Rain Program 6046:Oil Pollution Act 6010:Oil Pollution Act 6004:Clarke–McNary Act 5926: 5925: 5886:Sackett v. EPA II 5153:Short, C. Brant. 5146:Shafie, David M. 5135:Sale, Kirkpatrick 4876:(1998): 717-733. 3326:The Seattle Times 3014:978-0-8160-6769-5 2870:(2010) pp 84-100. 2857:(2010) pp 139-54. 2751:978-0-205-75742-8 2726:978-0-19-937102-0 2644:978-1-4398-4766-4 2619:978-1-5063-4537-6 2375:Montreal Protocol 2371:Vienna Convention 2297:coal power plants 1961:Montreal Protocol 1932:Copenhagen Accord 1721:New Source Review 1668:submit the treaty 1545:George H. W. Bush 1467:Governor of Idaho 1456:James Schlesinger 1152:industrialization 1031: 1030: 982:Noise Control Act 954:Oil Pollution Act 936:Water Quality Act 838:Water Quality Act 686: 685: 440: 439: 145:Acid Rain Program 7327: 7121: 7120: 6980: 6979: 6915: 6914: 6860: 6859: 6775: 6774: 6683: 6682: 6599: 6592: 6585: 6576: 6575: 6418:Clean Power Plan 6350:Federal agencies 5992:Weeks–McLean Act 5846:Sackett v. EPA I 5496: 5495: 5414: 5407: 5400: 5391: 5390: 5322: 5320: 5191:(Duke UP, 2016) 5108:Rothman, Hal K. 5095:(Garland, 1995) 5079:Cold War History 5063:(1990): 301–319 4972:Hays, Samuel P. 4839:(Yale UP, 1999) 4804: 4803: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4782: 4774: 4772: 4770:2060/20060027247 4762: 4730: 4724: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4692: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4660: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4623: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4598: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4575: 4574: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4551: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4526: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4501: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4476: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4438: 4432: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4348: 4339: 4338: 4322: 4313: 4312: 4293: 4284: 4283: 4272: 4266: 4264: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4033: 4026: 4018: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4007: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3964: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3916: 3907:(4): 1019–1037. 3892: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3840: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3786: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3705: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3598: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3566: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3483: 3477: 3470: 3464: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3447: 3431: 3425: 3422: 3416: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3352: 3346: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3317: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3239: 3233: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3141: 3140: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3092: 3086: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3056: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3025: 3019: 3018: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2952: 2946: 2942:Idaho Yesterdays 2936: 2930: 2929: 2913: 2902: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2871: 2864: 2858: 2851: 2845: 2841:83 (2011): 123+ 2835: 2829: 2828:(2010) pp 82-83. 