28:
271:(1873–1957), who suggested that "the poems of the guslars consist of a juxtaposition of cliches relatively few in number and with which it suffices merely to be conversant … A fine guslar is one who handles these cliches as we play with cards, who orders them differently according to the use he wishes to make of them".
62:
Homeric epic is entirely composed of formulae handed down from poet to poet. An examination of any passage will quickly reveal that it is made up of lines and fragments of lines which are reproduced word for word in one or several other passages. Even those lines of which the parts happen not to
53:
The key idea of the theory is that poets have a store of formulae (a formula being 'an expression that is regularly used, under the same metrical conditions, to express a particular essential idea') and that by linking the formulae in conventionalised ways, poets can rapidly compose verse.
622:
Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1960 (Second edition: edited by Stephen Mitchell and Gregory Nagy, Harvard Studies in Comparative Literature 24. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000; Third edition: edited by David F. Elmer, Center for Hellenic Studies, 2019
233:
The oral-formulaic theory of composition has now been applied to a wide variety of languages and works. A provocative new application of oral-formulaic theory is its use in attempting to explain the origin of at least some parts of the
111:
verse form, where every line contains six groups of syllables.) Moreover, such phrases would be subject to internal substitutions and adaptations, permitting flexibility in response to narrative and grammatical needs:
154:
for oral-formulaic poetry, however, was established by the work of Parry and his student Lord, not on oral recitation of Homer (which no longer was practiced), but on the (similar)
138:
could have been passed down through many generations purely through word of mouth and why its formulas appeared as they did. His work was influential in the field of
170:, where oral-formulaic composition could be observed and recorded ethnographically. Formulaic variation is apparent, for example, in the following lines:
49:
the reasons for orally improvised poetry (or written poetry deriving from traditions of oral improvisation) having the characteristics that it does
238:. Oral-Formulaic theory has also been applied to early Japanese works. The oral-formulaic theory has also been applied to the Olonko epic of the
611:
425:
291:
550:
226:
Magoun thought that formulaic poetry was necessarily oral in origin. That sparked a major and ongoing debate over the extent to which
680:
126:, longer, conventionalised depictions of generic actions in epic like the steps taken to arm oneself or to prepare a ship for sea.
63:
recur in any other passage have the same formulaic character, and it is doubtless pure chance that they are not attested elsewhere.
250:
Before Parry, at least two other folklorists also noted the use of formulas among the epic tale singers of
Yugoslavian (known as
681:
Reece, Steve. "Orality and
Literacy: Ancient Greek Literature as Oral Literature," in David Schenker and Martin Hose (eds.),
386:
698:
671:
628:
595:
560:
539:
435:
654:. "Studies in the Epic Technique of Oral Verse-Making. II: The Homeric Language as the Language of an Oral Poetry."
265:, believed these storytellers depended on "the fixed formulas from which he neither can nor wishes to vary".
99:("winedark sea") occupies a certain metrical pattern that fits, in modular fashion, into the six-foot Greek
17:
27:
192:
134:
Oral-formulaic theory was originally developed, principally by Parry in the 1920s, to explain how the
42:
and developed in the second quarter of the twentieth century. It seeks to explain two related issues:
143:
258:
717:
188:
699:
Windelberg, Marjorie and D. Gary Miller (1980): "How (Not) to Define the Epic
Formula,"
585:
230:
poetry, which survives only in written form, should be seen as, in some sense, oral poetry.
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8:
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159:
139:
689:
605:
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75:(1912–1991), the approach transformed the study of ancient and medieval poetry and of
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578:
An eEdition of The
Wedding of Mustajbey’s Son Bećirbey as performed by Halil Bajgorić
556:
535:
431:
382:
268:
644:. "Studies in the Epic Technique of Oral Verse-Making. I: Homer and Homeric Style."
634:
Magoun, Francis P., Jr. "Oral-Formulaic
Character of Anglo-Saxon Narrative Poetry",
147:
80:
722:
529:
55:
281:
261:(1859–1938), a specialist in Yugoslavian folklore, who had done fieldwork with
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135:
651:
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or bard in extemporaneous composition. (The Iliad and The
Odyssey both use
68:
286:
227:
76:
72:
39:
664:
The making of
Homeric verse : the collected papers of Milman Parry
457:
335:
122:
489:
209:
377:
100:
213:
201:) in which formulaic variation such as the following is prominent:
79:
generally. The main exponent and developer of their approaches was
690:
Reece, Steve. "Greek Epic
Formulae," in Giorgios Giannakis (ed.),
462:
The Making of Homeric Verse: The Collected Papers of Milman Parry
197:
167:
498:
Arnold van Gennep. 1909. (tretise) "La Question d’Homere", p. 52
399:
Japanese Singers of Tales: Ten Centuries of Performed Narrative
120:("glancing-helmed Hector"). Formulas can also be combined into
534:. Oxford theory in ethnomusicology. Oxford University Press.
