870:
around to the lateral side of the foot. In this procedure, it is typically necessary to release (cut) or lengthen the plantar fascia, several tendons, and joint capsules/ligaments. Typically, the important structures are exposed and then sequentially released until the foot can be brought to an appropriate plantigrade position. Specifically, it is important to bring the ankle to neutral, the heel into neutral, the midfoot aligned with the hindfoot (navicula aligned with the talus, and the cuboid aligned with the calcaneus). Once these joints can be aligned, thin wires are usually placed across these joints to hold them in the corrected position. These wires are temporary and left out through the skin for removal after 3â4 weeks. Once the joints are aligned, tendons (typically the
Achilles, posterior tibialis, and flexor halluces longus) are repaired at an appropriate length. The incision (or incisions) are closed with dissolvable sutures. The foot is then casted in the corrected position for 6â8 weeks. It is common to do a cast change with anesthesia after 3â4 weeks, so that pins can be removed and a mold can be made to fabricate a custom AFO brace. The new cast is left in place until the AFO is available. When the cast is removed, the AFO is worn to prevent the foot from returning to the old position.
750:: After successful correction is achieved through serial casting and Achilles tenotomy, the foot must be kept in a brace to prevent it from returning to the deformed position over the first few years of a child's life. The brace is made up of two shoes or boots that are connected to each other by a bar that is bent under the shoes at 10â15 degrees, or curved to create 10â15 degrees dorsiflexion. This device is also called a foot abduction brace (FAB) or more generally boots and bar (BnB). At first, the brace is worn full-time (23 hours per day) on both feet, regardless of whether the clubfoot affects one or two feet. After 3 months of 23/7 wear, the brace is worn less frequently by gradually reducing hours a couple at a time, every couple months so that hours are down to 12â14 per day at or around a year old. From this point on until at least 4â5 years, or even longer (6â9 years if needed), the brace is worn mostly while sleeping at night and during naps (12â14 hours per day). Bracing is essential in preventing recurrence of the deformity and is a major determinant of a child's long-term outcome.
755:
bracing, such as not wearing the brace properly, not keeping it on for the recommended length of time, or not using it every day. Children who do not follow proper bracing protocol have up to seven times higher recurrence rates than those who follow bracing protocol, as the muscles around the foot can pull it back into the abnormal position. Low parental education level and failure to understand the importance of bracing is a major contributor to non-adherence. Relapses are managed by repeating the casting process. Relapsed feet may also require additional, more extensive surgeries and have a reduced chance of achieving subsequent correction. Furthermore, research has revealed the possibility of overcorrection after use of the
Ponseti method.
613:
388:
of times, clubfoot can be accompanied with other deformations and may be associated with developmental hip dysplasia. The theory of fetal growth arrest was proposed by Von
Volkmann in 1863, and has been verified by other authors since. According to this theory, intrinsic errors or environmental insults during gestation prevents the correction of an equinovarus to pronated foot. Other researchers hypothesize that clubfoot may derive from external insults during gestation. For example, a research study found an alarmingly high incidence of club foot and limb contractures associated with iatrogenic amniotic leakage caused by early
742:) is performed. Before the procedure, many centers place the child under sedation or monitored anesthesia care, although Ponseti recommended using local anesthetic alone. Next, the area around the heel is cleansed and numbed, and a small scalpel is used to cut the Achilles tendon. The incision is small so there is minimal bleeding and no need for stitches. The skin is covered with a small dressing, and the foot is placed into a final long leg cast in a fully corrected position. This cast is typically left in place for three weeks. During this time, the Achilles tendon will regrow in a lengthened position.
432:
analysis or chromosomal microarray (CMA) may be performed. However, if patients decline diagnostic testing, Cell-Free DNA is another screening option to identify high-risk pregnancies for aneuploidy and it is not diagnostic. The incidence of chromosomal abnormalities in fetuses with prenatal diagnosis of clubfoot is relatively low. Overall, fetal ultrasound should be performed with a prenatal diagnosis of clubfoot in order to classify the condition as either complex or isolated because of the significant differences in rates of chromosomal abnormalities and outcomes between these two groups.
60:
774:). This imbalance is present in approximately 20% of infants successfully treated with the Ponseti casting method, and makes them more prone to recurrence. This relapse is usually treated with Ponseti casting and can be done multiple times before resorting to surgery. If after all non-surgical casting and bracing options have been exhausted, and when the child is over four years of age (many doctors prefer to wait until after seven years old), this can be addressed with a surgery to transfer the tibialis anterior tendon from its medial attachment (on the
208:. Congenital clubfoot is the most common congenital malformation of the foot with an incidence of 1 per 1000 births. In approximately 50% of cases, clubfoot affects both feet, but it can present unilaterally causing one leg or foot to be shorter than the other. Most of the time, it is not associated with other problems. Without appropriate treatment, the foot deformity will persist and lead to pain and impaired ability to walk, which can have a dramatic impact on the quality of life
371:
found that the most clinically relevant risk factors for clubfoot were family history, paternal and maternal smoking, maternal obesity, gestational diabetes, amniocentesis, and the use of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Many findings agree that "it is likely there is more than one different cause and at least in some cases the phenotype may occur as a result of a threshold effect of different factors acting together." The most commonly associated conditions are
640:. The Ponseti method is widely used and highly effective under the age of two. The French method involves realignment, taping, and long-term home exercises and night splinting. It is also effective but outcomes vary and rely on heavy involvement of caregivers. Generally, the Ponseti method is preferred. Another technique, the Kite method, does not appear to be as effective. In about 20% of cases, additional surgery is required after initial treatment.
521:
813:
539:
575:
878:
fine, but some require orthotics or additional surgeries. Long-term studies of adults with post-surgical clubfeet, especially those needing multiple surgeries, show that they may not fare as well in the long term. Some people may require additional surgeries as they age, though there is some dispute as to the effectiveness of such surgeries, in light of the prevalence of scar tissue present from earlier surgeries.
557:
795:, which is thought to contribute to long-term correction. After the two month mark, the frequency of physical therapy sessions can be weaned down to three times a week instead of daily, until the child reaches six months. After the conclusion of the physical therapy program, caregivers must continue performing exercises at home and splinting at night in order to maintain long-term correction.
671:: First, the foot is manually manipulated into an improved position and held in place with a long leg cast which extends from the toes up to the thigh. After a week this cast is removed, the foot is re-manipulated, and placed into a new cast. This process repeats and the foot is gradually reshaped over the course of 4-6 serial casts, although some feet may require additional casts.
218:(80% of cases) and secondary clubfoot (20% of cases). The idiopathic congenital clubfoot is a multifactorial condition that includes environmental, vascular, positional, and genetic factors. There appears to be hereditary component for this birth defect given that the risk of developing congenital clubfoot is 25% when a first-degree relative is affected. In addition, if one
649:
894:, and low education levels and socioeconomic status amongst caregivers and families. These factors make it difficult to detect and diagnose children with clubfoot, connect them to care, and train their caregivers to follow the proper treatment and return for follow-up visits. It is estimated that only 15% of those diagnosed with clubfoot receive treatment.
724:. The foot must have the ability to dorsiflex to at least 10 degrees past 0 (neutral, or L position), although 15 degrees or more is better and preferred. If the foot can not dorsiflex enough, the brace will not work/be tolerated. If it is determined the foot can not dorsiflex at least 10 degrees, the Achilles Tenotomy surgical procedure is performed.