2822: 2816: 2809: 2803: 2796: 2790: 2776: 2770: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2712: 2699: 2698: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2605: 2385:Hazardous wastes 2288:nitrogen dioxide 2248:An editorial in 2224:(D-NY) and Sen. 2182:Brown University 2141: 2128: 2109: 2090: 2077:Clean Power Plan 2073:Clean Water Rule 2050:renewable energy 2036: 2028: 1993:electricity grid 1989:renewable energy 1944:carbon emissions 1912:Clean Power Plan 1891:long-term threat 1889:as the greatest 1789:Paula Dobriansky 1646:in 1993 and the 1378:Thomas S. Kleppe 1314:sewage treatment 1284:suspended solids 1248:nitrogen dioxide 1148:world population 702: 698: 454: 450: 392:, Oil pollution 264:Toxic substances 184: 183: 160:Executive branch 112:Federal Register 7335: 7334: 7330: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7325: 7324: 7285: 7284: 7283: 7274: 7246: 7218: 7195: 7173:Native American 7167: 7140: 7119: 7101: 7079: 7005:F. D. Roosevelt 6978: 6939: 6913: 6879: 6858: 6819: 6773: 6748: 6681: 6608: 6603: 6573: 6568: 6400: 6392: 6344: 6097:Clean Water Act 5941: 5940:and lower court 5939: 5937: 5932: 5922: 5892: 5766: 5704: 5674: 5652:Michigan v. EPA 5564: 5494: 5431: 5423: 5418: 5353:Wayback Machine 5340: 5335: 5263:Hays, Samuel P. 5253:Cronon, William 5228: 5127:(6th ed. 2017) 4964:Hays, Samuel P. 4823:Allitt, Patrick 4818: 4812: 4810:Further reading 4807: 4796: 4792: 4776: 4775: 4731: 4727: 4720:April 6, 2024; 4715: 4711: 4703: 4699: 4690: 4688: 4679: 4678: 4674: 4654: 4653: 4646: 4644: 4642:Washington Post 4634: 4630: 4621: 4619: 4609: 4605: 4596: 4594: 4584: 4580: 4572: 4570: 4569:, 29 March 2019 4563: 4562: 4558: 4549: 4547: 4537: 4533: 4524: 4522: 4512: 4508: 4499: 4497: 4487: 4483: 4474: 4472: 4462: 4458: 4448: 4446: 4439: 4435: 4426: 4422: 4412: 4410: 4398: 4394: 4375: 4371: 4357:pewresearch.org 4349: 4342: 4323: 4316: 4294: 4287: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4257:PewResearch.org 4251: 4250: 4246: 4236: 4234: 4222: 4218: 4208: 4206: 4196: 4192: 4177: 4176: 4172: 4162: 4160: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4100: 4096: 4086: 4084: 4075: 4074: 4070: 4060: 4058: 4051: 4047: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4024: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4005: 4003: 3991: 3987: 3977: 3975: 3965: 3958: 3948: 3946: 3934: 3930: 3893: 3889: 3879: 3877: 3867: 3863: 3853: 3851: 3841: 3832: 3822: 3820: 3813: 3809: 3799: 3797: 3787: 3780: 3770: 3768: 3755: 3751: 3741: 3739: 3729: 3725: 3715: 3713: 3706: 3699: 3689: 3687: 3677: 3673: 3663: 3661: 3651: 3647: 3637: 3635: 3625: 3621: 3611: 3609: 3608:. June 27, 2009 3600: 3599: 3592: 3582: 3580: 3567: 3560: 3550: 3548: 3538: 3534: 3524: 3522: 3503: 3499: 3484: 3480: 3471: 3467: 3458: 3454: 3445: 3443: 3433: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3419: 3411:Graham, John. " 3410: 3406: 3391: 3387: 3372: 3368: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3330: 3328: 3318: 3311: 3301: 3299: 3288: 3284: 3274: 3272: 3262: 3258: 3248: 3246: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3227: 3223: 3215: 3211: 3194: 3190: 3167:10.2307/3235378 3151: 3147: 3138: 3136: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3115: 3108: 3104: 3093: 3089: 3080: 3076: 3069:Vig and Kraft, 3068: 3059: 3045: 3041: 3026: 3022: 3015: 2999: 2995: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2969: 2965: 2953: 2949: 2937: 2933: 2914: 2905: 2893: 2889: 2881: 2874: 2865: 2861: 2852: 2848: 2836: 2832: 2823: 2819: 2810: 2806: 2797: 2793: 2787:Wayback Machine 2777: 2773: 2763: 2759: 2752: 2738: 2734: 2727: 2713: 2702: 2691: 2687: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2656: 2652: 2645: 2631: 2627: 2620: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2546: 2517: 2461:risk management 2457:risk assessment 2453: 2422:(1984) and the 2396:Hazardous waste 2393: 2387: 2345:in the Earth's 2339:Ozone depletion 2336: 2330: 2328:Ozone depletion 2313:energy security 2276: 2274:Acid deposition 2267: 2246: 2238:Mitch McConnell 2218: 2212: 2199: 2193: 2150: 2149: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2134: 2133: 2129: 2118: 2117: 2116: 2115: 2114: 2110: 2102: 2101: 2091: 2058:Paris agreement 2038: 2034: 2032: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2014: 2008: 1956:Paris Agreement 1860: 1854: 1840: 1831: 1818: 1801: 1758:Eileen Claussen 1729: 1706: 1701: 1695: 1612: 1541: 1519:at the EPA and 1503:, published by 1491: 1479:Antiquities Act 1407: 1397:(1974) and the 1369: 1252:carbon monoxide 1220: 1214: 1203: 1160:food production 