99:
48:
40:). Sometimes the gods who appeared were prominent deities, but more often, they were minor figures, whose shrines were linked to the location of a particular event or battle. The gods did not always reveal themselves to mortals, but could indicate their presence through physical signs or unusual phenomena. They could also appear to individuals, particularly in dreams, such as the reported visit by the âMother of the Godsâ to
176:
and then had her drive him in a chariot into the city so that he could win the support of the
Athenians. Although not all Greeks believed these stories, many did seem to accept the notion that the gods could appear in the mortal world and assist them in times of crisis.
90:
were reported. Themistokles said that the Greek victory over the
Persian fleet at Salamis was aided by gods and heroes. It was also reported at Salamis that a supernatural cloud appeared from which could be heard the chants of initiates of the
28:â or visions of gods â were reported and believed in many cities of ancient Greece. They were most commonly reported on the battlefields and, during moments of crisis, when citizens were most eager to believe that the gods of their
122:â forces attacked the sanctuary in 480, two giant heroes were seen repelling the Persians. Two hundred years later, an inscription at Delphi claimed that
164:
said that many accounts of epiphanies were ridiculed. There were also cases of fraudulent stories being exposed. Herodotos complained of a ruse by
79:, where the god promised to support the Athenians. After their unexpected victory, the grateful Athenians introduced Panâs cult into their city.
44:
who warned of an attempt on his life and, in return for this information, demanded that his daughter be sworn into her service.
369:
374:
98:
141:, were said to have taken the form of stars floating on either side of the ship of the Spartan general,
161:
102:
Illustration from 1838 by M. A. Barth depicting the return of
Peisistratos to Athens, accompanied by a
95:
and it was said that a serpent representing a local hero swam in the waters assisting the Greek fleet.
344:
Herodotos, 1.60. See J. McDonald, âEpiphanies, Militaryâ in I. Spence, D. Kelly and P. Londey (edd.)
47:
346:
Conflict in
Ancient Greece and Rome: the Definitive Political, Social and Military Encyclopedia
324:
Conflict in
Ancient Greece and Rome: the Definitive Political, Social and Military Encyclopedia
195:
Conflict in
Ancient Greece and Rome: the Definitive Political, Social and Military Encyclopedia
71:, and another hero, fought against the Persians. It was also widely believed that the runner,
55:
Epiphanies tend to have been reported more frequently at times of extreme danger, such as the
134:
32:
were coming to assist them. An alleged visitation or manifestation of a god was known as an
114:, the most sacred Panhellenic sanctuary, also attracted reports of battlefield epiphanies.
92:
149:
in 272 an unidentified woman was said to have thrown the tile that struck and killed King
8:
364:
146:
60:
150:
83:
76:
322:
J. McDonald, âEpiphanies, Militaryâ in I. Spence, D. Kelly and P. Londey (edd.),
193:
J. McDonald, âEpiphanies, Militaryâ in I. Spence, D. Kelly and P. Londey (edd.)
358:
165:
72:
56:
41:
210:(translated by F. J. Fielden), Oxford, M. P. 1925, pp. 160â1; R. Parker,
138:
236:
Herodotos, 8.109.3; Pausanias, 1.15.4, 1.28.4, 1.32.4. See R. Parker,
142:
115:
64:
20:
309:(ed. J. McDonald), Amsterdam, 2019, pp. 250â1, concerning Plutarch,
119:
154:
68:
51:
Statue of
Pheidippides who claimed to have spoken to the god Pan
173:
123:
111:
249:
Herodotos, 6.105.1â106.1; Pausanias, 1.28.4,. See R. Garland,
127:
126:
himself had defended his sanctuary against an attack by the
169:
103:
87:
75:, on the eve of the battle of Marathon, met with Pan on
262:
Herodotos, 8.64.1â2; Pausanias, 1.36.1. See R. Parker,
251:
Introducing New Gods: the
Politics of Athenian Religion
153:. The Argives later said that this was an epiphany of
283:(translated by John Raffan), Oxford, 1985. p. 207.
