Equus (genus) - Knowledge

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scattered vegetation. Grévy's zebra is found in thorny scrubland of East Africa, while the African wild ass inhabits rocky deserts of North Africa. The two Asian wild ass species live in the dry deserts of the Near East and Central Asia and Przwelski's wild horse's habitat is the deserts of Mongolia. Only the range of the plains and Grévy's zebras overlap. In addition to wild populations, domesticated horses and donkeys are widespread due to humans. In certain parts of the world, populations of

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braying of asses, Grévy's zebras, and donkeys. Equines also communicate with visual displays, and the flexibility of their lips allows them to make complex facial expressions. Visual displays also incorporate the positions of the head, ears, and tail. An equine may signal an intention to kick by laying back its ears and sometimes lashing the tail. Flattened ears, bared teeth, and abrupt movement of the heads may be used as threatening gestures, particularly among stallions.

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establish territories near watering holes, where more sexually receptive females gather. Subdominants have territories farther away, near foraging areas. Mares may wander through several territories, but remain in one when they have young. Staying in a territory offers a female protection from harassment by outside males, as well as access to a renewable resource. Some feral populations of horses exhibit features of both the harem and territorial social systems.

2045: 5495: 1434: 2024:, where cellulose is broken down by micro-organisms. Fermentation is quicker in equines than in ruminants—30–45 hours for a horse compared to 70–100 hours for cattle. Equines may spend 60–80% of their time feeding, depending on the availability and quality of vegetation. In the African savannas, the plains zebra is a pioneer grazer, mowing down the upper, less nutritious grass canopy and preparing the way for more specialized grazers such as 1916: 2189:, dating to around 4000–3500 BCE. By 3000 BCE, the horse was completely domesticated, and by 2000 BCE, a sharp increase occurred in the number of horse bones found in human settlements in northwestern Europe, indicating the spread of domesticated horses throughout the continent. The most recent, but most irrefutable, evidence of domestication comes from sites where horse remains were buried with chariots in graves of the 129: 1853: 2125: 2063:, which overlap and they tend to be nomadic. The stability of the group remains even when the family stallion dies or is displaced. Plains zebra groups gather into large herds and may create temporarily stable subgroups within a herd, allowing individuals to interact with those outside their group. Among harem-holding species, this behavior has only otherwise been observed in primates such as the 2080:(which involves individuals rubbing their heads against each other and nipping with the incisors and lips) is important for easing aggression and maintaining social bonds and status. Young of both sexes leave their natal groups as they mature; females are usually abducted by outside males to be included as permanent members of their harems. 1953:; they have large incisors that clip grass blades and highly crowned, ridged molars well suited for grinding. Males have spade-shaped canines ("tushes"), which can be used as weapons in fighting. Equines have fairly good senses, particularly their eyesight. Their moderately long, erect ears are movable and can locate the source of a sound. 536:; and a territorial system where males establish territories with resources that attract females, which associate very fluidly. In both systems, females take care of their offspring, but males may play a role as well. Equines communicate with each other both visually and vocally. Human activities have threatened wild equine populations. 1969:

biologists for over a century, but 2014 evidence supports the theory that they are a form of protection from biting flies. These insects appear to be less attracted to striped coats, and compared to other wild equines, zebras live in areas with the highest fly activity. With the exception of the domestic horses, which have long

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When meeting for the first time or after they have separated, individuals may greet each other by rubbing and sniffing their noses followed by rubbing their cheeks, moving their noses along their bodies and sniffing each other's genitals. They then may rub and press their shoulders against each other

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and the female will solicit mating by backing in. Length of gestation varies by species; it is roughly 11–13 months, and most mares come into estrus again within a few days after foaling, depending on conditions. Usually, only a single foal is born, which is capable of running within an hour. Within

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Equines produce a number of vocalizations and noises. Loud snorting is associated with alarm. Squealing is usually made when in pain, but bachelors also squeal while play fighting. The contact calls of equines vary from the whinnying and nickering of the horse and the barking of plains zebras to the

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Wild equines may spend seven hours a day sleeping. During the day, they sleep standing up, while at night they lie down. They regularly rub against trees, rocks, and other objects and roll in around in dust for protection against flies and irritation. Except the mountain zebra, wild equines can roll

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In both equine social systems, excess males gather in bachelor groups. These are typically young males that are not yet ready to establish a harem or territory. With the plains zebra, the males in a bachelor group have strong bonds and have a linear dominance hierarchy. Fights between males usually

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Humans have had a great impact on the populations of wild equines. Threats to wild equines include habitat destruction and conflicts with local people and livestock. Since the 20th century, wild equines have been decimated over many of their former ranges and their populations scattered. In recent

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Extant wild equines have scattered ranges across Africa and Asia. The plains zebra lives in lush grasslands and savannas of Eastern and Southern Africa, while the mountain zebra inhabits mountainous areas of southwest Africa. The other equine species tend to occupy more arid environments with more

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in female equines lasts 5–10 days; physical signs include frequent urination, flowing muscus, and swollen, everted labia. In addition, estrous females will stand with their hind legs spread and raise their tails when in the presence of a male. Males assess the female's reproductive state with the

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and monopolize the females that enter them. These species live in habitats with sparser resources and standing water, and grazing areas may be separated. Groups of lactating females are able to remain in groups with nonlactating ones and usually gather at foraging areas. The most dominant males

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coat and are observed in most wild extant equine species. Only the mountain zebra lacks a dorsal stripe. In domestic horses, dun color and primitive markings exist in some animals across many breeds. The purpose of the bold black-and-white striping of zebras has been a subject of debate among

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Among harem-holding species, foals are cared for mostly by their mothers, but if threatened by predators, the entire group works together to protect all the young. The group forms a protective front with the foals in the center and the stallion will rush at predators that come too close. In

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exists based on the time at which they join the group. Harems travel in a consistent filing order with the high-ranking mares and their offspring leading the groups followed by the next-highest ranking mare and her offspring, and so on. The family stallion takes up the rear.

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Archaeological, biogeographical, and linguistic evidence suggests that the donkey was first domesticated by nomadic pastoral people in North Africa over 5,000 years ago. The animals were used to help cope with the increased aridity of the Sahara and the

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Equines have significant differences in size, though all are characterized by long heads and necks. Their slender legs support their weight on one digit (which evolved from the middle digits). Grévy's zebra is the largest wild species, standing up to

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Molecular dating indicates the caballoid lineage diverged from the noncaballoids 4 Mya. Genetic results suggest that all North American fossils of caballine equines, as well as South American fossils traditionally placed in the subgenus

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Kefena E, Mekasha Y, Han JL, Rosenbom S, Haile A, Dessie T, Beja-Pereira A (2012). "Discordances between morphological systematics and molecular taxonomy in the stem line of equids: A review of the case of taxonomy of genus

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Yuan, Jun-Xia; Hou, Xin-Dong; Barlow, Axel; Preick, Michaela; Taron, Ulrike H.; Alberti, Federica; Basler, Nikolas; Deng, Tao; Lai, Xu-Long; Hofreiter, Michael; Sheng, Gui-Lian (2019-05-16). Achilli, Alessandro (ed.).

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a few weeks, foals attempt to graze, but may continue to nurse for 8–13 months. Species in arid habitats, like Grévy's zebra, have longer nursing intervals and do not drink water until they are three months old.

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are usually at least 16 hands (64 inches, 163 cm) high and can be as tall as 18 hands (72 inches, 183 cm) and weigh from about 700 to 1,000 kg (1,500 to 2,200 lb). Some

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also known as the European wild horse or "tarpan", shares ancestry with the modern domestic horse. In addition, tarpans that lived into modern times may have been hybridized with domestic horses.

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Przewalski's horse has been conclusively shown not to be an ancestor of the domestic horse, though the two can hybridize and produce fertile offspring. The split between Przewalskii's horse and

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Orlando L, Ginolhac A, Zhang G, Froese D, Albrechtsen A, Stiller M, et al. (July 2013). "Recalibrating Equus evolution using the genome sequence of an early Middle Pleistocene horse".

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Heintzman, P.D.; Zazula, G.D.; MacPhee, R.D.E; Scott, E.; Cahill, J.A.; McHorse, B.K.; Kapp, J.D.; Stiller, M.; Wooller, M.J.; Orlando, L.; Southon, J.; Froese, D.G.; Shapiro, B. (2017).

2020:, they have a simpler and less efficient digestive system. Nevertheless, they can subsist on lower-quality vegetation. After food is passed through the stomach, it enters the sac-like 2297:

because they are descendants from domestic horses brought to the Americas from Europe. While they are viewed as pests by many livestock producers, conversely, a view also exists that

4189: 1293:) probably all belong to a second species that was endemic to North America. This was confirmed in a genetic study done in 2017, which subsumed all the specimens into the species 1198:) lived ~5.6 (3.9-7.8) Mya. Direct paleogenomic sequencing of a 700,000-year-old middle Pleistocene horse metapodial bone from Canada implies a more recent 4.07 Mya for the most 2901:

Cai, Dawei; Zhu, Siqi; Gong, Mian; Zhang, Naifan; Wen, Jia; Liang, Qiyao; Sun, Weilu; Shao, Xinyue; Guo, Yaqi; Cai, Yudong; Zheng, Zhuqing (2022-05-11). Perry, George H (ed.).

2448: 4867: 3933: 2016:. They prefer to eat grasses and sedges, but they, particularly asses, may also consume bark, leaves, buds, fruits, and roots if their favored foods are scarce. Compared to 3519:

Megersa B, Biffa D, Kumsa B (2006). "A mysterious zebra-donkey hybrid (zedonk or zonkey) produced under natural mating: A case report from Borana, southern Ethiopia".