865:
If non-operative treatments are unsuccessful or achieve incomplete correction of the deformity, surgery is sometimes needed. Surgery was more common prior to the widespread acceptance of the
Ponseti method. The extent of surgery depends on the severity of the deformity. Usually, surgery is done at 9
754:
The
Ponseti method is highly effective with short-term success rates of 90%. However, anywhere from 14% to 41% of children experience a recurrence of the deformity, with as many as 56% requiring an additional surgery beyond the 10 year mark. The most common reason for this is inadequate adherence to
357:
Clubfoot can be diagnosed by ultrasound of the fetus in more than 60% of cases. The earliest week of gestation in which the condition is diagnosed with a high degree of confidence was the 12th and the latest was the 32nd. Not all patients were diagnosed at an early stage. In 29% of fetuses the first
273:
Congenital clubfoot occurs in 1 to 4 of every 1,000 live births, making it one of the most common birth defects affecting the legs. About 80% of cases occur in developing countries where there is limited access to care. Clubfoot is more common in firstborn children and males. It is more common among
387:
Factors that can influence the positioning of the fetal foot in utero include oligohydramnios, breech presentation, MĂŒllerian anomalies, multiple gestation, amniotic band sequence, or amniocentesis at <15 weeks of gestation. In cases that impede normal growth and position for longstanding period
790:
The French method is a conservative, non-operative method of clubfoot treatment that involves daily physical therapy for the first two months followed by thrice-weekly physical therapy for the next four months and continued home exercises following the conclusion of formal physical therapy. During
877:
Surgery leaves residual scar tissue and typically there is more stiffness and weakness than with nonsurgical treatment. As the foot grows, there is potential for asymmetric growth that can result in recurrence of foot deformity that can affect the forefoot, midfoot, or hindfoot. Many patients do
798:
Compared to the
Ponseti method which uses rigid casts and braces, the French method uses tape which allows for some motion in the feet. Despite its goal to avoid surgery, the success rate varies and surgery may still be necessary. The Ponseti method is generally preferred over the French method.
370:
Hypotheses about the precise cause of clubfoot vary. However, research has found that genetics, environmental factors or a combination of both are associated with this condition. Evidence suggests that the etiology of clubfoot is most likely multifactorial. A meta-analysis and systematic review
910:
873:
For feet with partial correction of deformity with non-operative treatment, surgery may be less extensive and may involve only the posterior part of the foot and ankle. This might be called a posterior release. This is done through a smaller incision and may involve releasing only the posterior
869:
For feet with the typical components of deformity (cavus, forefoot adductus, hindfoot varus, and ankle equinus), the typical procedure is a
Posteromedial Release (PMR) surgery. This is done through an incision across the medial side of the foot and ankle, that extends posteriorly, and sometimes
431:
Clubfoot can be diagnosed prenatally as early as 13 weeks of gestation via ultrasound. According to the
Society of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, a diagnostic testing for genetic causes is recommended when clubfoot is diagnosed prenatally. If prenatal screening is suspicious for aneuploidy, karyotype
358:
ultrasound examination failed to detect the deformity which subsequently became obvious at a later examination. Clubfoot was diagnosed between 12 and 23 weeks of gestation in 86% of children and between 24 and 32 weeks of gestation in the remaining 14%.
261:
tenotomy can be performed. The procedure consists of a small posterior skin incision through which the tendon cut is made. In order to maintain the correct position of the foot, it is necessary to wear an orthopedic brace until 5 years of age.
3622:
2374:
Singer A, Maya I, Banne E, Baris
Feldman H, Vinkler C, Ben Shachar S, Sagi-Dain L (June 2020). "Prenatal clubfoot increases the risk for clinically significant chromosomal microarray results - Analysis of 269 singleton pregnancies".
921:" NĂ€tti (surname can be translated as 'pretty') (1890â1964) was known for his stories but also his untreated left clubfoot. A story tells that "not even the devil himself could tell which way NĂ€tti has gone" from footprints of snow.
327:) describe treatment. In 1823, Delpech presented a new procedure to treat the condition. The new method, known as tenotomy, involved the cutting of the Achilles tendon. The surgical procedure had complications such as infections.
2287:
Viaris de le Segno B, Gruchy N, Bronfen C, Dolley P, Leporrier N, Creveuil C, Benoist G (February 2016). "Prenatal diagnosis of clubfoot: Chromosomal abnormalities associated with fetal defects and outcome in a tertiary center".
265:
Initially, the brace is worn nearly continuously and then just at night. In about 20% of cases, further surgery is required. Treatment can be carried out by a range of healthcare providers and can generally be achieved in the
487:
Genetic mapping and the development of models of the disease have improved understanding of developmental processes. Its inheritance pattern is explained as a heterogenous disorder using a polygenic threshold model. The
593:
Factors used to assess severity include the stiffness of the deformity (how much it can be corrected by manually manipulating the foot), the presence of skin creases at the arch and heel, and poor muscle consistency.
333:
might have had a congenital clubfoot, which if his uncle did as well, could have been genetic. In any case, his handicap made him unable to follow his father into a military career, leaving the obvious career of the
1047:
series, has clubfoot. He is nicknamed "Clubfoot Seven Chiu-Tsat" â "Clubfoot" because of his foot, and "Seven Chiu-Tsat" because he is the seventh member of the character Chiu Tin-bak's apprentices, disciples, and
3615:
4331:
4312:
361:
Without treatment the foot remains deformed and people walk on the sides or tops of their feet, which can cause calluses, foot infections, trouble fitting into shoes, pain, difficulty walking, and disability.
3608:
782:). The surgery requires general anesthesia and subsequent casting while the tendon heals, but it is a relatively minor surgery that re-balances the muscles of the foot without disturbing any joints.
720:
The final stage of casting is to correct the equinus. After fully abducting the forefoot with spontaneous correction of the hindfoot, an attempt is made to bring the ankle up and into
734:: At the end of the serial casting, most children have corrected cavus, adductus and varus deformities, but continue to have equinus deformity. To correct this, a procedure called an
354:. The affected foot and leg may be smaller than the other, while in about half of cases, clubfoot affects both feet. Most of the time clubfoot is not associated with other problems.
1985:
Chen C, Kaushal N, Scher DM, Doyle SM, Blanco JS, Dodwell ER (September 2018). "Clubfoot
Etiology: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Observational and Randomized Trials".
410:
Larsen, Gordon, Pierre-Robin, MeckelâGruber, Roberts, SmithâLemliâOpitz, TARP (Talipes equinovarus, Atrial septal defect, Robin sequence, Persistence of left superior vena cava).
791:
each physical therapy session the feet are manipulated, stretched, then taped to maintain any gains made to the feet's range of motion. Exercises may focus on strengthening the
3241:
404:
found in 30% and 2% of complex clubfoot and isolated clubfoot respectively. These include trisomy 18, 13, 21, sex chromosome abnormalities, micro-deletions and duplications.
1117:. He is the secretive and sly master of whisperers for King Viserys I Targaryen and his successor Aegon II Targaryen. Larys's character was later expanded on in the novel
897:
In an effort to reduce the burden of clubfoot in LMICs, there have been initiatives to improve early diagnosis, organize high-volume Ponseti casting centers, utilize
1739:"What factors impact on the implementation of clubfoot treatment services in low and middle-income countries?: a narrative synthesis of existing qualitative studies"
583:: the foot is pointed downward, forcing one to walk on tiptoe. This motion occurs naturally, but in clubfoot the foot is fixed in this position. This is because the
2141:
Perry DC, Tawfiq SM, Roche A, Shariff R, Garg NK, James LA, et al. (November 2010). "The association between clubfoot and developmental dysplasia of the hip".
2557:
565:: the heel is inverted, or turned in, forcing one to walk on the outside of the foot. This is a natural motion but in clubfoot the foot is fixed in this position.
4452:
2977:
Hayes CB, Murr KA, Muchow RD, Iwinski HJ, Talwalkar VR, Walker JL, et al. (January 2018). "Pain and overcorrection in clubfeet treated by Ponseti method".