412:
Storytelling in Siberia: The Olonkho Epic in a Changing World
235:
587:
Weathered words : formulaic language and verbal art
427:
The Theory of Oral Composition: History and Methodology
692:
Encyclopedia of Ancient Greek Language and Linguistics
116:("swift footed Achilles") is metrically equivalent to
38:
is a theory that originated in the scholarly study of
414:. Urbana-Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.
430:. Bloomington: Indian University Press. p. 13.
71:(1902–1935), and subsequently the latter's student
451:
360:Kirsch, Adam (14 June 2021). "The Echoing Song".
341:
318:(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1960), p. 4
709:
501:
46:the process by which oral poets improvise poetry
552:Fables of the Ancients?: Folklore in the Qur'an
129:
330:Les origines indo-européennes des mètres grecs
467:
314:(Paris, 1928), p. 16; cf. Albert B. Lord,
292:Oral-formulaic theory in Anglo-Saxon poetry
610:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
332:, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France
583:
26:
555:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
327:
254:), (something acknowledged by Parry):
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656:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
646:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
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245:
666:. New York: Oxford University Press.
661:
423:
401:. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing.
381:. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books.
576:Foley, John Miles (ed. and trans.),
527:
464:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, p.270 n.1
347:
312:L’epithèt traditionnelle dans Homère
24:
584:Frog; Lamb, William, eds. (2022).
222:("Beowulf spoke, son of Ecgtheow")
220:Beowulf mathelode bearn Ecgtheowes
67:In the hands of Meillet's student
58:expressed the idea in 1923, thus:
25:
734:
206:Hrothgar mathelode helm Scildinga
685:(Oxford: Blackwell, 2015) 43-57.
91:In Homeric verse, a phrase like
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548:
531:Music Theory in Ethnomusicology
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507:
492:
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376:An Oral-Formulaic Study of the
694:(Leiden: Brill, 2014) 613-615.
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397:Tokita, Alison McQueen. 2015.
391:
368:
353:
321:
304:
177:("But spoke of Orashatz Tale")
13:
1:
683:Companion to Greek Literature
297:
191:, also applied the theory to
142:and changed the discourse on
590:. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
130:Work of Parry and successors
7:
374:Bannister, Andrew G. 2014.
275:
187:Lord, and more prominently
183:("But spoke Mujo's Halil").
10:
739:
424:Foley, John Miles (1988).
95:("rosy fingered dawn") or
36:Oral-formulaic composition
328:Meillet, Antoine (1923),
338:'s translation, revised.
259:Friedrich Salomon Krauss
212:spoke, protector of the
181:a besjedi Mujagin Halile
175:a besjedi od Orasca Tale
166:oral epic poetry in the
648:Vol. 41 (1930), 73–143.
510:Fables of the Ancients?
476:Fables of the Ancients?
662:Parry, Milman (1987).
528:Blum, Stephen (2023).
189:Francis Peabody Magoun
65:
32:
31:Statue depicting Homer
658:Vol. 43 (1932), 1–50.
549:Dundes, Alan (2003).
410:Harris, Robin. 2017.
60:
30:
638:, 28 (1953): 446–67.
620:The Singer of Tales.
114:podas okus Akhilleus
316:The singer of tales
246:Precursors of Parry
140:Homeric scholarship
193:Old English poetry
118:koruthaiolos Ektor
109:dactylic hexameter
33:
364:. pp. 72–75.
269:Arnold van Gennep
103:, which aids the
93:rhododaktylos eos
16:(Redirected from
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618:Lord, Albert B.
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152:locus classicus
144:the oral theory
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56:Antoine Meillet
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83:(1947–2012).
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566:. Retrieved
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460:, ed. 1971.
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18:Epic formula
458:Parry, Adam
287:Oral poetry
228:Old English
123:type-scenes
77:oral poetry
73:Albert Lord
40:epic poetry
712:Categories
336:Adam Parry
298:References
701:Olifant,8
606:cite book
514:: p.16-17
348:Blum 2023
334:, p. 61.
214:Scildings
101:hexameter
703:, 29-50.
636:Speculum
508:Dundes,
474:Dundes,
276:See also
210:Hrothgar
156:Albanian
146:and the
263:guslars
252:guslars
198:Beowulf
168:Balkans
164:Serbian
160:Bosnian
723:Poetry
670:
627:
594:
580:(2005)
559:
538:
512:, 2003
480:: p.16
478:, 2003
443:6 July
434:
385:
378:Qur'an
150:. The
105:aoidos
568:2 May
236:Quran
668:ISBN
625:ISBN
612:link
592:ISBN
570:2019
557:ISBN
536:ISBN
445:2019
432:ISBN
383:ISBN
162:and
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