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Orlando L, Male D, Alberdi MT, Prado JL, Prieto A, Cooper A, Hänni C (May 2008). "Ancient DNA clarifies the evolutionary history of American Late Pleistocene equids".

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protection. At present, certain free-roaming horses and burros have federal protection as "living symbols of the historic and pioneer spirit of the West" under the

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existed in South America. The possible causes of the extinction of horses in the Americas (about 12,000 years ago) have been a matter of debate. Hypotheses include

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survived into the Late Pleistocene and Holocene in south Siberia and China, with the youngest remains from China dating to around 3500 BP (1500 BC), during the

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documented from western Europe and Russia. Molecular phylogenies indicate that the most recent common ancestor of all modern equines (members of the genus

6570: 6538: 6530: 3781: 2336: 2310: 1723: 6690: 5902: 6740: 6674: 6642: 6562: 6554: 1793: 6578: 5909: 1716: 4953: 3387:"Morphological Differentiation of Equids (Equus ovodovi, Equus hemionus) and Their Distribution Ranges in Western Siberia in the Late Pleistocene" 6968: 6618: 4458:

Vilà C, Leonard JA, Gotherstrom A, Marklund S, Sandberg K, Liden K, et al. (January 2001). "Widespread origins of domestic horse lineages".

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and rest their heads on one another. This greeting is usually performed among harem or territorial males or among bachelor males playing.

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Iran, Pakistan, India, and Mongolia, including in Central Asian hot and cold deserts of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and China

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descendants) exist worldwide, wild equine populations are limited to Africa and Asia. Wild equine social systems are in two forms; a

489:. The genus originated in North America and dispersed into the Old World and South America during the Early and Middle Pleistocene. 6942: 5026: 1884:, a cross between a zebra and a horse and a zonkey or zedonk, a hybrid of a zebra and a donkey. In areas where Grévy's zebras are 1527: 6981: 2285:

vary in degree of protection and generate considerable controversy. For example, in Australia, they are considered a non-native

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cultures c. 2100 BCE. Studies of variation in genetic material shows that a very few wild stallions, possibly all from a single

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From left to right: a cranium, a complete skeleton, a left forefoot frontal, and a left forefoot lateral from a Grévy's zebra

6986: 4928: 7101: 4320:"Horse domestication and conservation genetics of Przewalski's horse inferred from sex chromosomal and autosomal sequences" 2132:

Among harem-holding species, the adult females mate only with their harem stallion, while in other species, mating is more

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with slender legs, long heads, relatively long necks, manes (erect in most subspecies), and long tails. All species are

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Pastor J, Cohen U, Hobbs T (2006). "The roles of large herbivores in ecosystem nutrient cycles". In Danell, K. (ed.).

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and feral donkeys exist, which are descended from domesticated animals that were released or escaped into the wild.

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were abundant during the Early and Middle Pleistocene of North America and Afro-Eurasia, but only a single species,

3465: 1313: 5509: 1981:, most equines have erect manes and long tails ending in a tuft of hair. The coats of some equine species undergo 7025: 6934: 6018: 5004: 4956:. Billings Field Office . Bureau of Land Management. U.S. Department of the Interior. May 2, 2011. Archived from 2100: 1114: 263: 3962: 2208:

is estimated to have occurred 120,000–240,000 years ago, long before domestication. Of the caballine equines of

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In Grévy's zebras and the wild ass species, adults have more fluid associations and adult males establish large

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have been described. The validity of some of these species is questionable and a matter of debate. For example,

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Kavar T, Dovč P (2008). "Domestication of the horse: Genetic relationships between domestic and wild horses".

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from the 1960s to 1996. However, following successful captive breeding, it has been reintroduced in Mongolia.

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species into noncaballoid (which includes zebras and asses) and caballoids or "true horses" (which includes

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Der Sarkissian C, Vilstrup JT, Schubert M, Seguin-Orlando A, Eme D, Weinstock J, et al. (March 2015).

2319:, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the animals so designated were, as a matter of law, wildlife. 1278: 4400:

Lira J, Linderholm A, Olaria C, Brandström Durling M, Gilbert MT, Ellegren H, et al. (January 2010).

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Rubenstein DI (1986). "Ecology and sociality in horses and zebras". In Rubenstein DI, Wrangham RW (eds.).

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Guthrie RD (November 2003). "Rapid body size decline in Alaskan Pleistocene horses before extinction".

2178: 1225:). Of the extant equine species, the lineage of the asses may have diverged first, possibly as soon as 7061: 4592:"Ancient DNA from Nubian and Somali wild ass provides insights into donkey ancestry and domestication" 4024: 1365: 848: 764: 7035: 4359:

Lindgren G, Backström N, Swinburne J, Hellborg L, Einarsson A, Sandberg K, et al. (April 2004).

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although its placement as a separate genus was subsequently questioned. A separate genus of horse,

870: 671: 4806: 4735: 4845: 4402:"Ancient DNA reveals traces of Iberian Neolithic and Bronze Age lineages in modern Iberian horses" 2524:

Vilstrup JT, Seguin-Orlando A, Stiller M, Ginolhac A, Raghavan M, Nielsen SC, et al. (2013).

1406: 1186:, described as zebra-like with a donkey-like head shape. The oldest material to date was found in 170: 5499: 5012: 4902: 3440: 3062:

Heintzman PD, Zazula GD, MacPhee R, Scott E, Cahill JA, McHorse BK, et al. (November 2017).

2833:"Molecular identification of late and terminal Pleistocene Equus ovodovi from northeastern China" 2795:

Eisenmann, Véra (March 2010). "Sussemionus, a new subgenus of Equus (Perissodactyla, Mammalia)".

17: 2903:"Radiocarbon and genomic evidence for the survival of Equus Sussemionus until the late Holocene" 2059:

consisting of one adult male, several females, and their offspring. These groups have their own

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that include a dorsal stripe and often leg striping and transverse shoulder stripes reflect the

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by newly arrived humans. Horses only returned to the American mainland with the arrival of the

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Kimura B, Marshall FB, Chen S, Rosenbom S, Moehlman PD, Tuross N, et al. (January 2011).

3665: 3659: 1591:, are actually a single highly-variable widespread species, as if the evolutionary process of 7043: 6287: 5158: 4510: 2256: 2104: 1385: 1217: 1046: 3984: 1872:, a cross between a male donkey and a female horse. With rare exceptions, these hybrids are 1190:, USA. The genus appears to have spread quickly into the Old World, with the similarly aged 6890: 6841: 5461: 4525: 4467: 4416: 4142: 3862: 3566: 3398: 3259: 3204: 3011:

Weinstock J, Willerslev E, Sher A, Tong W, Ho SY, Rubenstein D, et al. (August 2005).

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south of Ethiopia through East Africa to as far south as Botswana and eastern South Africa

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territory-holding species, mothers may gather into small groups and leave their young in "

8: 6407: 6372: 6336: 6011: 5351: 4249: 2276: 2201:, contributed to the domestic horse, mating with many mares in early domesticated herds. 2194: 1106: 6442: 6430: 5254: 4529: 4471: 4420: 4146: 3866: 3570: 3494: 3402: 3385:

Plasteeva, N. A.; Vasiliev, S. K.; Klementiev, A. M.; Kosintsev, P. A. (December 2021).

3263: 3208: 3148:"Mitochondrial genomes reveal the extinct Hippidion as an outgroup to all living equids" 2973: 2848: 2724: 2541: 2155: 1494: 759: 333: 6708: 6666: 6658: 6634: 6546: 6363: 6127: 5309: 4868:"Australia Government Department of the Environment and Heritage. (2004) Feral horse. ( 4693: 4616: 4591: 4491: 4440: 4266: 4166: 4115: 4077: 3888: 3762: 3582: 3422: 3362: 3335: 3228: 3172: 3147: 3113:

Barron-Ortiz CI, Avilla LD, Jass CN, Bravo-Cuevas VM, Machado H, Mothé D (2019-09-12).

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with plains zebras, fertile hybrids do occur. Ancient DNA identifies the Bronze Age

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Horses, plains zebras, and mountain zebras live in stable, closed family groups or

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was persistently being frustrated by large herds moving long distances and mixing.

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have shown that several of the supposed American species, as well as the European

7106: 6832: 6650: 6602: 6586: 6146: 6137: 6099: 6071: 5895: 4576: 4511:"Ancient DNA provides new insights into the origin of the Chinese domestic horse" 4479: 4304: 3719: 3634: 3628: 3601: 3318: 3029: 2857: 2550: 2408: 2268: 2077: 2056: 2025: 1934: 1880:, is a cross between a male horse and a female donkey. Other hybrids include the 1745: 1639: 1632: 1621: 1299: 935: 913: 572: 513: 7012: 4274: 4133:

Outram, A. K.; et al. (2009). "The Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking".

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Becker CD, Ginsberg JR (1990). "Mother-infant Behaviour of Wild Grevy's Zebra".

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Equids: Zebras, Assess and Horses. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan

4721: 4674: 4665: 3683: 3418: 2928: 2866: 2361: 2272: 2141: 1978: 1889: 1752: 1655: 1605: 1360: 1248: 1243: 1110: 918: 259: 82: 4336: 4319: 4154: 3532: 3145: 3131: 3114: 2652: 2389: 1945:). Equines are adapted for running and traveling over long distances. Their 6817: 6716: 6610: 6512: 6314: 5919: 5847: 5833: 5796: 5778: 5715: 5687: 5342: 5282: 5236: 4625: 4607: 4487: 4436: 4386: 4345: 4162: 3884: 3547: 3371: 3224: 3181: 3163: 3099: 3048: 2989: 2946: 2884: 2816: 2740: 2660: 2569: 1974: 1970: 1941:

is limited in equines. The penis of the male is vascular and lacks a bone (

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centuries, two subspecies, the quagga and the tarpan, became extinct. The

1993: 6955: 6869: 6826: 5948: 5932: 5875: 5785: 5701: 5632: 5092: 2282: 2227: 2133: 2010: 2003: 1946: 1929: 1925: 1873: 1587: 1154: 592: 509: 498: 57: 4929:"Is America's wild horse an invasive species, or a reintroduced native?" 4318:

Lau AN, Peng L, Goto H, Chemnick L, Ryder OA, Makova KD (January 2009).