2890:
El-Hawary R, Karol LA, Jeans KA, Richards BS (July 2008). "Gait analysis of children treated for clubfoot with physical therapy or the Ponseti cast technique".
214:
The exact cause is usually not identified. Both genetic and environmental factors are believed to be involved. There are two main types of congenital clubfoot:
297:
Clubfoot disproportionally affects those in LMICs. About 80% of those with clubfoot, or approximately 100,000 children per year as of 2018, are born in LMICs.
1882:
Ezra E, Cohen N, Segev E, Hayek S, Lokiec F, Keret D, Wientroub S (May 1, 2002). "Primary subacute epiphyseal osteomyelitis: role of conservative treatment".
3234:
2227:
3600:
3157:
Harmer L, Rhatigan J (April 2014). "Clubfoot care in low-income and middle-income countries: from clinical innovation to a public health program".
2631:
1252:
652:
A foot abduction brace type Denis Browne bar. Various types of foot-abduction braces are used to hold the child's feet in the desired position.
601:. Prenatal diagnosis by ultrasound can allow parents to learn more about this condition and plan ahead for treatment after their baby is born.
416:
Ellis van Creveld syndrome, diastrophic dysplasia, chondrodysplasia punctata, camptomelic dysplasia, atelosteogenesis, and mesomelic dysplasia.
422:
arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy, neural tube defects, holoprosencephaly, and hydranencephaly.
3227:
442:
Mutations in genes involved in muscle development are risk factors for clubfoot, specifically those encoding the muscle contractile complex (
2545:
AskMayoExpert & et al. Can clubfoot be diagnosed in utero? Rochester, Minn.: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; 2012.
504:
Clubfoot is diagnosed through physical examination. Typically, babies are examined from head-to-toe shortly after they are born. There are
4202:
2241:
Tredwell SJ, Wilson D, Wilmink MA (September 2001). "Review of the effect of early amniocentesis on foot deformity in the neonate".
330:
3695:
1460:"Birth prevalence of congenital talipes equinovarus in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
2797:"The Ponseti method for the treatment of congenital club foot: review of the current literature and treatment recommendations"
2331:
Bronshtein M, Zimmer EZ (September 1989). "Transvaginal ultrasound diagnosis of fetal clubfeet at 13 weeks, menstrual age".
1369:
4143:
936:, has clubfoot. Charles Bovary tries to correct it, but the procedure is unsuccessful, and Tautain must have an amputation.
890:
face many barriers such as limited access to equipment (specifically casting materials and abduction braces), shortages of
1691:
Morcuende JA, Abbasi D, Dolan LA, Ponseti IV (September 2005). "Results of an accelerated Ponseti protocol for clubfoot".
4354:
496:
transcriptional pathway has become key to the study of clubfoot. PITX1 and TBX4 are uniquely expressed in the hind limb.
2547:
1921:
222:
is affected, there is a 33% chance the other one will be as well. The underlying mechanism involves disruption of the
3630:
3394:
974:
852:
866:
to 12 months of age and the goal is to correct all the components of the clubfoot deformity at the time of surgery.
2847:
Zionts LE, Dietz FR (August 2010). "Bracing following correction of idiopathic clubfoot using the Ponseti method".
1011:
901:
and non-physician health workers, engage families in care, and provide local follow-up in the person's community.
4097:
3816:
3277:
2930:"Foot function during gait and parental perceived outcome in older children with symptomatic club foot deformity"
379:. The factors contributing to the development of clubfoot can be categorized as extrinsic and intrinsic factors.
834:
1037:
257:
at repeated weekly intervals. If the clubfoot deformity does not improve by the end of the casting phase, an
3932:
3635:
3460:
674:
The goal of the initial cast is to align the forefoot with the hindfoot. Ponseti describes the forefoot as
604:
More testing and imaging is typically not needed, unless there is concern for other associated conditions.
758:
Another reason for recurrence is a congenital muscle imbalance between the muscles that invert the ankle (
4102:
3821:
3651:
3639:
702:
481:
1947:
4133:
1562:
Basit S, Khoshhal KI (February 2018). "Genetics of clubfoot; recent progress and future perspectives".
1107:
1090:
986:
3211:
1244:
4187:
4107:
1095:
1043:
830:
759:
612:
598:
335:
31:
4365:
4042:
3685:
3205:
2418:
Weymouth KS, Blanton SH, Bamshad MJ, Beck AE, Alvarez C, Richards S, et al. (September 2011).
763:
477:
4079:
3713:
3690:
3435:
1119:
823:
17:
2420:"Variants in genes that encode muscle contractile proteins influence risk for isolated clubfoot"
4457:
3412:
3251:
1113:
1053:
898:
147:
4405:
1632:
Ganesan B, Luximon A, Al-Jumaily A, Balasankar SK, Naik GR (June 20, 2017). Nazarian A (ed.).
717:. It is important to leave the ankle in equinus until the forefoot and hindfoot are corrected.
3982:
3647:
3333:
2221:
372:
235:
123:
4197:
3287:
2690:
1645:
990:
962:
706:
633:
136:
3071:"Long-term follow-up of patients with clubfeet treated with extensive soft-tissue release"
2945:
1597:
Cummings RJ, Davidson RS, Armstrong PF, Lehman WB (February 2002). "Congenital clubfoot".
8:
4335:
4015:
3631:
3389:
3343:
3070:
1125:
1102:
1077:
1051:
Mordred, King of Dumonia, a character in the 1995 to 1997 historical fantasy book series
946:
891:
709:. With each additional cast, the abduction is increased and this moves the hindfoot from
690:
544:
152:
140:
59:
2694:
2679:"Ponseti method in the management of clubfoot under 2 years of age: A systematic review"
2471:. In Adam MP, Everman DB, Mirzaa GM, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJ, et al. (eds.).
1649:
1634:"Ponseti method in the management of clubfoot under 2 years of age: A systematic review"
4340:
3877:
3565:
3417:
3219:
3182:
3134:
3109:
3046:
3021:
3002:
2954:
2929:
2872:
2821:
2796:
2765:
2740:
2713:
2678:
2659:
2630:
Savonen, Benjamin; Gershenson, John; Bow, Jennifer K.; Pearce, Joshua M. (April 2020).
2607:
2580:
2520:
2495:
2444:
2419:
2400:
2356:
2313:
2266:
2204:
2177:
2123:
2054:
2029:
2010:
1859:
1842:
1814:
1789:
1765:
1738:
1716:
1704:
1668:
1633:
1536:
1511:
1422:
1395:
1337:
1312:
1221:
954:
887:
705:. In contrast to the Kite method of casting, it is important to avoid constraining the
625:
476:(DA) syndromes. Clubfoot can also be present in people with genetic conditions such as
291:
254:
242:. The diagnosis may be made at birth by physical examination or before birth during an
215:
88:
4348:
4344:
3022:"Updates in the Surgical Management of Recurrent Clubfoot Deformity: a Scoping Review"
1016:
874:
capsule of the ankle and subtalar joints, along with lengthening the Achilles tendon.