356:
292:Herodotos 8.37â38. See V. Penazos and M. Sarla,
106:disguised as Athena, as described by Herodotos
348:, vol. 1 Santa Barbara, 2016, pp. 262â3.
326:, vol. 1 Santa Barbara, 2016, pp. 262â3.
197:, vol. 1 Santa Barbara, 2016, pp. 262â3.
97:
46:
357:
335:Dionysius of Halikarnassos, 2.68.2.
13:
307:Xenophonâs Hellenika: a Commentary
160:Not all epiphanies were believed.
14:
386:
275:Herodotos, 8.65, 9.65; Plutarch,
16:Visions of gods in ancient Greece
338:
329:
316:
168:, who dressed up a tall woman,
299:
286:
269:
256:
243:
230:
217:
200:
187:
1:
180:
172:, to impersonate the goddess
264:Athenian Religion: a History
238:Athenian Religion: a History
7:
208:A History of Greek Religion
10:
391:
266:, Oxford, 1996, pp. 153â5.
240:, Oxford, 1996, pp. 163â4.
214:, Ithaca, 2011, pp. 10â11.
162:Dionysios of Halikarnassos
18:
370:Culture of ancient Greece
296:, Athens, 1996, pp. 23â5.
86:, visions of the sons of
279:, 15.1. See W. Burkett,
63:in 490 it was said that
110:Accounts of attacks on
375:Ancient Greek religion
135:Battle of Aigospotamoi
107:
59:. For example, at the
52:
253:, Ithaca, 1992 47â63.
101:
50:
93:Eleusinian Mysteries
108:
61:Battle of Marathon
53:
212:On Greek Religion
84:Battle of Salamis
382:
349:
342:
336:
333:
327:
320:
314:
303:
297:
290:
284:
273:
267:
260:
254:
247:
241:
234:
228:
221:
215:
204:
198:
191:
77:Mount Parthenion
390:
389:
385:
384:
383:
381:
380:
379:
355:
354:
353:
352:
343:
339:
334:
330:
321:
317:
304:
300:
291:
287:
274:
270:
261:
257:
248:
244:
235:
231:
222:
218:
206:M. P. Nilsson,
205:
201:
192:
188:
183:
118:says that when
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
388:
378:
377:
372:
367:
351:
350:
337:
328:
315:
298:
285:
281:Greek Religion
268:
255:
242:
229:
216:
199:
185:
184:
182:
179:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
387:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
360:
347:
341:
332:
325:
319:
312:
308:
305:D. H. Kelly,
302:
295:
289:
282:
278:
272:
265:
259:
252:
246:
239:
233:
226:
220:
213:
209:
203:
196:
190:
186:
178:
175:
171:
167:
163:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
105:
100:
96:
94:
89:
85:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
49:
45:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
22:
345:
340:
331:
323:
318:
310:
306:
301:
293:
288:
280:
277:Themistokles
276:
271:
263:
258:
250:
245:
237:
232:
225:Themistokles
224:
219:
211:
207:
202:
194:
189:
166:Peisistratos
159:
137:in 405, the
132:
109:
81:
73:Pheidippides
57:Persian Wars
54:
42:Themistokles
37:
33:
29:
25:
24:
38:áŒĄ áŒÏÎčÏÎŹÎœÎ”Îčα
359:Categories
223:Plutarch,
181:References
139:Dioskouroi
34:epiphaneia
26:Epiphanies
19:See also:
365:Theophany
311:Lysandros
227:, 30.1â3.
143:Lysandros
116:Herodotos
21:Theophany
313:, 12.1.
155:Demeter
151:Pyrrhos
133:At the
82:At the
69:Theseus
294:Delphi
174:Athena
124:Apollo
120:Xerxes
112:Delphi
147:Argos
145:. At
128:Gauls
104:woman
30:polis
170:Phye
88:Aias
65:Pan
361::
157:.
130:.
67:,
36:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