3473: 3352: 3287:"A brief history of the horse in America: Horse phylogeny and evolution" 3216: 3080: 2919: 2732: 2604:

Rubenstein DI (2001). "Horse, Zebras and Asses". In MacDonald DW (ed.).

2044: 6947: 6772: 6256: 5976: 5955: 5750: 5743: 5729: 5722: 5708: 5660: 5639: 5291: 5149: 4509:

Cai D, Tang Z, Han L, Speller CF, Yang DY, Ma X, Zhu H, Zhou H (2009).

4073: 3875: 3850: 3758: 2260: 2186: 2170: 2060: 2017: 1861: 1661: 1592: 1582: 1269: 1170: 1141: 502: 455: 323: 102: 67: 4399: 1168:, which includes all extant equines, is believed to have evolved from 547: 6960: 6903: 5969: 5840: 5826: 5736: 5653: 5611: 4197: 3816:

Stachurska AM (1999). "Inheritance of primitive markings in horses".

2523: 2198: 2190: 1885: 1308: 1176: 1153:. From there, the side toes became progressively smaller through the 1146: 182: 107: 51: 6788: 3545: 3384: 2305:

once-native species returned to the Americas that should be granted

1277:. Remains attributed to a variety of species and lumped together as 6908: 6811: 5604: 5575: 5563: 5070: 5064: 5058: 4377: 4360: 3846: 3247: 1982: 1965: 1957: 1297:

which was placed outside all extant horse species in the new genus

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genus, comprising seven living species. Like Equidae more broadly,

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Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

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lineage as closer to zebras and asses than to caballine horses.

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This article is about the genus of mammals. For other uses, see

6327: 6305: 6278: 6113: 6080: 6048: 5942: 5886: 5569: 5557: 5207: 5198: 5183: 5052: 3115:"What Is Equus? Reconciling Taxonomy and Phylogenetic Analyses" 2259:, Grévy's zebra, the mountain zebra, and Przewalski's horse as 2064: 1833: 1444: 1421: 1132: 1024: 728: 486: 463: 459: 444: 343: 242: 212: 192: 153: 6895: 4457: 3552:"Is the endangered Grevy's zebra threatened by hybridization?" 2124: 1852: 583:, the earliest attested variant of the Greek word, written in 516:

system with tight-knit groups consisting of one adult male or

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Equines are social animals with two basic social structures.

2032:, which depend on shorter and more nutritious grasses below. 2021: 1985:

in certain parts of their range and are thick in the winter.

1877: 1825: 1467: 1389: 1187: 1001: 814: 652: 601: 595: 566: 560: 553: 440: 353: 313: 279: 3987:

Large Herbivore Ecology, Ecosystem Dynamics and Conservation

587:

syllabic script. Compare the alternative development of the

6476: 4980:

Horizontal Yellow: Nature and History in the Near Southwest

3333: 3061: 3010: 2608:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 468–473. 2426:

Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, ĕquus

2252: 2092:

occur over estrous females and involve biting and kicking.

1869: 533: 525: 428: 407: 398: 27:

Genus of mammals which includes horses, donkeys, and zebras

4710: 4589: 4055:"Sperm competition and variation in zebra mating behavior" 3849:, Izzo A, Reiner RC, Walker H, Stankowich T (April 2014). 2710: 2622: 2526:"Mitochondrial phylogenomics of modern and ancient equids" 1574:, which itself may be a North American form of the living 501:, and mostly grazers, with simpler digestive systems than 3745:

Lusis JA (1943). "Striping patterns in domestic horses".

1139:. Equids developed into larger, three-toed animals (e.g. 1136: 4557: 4245:"The emergence of Bronze Age chariots in eastern Europe" 1937:

are no taller than 30 inches (76 cm) in adulthood.

1581:

DNA studies on American horse remains found frozen into

6255: 4132: 2959: 2491:. Haverford College Classics Department. Archived from 1892:

as a cross between the Syrian wild ass and the donkey.

1125:. The first equids were small, dog-sized mammals (e.g. 5117: 4663: 3934:"Aerial survey of feral horses in the Australian Alps" 508:

While the domestic horse and donkey (along with their

4361:"Limited number of patrilines in horse domestication" 3336:"A new genus of horse from Pleistocene North America" 3064:"A new genus of horse from Pleistocene North America" 609: 575: 431: 425: 422: 410: 404: 401: 3845: 3724:. University of California Press. pp. 235–240. 4317: 2829: 2311:

Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971

416: 395: 4052: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 2767:"Mitochondrial-DNA timetable and the evolution of 2634:"Evolution. Fossil horses--evidence for evolution" 4508: 3630:Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies 3518: 1427:Horn of Africa, in Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia 505:but able to subsist on lower-quality vegetation. 7078: 4032:. Princeton University Press. pp. 282–302. 3982: 3599: 1543:south-western Angola, Namibia and South Africa. 1205:Mitochondrial evidence supports the division of 4761:. IUCN/SSC Equid Specialist Group. p. ix. 4009: 3441:"Befuddling Birth: The Case of the Mule's Foal" 2900: 1988: 6026: 4807:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41013A45172424.en 4736:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41013A45172424.en 4097: 4093: 4091: 3809: 3713: 6012: 5525: 5020: 4846:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T7953A45171635.en 4821:Shah, N.; St. Louis, A.; Qureshi, Q. (2015). 4236: 4046: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3327: 2177:The earliest archaeological evidence for the 2119: 1233:and differentiated in Africa, where they are 4781: 4756: 4352: 4194:Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald 3661:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds 3606:. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 23. 3546:Cordingley JE, Sundaresan SR, Fischhoff IR, 2771:: of molecular and paleontological evidence" 2599: 2360: 2234:trained some to draw a carriage in England. 1131:) adapted for browsing on shrubs during the 4088: 3910:. Bureau of Land Management. Archived from 3603:The Horse: A Miscellany of Equine Knowledge 3312:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tg3lt5zYO_k 2680: 2678: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 1910: 1229:reached the Old World. Zebras appear to be 545: 6019: 6005: 5532: 5518: 5027: 5013: 4860: 4022: 3815: 3773: 3690: 2953: 2760: 2758: 2704: 2603: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2275:. Przewalski's horse was considered to be 1876:and cannot reproduce. A related hybrid, a 127: 4844: 4805: 4734: 4641:"Can Zebras Be Domesticated and Trained?" 4638: 4615: 4376: 4335: 4290: 4286: 4284: 4242: 3899: 3874: 3738: 3626: 3361: 3351: 3171: 3130: 3089: 3079: 3038: 3028: 2936: 2918: 2874: 2856: 2794: 2631: 2559: 2549: 4946: 4451: 3245: 2684: 2675: 2576: 2446: 2241: 2165: 2123: 2099: 2043: 1992: 1977:growing from the top of the tailhead or 1914: 1851: 4659: 4657: 3961:. University of Waikato. Archived from 3947: 3841: 3839: 3664:. Edison, NJ: Wellfleet Press. p. 3194: 3188: 2764: 2755: 2510: 2442: 2440: 1157:until the emergence of the single-toed 14: 7079: 5432: 4977: 4901:. The Wildlife Society. Archived from 4551: 4281: 4026:Ecological Aspects of Social Evolution 3991:. Cambridge University Press. p. 3931: 3908:"Wild Horse and Burro Myths and Facts" 3779: 3657: 3472:. British Mule Society. Archived from 2422: 2237: 1549: 6793: 6792: 6000: 5513: 5008: 4926: 4920: 4711:King, S.R.B.; Moehlman, P.D. (2016). 4217: 3744: 3721:The Behavior Guide to African Mammals 3717: 3289:. Canadian Geographic. Archived from 2896: 2894: 2136:and the males have larger testes for 7062:B97187C4-FFDE-FF9D-B94E-277633B77457 7036:cab76472-12d1-4b0e-b708-e4d6b16c36a2 6935:105ad276-d273-4237-ae36-652bd40a75a5 4704: 4654: 4393: 3836: 3239: 2483: 2437: 1659:- often placed in a separate genus, 1554:Many extinct prehistoric species of 1202:within the range of 4.0 to 4.5 Mya. 556:for "horse" and is cognate with the 4832:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 4793:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 4722:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 4675:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 4502: 4311: 4062:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 3521:Animal Production Research Advances 3323:Ice Age Horses of the American West 2173:pottery depicting horse and chariot 1818: 1570:is most likely the same species as 24: 7097:Extant Calabrian first appearances 4954:"Pryor Mountains Wild Horse Range" 4053:Ginsberg R, Rubenstein DI (1990). 3550:, Ruskey J, Rubenstein DI (2009). 3284: 3119:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 2891: 2161: 2039: 1630:- now placed in a separate genus, 610:Taxonomic and evolutionary history 25: 7118: 5000: 4664:Boyd, L.; King, S. R. B. (2011). 4518:Journal of Archaeological Science 3955:"Animal Structure & Function" 3905: 1864:with each other. The most common 1329: 5494: 5493: 5280: 4596:Proceedings. Biological Sciences 4429:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04430.x 4222:. Elsevier Science. p. 56. 3936:. Australian Alps National Parks 3830:10.1111/j.1439-0388.1999.00172.x 3579:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00294.x 2095: 1973:that lay over the neck and long 1856:A mule (horse and donkey hybrid) 1526: 1504: 1482: 1455: 1432: 1405: 1364: 1359: 1050: 1028: 1005: 939: 917: 869: 847: 818: 763: 732: 709: 670: 391: 169: 55: 5090: 4971: 4888: 4876:): Invasive species fact sheet" 4814: 4775: 4750: 4632: 4583: 4324:Molecular Biology and Evolution 4211: 4177: 4126: 3976: 3925: 3851:"The function of zebra stripes" 3651: 3633:. New York: Fireside. pp. 3620: 3600:Whitaker J, Whitelaw I (2007). 3593: 3539: 3512: 3495:"Zebra hybrid is cute surprise" 3487: 3458: 3433: 3378: 3305: 3278: 3272:10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.06.013 3139: 3106: 3055: 2823: 2788: 2486:"Introduction to Ionic Dialect" 1447:, hemione, or Asiatic wild ass 1180:. One of the oldest species is 2962:Journal of Molecular Evolution 2477: 2459: 2416: 2409:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 2396: 2372:Johns Hopkins University Press 2364:; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). 2354: 2329: 2255:lists the African wild ass as 13: 1: 4896:"Feral Horses: Get The Facts" 4782:King SR, Moehlman PD (2016). 4220:Horse Breeding and Management 4112:10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80177-0 2322: 1279:New World stilt-legged horses 4668:Equus ferus ssp. przewalskii 4577:10.1016/j.livsci.2011.09.017 4480:10.1126/science.291.5503.474 4305:10.1016/j.livsci.2008.03.002 4218:Evans, James Warren (1992). 3030:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030241 2858:10.1371/journal.pone.0216883 2551:10.1371/journal.pone.0055950 2423:Lewis CT, Short C. "Equus". 2293:are generally considered an 1989:Ecology and daily activities 1174:, via the intermediate form 1117:. It is the only recognized 602: 567: 539: 7: 7102:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 6417:Hartmann's mountain zebra ( 6102:Equus africanus somaliensis 6039:Extinct species are marked 2632:Macfadden BJ (March 2005). 2606:The Encyclopedia of Mammals 136:Clockwise (from top left): 10: 7123: 6778:Domestication of the horse 6177:Equus hemionus hydruntinus 6093:Equus africanus atlanticus 4978:Flores, Dan Louie (1999). 3782:"Primitive Marking Theory" 3252:Quaternary Science Reviews 2809:10.1016/j.crvi.2009.12.013 2455:. Perseus Digital Library. 2433:. Perseus Digital Library. 2246:Captive Przewalski's horse 2179:domestication of the horse 2120:Reproduction and parenting 1899: 1895: 1845: 1841: 1562:is likely synonymous with 1237:. Members of the subgenus 613: 596: 561: 29: 6801: 6758: 6490: 6459: 6429: 6394: 6313: 6304: 6246: 6187: 6114:Onager / Asiatic wild ass 6112: 6074:Equus africanus africanus 6056: 6047: 6037: 5885: 5795: 5773: 5769: 5760: 5677: 5596: 5552: 5491: 5416: 5388: 5364: 5340: 5307: 5290: 5279: 5275: 5100: 5089: 5085: 5047: 4538:10.1016/j.jas.2008.11.006 4263:10.1017/s0003598x00094096 3411:10.1134/S1062359021140132 2982:10.1007/s00239-008-9100-x 2778:Annales Zoologici Fennici 1476: 1399: 1353: 1043: 1020: 998: 991: 932: 910: 903: 862: 840: 833: 811: 804: 797: 756: 724: 702: 695: 685: 663: 656: 646: 639: 632: 295: 290: 277: 270: 166:Scientific classification 164: 135: 126: 41: 4927:Klein K (July 3, 2014). 4639:Young, R. (2013-09-04). 3932:Dawson M (August 2009). 3246:Buck CE, Bard E (2007). 2797:Comptes Rendus Biologies 2467:"The Linear B word i-qo" 1997:Group of onagers grazing 1911:Physical characteristics 936:E. africanus somaliensis 6339:Equus quagga burchellii 6290:Equus ferus przewalskii 6140:Equus hemionus hemippus 6130:Equus hemionus hemionus 5547:, arranged by subfamily 4155:10.1126/science.1168594 3533:10.4314/apra.v2i3.36328 3447:. National Public Radio 3132:10.3389/fevo.2019.00343 2653:10.1126/science.1105458 2453:A Greek-English Lexicon 1420:(includes domesticated 1372:Equus ferus przewalskii 576: 470:is the only recognized 6768:Evolution of the horse 6419:Equus zebra hartmannae 6375:Equus quagga crawshayi 6189:Kiang/Tibetan wild ass 6083:Equus africanus asinus 5462:South American tapir ( 4608:10.1098/rspb.2010.0708 3164:10.1098/rsbl.2014.1058 2267:, the plains zebra as 2247: 2174: 2129: 2108: 2049: 1998: 1920: 1857: 1200:recent common ancestor 914:E. africanus africanus 616:Evolution of the horse 546: 466:. Within the Equidae, 7044:Paleobiology Database 6408:Cape mountain zebra ( 6366:Equus quagga chapmani 6357:Equus quagga borensis 6223:Equus kiang holdereri 6167:Equus hemionus onager 6027:Species of the genus 5352:Sumatran rhinoceros ( 4872:) and feral donkey. ( 4800:: e.T41013A45172424. 4757:Moelman, P.D (2002). 4729:: e.T41013A45172424. 4337:10.1093/molbev/msn239 4243:Kuznetsov PF (2006). 4185:Shaping World History 3855:Nature Communications 3818:J. Anim. Breed. Genet 3445:All Things Considered 2447:Liddell HG, Scott R. 2257:critically endangered 2245: 2169: 2127: 2103: 2047: 1996: 1918: 1900:Further information: 1855: 614:Further information: 532:, and their young or 524:, several females or 6930:Fauna Europaea (new) 6384:Equus quagga selousi 6288:Przewalski's horse ( 6271:Equus ferus caballus 6232:Equus kiang polyodon 6158:Equus hemionus kulan 6128:Mongolian wild ass ( 5159:Przewalski's horse ( 5039:(Odd-toed ungulates) 4839:: e.T7953A45171635. 