4376:
4212:
4192:
3589:
3282:
3174:
3139:
3090:
3051:
2994:
2959:
2907:
2864:
2860:
2826:
2770:
2718:
2651:
2612:
2525:
2476:
2449:
2404:
2392:
2388:
2348:
2305:
2258:
2254:
2209:
2158:
2127:
2115:
2059:
2045:
2002:
1967:
1899:
1895:
1864:
1838:
1819:
1770:
1708:
1673:
1614:
1610:
1579:
1541:
1481:
1427:
1342:
1213:
1082:
914:
580:
227:
131:
72:
4416:
2663:
2468:
2360:
2317:
2270:
2030:"Congenital talipes equinovarus (clubfoot): a disorder of the foot but not the hand"
2014:
1720:
4419:
4259:
4254:
4175:
4167:
4087:
4051:
3859:
3811:
3768:
3584:
3573:
3445:
3186:
3166:
3129:
3121:
3082:
3041:
3033:
3006:
2986:
2949:
2941:
2899:
2876:
2856:
2816:
2808:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2708:
2698:
2643:
2602:
2592:
2515:
2507:
2439:
2431:
2384:
2340:
2297:
2250:
2199:
2189:
2150:
2105:
2049:
2041:
1994:
1963:
1959:
1891:
1854:
1809:
1801:
1760:
1750:
1700:
1663:
1653:
1606:
1571:
1531:
1523:
1471:
1417:
1407:
1332:
1324:
1225:
1205:
1058:
941:
933:
792:
771:
714:
683:
376:
267:
239:
4430:
2154:
1922:"Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand, prince de Bénévent: French statesman and diplomat"
4370:
4275:
4010:
3840:
3806:
3759:
3577:
3555:
3534:
3440:
2990:
2928:
McCahill JL, Stebbins J, Harlaar J, Prescott R, Theologis T, Lavy C (July 2020).
2703:
2647:
2511:
1998:
1658:
1361:
998:
961:
Gimpy, a coworker of the main character in the 1959 science fiction short story "
926:
Hippolyte Tautain, the stableman at the Lion D'Or public house in the 1856 novel
779:
735:
710:
629:
584:
562:
526:
351:
258:
234:. Other abnormalities are associated 20% of the time, with the most common being
205:
166:
275:
4381:
4138:
4069:
4033:
4005:
3927:
3831:
3705:
3503:
3470:
3325:
3310:
3292:
3037:
2110:
2093:
1575:
1412:
1098:, has clubfoot. Her mother emotionally and physically abuses her because of it.
1065:
1003:
775:
698:
657:
621:
473:
436:
290:
Birth prevalence of clubfoot varies between 0.51 and 2.03/1,000 live births in
250:
219:
162:
4325:
4321:
3170:
3125:
2812:
2581:"Narrative review of ring fixator management of recurrent club foot deformity"
1805:
1755:
1527:
1328:
982:, has clubfoot. It parallels the main character, Mizoguchi, who has a stutter.
918:
4446:
4148:
4092:
4059:
3942:
3763:
3338:
3315:
2655:
2579:
Meyer Z, Zide JR, Cherkashin A, Samchukov M, Bohl DD, Riccio AI (July 2021).
1971:
1790:"Early results of treatment for congenital clubfoot using the Ponseti method"
1029:
1024:
979:
928:
389:
313:
had clubfeet, and the condition appears in Egyptian paintings. Indian texts (
2194:
4230:
4123:
3965:
3937:
3723:
3718:
3498:
3455:
3450:
3178:
3143:
3094:
3055:
2998:
2963:
2911:
2868:
2830:
2774:
2722:
2616:
2529:
2480:
2453:
2396:
2344:
2309:
2262:
2213:
2162:
2119:
2063:
2006:
1946:
Keret D, Ezra E, Lokiec F, Hayek S, Segev E, Wientroub S (September 2002).
1903:
1868:
1823:
1774:
1712:
1677:
1618:
1583:
1545:
1485:
1431:
1346:
1217:
966:
721:
3204:
2352:
472:). These can cause congenital contractures, including clubfoot, in distal
253:, which is divided into two phases: 1) correcting of foot position and 2)
4400:
4153:
3920:
3911:
3796:
3728:
3560:
3539:
3086:
2903:
2597:
2552:
2435:
1061:, has clubfoot. It is often used as a symbol for his weakness as a ruler.
637:
310:
279:
231:
114:
77:
4304:
662:
The Ponseti method corrects clubfoot over the course of several stages.
538:
4425:
4128:
4064:
3977:
3971:
3947:
3915:
3882:
3851:
3801:
3773:
3522:
3508:
3379:
3348:
3260:
837: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
694:
689:
Subsequent casts are applied after stretching the foot with a focus on
679:
574:
243:
197:
2923:
2921:
2301:
1476:
1459:
1209:
4411:
4235:
4180:
3987:
3872:
3865:
3846:
3778:
3742:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3404:
3384:
3362:
2286:
675:
632:
release, and bracing. There are many commercial braces as well as an
556:
520:
347:
201:
174:
1394:
Dibello D, Di Carlo V, Colin G, Barbi E, Galimberti AM (June 2020).
812:
3677:
3673:
3655:
3269:
2918:
2677:
Ganesan B, Luximon A, Al-Jumaily A, Balasankar SK, Naik GR (2017).
909:
739:
119:
81:
2676:
1631:
439:
is affected, there is a 33% chance the other one will be as well.
4245:
3903:
223:
4359:
624:
and French method. The Ponseti method involves a combination of
597:
Sometimes, it is possible to detect clubfoot before birth using
4316:
3493:
2927:
2632:"Open-Source Three-Dimensional Printable Infant Clubfoot Brace"
1596:
1064:
Charlie Wilcox, the main character of the 2000 children's book
306:
1075:, which is part of the 2001 to 2009 historical fiction series
3302:
2741:"Interventions for congenital talipes equinovarus (clubfoot)"
2282:
2280:
1948:"Efficacy of prenatal ultrasonography in confirmed club foot"
1458:
Smythe T, Kuper H, Macleod D, Foster A, Lavy C (March 2017).
767:
489:
462:
456:
2578:
2373:
1836:
1396:"What a paediatrician should know about congenital clubfoot"
3788:
3526:
3427:
2889:
2849:
The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
1690:
1196:
Gibbons PJ, Gray K (September 2013). "Update on clubfoot".
1022:
Senji, a character in the 1987 to 1991 fantasy book series
493:
468:
450:
444:
2629:
2417:
2277:
1794:
European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology
4221:
3751:
3664:
3371:
1393:
3249:
2739:
Bina S, Pacey V, Barnes EH, Burns J, Gray K (May 2020).
1843:"Treatment of idiopathic clubfoot: an historical review"
1457:
958:, has clubfoot. It is successfully treated with surgery.
648:
2140:
3075:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
3068:
2976:
2892:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
1736:
1599:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
1101:
Larys Strong, called "the Clubfoot", first appears in
2240:
2143:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume
1984:
1952:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume
1071:
Vulcan the blacksmith, a character in the 2001 novel
996:
The main character of the 1974 science fiction novel
4294:
3215:. Vol. VI (9th ed.). 1878. pp. 42â43.
3019:
2738:
1945:
1787:
1088:
Ada, the main character of the 2016 children's book
1881:
1249:
Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD)
939:Philip Carey, the main character of the 1915 novel
529:: the foot has a high arch, or a caved appearance.
3110:"Clubfoot treatment in 2015: a global perspective"
1509:
993:, has clubfoot. It is a major symbol in the story.
949:, has clubfoot. It is a central theme of the work.
620:Treatment is usually with some combination of the
547:: the forefoot curves inwards toward the big toe.
3020:Gaber K, Mir B, Shehab M, Kishta W (April 2022).
2541:
2539:
2091:
2021:
4444:
2330:
3069:Dobbs MB, Nunley R, Schoenecker PL (May 2006).
1737:Drew S, Gooberman-Hill R, Lavy C (March 2018).
1557:
1555:
636:brace that can be made for about US$ 11 with a
53:Clubfeet, congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV)
4453:Congenital disorders of musculoskeletal system
3156:
3107:
2536:
2092:McKinney J, Rac MW, Gandhi M (December 2019).
985:Johnson, a character in the 1965 short story "
200:or acquired defect where one or both feet are
3616:
3235:
2226:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
2098:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
2027:
1915:
1913:
1561:
1035:Kwai Geuk-Chat, a character in the 1993 film
392:between the 11th and 12th week of gestation.