1096:Gifford Pinchot 1065: 1059: 964:Clean Water Act 856:Air Quality Act 827:Clean Water Act 697: 691: 623:Synthetic fuels 592:Appropriations 510:Synthetic fuels 479:Appropriations 445: 252:water pollution 162: 157: 142: 133:emissions taxes 105: 78:hazardous waste 23:Development of 17: 12: 11: 5: 7333: 7323: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7280: 7279: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7256: 7254: 7248: 7247: 7245: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7228: 7226: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7216: 7211: 7205: 7203: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7177: 7175: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7165: 7160: 7154: 7152: 7150:Infrastructure 7146: 7145: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7138: 7133: 7127: 7125: 7118: 7117: 7111: 7109: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7099: 7093: 7091: 7085: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6986: 6984: 6977: 6976: 6975: 6974: 6964: 6959: 6953: 6951: 6945: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6921: 6919: 6912: 6911: 6910: 6909: 6902:Climate change 6899: 6893: 6891: 6885: 6884: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6877: 6872: 6866: 6864: 6857: 6856: 6851: 6850: 6849: 6842:Nuclear energy 6839: 6833: 6831: 6825: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6781: 6779: 6772: 6771: 6770: 6769: 6758: 6756: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6724:War on Poverty 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6691: 6689: 6680: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6667:Transportation 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6613: 6610: 6609: 6602: 6601: 6594: 6587: 6579: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6548:Tailoring Rule 6545: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6511:PACE financing 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6462: 6456: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6404: 6402: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6354: 6352: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6322: 6316: 6310: 6304: 6296: 6290: 6284: 6278: 6273: 6267: 6261: 6255: 6249: 6243: 6237: 6231: 6225: 6219: 6213: 6207: 6201: 6195: 6149: 6143: 6137: 6131: 6125: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6111: 6100: 6094: 6088: 6082: 6076: 6070: 6062: 6061: 6060: 6049: 6043: 6037: 6031: 6025: 6019: 6013: 6007: 6001: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5977: 5971: 5970: 5969: 5958: 5952: 5945: 5943: 5928: 5927: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5920: 5912: 5903: 5901: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5890: 5882: 5874: 5866: 5858: 5850: 5842: 5834: 5826: 5818: 5810: 5802: 5794: 5786: 5777: 5775: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5764: 5756: 5748: 5740: 5732: 5724: 5715: 5713: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5702: 5694: 5685: 5683: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5672: 5664: 5656: 5648: 5640: 5632: 5624: 5616: 5608: 5600: 5592: 5584: 5575: 5573: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5562: 5554: 5546: 5538: 5530: 5522: 5514: 5505: 5503: 5493: 5492: 5484: 5476: 5468: 5460: 5452: 5444: 5435: 5433: 5425: 5424: 5417: 5416: 5409: 5402: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5371: 5366: 5356: 5346: 5339: 5338:External links 5336: 5334: 5333: 5323: 5296: 5286: 5279: 5260: 5250: 5239: 5227: 5226:Historiography 5224: 5223: 5222: 5217:Vogel, David. 5215: 5205: 5195: 5185: 5178: 5168: 5158: 5151: 5144: 5132: 5121: 5106: 5099: 5089: 5082: 5075: 5068: 5057: 5050: 5040: 5033: 5026: 5015: 5008: 5001: 4994: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4961: 4951: 4941: 4931: 4928: 4921: 4910: 4900: 4890: 4880: 4870: 4860: 4854:New York Times 4850: 4840: 4833: 4819: 4814:Main article: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4805: 4790: 4745:(12): L12814. 