3627:Bongianni M (1987). 3258:(17–18): 2031–2035. 2337:"Fossilworks: Equus" 2316:Kleppe v. New Mexico 2181:comes from sites in 1251:. Genetic data from 1218:E. ferus przewalskii 1121:genus in the family 1047:E. ferus przewalskii 6683:Equus parastylidens 6348:Equus quagga boehmi 6330:Equus quagga quagga 6175:European wild ass ( 6149:Equus hemionus khur 5319:Indian rhinoceros ( 5042:species by suborder 4530:2009JArSc..36..835C 4472:2001Sci...291..474V 4421:2010MolEc..19...64L 4147:2009Sci...323.1332O 4141:(5919): 1332–1335. 3959:Science on the Farm 3867:2014NatCo...5.3535C 3789:Dun Central Station 3571:2009AnCon..12..505C 3559:Animal Conservation 3403:2021BioBu..48S.197P 3353:10.7554/eLife.29944 3264:2007QSRv...26.2031B 3217:10.1038/nature02098 3209:2003Natur.426..169D 3081:10.7554/eLife.29944 2974:2008JMolE..66..533O 2920:10.7554/eLife.73346 2849:2019PLoSO..1416883Y 2733:10.1038/nature12323 2725:2013Natur.499...74O 2685:Azzaroli A (1992). 2542:2013PLoSO...855950V 2277:extinct in the wild 2271:, and the kiang as 2238:Conservation issues 2105:Przewalski's horses 2073:dominance hierarchy 1960:-colored coat with 1860:Equine species can 1550:Prehistoric species 1499:Kenya and Ethiopia 6709:Equus semiplicatus 6700:Equus simplicidens 6667:Equus occidentalis 6659:Equus niobrarensis 6635:Equus mauritanicus 6547:Equus conversidens 6520:Giant Cape zebra ( 6373:Crawshay's zebra ( 6337:Burchell's zebra ( 6156:Turkmenian kulan ( 5540:Extinct genera of 5400:Black rhinoceros ( 5376:White rhinoceros ( 5328:Javan rhinoceros ( 5190:African wild ass ( 4696:}}: old-form url ( 4074:10.1007/BF00170901 3876:10.1038/ncomms4535 3759:10.1007/BF01763802 3466:"Mule Information" 3317:2022-01-27 at the 2765:Forstén A (1992). 2694:Ann. Zool. Finnici 2431:A Latin Dictionary 2412:. Merriam-Webster. 2307:endangered species 2295:introduced species 2248: 2175: 2130: 2128:Grévy's zebra foal 2109: 2050: 2048:Plains zebra group 2030:Thomson's gazelles 2014:hindgut fermenters 1999: 1962:primitive markings 1921: 1858: 1809:Equus mauritanicus 1700:Equus simplicidens 1693:Equus semiplicatus 1677:Equus occidentalis 1669:Equus niobrarensis 1614:Equus conversidens 1560:Equus niobrarensis 1386:Przewalski's horse 1183:Equus simplicidens 844:E. hemionus onager 706:E. quagga chapmani 495:odd-toed ungulates 7072: 7071: 6795:Taxon identifiers 6786: 6785: 6749:Equus yunnanensis 6571:Equus dalianensis 6539:Equus complicatus 6531:Equus cedralensis 6455: 6454: 6410:Equus zebra zebra 6364:Chapman's zebra ( 6300: 6299: 6281:Equus ferus ferus 6242: 6241: 6205:Equus kiang kiang 6147:Indian wild ass ( 6138:Syrian wild ass ( 6100:Somali wild ass ( 6072:Nubian wild ass ( 5994: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5855:Proboscidipparion 5546: 5507: 5506: 5487: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5426: 5412: 5411: 5301: 5271: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5161:E. f. przewalskii 5134: 5111: 5040: 4933:Los Angeles Times 4768:978-2-8317-0647-4 4565:Livestock Science 4409:Molecular Ecology 4293:Livestock Science 4039:978-0-691-08439-8 4002:978-0-521-53687-5 3780:Castle N (2008). 3731:978-0-520-08085-0 3675:978-0-7858-0604-2 3658:McBane S (1997). 3644:978-0-671-66068-0 3613:978-0-312-37108-1 3397:(S1): S197–S207. 3293:on 19 August 2014 2647:(5716): 1728–30. 2615:978-0-7607-1969-5 2381:978-0-8018-8221-0 2232:Walter Rothschild 2225:mitochondrial DNA 2138:sperm competition 2036:over completely. 1939:Sexual dimorphism 1837:- Domestic donkey 1761:Equus yunnanensis 1724:Equus dalianensis 1576:Equus przewalskii 1547: 1546: 1388:and domesticated 1099: 1098: 1081: 1080: 1072: 1071: 1063: 1062: 979: 978: 970: 969: 961: 960: 952: 951: 891: 890: 882: 881: 866:E. hemionus kulan 785: 784: 776: 775: 745: 744: 454:, which includes 382: 381: 266: 119:Earliest Pliocene 16:(Redirected from 7114: 7065: 7064: 7052: 7051: 7039: 7038: 7029: 7028: 7016: 7015: 7013:NHMSYS0000376634 7003: 7002: 6990: 6989: 6977: 6976: 6964: 6963: 6951: 6950: 6938: 6937: 6925: 6924: 6912: 6911: 6899: 6898: 6886: 6885: 6873: 6872: 6863: 6862: 6850: 6849: 6837: 6836: 6835: 6822: 6821: 6820: 6790: 6789: 6725:Equus sivalensis 6698:Hagerman horse ( 6691:Equus pectinatus 6396:Mountain zebra ( 6355:Maneless zebra ( 6311: 6310: 6253: 6252: 6230:Southern kiang ( 6212:Northern kiang ( 6165:Persian onager ( 6091:Atlas wild ass ( 6058:African wild ass 6054: 6053: 6021: 6014: 6007: 5998: 5997: 5903:Heteropliohippus 5820:Eurygnathohippus 5771: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5544: 5534: 5527: 5520: 5511: 5510: 5497: 5496: 5453:Mountain tapir ( 5430: 5429: 5425: 5424: 5420: 5305: 5304: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5277: 5276: 5246:Mountain zebra ( 5170:Domestic horse ( 5133: 5132: 5124: 5115: 5114: 5110: 5109: 5105: 5087: 5086: 5038: 5029: 5022: 5015: 5006: 5005: 4994: 4993: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4965: 4960:on June 16, 2015 4950: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4907: 4900: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4882: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4848: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4738: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4661: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4648: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4619: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4571:(2–3): 105–115. 4555: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4515: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4406: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4380: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4339: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4288: 4279: 4278: 4273:. Archived from 4257:(309): 638–645. 4240: 4234: 4233: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4205: 4187:p. 43 See also: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4106:(6): 1111–1118. 4100:Animal Behaviour 4095: 4086: 4085: 4059: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4031: 4020: 4007: 4006: 3990: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3970: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3941: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3919: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3878: 3843: 3834: 3833: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3803: 3797: 3791:. Archived from 3786: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3718:Estes R (1991). 3715: 3688: 3687: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3556: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3506: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3481: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3452: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3391:Biology Bulletin 3382: 3376: 3375: 3365: 3355: 3331: 3325: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3203:(6963): 169–71. 3192: 3186: 3185: 3175: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3093: 3083: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3042: 3032: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2940: 2922: 2898: 2889: 2888: 2878: 2860: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2775: 2762: 2753: 2752: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2691: 2682: 2673: 2672: 2638: 2629: 2620: 2619: 2601: 2574: 2573: 2563: 2553: 2521: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2497: 2490: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2444: 2435: 2434: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2370:(3rd ed.). 2358: 2352: 2351: 2349: 2348: 2339:. Archived from 2333: 2287:invasive species 2263:, the onager as 2147:flehmen response 2069:hamadryas baboon 2026:blue wildebeests 1935:miniature horses 1829:- Domestic horse 1819:Domestic species 1777:Equus sivalensis 1756:- Ovodov's horse 1734:- Siberian horse 1711:Eurasian species 1703:- Hagerman horse 1672:- Niobrara horse 1600:American species 1530: 1508: 1486: 1472:Tibetan Plateau 1459: 1436: 1418:African wild ass 1409: 1368: 1363: 1343:Scientific name 1334: 1333: 1318:overexploitation 1221:, alternatively 1192:E. livenzovensis 1054: 1032: 1009: 994: 993: 943: 921: 906: 905: 873: 851: 836: 835: 822: 807: 806: 800: 799: 795:Wild asses 767: 736: 729:E. quagga quagga 713: 698: 697: 688: 687: 674: 659: 658: 649: 648: 642: 641: 635: 634: 625: 624: 620: 619: 605: 599: 598: 582: 579: 570: 564: 563: 551: 485:known only from 438: 437: 434: 433: 430: 427: 424: 421: 418: 413: 412: 409: 406: 403: 400: 397: 303:African wild ass 258: 174: 173: 131: 117: 54: 47:Temporal range: 39: 38: 21: 7122: 7121: 7117: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7112: 7111: 7077: 7076: 7073: 7068: 7060: 7055: 7047: 7042: 7034: 7032: 7024: 7019: 7011: 7006: 6998: 6993: 6985: 6980: 6972: 6967: 6959: 6954: 6946: 6941: 6933: 6928: 6920: 6915: 6907: 6902: 6894: 6889: 6881: 6876: 6868: 6866: 6858: 6853: 6845: 6840: 6831: 6830: 6825: 6816: 6815: 6810: 6797: 6787: 6782: 6754: 6741:Equus uralensis 6675:Equus pacificus 6651:Equus namadicus 6643:Equus mexicanus 6603:Equus giganteus 6587:Equus fraternus 6563:Equus cumminsii 6555:Equus crinidens 6492: 6486: 6451: 6443:Grévy's zebra ( 6431:Grévy's zebra ( 6425: 6390: 6382:Selous' zebra ( 6346:Grant's zebra ( 6296: 6238: 6221:Eastern kiang ( 6214:Equus kiang chu 6203:Western kiang ( 6190: 6183: 6115: 6108: 6062:Equus africanus 6059: 6043: 6033: 6025: 5995: 5982: 5896:Haringtonhippus 5881: 5791: 5756: 5673: 5592: 5548: 5538: 5508: 5503: 5479: 5471:Malayan tapir ( 5444:Baird's tapir ( 5422: 5421: 5408: 5384: 5360: 5336: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5286: 5263: 5255:Grévy's zebra ( 5126: 5125: 5123: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5096: 5081: 5043: 5037:Perissodactyla 5033: 5003: 4998: 4997: 4990: 4976: 4972: 4963: 4961: 4952: 4951: 4947: 4937: 4935: 4925: 4921: 4911: 4909: 4908:on 5 March 2012 4905: 4898: 4894: 4893: 4889: 4880: 4878: 4866: 4865: 4861: 4851: 4849: 4819: 4815: 4780: 4776: 4769: 4755: 4751: 4741: 4739: 4709: 4705: 4691: 4684: 4682: 4662: 4655: 4646: 4644: 4637: 4633: 4588: 4584: 4556: 4552: 4542: 4540: 4513: 4507: 4503: 4466:(5503): 474–7. 