2493:
2424:American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A
2411:
1788:Matuszewski L, Gil L, Karski J (July 2012).
1781:
1552:
1464:Tropical Medicine & International Health
1389:
1387:
1313:"Update on clubfoot: etiology and treatment"
1310:
3026:Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine
2846:
2745:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2094:"Congenital talipes equinovarus (clubfoot)"
1732:
1730:
1516:Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine
1195:
701:laterally and improve the alignment of the
420:Neuromuscular and Neurologic abnormalities:
3623:
3609:
3242:
3228:
1910:
1317:Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
886:Despite effective treatments, children in
693:the forefoot with lateral pressure at the
573:
555:
537:
519:
93:Foot that is rotated inwards and downwards
58:
3133:
3045:
2953:
2820:
2764:
2712:
2702:
2606:
2596:
2519:
2487:
2443:
2203:
2193:
2175:
2109:
2053:
1858:
1813:
1764:
1754:
1667:
1657:
1535:
1475:
1421:
1411:
1384:
1336:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
972:Kashiwagi, a character in the 1956 novel
853:Learn how and when to remove this message
249:The most common initial treatment is the
2979:Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. Part B
2500:Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. Part B
1727:
1510:O'Shea RM, Sabatini CS (December 2016).
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
908:
647:
611:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1198:Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health
587:is tight and pulls the foot downwards.
14:
4445:
2794:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
1267:
1232:
1140:
904:
508:components of the clubfoot deformity:
3604:
3223:
2946:10.1302/2633-1462.17.BJO-2020-0046.R1
2842:
2840:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2734:
2732:
2494:Dobbs MB, Gurnett CA (January 2012).
2475:. University of Washington, Seattle.
2466:
1512:"What is new in idiopathic clubfoot?"
1438:
1372:from the original on October 15, 2017
1255:from the original on October 15, 2017
1123:(2018) and its television adaptation
1009:The main character of the 1985 novel
778:) to a more lateral position (on the
682:the forefoot and elevating the first
341:
4144:Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome
2636:Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics
1919:
1564:European Journal of Medical Genetics
1492:
1041:, which is part of the 1991 to 1997
952:Velma, a character in the 1941 film
835:adding citations to reliable sources
806:
616:Clubfeet in the course of correction
165:(manipulation, casting, cutting the
2070:
881:
230:of the lower leg, leading to joint
24:
3634:malformations and deformations of
3108:Owen RM, Capper B, Lavy C (2018).
2837:
2781:
2729:
2178:"Clubfoot: etiology and treatment"
1705:10.1097/01.bpo.0000162015.44865.5e
738:release (commonly called Achilles
25:
4469:
3395:Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
3197:
2560:from the original on July 8, 2014
2469:"Vascular Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome"
2176:Anand A, Sala DA (January 2008).
1359:
1311:Dobbs MB, Gurnett CA (May 2009).
1019:, has clubfoot. It causes a limp.
975:The Temple of the Golden Pavilion
643:
169:, braces), French method, surgery
2861:10.5435/00124635-201008000-00005
2585:Annals of Translational Medicine
2548:"Clubfoot - Symptoms and causes"
2389:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105047
2255:10.1097/01241398-200109000-00016
2243:Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics
2046:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2003.00147.x
2028:Miedzybrodzka Z (January 2003).
1987:Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics
1896:10.1097/00004694-200205000-00012
1884:Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics
1693:Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics
1611:10.2106/00004623-200202000-00018
1012:Perfume: The Story of a Murderer
811:
785:
678:in relation to the hindfoot, so
3817:Congenital patellar dislocation
3696:WallisâZieffâGoldblatt syndrome
3150:
3101:
3062:
3013:
2970:
2883:
2670:
2623:
2572:
2460:
2367:
2324:
2234:
2169:
2134:
1978:
1939:
1875:
1830:
1684:
1625:
822:needs additional citations for
292:low and middle-income countries
285:
2757:10.1002/14651858.CD008602.pub4
2333:Journal of Clinical Ultrasound
2290:Journal of Clinical Ultrasound
2182:Indian Journal of Orthopaedics
1964:10.1302/0301-620X.84B7.0841015
1590:
1353:
1068:by Sharon McKay, has clubfoot.
913:A well-known storyteller from
766:muscles) and the muscles that
13:
1:
2155:10.1302/0301-620X.92B11.24719
1743:BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
1400:Italian Journal of Pediatrics
1133:
1038:Once Upon a Time in China III
321:
314:
124:mothers who smokes cigarettes
3461:Patellofemoral pain syndrome
2991:10.1097/BPB.0000000000000442
2704:10.1371/journal.pone.0178299
2648:10.1097/JPO.0000000000000257
2512:10.1097/BPB.0b013e328349927c
1999:10.1097/BPO.0000000000001191
1847:The Iowa Orthopaedic Journal
1659:10.1371/journal.pone.0178299
607:
499:
7:
4103:Oto-palato-digital syndrome
4098:HallermannâStreiff syndrome
3822:Congenital knee dislocation
3640:musculoskeletal abnormality
2795:Radler C (September 2013).
2198:(inactive April 24, 2024).
426:
141:ultrasound during pregnancy
10:
4474:
4134:Craniodiaphyseal dysplasia
3038:10.1007/s12178-022-09739-6
2801:International Orthopaedics
2111:10.1016/j.ajog.2019.09.022
1576:10.1016/j.ejmg.2017.09.006
1413:10.1186/s13052-020-00842-3
1108:The Princess and the Queen
1091:The War That Saved My Life
987:The Lame Shall Enter First
802:
655:
300:
179:Good with proper treatment
29:
4391:
4298:
4268:
4244:
4220:
4211:
4166:
4116:
4108:Treacher Collins syndrome
4078:
4050:
4041:
4032:
3998:
3959:reduction deficits / limb
3958:
3902:
3895:
3830:
3787:
3750:
3741:
3704:
3672:
3663:
3646:
3548:
3521:
3469:
3426:
3403:
3370:
3361:
3324:
3301:
3268:
3259:
3171:10.1007/s00268-013-2318-9
3126:10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000852
2813:10.1007/s00264-013-2031-1
1806:10.1007/s00590-011-0860-4
1756:10.1186/s12891-018-1984-z
1528:10.1007/s12178-016-9375-2
1329:10.1007/s11999-009-0734-9
1096:Kimberly Brubaker Bradley
1044:Once Upon a Time in China
402:Chromosomal abnormalities
365:
183:
173:
158:
146:
130:
113:
105:
97:
87:
71:
66:
57:
49:
44:
32:Clubfoot (disambiguation)
3933:CenaniâLenz syndactylism
3686:Cleidocranial dysostosis
3159:World Journal of Surgery
1837:Dobbs MB, Morcuende JA,
1105:'s 2013 fantasy novella
892:healthcare professionals
686:improves this alignment.
278:, and less common among
27:Bone development disease
4080:Craniofacial dysostosis
3436:Chondromalacia patellae
3212:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
2377:Early Human Development
2195:10.4103/0019-5413.38576
1926:Encyclopedia Britannica
1073:The Secrets of Vesuvius
899:mid-level practitioners
731:Achilles tendon release
3636:musculoskeletal system
3413:Angular limb deformity
2496:"Genetics of clubfoot"
2345:10.1002/jcu.1870170711
1114:A Song of Ice and Fire
1054:The Warlord Chronicles
922:
653:
617:
482:EhlersâDanlos syndrome
346:In clubfoot, feet are
148:Differential diagnosis
101:During early pregnancy
4188:KlippelâFeil syndrome
3334:Boutonniere deformity
2934:Bone & Joint Open
1841:, Ponseti IV (2000).