4725: 4709: 4697: 4672: 4628: 4603: 4578: 4556: 4531: 4506: 4481: 4456: 4433: 4420: 4392: 4369: 4340: 4314: 4285: 4267: 4244: 4216: 4190: 4170: 4142: 4117: 4094: 4068: 4045: 4013: 3985: 3956: 3928: 3887: 3861: 3830: 3807: 3778: 3749: 3723: 3697: 3671: 3645: 3619: 3590: 3578:The New Yorker 3558: 3532: 3497: 3478: 3465: 3452: 3426: 3417: 3404: 3385: 3366: 3347: 3338: 3309: 3282: 3256: 3234: 3221: 3209: 3188: 3161:(3): 379–399. 3145: 3124: 3102: 3087: 3074: 3057: 3039: 3020: 3013: 3004:Global Warming 2993: 2975: 2963: 2958:New York Times 2947: 2931: 2903: 2887: 2872: 2859: 2846: 2830: 2817: 2804: 2802:(2010) page v. 2791: 2771: 2757: 2750: 2732: 2725: 2700: 2685: 2665: 2650: 2643: 2625: 2618: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2575:Green New Deal 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2545: 2542: 2516: 2513: 2465:animal testing 2452: 2449: 2389:Main article: 2386: 2383: 2334:Climate change 2332:Main article: 2329: 2326: 2299:to use taller 2275: 2272: 2266: 2263: 2245: 2242: 2216:Green New Deal 2214:Main article: 2211: 2208: 2195:Main article: 2192: 2189: 2143: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2123: 2122: 2121: 2120: 2119: 2111: 2104: 2103: 2092: 2085: 2084: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2016: 2015: 2010:Main article: 2007: 2004: 1936:Kyoto Protocol 1887:global warming 1856:Main article: 1853: 1850: 1845:United Nations 1839: 1836: 1830: 1827: 1817: 1814: 1800: 1797: 1733:Kyoto Protocol 1728: 1725: 1705: 1702: 1694: 1691: 1664:Kyoto Protocol 1611: 1608: 1557:Richard Darman 1553:John H. Sununu 1549:William Reilly 1540: 1537: 1509:David Stockman 1490: 1487: 1406: 1403: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1353: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1268:global warming 1244:sulfur dioxide 1213: 1210: 1202: 1199: 1144:sustainability 1142:, health, and 1132:Garrett Hardin 1128:Barry Commoner 1124:William Ophuls 1110:Upton Sinclair 1061:Main article: 1058: 1055: 1029: 1028: 1023: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1010: 1005: 1002: 997: 993: 992: 987: 984: 979: 975: 974: 969: 966: 961: 957: 956: 951: 948: 943: 939: 938: 933: 930: 925: 921: 920: 915: 912: 907: 903: 902: 897: 894: 889: 885: 884: 879: 876: 871: 867: 866: 861: 858: 853: 849: 848: 843: 840: 835: 831: 830: 824: 821: 816: 812: 811: 808: 805: 800: 796: 795: 790: 787: 782: 778: 777: 772: 769: 764: 760: 759: 754: 751: 746: 742: 741: 736: 733: 728: 724: 723: 718: 713: 708: 690: 687: 684: 683: 680: 674: 673: 670: 664: 663: 660: 654: 653: 652:Ocean dumping 650: 644: 643: 640: 634: 633: 620: 614: 613: 610: 604: 603: 600: 594: 593: 590: 584: 583: 580: 574: 573: 567: 566: 563: 557: 556: 555:Public health 553: 547: 546: 543: 537: 536: 533: 527: 526: 523: 517: 516: 507: 501: 500: 497: 491: 490: 487: 481: 480: 477: 471: 470: 467: 461: 460: 444: 441: 438: 437: 434: 424: 423: 420: 414: 413: 410: 404: 403: 400: 394: 393: 390:Aircraft noise 383: 377: 376: 373: 367: 366: 361: 355: 354: 351: 345: 344: 341: 335: 334: 328: 322: 321: 314: 308: 307: 298: 292: 291: 285: 279: 278: 273: 267: 266: 245: 239: 238: 235: 229: 228: 222: 216: 215: 212: 206: 205: 202: 196: 195: 190: 188:Federal Agency 161: 158: 156: 153: 140: 104: 101: 90:greenhouse gas 88:and limits on 39:. The goal of 25:carbon dioxide 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7332: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7257: 7255: 7253: 7249: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7221: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7198: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7170: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7151: 7147: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7124:By Presidency 7122: 7116: 7113: 7112: 7110: 7108: 7104: 7098: 7095: 7094: 7092: 7090: 7086: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7050:G. H. W. Bush 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7025:L. B. Johnson 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6983:By