4456: 4452: 4404: 4398: 4394: 4365:Nature Genetics 4357: 4353: 4316: 4312: 4289: 4282: 4241: 4237: 4230: 4216: 4212: 4203: 4201: 4188: 4182: 4178: 4131: 4127: 4096: 4089: 4057: 4051: 4047: 4040: 4029: 4021: 4010: 4003: 3981: 3977: 3968: 3966: 3953: 3952: 3948: 3939: 3937: 3930: 3926: 3917: 3915: 3904: 3900: 3844: 3837: 3814: 3810: 3801: 3799: 3798:on May 16, 2008 3795: 3784: 3778: 3774: 3743: 3739: 3732: 3716: 3691: 3676: 3656: 3652: 3645: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3598: 3594: 3554: 3544: 3540: 3517: 3513: 3504: 3502: 3501:. June 26, 2001 3493: 3492: 3488: 3479: 3477: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3450: 3448: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3383: 3379: 3332: 3328: 3319:Wayback Machine 3310: 3306: 3296: 3294: 3283: 3279: 3244: 3240: 3193: 3189: 3158:(3): 20141058. 3152:Biology Letters 3144: 3140: 3111: 3107: 3060: 3056: 3009: 3005: 2958: 2954: 2899: 2892: 2843:(5): e0216883. 2828: 2824: 2793: 2789: 2773: 2763: 2756: 2709: 2705: 2689: 2683: 2676: 2636: 2630: 2623: 2616: 2602: 2577: 2522: 2511: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2488: 2482: 2478: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2445: 2438: 2421: 2417: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2382: 2359: 2355: 2346: 2344: 2335: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2269:near threatened 2240: 2164: 2162:Human relations 2122: 2098: 2078:Social grooming 2042: 2040:Social behavior 1991: 1949:is adapted for 1913: 1908: 1898: 1850: 1844: 1821: 1812:- Saharan zebra 1794:Equus algericus 1788:African species 1746:Equus namadicus 1688:- Scott's horse 1680:- Western horse 1640:Equus giganteus 1633:Haringtonhippus 1622:Equus fraternus 1617:- Mexican horse 1609:- Alaskan horse 1552: 1413:Equus africanus 1332: 1314:climatic change 1300:Haringtonhippus 1255:has placed the 1091:after Vilstrup 1082: 1073: 1064: 980: 971: 962: 953: 892: 883: 786: 777: 746: 618: 612: 573:Mycenaean Greek 571:, "horse") and 542: 415: 394: 390: 306: 291:Extant species 286: 283: 257: 168: 122: 116: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 49: 48: 45: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7120: 7110: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7066: 7053: 7040: 7030: 7017: 7004: 6991: 6978: 6965: 6952: 6939: 6926: 6917:Fauna Europaea 6913: 6900: 6887: 6874: 6864: 6851: 6838: 6823: 6807: 6805: 6799: 6798: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6759: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6752: 6744: 6736: 6733:Equus stenonis 6728: 6720: 6712: 6704: 6694: 6686: 6678: 6670: 6662: 6654: 6646: 6638: 6630: 6627:Equus lenensis 6622: 6614: 6606: 6598: 6595:Equus gallicus 6590: 6582: 6579:Equus excelsus 6574: 6566: 6558: 6550: 6542: 6534: 6526: 6522:Equus capensis 6516: 6508: 6499: 6497: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6463: 6461: 6457: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6449: 6439: 6437: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6423: 6414: 6404: 6402: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6388: 6379: 6370: 6361: 6352: 6343: 6334: 6323: 6321: 6315:Plains zebra ( 6308: 6302: 6301: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6294: 6285: 6275: 6265: 6263: 6250: 6244: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6236: 6227: 6218: 6209: 6199: 6197: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6181: 6171: 6162: 6153: 6144: 6134: 6124: 6122: 6118:Equus hemionus 6110: 6109: 6107: 6106: 6097: 6087: 6078: 6068: 6066: 6051: 6045: 6044: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6024: 6023: 6016: 6009: 6001: 5992: 5991: 5988: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5980: 5973: 5966: 5959: 5952: 5937: 5936: 5929: 5914: 5913: 5910:Parapliohippus 5906: 5899: 5891: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5879: 5872: 5865: 5862:Pseudhipparion 5858: 5851: 5844: 5837: 5830: 5823: 5816: 5813:Cormohipparion 5809: 5806:Cremohipparion 5801: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5789: 5782: 5774: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5747: 5740: 5733: 5726: 5719: 5712: 5705: 5698: 5691: 5683: 5681: 5679:Anchitheriinae 5675: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5664: 5657: 5650: 5643: 5636: 5629: 5622: 5615: 5608: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5588:Perissodactyla 5584: 5582:Laurasiatheria 5578: 5572: 5566: 5560: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5545:(Horse family) 5537: 5536: 5529: 5522: 5514: 5505: 5504: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5477: 5468: 5459: 5450: 5440: 5438: 5427: 5414: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5396: 5394: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5382: 5372: 5370: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5354:D. sumatrensis 5348: 5346: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5325: 5315: 5313: 5302: 5298:(Rhinoceroses) 5292:Rhinocerotidae 5288: 5287: 5273: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5261: 5252: 5243: 5237:Plains zebra ( 5224: 5223: 5214: 5205: 5196: 5177: 5176: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5137: 5135: 5112: 5108:(Horse family) 5098: 5097: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5079: 5077:Laurasiatheria 5073: 5067: 5061: 5055: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5032: 5031: 5024: 5017: 5009: 5002: 5001:External links 4999: 4996: 4995: 4988: 4970: 4945: 4919: 4887: 4870:Equus caballus 4859: 4813: 4774: 4767: 4749: 4703: 4653: 4631: 4602:(1702): 50–7. 4582: 4550: 4524:(3): 835–842. 4501: 4450: 4392: 4378:10.1038/ng1326 4351: 4330:(1): 199–208. 4310: 4280: 4277:on 2012-07-07. 4235: 4228: 4210: 4176: 4125: 4087: 4045: 4038: 4008: 4001: 3975: 3946: 3924: 3898: 3835: 3808: 3772: 3737: 3730: 3689: 3674: 3650: 3643: 3619: 3612: 3592: 3538: 3527:(3): 148–154. 3511: 3486: 3457: 3432: 3377: 3326: 3321:Youtube video 3304: 3277: 3238: 3187: 3138: 3105: 3054: 3003: 2952: 2890: 2822: 2803:(3): 235–240. 2787: 2754: 2719:(7456): 74–8. 2703: 2674: 2621: 2614: 2575: 2509: 2476: 2458: 2436: 2415: 2395: 2380: 2353: 2327: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2239: 2236: 2221:Horn of Africa 2163: 2160: 2121: 2118: 2097: 2094: 2041: 2038: 1990: 1987: 1912: 1909: 1906:Horse behavior 1902:Equine anatomy 1897: 1894: 1846:Main article: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1838: 1830: 1826:Equus caballus 1820: 1817: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1813: 1805: 1801:Equus capensis 1797: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1780:- Indian horse 1773: 1772:- Stenon zebra 1769:Equus stenonis 1765: 1764:- Yunnan horse 1757: 1749: 1742: 1735: 1731:Equus lenensis 1727: 1720: 1717:Equus altidens 1707: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1696: 1689: 1681: 1673: 1665: 1652: 1644: 1636: 1628:Equus francisi 1625: 1618: 1610: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1541: 1539:Mountain zebra 1536: 1531: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1480: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1442: 1440:Equus hemionus 1437: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1415: 1410: 1403: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1382: 1380:Equus caballus 1376:E. przewalskii 1369: 1357: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1331: 1330:Extant species 1328: 1323:conquistadores 1223:E. przewalskii 1097: 1096: 1084: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1025:E. ferus ferus 1019: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1011: 997: 992: 990: 986: 985: 982: 981: 977: 976: 973: 972: 968: 967: 964: 963: 959: 958: 955: 954: 950: 949: 946: 945: 931: 928: 927: 924: 923: 909: 904: 902: 898: 897: 894: 893: 889: 888: 885: 884: 880: 879: 876: 875: 861: 858: 857: 854: 853: 839: 834: 832: 829: 828: 825: 824: 810: 805: 803: 798: 796: 792: 791: 788: 787: 783: 782: 779: 778: 774: 773: 770: 769: 755: 752: 751: 748: 747: 743: 742: 739: 738: 723: 720: 719: 716: 715: 701: 696: 694: 692:E. quagga 686: 684: 681: 680: 677: 676: 662: 657: 655: 647: 645: 640: 638: 633: 631: 623: 611: 608: 591:labiovelar in 541: 538: 380: 379: 378: 377: 374:mountain zebra 367: 357: 347: 337: 327: 317: 314:domestic horse 307: 293: 292: 288: 287: 285:Linnaeus, 1758 284: 280:Equus caballus 275: 274: 268: 267: 250: 246: 245: 240: 236: 235: 230: 226: 225: 223:Perissodactyla 220: 216: 215: 210: 206: 205: 200: 196: 195: 190: 186: 185: 180: 176: 175: 162: 161: 150:E. f. caballus 146:domestic horse 133: 132: 124: 123: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7119: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7092:Mammal genera 7090: 7088: 7087:Equus (genus) 7085: 7084: 7082: 7075: 7063: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7031: 7027: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6865: 6861: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6843: 6839: 6834: 6828: 6824: 6819: 6813: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6791: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6745: 6743: 6742: 6737: 6735: 6734: 6729: 6727: 6726: 6721: 6719: 6718: 6713: 6711: 6710: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6695: 6693: 6692: 6687: 6685: 6684: 6679: 6677: 6676: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6663: 6661: 6660: 6655: 6653: 6652: 6647: 6645: 6644: 6639: 6637: 6636: 6631: 6629: 6628: 6623: 6621: 6620: 6619:Equus latipes 6615: 6613: 6612: 6607: 6605: 6604: 6599: 6597: 6596: 6591: 6589: 6588: 6583: 6581: 6580: 6575: 6573: 6572: 6567: 6565: 6564: 6559: 6557: 6556: 6551: 6549: 6548: 6543: 6541: 6540: 6535: 6533: 6532: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6517: 6515: 6514: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6505:Equus alaskae 6501: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6489: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6458: 6448: 