1245:"Talipes equinovarus"
912:
651:
615:
373:distal arthrogryposis
236:distal arthrogryposis
4198:Spina bifida occulta
3714:Madelung's deformity
3691:Sprengel's deformity
3570:Abnormal angulation
3494:Bunion/hallux valgus
3288:Subacromial bursitis
3087:10.2106/JBJS.E.00114
2904:10.2106/JBJS.G.00201
2598:10.21037/atm-20-7621
2436:10.1002/ajmg.a.34167
963:Flowers for Algernon
831:improve this article
707:calcaneocuboid joint
634:open-source hardware
478:LoeysâDietz syndrome
414:Skeletal Dysplasias:
270:with few resources.
137:Physical examination
30:For other uses, see
4016:RAPADILINO syndrome
3390:Protrusio acetabuli
3344:Swan neck deformity
3278:Adhesive capsulitis
2695:2017PLoSO..1278299G
1920:Godechot, Jacques.
1650:2017PLoSO..1278299G
1126:House of the Dragon
1103:George R. R. Martin
1078:The Roman Mysteries
947:W. Somerset Maugham
905:Cultural references
703:talonavicular joint
512:
320:) and Hippocrates (
153:Metatarsus adductus
4392:External resources
3878:Rocker bottom foot
3566:Ligamentous laxity
3418:Unequal leg length
2034:Journal of Anatomy
1366:www.fpnotebook.com
923:
760:tibialis posterior
654:
618:
511:
408:Genetic Syndromes:
342:Signs and symptoms
126:, males, ethnicity
67:Bilateral clubfeet
4440:
4439:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4213:Thoracic skeleton
4193:Spondylolisthesis
4162:
4161:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4023:
3891:
3890:
3737:
3736:
3598:
3597:
3590:Joint dislocation
3517:
3516:
3357:
3356:
3283:Rotator cuff tear
3206:"Club-foot"
3114:BMJ Global Health
2467:Byers PH (2019).
2302:10.1002/jcu.22275
2149:(11): 1586â1588.
1477:10.1111/tmi.12833
1210:10.1111/jpc.12167
1083:Caroline Lawrence
991:Flannery O'Connor
863:
862:
855:
780:lateral cuneiform
764:tibialis anterior
591:
590:
396:Intrinsic factors
383:Extrinsic factors
228:connective tissue
191:
190:
132:Diagnostic method
39:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4465:
4296:
4295:
4260:Pectus carinatum
4255:Pectus excavatum
4218:
4217:
4176:Spinal curvature
4168:Vertebral column
4088:Crouzon syndrome
4052:Craniosynostosis
4048:
4047:
4039:
4038:
3904:fingers and toes
3900:
3899:
3812:Discoid meniscus
3769:Upington disease
3748:
3747:
3670:
3669:
3661:
3660:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3602:
3601:
3585:Bone malrotation
3574:Valgus deformity
3446:Luxating patella
3368:
3367:
3266:
3265:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3208:
3191:
3190:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3137:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3049:
3017:
3011:
3010:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2957:
2925:
2916:
2915:
2898:(7): 1508â1516.
2887:
2881:
2880:
2844:
2835:
2834:
2824:
2807:(9): 1747â1753.
2792:
2779:
2778:
2768:
2736:
2727:
2726:
2716:
2706:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2610:
2600:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2543:
2534:
2533:
2523:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2447:
2430:(9): 2170â2179.
2415:
2409:
2408:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2284:
2275:
2274:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2225:
2217:
2207:
2197:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2113:
2089:
2068:
2067:
2057:
2025:
2019:
2018:
1993:(8): e462âe469.
1982:
1976:
1975:
1958:(7): 1015â1019.
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1917:
1908:
1907:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1862:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1817:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1768:
1758:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1671:
1661:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1559:
1550:
1549:
1539:
1507:
1490:
1489:
1479:
1455:
1436:
1435:
1425:
1415:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1340:
1323:(5): 1146â1153.
1308:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1241:
1230:
1229:
1204:(9): E434âE437.
1193:
1120:Fire & Blood
1066:of the same name
1059:Bernard Cornwell
942:Of Human Bondage
934:Gustave Flaubert
882:Developing world
858:
851:
847:
844:
838:
815:
807:
793:peroneal muscles
772:peroneal muscles
577:
559:
541:
523:
513:
510:
377:myelomeningocele
326:
323:
319:
316:
268:developing world
240:myelomeningocele
62:
42:
41:
21:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4435:
4387:
4386:
4307:
4293:
4280:
4276:Poland syndrome
4264:
4240:
4207:
4158:
4112:
4074:
4020:
4011:Larsen syndrome
3999:multiple joints
3994:
3954:
3887:
3826:
3807:Genu recurvatum
3783:
3760:Hip dislocation
3733:
3700:
3650:
3642:
3629:
3599:
3594:
3578:Varus deformity
3556:Joint stiffness
3544:
3535:Cauliflower ear
3513:
3465:
3441:Genu recurvatum
3422:
3399:
3353:
3320:
3297:
3255:
3252:musculoskeletal
3248:
3203:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3155:
3151:
3106:
3102:
3067:
3063:
3018:
3014:
2975:
2971:
2926:
2919:
2888:
2884:
2845:
2838:
2793:
2782:
2751:(5): CD008602.
2737:
2730:
2689:(6): e0178299.
2675:
2671:
2628:
2624:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2546:
2544:
2537:
2492:
2488:
2465:
2461:
2416:
2412:
2372:
2368:
2329:
2325:
2285:
2278:
2239:
2235:
2219:
2218:
2174:
2170:
2139:
2135:
2090:
2071:
2026:
2022:
1983:
1979:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1918:
1911:
1880:
1876:
1835:
1831:
1786:
1782:
1735:
1728:
1689:
1685:
1644:(6): e0178299.
1630:
1626:
1595:
1591:
1560:
1553:
1508:
1493:
1456:
1439:
1392:
1385:
1375:
1373:
1358:
1354:
1309:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1243:
1242:
1233:
1194:
1141:
1136:
1085:, has clubfoot.
1032:, has clubfoot.
1017:Patrick SĂŒskind
999:The Bladerunner
969:, has clubfoot.
907:
884:
859:
848:
842:
839:
828:
816:
805:
788:
736:Achilles tendon
697:, to bring the
660:
646:
630:Achilles tendon
610:
585:Achilles tendon
502:
429:
368:
344:
324:
317:
303:
288:
259:Achilles tendon
167:Achilles tendon
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4471:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4438:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4422:
4408:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4373:
4362:
4351:
4328:
4308:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:Classification
4290:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4251:
4249:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4227:
4225:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4172:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4139:Dolichocephaly
4136:
4131:
4126:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4084:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4070:Trigonocephaly
4067:
4062:
4056:
4054:
4045:
4043:Skull and face
4036:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4006:Arthrogryposis
4002:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3968:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3928:Arachnodactyly
3925:
3924:
3923:
3908:
3906:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3836:
3834:
3832:foot deformity
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3793:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3756:
3754:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3710:
3708:
3706:hand deformity
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3682:
3680:
3667:
3658:
3644:
3643:
3628:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3605:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3504:Hallux rigidus
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3432:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3376:
3374:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3330:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3311:Cubitus valgus
3307:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3293:Winged scapula
3290:
3285:
3280:
3274:
3272:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3247:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3199:
3198:External links
3196:
3193:
3192:
3165:(4): 839â848.
3149:
3120:(4): e000852.
3100:
3081:(5): 986â996.
3061:
3012:
2969:
2940:(7): 384â391.
2917:
2882:
2855:(8): 486â493.
2836:
2780:
2728:
2669:
2622:
2571:
2535:
2486:
2459:
2410:
2366:
2339:(7): 518â520.
2323:
2296:(2): 100â105.
2276:
2249:(5): 636â641.
2233:
2168:
2133:
2104:(6): B10âB12.
2069:
2020:
1977:
1938:
1909:
1890:(3): 333â337.