Presidency 6981: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6946: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6918:By Presidency 6916: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6889:Environmental 6886: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6863:By Presidency 6861: 6855: 6852: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6826: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6778:By Presidency 6776: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6755: 6751: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6721: 6720:Great Society 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6684: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 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6138: 6135: 6132: 6129: 6126: 6123: 6120: 6117: 6114: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6098: 6095: 6092: 6089: 6086: 6083: 6080: 6077: 6074: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6052:Clean Air Act 6050: 6047: 6044: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6023: 6020: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6008: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5993: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5968: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5956: 5953: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5935: 5929: 5918: 5917: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5895: 5888: 5887: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5835: 5832: 5831: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5769: 5762: 5761: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5707: 5700: 5699: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5677: 5670: 5669: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5657: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5646: 5645: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5633: 5630: 5629: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5609: 5606: 5605: 5601: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5567: 5560: 5559: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5531: 5528: 5527: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5515: 5512: 5511: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5497: 5490: 5489: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5430: 5429:Supreme Court 5426: 5422: 5415: 5410: 5408: 5403: 5401: 5396: 5395: 5392: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5360: 5357: 5354: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5284: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5274:9780822956433 5271: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5229: 5220: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5183: 5179: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5167: 5164:(SUNY, 1999) 5163: 5159: 5156: 5152: 5149: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5136: 5133: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5100: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5087: 5083: 5080: 5076: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5055: 5051: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5038: 5034: 5031: 5027: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5013: 5009: 5006: 5005:The Historian 5002: 4999: 4995: 4992: 4988: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4922: 4919: 4915: 4912:Fiege, Mark. 4911: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4838: 4834: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4817: 4801: 4794: 4786: 4780: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4729: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4686: 4682: 4676: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4643: 4639: 4632: 4618: 4614: 4607: 4593: 4589: 4582: 4568: 4567: 4560: 4546: 4542: 4535: 4521: 4517: 4510: 4496: 4492: 4485: 4471: 4467: 4460: 4444: 4437: 4430: 4424: 4409: 4408: 4403: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4373: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4347: 