6446: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6428: 6422: 6420: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6393: 6387: 6385: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6303: 6293: 6291: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6245: 6235: 6233: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6186: 6180: 6178: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6111: 6105: 6103: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6063: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6036: 6032: 6031: 6022: 6017: 6015: 6010: 6008: 6003: 6002: 5999: 5979: 5978: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5965: 5964: 5960: 5958: 5957: 5953: 5951: 5950: 5945: 5944: 5939: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5930: 5928: 5927: 5922: 5921: 5916: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5907: 5905: 5904: 5900: 5898: 5897: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5884: 5878: 5877: 5873: 5871: 5870: 5866: 5864: 5863: 5859: 5857: 5856: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5838: 5836: 5835: 5831: 5829: 5828: 5824: 5822: 5821: 5817: 5815: 5814: 5810: 5808: 5807: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5783: 5781: 5780: 5776: 5775: 5772: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5759: 5753: 5752: 5748: 5746: 5745: 5741: 5739: 5738: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5727: 5725: 5724: 5720: 5718: 5717: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5695:Archaeohippus 5692: 5690: 5689: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5665: 5663: 5662: 5658: 5656: 5655: 5651: 5649: 5648: 5647:Protorohippus 5644: 5642: 5641: 5637: 5635: 5634: 5630: 5628: 5627: 5623: 5621: 5620: 5616: 5614: 5613: 5609: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5589: 5585: 5583: 5579: 5577: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5565: 5561: 5559: 5555: 5554: 5551: 5543: 5535: 5530: 5528: 5523: 5521: 5516: 5515: 5512: 5502: 5501: 5490: 5476: 5474: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5464:T. terrestris 5460: 5458: 5456: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5436: 5431: 5428: 5419: 5415: 5405: 5403: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5381: 5379: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5367:Ceratotherium 5363: 5357: 5355: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5344: 5339: 5333: 5331: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5303: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5284: 5278: 5274: 5260: 5258: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5168: 5164: 5162: 5157: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5130: 5122: 5121: 5116: 5113: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5094: 5088: 5084: 5078: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5046: 5041: 5030: 5025: 5023: 5018: 5016: 5011: 5010: 5007: 4991: 4989:0-8263-2010-4 4985: 4981: 4974: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4934: 4930: 4923: 4904: 4897: 4891: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4863: 4847: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4833: 4828: 4826: 4817: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4794: 4789: 4787: 4778: 4770: 4764: 4760: 4753: 4737: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4723: 4718: 4716: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4681: 4677: 4676: 4671: 4669: 4660: 4658: 4642: 4635: 4627: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4586: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4554: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4512: 4505: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4454: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4403: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4355: 4347: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4314: 4306: 4302: 4299:(1–3): 1–14. 4298: 4294: 4287: 4285: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4251: 4246: 4239: 4231: 4229:0-444-88282-0 4225: 4221: 4214: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4186: 4180: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4092: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4068:(6): 427–34. 4067: 4063: 4056: 4049: 4041: 4035: 4028: 4027: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4004: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3988: 3979: 3965:on 2012-05-02 3964: 3960: 3956: 3950: 3935: 3928: 3914:on 2014-07-15 3913: 3909: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3840: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3794: 3790: 3783: 3776: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3741: 3733: 3727: 3723: 3722: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3654: 3646: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3631: 3623: 3615: 3609: 3605: 3604: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3565:(6): 505–13. 3564: 3560: 3553: 3549: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3515: 3500: 3496: 3490: 3476:on 2017-10-10 3475: 3471: 3467: 3461: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3330: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3313: 3308: 3292: 3288: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3242: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3142: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3058: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3007: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2956: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2897: 2895: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2826: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2791: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2770: 2761: 2759: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2707: 2699: 2695: 2688: 2681: 2679: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2635: 2628: 2626: 2617: 2611: 2607: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2536:(2): e55950. 2535: 2531: 2527: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2498:on 2012-11-30 2494: 2487: 2480: 2472: 2471:Palaeolexicon 2468: 2462: 2454: 2450: 2443: 2441: 2432: 2428: 2427: 2419: 2411: 2410: 2405: 2399: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2368: 2363: 2362:Wilson, D. E. 2357: 2343:on 2023-01-31 2342: 2338: 2332: 2328: 2320: 2318: 2317: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2273:least concern 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2244: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2226: 2222: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2172: 2168: 2159: 2157: 2156:kindergartens 2151: 2148: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2126: 2117: 2113: 2106: 2102: 2096:Communication 2093: 2089: 2086: 2081: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2046: 2037: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2012: 2007: 2005: 1995: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1927: 1917: 1907: 1903: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1854: 1849: 1836: 1835: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1823: 1822: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1804:- Giant zebra 1803: 1802: 1798: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1790: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1779: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1753:Equus ovodovi 1750: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1741: 1740: 1739:Equus latipes 1736: 1733: 1732: 1728: 1726: 1725: 1721: 1719: 1718: 1714: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1697: 1695: 1694: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1666: 1664: 1663: 1658: 1657: 1656:Equus neogeus 1653: 1651:- Yukon horse 1650: 1649: 1645: 1643:- Giant horse 1642: 1641: 1637: 1635: 1634: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1623: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1606:Equus alaskae 1603: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1568:Equus alaskae 1565: 1561: 1557: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1524: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1502: 1498: 1496: 1495:Grévy's zebra 1493: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1454: 1453: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1430: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1349:Distribution 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1327: 1325: 1324: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1310: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1273:), belong to 1272: 1271: 1266: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1249:Shang dynasty 1246: 1245: 1244:Equus ovodovi 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1219: 1214: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1184: 1179: 1178: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1145:) during the 1144: 1143: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1111:Carl Linnaeus 1108: 1104: 1094: 1090: 1087:Cladogram of 1086: 1085: 1077: 1076: 1068: 1067: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1026: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1003: 996: 995: 988: 987: 984: 983: 975: 974: 966: 965: 957: 956: 948: 947: 944: 942: 938: 937: 930: 929: 926: 925: 922: 920: 916: 915: 908: 907: 900: 899: 896: 895: 887: 886: 878: 877: 874: 872: 868: 867: 860: 859: 856: 855: 852: 850: 846: 845: 838: 837: 831: 830: 827: 826: 823: 821: 817: 816: 809: 808: 802: 801: 794: 793: 790: 789: 781: 780: 772: 771: 768: 766: 762: 761: 754: 753: 750: 749: 741: 740: 737: 735: 731: 730: 722: 721: 718: 717: 714: 712: 708: 707: 700: 699: 693: 690: 689: 683: 682: 679: 678: 675: 673: 669: 668: 661: 660: 654: 651: 650: 644: 643: 637: 636: 630: 627: 626: 622: 621: 617: 607: 604: 594: 590: 586: 578: 574: 569: 559: 555: 550: 549: 537: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 506: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 481: 478:has numerous 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 450: 446: 442: 