1874:
1829:
1800:(5): 403â406.
1780:
1726:
1699:(5): 623â626.
1683:
1624:
1605:(2): 290â308.
1589:
1570:(2): 107â113.
1551:
1522:(4): 470â477.
1491:
1470:(3): 269â285.
1437:
1383:
1352:
1266:
1231:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1099:
1086:
1069:
1062:
1049:
1033:
1020:
1007:
1004:Alan E. Nourse
994:
983:
970:
959:
950:
937:
906:
903:
883:
880:
861:
860:
819:
817:
810:
804:
801:
787:
784:
752:
751:
743:
727:
726:
725:
718:
687:
668:Serial casting
658:Ponseti method
656:Main article:
645:
644:Ponseti method
642:
622:Ponseti method
609:
606:
589:
588:
578:
571:
567:
566:
560:
553:
549:
548:
542:
535:
531:
530:
524:
517:
501:
498:
474:arthrogryposis
437:identical twin
428:
425:
424:
423:
417:
411:
405:
367:
364:
348:rotated inward
343:
340:
318: 1000 BC
302:
299:
287:
284:
251:Ponseti method
220:identical twin
202:rotated inward
189:
188:
185:
181:
180:
177:
171:
170:
163:Ponseti method
160:
156:
155:
150:
144:
143:
134:
128:
127:
117:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
91:
85:
84:
75:
69:
68:
64:
63:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4470:
4459:
4458:Arthropathies
4456:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4432:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4414:
4413:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4390:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4301:
4297:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4243:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4203:Sacralization
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4149:Plagiocephaly
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4093:Hypertelorism
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4060:Scaphocephaly
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3943:Brachydactyly
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3896:Either / both
3894:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3764:Hip dysplasia
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3621:
3619:
3614:
3612:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3549:General terms
3547:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3339:Mallet finger
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3316:Cubitus varus
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3245:
3240:
3238:
3233:
3231:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3214:
3213:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2922:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2841:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2733:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2542:
2540:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2283:
2281:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2229:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1914:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1731:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1556:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1388:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1139:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1030:David Eddings
1027:
1026:
1025:The Mallorean
1021:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1006:has clubfoot.
1005:
1001:
1000:
995:
992:
988:
984:
981:
980:Yukio Mishima
977:
976:
971:
968:
964:
960:
957:
956:
951:
948:
944:
943:
938:
935:
931:
930:
929:Madame Bovary
925:
924:
920:
916:
911:
902:
900:
895:
893:
889:
879:
875:
871:
867:
857:
854:
846:
843:December 2009
836:
832:
826:
825:
820:This section
818:
814:
809:
808:
800:
796:
794:
786:French method
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
756:
749:
748:
744:
741:
737:
733:
732:
728:
723:
719:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
685:
681:
677:
673:
672:
670:
669:
665:
664:
663:
659:
650:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
614:
605:
602:
600:
595:
586:
582:
579:
576:
572:
569:
568:
564:
561:
558:
554:
551:
550:
546:
543:
540:
536:
533:
532:
528:
525:
522:
518:
515:
514:
509:
507:
497:
495:
491:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
470:
465:
464:
459:
458:
453:
452:
447:
446:
440:
438:
433:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
399:
398:
397:
393:
391:
390:amniocentesis
385:
384:
380:
378:
374:
363:
359:
355:
353:
349:
339:
337:
332:
328:
325: 400 BC
312:
308:
298:
295:
293:
283:
281:
277:
271:
269:
263:
260:
256:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
212:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
186:
182:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
161:
157:
154:
151:
149:
145:
142:
138:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
74:
70:
65:
61:
56:
52:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
4424:
4420:orthoped/598
4410:
4399:
4375:
4364:
4353:
4330:
4311:
4124:Macrocephaly
3970:
3966:Acheiropodia
3938:Ectrodactyly
3858:
3839:
3724:Oligodactyly
3719:Clinodactyly
3648:Appendicular
3499:Hallux varus
3456:Patella baja
3451:Patella alta
3210:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3117:
3113:
3103:
3078:
3074:
3064:
3032:(2): 75â81.
3029:
3025:
3015:
2985:(1): 52â55.
2982:
2978:
2972:
2937:
2933:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2852:
2848:
2804:
2800:
2748:
2744:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2639:
2635:
2625:
2591:(13): 1104.
2588:
2584:
2574:
2562:. Retrieved
2551:
2503:
2499:
2489:
2472:
2462:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2293:
2289:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2222:cite journal
2188:(1): 22â28.
2185:
2181:
2171:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2101:
2097:
2040:(1): 37â42.
2037:
2033:
2023:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1929:. Retrieved
1925:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1850:
1846:
1832:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1746:
1742:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1567:
1563:
1519:
1515:
1467:
1463:
1403:
1399:
1374:. Retrieved
1365:
1355:
1320:
1316:
1257:. Retrieved
1248:
1201:
1197:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1089:
1076:
1072:
1052:
1042:
1036:
1023:
1010:
997:
973:
967:Daniel Keyes
953:
940:
927:
896:
885:
876:
872:
868:
864:
849:
840:
829:Please help
824:verification
821:
797:
789:
757:
753:
746:
745:
730:
729:
722:dorsiflexion
667:
666:
661:
619:
603:
596:
592:
505:
503:
486:
467:
461:
455:
449:
443:
441:
434:
430:
419:
413:
407:
401:
395:
394:
386:
382:
381:
369:
360:
356:
345:
329:
304:
296:
289:
286:Epidemiology
276:MÄori people
272:
264:
248:
213:
209:
193:
192:
115:Risk factors
36:
4401:MedlinePlus
4154:Saddle nose
3921:Webbed toes
3912:Polydactyly
3797:Genu valgum
3729:Polydactyly
3561:Contracture
3540:Torticollis
3254:deformities
2553:Mayo Clinic
2473:GeneReviews
1376:October 15,
1259:October 15,
955:High Sierra
919:NĂ€tti-Jussi
770:the ankle (
311:Tutankhamun
232:contracture
98:Usual onset
78:Orthopedics
50:Other names
4447:Categories
4426:Patient UK
4377:DiseasesDB
4129:Platybasia
4065:Oxycephaly
3978:Phocomelia
3972:Ectromelia
3948:Stub thumb
3916:Syndactyly
3883:Hammer toe
3852:Pigeon toe
3802:Genu varum
3774:Coxa valga
3632:Congenital
3509:Hammer toe
3380:Coxa valga
3363:Lower limb
3349:Wrist drop
3261:Upper limb
2642:(2): 149.
2564:August 13,
2506:(1): 7â9.
2383:: 105047.
1839:Gurnett CA
1362:"Clubfoot"
1134:References
1111:, part of
684:metatarsal
680:supinating
638:3D printer
599:ultrasound
331:Talleyrand
244:ultrasound
216:idiopathic
198:congenital
187:1 in 1,000
4417:radio/177
4412:eMedicine
4181:Scoliosis
3988:Hemimelia
3873:Pes cavus
3866:Flat feet
3847:Club foot
3779:Coxa vara
3489:Foot drop
3484:Flat feet
3479:Club foot
3385:Coxa vara
3250:Acquired
2656:1040-8800
2405:216594501
2128:208538201
1972:0301-620X
1853:: 59â64.
1749:(1): 72.
1406:(1): 78.
1360:Moses S.
1048:henchmen.
699:navicular
691:abducting
608:Treatment
500:Diagnosis
305:Pharaohs
294:(LMICs).