4345: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4321: 4319: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4290: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4248: 4233: 4232: 4227: 4220: 4209:September 13, 4205: 4201: 4194: 4186: 4185: 4180: 4174: 4159: 4158: 4153: 4146: 4131: 4127: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4098: 4082: 4081:FactCheck.org 4078: 4072: 4056: 4049: 4030: 4023: 4017: 4002: 4001: 3996: 3989: 3974: 3970: 3963: 3961: 3945: 3944: 3939: 3932: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3891: 3876: 3872: 3865: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3818: 3811: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3783: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3758:Landler, Mark 3753: 3738: 3734: 3727: 3711: 3704: 3702: 3686: 3682: 3675: 3660: 3656: 3649: 3634: 3630: 3623: 3607: 3603: 3597: 3595: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3565: 3563: 3547: 3543: 3536: 3521: 3520: 3515: 3511: 3510:Landler, Mark 3507: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3482: 3475: 3469: 3462: 3459:Peele et al, 3456: 3442: 3441: 3436: 3430: 3421: 3414: 3408: 3400: 3399:The Guardian 3396: 3389: 3381: 3380:The Guardian 3377: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3342: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3314: 3297: 3293: 3290:Valtin, Tom. 3286: 3271: 3267: 3260: 3244: 3238: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3205: 3204: 3199: 3192: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3149: 3134: 3128: 3121: 3114: 3106: 3098: 3091: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3054: 3050: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3016: 3010: 3006: 3005: 2997: 2990:. 1983-05-28. 2989: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2960:, Dec 2, 1978 2959: 2951: 2945: 2941: 2935: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2901: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2884:Miller Center 2879: 2877: 2869: 2863: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2840: 2834: 2827: 2821: 2814: 2808: 2801: 2795: 2788: 2784: 2781: 2775: 2768: 2767: 2761: 2753: 2747: 2743: 2736: 2728: 2722: 2718: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2696: 2689: 2682: 2679: 2675: 2669: 2661: 2654: 2646: 2640: 2636: 2629: 2621: 2615: 2611: 2604: 2600: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2541: 2539: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2512: 2509: 2508:Relative Risk 2505: 2501: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2475: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2431: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2382: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2325: 2323: 2317: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2271: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2241: 2239: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2217: 2207: 2205: 2198: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2154: 2140: 2127: 2108: 2099: 2095: 2089: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2037: 2029: 2020: 2013: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1859: 1849: 1846: 1835: 1826: 1824: 1813: 1811: 1810:Clean Air Act 1807: 1806:factory farms 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1724: 1722: 1717: 1715: 1714:Clean Air Act 1711: 1700: 1690: 1688: 1687: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1629: 1628:Bruce Babbitt 1625: 1624:Carol Browner 1621: 1617: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1570: 1569:cap-and-trade 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1536: 1532: 1530: 1525: 1522: 1521:James G. Watt 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1501: 1495: 1494:Ronald Reagan 1486: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1389: 1388: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1347: 1346:Russell Train 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1329:environment." 