436: 388: 387: 375: 371: 368: 365: 361: 358: 355: 351: 348: 345: 341: 338: 335: 334:Grévy's zebra 331: 328: 325: 321: 318: 315: 311: 308: 304: 300: 297: 296: 294: 289: 282: 281: 276: 273: 269: 265: 261: 256: 255: 251: 248: 247: 244: 241: 238: 237: 234: 231: 228: 227: 224: 221: 218: 217: 214: 211: 208: 207: 204: 201: 198: 197: 194: 191: 188: 187: 184: 181: 178: 177: 172: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 134: 130: 125: 120: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 53: 44: 40: 37: 33: 19: 7074: 6802: 6746: 6738: 6731: 6722: 6717:Equus scotti 6714: 6706: 6699: 6688: 6680: 6672: 6664: 6656: 6648: 6640: 6632: 6624: 6616: 6611:Equus lambei 6608: 6600: 6592: 6584: 6576: 6568: 6560: 6552: 6544: 6536: 6528: 6521: 6513:Equus andium 6510: 6502: 6493: 6444: 6432: 6418: 6409: 6397: 6383: 6374: 6365: 6356: 6347: 6338: 6329: 6317:Equus quagga 6316: 6289: 6280: 6270: 6258: 6257:Wild horse ( 6231: 6222: 6213: 6204: 6192: 6176: 6166: 6157: 6148: 6139: 6129: 6117: 6101: 6092: 6082: 6073: 6061: 6040: 6029: 6028: 5975: 5968: 5962: 5961: 5954: 5947: 5940: 5931: 5924: 5920:Protohippina 5917: 5908: 5901: 5894: 5874: 5869:Shanxihippus 5867: 5860: 5853: 5848:Neohipparion 5846: 5839: 5834:Hippotherium 5832: 5825: 5818: 5811: 5804: 5797:Hipparionini 5784: 5779:Acritohippus 5777: 5749: 5742: 5735: 5728: 5721: 5716:Kalobatippus 5714: 5707: 5700: 5693: 5688:Anchitherium 5686: 5668:Xenicohippus 5666: 5659: 5652: 5645: 5638: 5631: 5626:Ghazijhippus 5624: 5617: 5610: 5603: 5498: 5472: 5463: 5455:T. pinchaque 5454: 5445: 5433: 5401: 5389: 5377: 5365: 5353: 5343:Dicerorhinus 5341: 5330:R. sondaicus 5329: 5321:R. unicornis 5320: 5308: 5283:Ceratomorpha 5281: 5256: 5247: 5238: 5229: 5227: 5218: 5209: 5200: 5192:E. africanus 5191: 5182: 5180: 5171: 5160: 5151: 5150:Wild horse ( 5142: 5140: 5119: 5118: 5091: 4979: 4973: 4962:. Retrieved 4958:the original 4948: 4936:. Retrieved 4932: 4922: 4910:. Retrieved 4903:the original 4890: 4879:. Retrieved 4874:Equus asinus 4873: 4869: 4862: 4850:. Retrieved 4836: 4830: 4824: 4816: 4797: 4791: 4786:Equus quagga 4785: 4777: 4758: 4752: 4740:. Retrieved 4726: 4720: 4715:Equus quagga 4714: 4706: 4683:. Retrieved 4679: 4673: 4667: 4645:. Retrieved 4634: 4599: 4595: 4585: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4553: 4541:. Retrieved 4521: 4517: 4504: 4463: 4459: 4453: 4415:(1): 64–78. 4412: 4408: 4395: 4371:(4): 335–6. 4368: 4364: 4354: 4327: 4323: 4313: 4296: 4292: 4275:the original 4254: 4248: 4238: 4219: 4213: 4202:. Retrieved 4200:. 2009-03-07 4193: 4184: 4179: 4138: 4134: 4128: 4103: 4099: 4065: 4061: 4048: 4025: 3986: 3978: 3967:. Retrieved 3963:the original 3958: 3949: 3938:. Retrieved 3927: 3916:. Retrieved 3912:the original 3901: 3858: 3854: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3800:. Retrieved 3793:the original 3788: 3775: 3753:(1): 31–62. 3750: 3746: 3740: 3720: 3660: 3653: 3629: 3622: 3602: 3595: 3562: 3558: 3541: 3524: 3520: 3514: 3503:. Retrieved 3498: 3489: 3478:. Retrieved 3474:the original 3469: 3460: 3449:. Retrieved 3444: 3435: 3394: 3390: 3380: 3343: 3339: 3329: 3322: 3307: 3295:. Retrieved 3291:the original 3280: 3255: 3251: 3241: 3200: 3196: 3190: 3155: 3151: 3141: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3071: 3067: 3057: 3020: 3017:PLOS Biology 3016: 3006: 2968:(5): 533–8. 2965: 2961: 2955: 2910: 2906: 2840: 2836: 2825: 2800: 2796: 2790: 2781: 2777: 2768: 2716: 2712: 2706: 2697: 2693: 2644: 2640: 2605: 2533: 2529: 2500:. Retrieved 2493:the original 2484:Mulligan B. 2479: 2470: 2461: 2452: 2430: 2425: 2418: 2407: 2398: 2366: 2356: 2345:. Retrieved 2341:the original 2331: 2314: 2303:reintroduced 2298: 2283:Feral horses 2281: 2249: 2217: 2213:E. f. ferus, 2212: 2209: 2205: 2203: 2176: 2152: 2131: 2114: 2110: 2090: 2082: 2054: 2051: 2034: 2009:Equines are 2008: 2004:feral horses 2000: 1955: 1930:draft horses 1922: 1859: 1848:Equid hybrid 1834:Equus asinus 1832: 1824: 1807: 1799: 1792: 1787: 1775: 1767: 1759: 1751: 1744: 1737: 1729: 1722: 1715: 1710: 1698: 1691: 1685:Equus scotti 1683: 1675: 1667: 1660: 1654: 1648:Equus lambei 1646: 1638: 1631: 1627: 1620: 1612: 1604: 1599: 1586: 1580: 1575: 1572:Equus lambei 1571: 1567: 1564:Equus scotti 1563: 1559: 1555: 1553: 1533: 1517:Plains zebra 1512:Equus quagga 1511: 1490:Equus grevyi 1489: 1477: 1462: 1439: 1412: 1400: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1354: 1346:Common name 1321: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1295:E. francisci 1294: 1290: 1286: 1283:E. francisci 1282: 1274: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1256: 1252: 1242: 1238: 1231:monophyletic 1226: 1222: 1216: 1210: 1206: 1204: 1195: 1191: 1181: 1175: 1169: 1165: 1163: 1158: 1140: 1126: 1102: 1100: 1092: 1088: 1045: 1044: 1023: 1021: 1000: 999: 934: 933: 912: 911: 864: 863: 842: 841: 813: 812: 758: 757: 727: 725: 704: 703: 665: 664: 628: 543: 507: 475: 467: 385: 384: 383: 369: 364:plains zebra 359: 349: 339: 329: 319: 309: 299:E. africanus 298: 278: 272:Type species 253: 252: 157: 149: 141: 138:plains zebra 50:5.33–0 42: 36: 6956:iNaturalist 6827:Wikispecies 6491:Prehistoric 6445:Equus grevy 6433:Equus grevy 6398:Equus zebra 6259:Equus ferus 6193:Equus kiang 5949:Astrohippus 5933:Protohippus 5876:Sivalhippus 5786:Merychippus 5702:Desmatippus 5633:Haplohippus 5597:Basal forms 5580:Superorder 5574:Infraclass 5402:D. bicornis 5231:Hippotigris 5210:E. hemionus 5172:E. caballus 5127:(including 5093:Hippomorpha 5075:Superorder 5069:Infraclass 4852:11 November 4825:Equus kiang 4742:11 November 3470:BMS Website 3023:(8): e241. 2299:E. caballus 2228:haplogroups 2206:E. caballus 2134:promiscuous 2107:interacting 2085:territories 2061:home ranges 2011:monogastric 1588:Equus ferus 1534:Equus zebra 1478:Hippotigris 1463:Equus kiang 1281:(including 1257:Sussemionus 1239:Sussemionus 1212:E. caballus 1155:Pleistocene 1002:E. caballus 589:Proto-Greek 499:herbivorous 340:E. hemionus 310:E. caballus 158:E. hemionus 7081:Categories 6773:Wild horse 5977:Pliohippus 5956:Dinohippus 5751:Sinohippus 5744:Parahippus 5730:Mesohippus 5723:Megahippus 5709:Hypohippus 5661:Sifrhippus 5640:Pliolophus 5473:T. indicus 5446:T. bairdii 5310:Rhinoceros 4964:2011-05-27 4938:August 18, 4881:2014-08-18 4647:2014-08-04 4543:17 January 4204:2010-09-18 4183:Matossian 3969:2014-08-13 3940:2014-08-13 3918:2014-08-15 3802:2008-06-20 3635:86, 96, 97 3505:2010-02-06 3480:2008-07-10 3451:2008-08-16 3285:Singer B. 3074:: e29944. 2913:: e73346. 2784:: 301–309. 2700:: 151–163. 2347:2021-12-17 2323:References 2265:vulnerable 2261:endangered 2187:Kazakhstan 2171:Bronze Age 1924:13.2 1862:crossbreed 1662:Amerhippus 1593:speciation 1583:permafrost 1270:Amerhippus 1253:E. ovodovi 1171:Dinohippus 1164:The genus 1142:Mesohippus 1105:was first 1101:The genus 324:wild horse 239:Subtribe: 5970:Hippidion 5941:Subtribe 5918:Subtribe 5841:Nannippus 5827:Hipparion 5737:Miohippus 5654:Orohippus 5619:Erihippus 5612:Epihippus 5418:Tapiridae 5257:E. grevyi 5239:E. quagga 5228:Subgenus 5201:E. asinus 5181:Subgenus 5141:Subgenus 4694:cite iucn 4271:162580424 4250:Antiquity 4198:CBC Radio 4082:206771095 3824:: 29–38. 3684:244110821 3548:Shapiro B 3427:254283695 3419:1062-3590 3297:13 August 3233:186242574 2929:2050-084X 2867:1932-6203 2502:March 10, 2313:, and in 2210:E. ferus, 2199:haplotype 2191:Sintashta 2018:ruminants 1975:tail hair 1947:dentition 1886:sympatric 1337:Subgenus 1326:in 1519. 1309:Hippidion 1291:E. quinni 1177:Plesippus 1147:Oligocene 1137:soft pads 1107:described 760:E. grevyi 544:The word 540:Etymology 503:ruminants 360:E. quagga 330:E. grevyi 189:Kingdom: 183:Eukaryota 142:E. quagga 121:to recent 7000:14100003 6867:BioLib: 6812:Wikidata 6328:Quagga ( 6279:Tarpan ( 6081:Donkey ( 5926:Calippus 5605:Eohippus 5576:Eutheria 5570:Mammalia 5564:Chordata 5558:Animalia 5556:Kingdom 5500:Category 5423:(Tapirs) 5378:C. simum 5248:E. zebra 5219:E. kiang 5208:Onager ( 5199:Donkey ( 5152:E. ferus 5071:Eutheria 5065:Mammalia 5059:Chordata 5053:Animalia 5051:Kingdom 4685:June 24, 4626:20667880 4496:15514589 4488:11161199 4437:19943892 4387:15034578 4346:18931383 4163:19265018 4120:54252836 3885:24691390 3861:: 3535. 3767:19047145 3747:Genetica 3587:18388598 3499:BBC News 3372:29182148 3315:Archived 3225:14614503 3182:25762573 3100:29182148 3049:15974804 2998:19069554 2990:18398561 2947:35543411 2885:31095634 2837:PLOS ONE 2817:20338542 2741:23803765 2669:19876380 2661:15774746 2570:23437078 2530:PLOS ONE 2390:62265494 2195:Petrovka 2067:and the 1983:shedding 1966:wildtype 1566:, while 1395:Eurasia 1275:E. ferus 1128:Eohippus 1095:(2013). 901:Donkeys 815:E. kiang 667:E. zebra 585:Linear B 581:/ikkʷos/ 518:stallion 370:E. zebra 350:E. kiang 320:E. ferus 260:Linnaeus 229:Family: 213:Mammalia 203:Chordata 199:Phylum: 193:Animalia 179:Domain: 6974:1010666 6948:2440881 6763:Equidae 6496:species 6482:Zebroid 6460:Hybrids 6269:Horse ( 5762:Equinae 5562:Phylum 5542:Equidae 5435:Tapirus 5391:Diceros 5217:Kiang ( 5102:Equidae 5057:Phylum 5035:Extant 4912:4 April 4643:. Slate 4617:2992715 4526:Bibcode 4468:Bibcode 4460:Science 4445:1376591 4417:Bibcode 4171:5126719 4143:Bibcode 4135:Science 3906:Staff. 3893:9849814 3863:Bibcode 3567:Bibcode 3399:Bibcode 3363:5705217 3260:Bibcode 3205:Bibcode 3173:4387498 3091:5705217 3040:1159165 2970:Bibcode 2938:9142152 2876:6522033 2845:Bibcode 2749:4318227 2721:Bibcode 2641:Science 2561:3577844 2538:Bibcode 2449:"ἵππος" 2404:"Equus" 2183:Ukraine 1951:grazing 1943:baculum 1896:Biology 1874:sterile 1868:is the 1842:Hybrids 1235:endemic 1151:Miocene 1123:Equidae 989:Horses 530:jennets 522:jackass 491:Equines 487:fossils 483:species 480:extinct 452:Equidae 447:in the 445:mammals 439:) is a 249:Genus: 233:Equidae 219:Order: 209:Class: 18:Equines 7107:Equini 7033:NZOR: 6987:180689 6922:305547 6909:1EQUUG 6818:Q27022 6306:Zebras 6248:Horses 5943:Equina 5887:Equini 5586:Order 5568:Class 5184:Asinus 5129:Zebras 5063:Class 4986: 4765: 4624: 4614: 4494: 4486: 4443: 4435: 4385: 4344: 4269: 4226: 4169: 4161: 4118: 4080: 4036: 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