1327: 1326: 1325: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1300: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1288:radionuclides 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1224:Richard Nixon 1219: 1209: 1208: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1119:Silent Spring 1115: 1114:Rachel Carson 1111: 1107: 1106: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1064: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 995: 994: 991: 988: 985: 983: 980: 977: 976: 973: 970: 967: 965: 962: 959: 958: 955: 952: 949: 947: 944: 941: 940: 937: 934: 931: 929: 926: 923: 922: 919: 916: 913: 911: 908: 905: 904: 901: 898: 895: 893: 890: 887: 886: 883: 880: 877: 875: 872: 869: 868: 865: 862: 859: 857: 854: 851: 850: 847: 844: 841: 839: 836: 833: 832: 828: 825: 822: 820: 817: 814: 813: 809: 806: 804: 801: 798: 797: 794: 791: 788: 786: 783: 780: 779: 776: 773: 770: 768: 765: 762: 761: 758: 755: 752: 750: 747: 744: 743: 740: 737: 734: 732: 729: 726: 725: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 703: 696: 681: 679: 676: 675: 671: 669: 666: 665: 661: 659: 656: 655: 651: 649: 646: 645: 641: 639: 636: 635: 632: 628: 624: 621: 619: 616: 615: 611: 609: 606: 605: 601: 599: 596: 595: 591: 589: 586: 585: 581: 579: 576: 575: 572: 568: 564: 562: 559: 558: 554: 552: 549: 548: 544: 542: 539: 538: 534: 532: 529: 528: 524: 522: 519: 518: 515: 511: 508: 506: 503: 502: 498: 496: 493: 492: 488: 486: 483: 482: 478: 476: 473: 472: 468: 466: 463: 462: 459: 455: 449: 435: 433: 429: 426: 425: 421: 419: 416: 415: 411: 409: 406: 405: 401: 399: 396: 395: 391: 387: 384: 382: 379: 378: 374: 372: 369: 368: 365: 362: 360: 357: 356: 352: 350: 347: 346: 342: 340: 337: 336: 333: 332:nuclear power 329: 327: 324: 323: 319: 315: 313: 310: 309: 306: 302: 299: 297: 294: 293: 290: 286: 284: 281: 280: 277: 274: 272: 269: 268: 265: 261: 258:, Radiation, 257: 253: 249: 246: 244: 241: 240: 236: 234: 231: 230: 227: 223: 221: 218: 217: 213: 211: 208: 207: 203: 201: 198: 197: 194: 191: 189: 186: 185: 182: 179: 178:Richard Nixon 175: 170: 167: 152: 150: 146: 138: 134: 128: 126: 117: 113: 109: 100: 98: 93: 91: 87: 83: 79: 74: 70: 66: 62: 57: 55: 51: 47: 42: 38: 37:United States 34: 26: 21: 6990:T. Roosevelt 6888: 6715:New Frontier 6617:Agricultural 6540: 6413:Citizen suit 6401:and concepts 6324: 6298: 6064: 5914: 5906: 5884: 5876: 5868: 5860: 5852: 5844: 5836: 5828: 5820: 5812: 5804: 5796: 5788: 5780: 5758: 5750: 5742: 5734: 5726: 5718: 5696: 5688: 5666: 5658: 5650: 5642: 5634: 5626: 5618: 5610: 5602: 5594: 5586: 5578: 5556: 5548: 5540: 5532: 5524: 5516: 5508: 5486: 5478: 5470: 5462: 5454: 5446: 5438: 5326: 5308: 5304: 5289: 5282: 5265: 5256: 5242: 5232: 5218: 5208: 5198: 5188: 5181: 5171: 5161: 5154: 5147: 5138: 5124: 5109: 5092: 5085: 5078: 5071: 5060: 5053: 5043: 5036: 5029: 5018: 5011: 5004: 4997: 4990: 4981: 4973: 4966: 4954: 4944: 4934: 4924: 4913: 4903: 4893: 4883: 4873: 4863: 4853: 4843: 4836: 4826: 4793: 4779:cite journal 4742: 4738: 4728: 4717: 4712: 4700: 4689:. Retrieved 4687:. 2019-03-27 4684: 4675: 4645:. Retrieved 4641: 4631: 4620:. Retrieved 4616: 4606: 4595:. Retrieved 4591: 4581: 4571:, retrieved 4565: 4559: 4548:. Retrieved 4544: 4534: 4523:. 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Retrieved 3632: 3622: 3612:November 13, 3610:. Retrieved 3583:November 13, 3581:. Retrieved 3577: 3551:December 13, 3549:. Retrieved 3545: 3535: 3525:September 9, 3523:. Retrieved 3517: 3500: 3491: 3481: 3473: 3468: 3460: 3455: 3444:. Retrieved 3438: 3429: 3420: 3407: 3398: 3388: 3379: 3369: 3360: 3350: 3341: 3331:November 12, 3329:. Retrieved 3325: 3300:. Retrieved 3296:the original 3285: 3273:. Retrieved 3269: 3259: 3249:November 12, 3247:. Retrieved 3237: 3224: 3212: 3201: 3191: 3158: 3154: 3148: 3137:. Retrieved 3127: 3105: 3090: 3077: 3070: 3042: 3033: 3023: 3007:. Infobase. 3003: 2996: 2987: 2978: 2966: 2957: 2950: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2922:The Guardian 2921: 2895: 2890: 2867: 2862: 2854: 2849: 2838: 2833: 2825: 2820: 2812: 2807: 2799: 2794: 2774: 2765: 2760: 2741: 2735: 2716: 2694: 2688: 2673: 2668: 2662:. CRC Press. 2659: 2653: 2634: 2628: 2609: 2603: 2534: 2518: 2497: 2478: 2454: 2441:Anne Burford 2436:Rita Lavelle 2432: 2428: 2394: 2379: 2347:stratosphere 2337: 2318: 2305: 2301:smoke stacks 2277: 2268: 2249: 2247: 2235: 2219: 2200: 2178:Scott Pruitt 2162:deregulation 2159: 2066: 2046:Barack Obama 2039: 2031: 2023: 2001: 1969: 1925: 1884: 1868:Barack Obama 1861: 1841: 1832: 1819: 1802: 1778: 1774:James Hansen 1745: 1730: 1718: 1707: 1684: 1679:. Important 1660: 1633: 1613: 1592:Earth Summit 1589: 1574: 1565: 1542: 1533: 1526: 1517:Anne Burford 1498: 1492: 1463:Cecil Andrus 1461: 1448: 1432: 1420: 1408: 1392: 1385: 1370: 1337:environment. 1322: 1303: 1295: 1292: 1240:particulates 1221: 1204: 1170: 1168: 1136: 1117: 1103: 1085: 1066: 1037:levels. The 1032: 720: 715: 710: 705: 631:Strip mining 629:oversight), 570: 514:Strip mining 457: 446: 386:Mass transit 192: 187: 171: 163: 129: 121: 118:(RCRA), 1987 103:Policy tools 94: 73:conservative 58: 32: 30: 7107:Immigration 7089:Gun control 6967:Middle East 6897:Solid waste 6700:New Freedom 6695:Square Deal 6672:Vaccination 6398:Regulations 5131:pp 263–318. 4706:online 2023 4617:The Balance 4592:The Balance 4520:The Balance 4163:December 8, 4135:December 8, 4061:January 21, 3949:October 17, 3570:Lizza, Ryan 3302:12 November 3275:12 November 2678:40 CFR 2445:remediation 2373:, the 1987 2320:low-sulfur 2306:During the 2098:Republicans 2054:fossil fuel 2017:During the 1920:natural gas 1876:Nobel prize 1872:John McCain 1866:. Democrat 1710:Clear Skies 1656:Ralph Nader 1652:Green Party 1626:at EPA and 1465:, formerly 1451:Frank Press 1320:standards. 1226:signed the 1179:power plant 829:Amendments 582:Pesticides 469:Pesticides 256:Solid waste 7289:Categories 7060:G. W. Bush 7015:Eisenhower 6907:G. W. Bush 6854:Smart grid 6837:Hydropower 6800:G. W. Bush 6734:G. W. Bush 5967:Refuse Act 5118:0155028553 4691:2019-10-08 4622:2019-10-08 4597:2019-10-08 4573:2019-10-12 4550:2019-10-08 4525:2019-10-08 4500:2019-10-08 4475:2021-12-03 4449:31 January 4445:. Ecowatch 4130:Politifact 4006:August 19, 3819:. Politico 3712:. Politico 3446:2023-08-07 3139:2018-07-23 3053:Transcript 2596:References 2485:carcinogen 2412:Love Canal 2406:) and the 2367:Antarctica 2226:Ed. Markey 2170:Rick Perry 2132:Democrats. 1940:monitoring 1895:questioned 1880:Steven Chu 1785:Greenpeace 1772:scientist 1697:See also: 1672:Republican 1640:Everglades 1561:Dan Quayle 1428:logrolling 1264:visibility 1105:The Jungle 1069:common law 1039:common law 731:Refuse Act 693:See also: 260:Pesticides 7214:Stem cell 6962:Criticism 6710:Fair Deal 6642:Fireworks 6637:Education 5980:Weeks Act 5974:Lacey Act 5942:decisions 5938:treaties, 5432:decisions 4976:(2000), 4657:cite news 4413:April 15, 4237:April 21, 4057:. Reuters 3923:1537-5927 3463:, p. 181. 3183:155485895 3085:(NESHAP). 3055:(see p3). 3034:Bloomberg 2353:from the 2280:acid rain 2094:Democrats 1689:, et al. 1416:Superfund 1260:acid rain 1156:pollution 388:, Roads, 262:, Noise, 50:Earth Day 44:the U.S. 27:emissions 6762:Monetary 6754:Economic 6705:New Deal 6687:Domestic 6652:Taxation 6627:Cultural 6465:LDV Rule 5249:, 2011). 4387:Archived 4361:Archived 4335:Archived 4306:Archived 4280:Archived 4261:Archived 4112:Archived 4087:April 4, 2926:Archived 2783:Archived 2544:See also 2502:and the 2469:toxicity 2071:and the 1746:Guardian 1636:Arkansas 1390:(1976). 1276:bacteria 1187:standing 1075:and the 1073:nuisance 1051:standing 1043:property 301:Forestry 7209:Genetic 7201:Science 7097:Clinton 7055:Clinton 7020:Kennedy 6957:History 6949:Foreign 6795:Clinton 6767:history 6105:(1972) 5963:(1899) 5361:at the 5351:at the 5311:: 405. 5285:(2019). 5157:(1989). 5129:Excerpt 5039:(20130. 4937:(2000) 4916:(2022) 4908:Excerpt 4906:(2010) 4868:excerpt 4866:(2022) 4831:excerpt 4747:Bibcode 4038:May 14, 3978:May 22, 3604:. 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