184:Frequency
175:Prognosis
159:Treatment
73:Specialty
4431:Clubfoot
4231:Cervical
3678:shoulder
3674:clavicle
3656:dysmelia
3270:shoulder
3179:24213946
3144:30233830
3095:16651573
3056:35118632
2999:28240717
2964:33215128
2912:18594100
2869:20675641
2831:23928728
2775:32412098
2723:28632733
2683:PLOS ONE
2664:88292921
2617:34423016
2558:Archived
2530:21817922
2481:20301667
2454:21834041
2397:32339917
2361:20911471
2318:25799281
2310:26179848
2271:43401909
2263:11521033
2214:19823650
2163:21037357
2120:31787157
2064:12587918
2015:49297540
2007:29917009
1931:July 15,
1904:11961449
1869:10934626
1824:22754429
1775:29499667
1721:25067281
1713:16199943
1678:28632733
1638:PLOS ONE
1619:11861737
1584:28919208
1546:27696325
1486:28000394
1432:32498693
1370:Archived
1347:19224303
1253:Archived
1251:. 2017.
1218:23586398
917:, Juho "
776:navicula
740:tenotomy
676:pronated
545:Adductus
427:Genetics
352:downward
282:people.
206:downward
194:Clubfoot
120:Genetics
89:Symptoms
82:podiatry
45:Clubfoot
4371:D003025
4246:sternum
3187:2577109
3135:6135438
3047:9076776
3007:2527438
2955:7659680
2877:7317959
2822:3764299
2766:7265154
2714:5478104
2691:Bibcode
2608:8339855
2521:3229717
2445:3158831
2353:2506248
2205:2759597
2055:1571059
1860:1888755
1815:3376778
1766:5834880
1669:5478104
1646:Bibcode
1537:5127955
1423:7271518
1338:2664438
1226:6185031
1129:(2022).
915:Lapland
803:Surgery
747:Bracing
626:casting
581:Equinus
435:If one
301:History
280:Chinese
255:casting
224:muscles
109:Unknown
18:Equinus
4406:001228
4360:119800
4341:736.71
4269:other:
3983:Amelia
3860:valgus
3185:
3177:
3142:
3132:
3093:
3054:
3044:
3005:
2997:
2962:
2952:
2910:
2875:
2867:
2829:
2819:
2773:
2763:
2721:
2711:
2662:
2654:
2615:
2605:
2528:
2518:
2479:
2452:
2442:
2403:
2395:
2359:
2351:
2316:
2308:
2269:
2261:
2212:
2202:
2161:
2126:
2118:
2062:
2052:
2013:
2005:
1970:
1902:
1867:
1857:
1822:
1812:
1773:
1763:
1719:
1711:
1676:
1666:
1617:
1582:
1544:
1534:
1484:
1430:
1420:
1345:
1335:
1224:
1216:
715:valgus
366:Causes
336:Church
307:Siptah
246:exam.
106:Causes
4382:29395
4349:754.7
4345:754.5
4326:Q66.8
4322:M21.5
4236:Bifid
4117:other
4034:Axial
3841:varus
3303:elbow
3183:S2CID
3003:S2CID
2873:S2CID
2660:S2CID
2401:S2CID
2357:S2CID
2314:S2CID
2267:S2CID
2124:S2CID
2011:S2CID
1717:S2CID
1222:S2CID
989:" by
965:" by
888:LMICs
768:evert
713:into
711:varus
695:talus
563:Varus
527:Cavus
490:PITX1
463:TNNI2
457:TNNT3
196:is a
4366:MeSH
4355:OMIM
4336:9-CM
4222:ribs
3789:knee
3665:Arms
3652:limb
3527:neck
3525:and
3523:Head
3471:foot
3428:knee
3326:hand
3175:PMID
3140:PMID
3091:PMID
3052:PMID
2995:PMID
2960:PMID
2908:PMID
2865:PMID
2827:PMID
2771:PMID
2749:2020
2719:PMID
2652:ISSN
2613:PMID
2566:2014
2526:PMID
2477:PMID
2450:PMID
2428:155A
2393:PMID
2349:PMID
2306:PMID
2259:PMID
2228:link
2210:PMID
2159:PMID
2116:PMID
2060:PMID
2003:PMID
1968:ISSN
1956:84-B
1933:2024
1900:PMID
1865:PMID
1820:PMID
1771:PMID
1709:PMID
1674:PMID
1615:PMID
1580:PMID
1542:PMID
1482:PMID
1428:PMID
1378:2017
1343:PMID
1261:2017
1214:PMID
762:and
506:four
494:TBX4
480:and
469:MYH8
466:and
451:TPM2
445:MYH3
350:and
309:and
238:and
204:and
4332:ICD
4313:ICD
3752:hip
3743:Leg
3405:leg
3372:hip
3167:doi
3130:PMC
3122:doi
3083:doi
3042:PMC
3034:doi
2987:doi
2950:PMC
2942:doi
2900:doi
2857:doi
2817:PMC
2809:doi
2761:PMC
2753:doi
2709:PMC
2699:doi
2644:doi
2603:PMC
2593:doi
2516:PMC
2508:doi
2440:PMC
2432:doi
2385:doi
2381:145
2341:doi
2298:doi
2251:doi
2200:PMC
2190:doi
2151:doi
2106:doi
2102:221
2050:PMC
2042:doi
2038:202
1995:doi
1960:doi
1892:doi
1855:PMC
1810:PMC
1802:doi
1761:PMC
1751:doi
1701:doi
1664:PMC
1654:doi
1607:doi
1572:doi
1532:PMC
1524:doi
1472:doi
1418:PMC
1408:doi
1333:PMC
1325:doi
1321:467
1206:doi
1094:by
1081:by
1057:by
1028:by
1015:by
1002:by
978:by
945:by
932:by
833:by
375:or
226:or
4449::
4429::
4415::
4404::
4380::
4369::
4358::
4343:,
4339::
4324:,
4320::
4317:10
3914:/
3762:/
3676:/
3654:/
3638:/
3209:.
3181:.
3173:.
3163:38
3161:.
3138:.
3128:.
3116:.
3112:.
3089:.
3079:88
3077:.
3073:.
3050:.
3040:.
3030:15
3028:.
3024:.
3001:.
2993:.
2983:27
2981:.
2958:.
2948:.
2936:.
2932:.
2920:^
2906:.
2896:90
2894:.
2871:.
2863:.
2853:18
2851:.
2839:^
2825:.
2815:.
2805:37
2803:.
2799:.
2783:^
2769:.
2759:.
2747:.
2743:.
2731:^
2717:.
2707:.
2697:.
2687:12
2685:.
2681:.
2658:.
2650:.
2640:32
2638:.
2634:.
2611:.
2601:.
2587:.
2583:.
2556:.
2550:.
2538:^
2524:.
2514:.
2504:21
2502:.
2498:.
2448:.
2438:.
2426:.
2422:.
2399:.
2391:.
2379:.
2355:.
2347:.
2337:17
2335:.
2312:.
2304:.
2294:44
2292:.
2279:^
2265:.
2257:.
2247:21
2245:.
2224:}}
2220:{{
2208:.
2186:42
2184:.
2180:.
2157:.
2147:92
2145:.
2122:.
2114:.
2100:.
2096:.
2072:^
2058:.
2048:.
2036:.
2032:.
2009:.
2001:.
1991:38
1989:.
1966:.
1954:.
1950:.
1924:.
1912:^
1898:.
1888:22
1886:.
1863:.
1851:20
1849:.
1845:.
1818:.
1808:.
1798:22
1796:.
1792:.
1769:.
1759:.
1747:19
1745:.
1741:.
1729:^
1715:.
1707:.
1697:25
1695:.
1672:.
1662:.
1652:.
1642:12
1640:.
1636:.
1613:.
1603:84
1601:.
1578:.
1568:61
1566:.
1554:^
1540:.
1530:.
1518:.
1514:.
1494:^
1480:.
1468:22
1466:.
1462:.
1440:^
1426:.
1416:.
1404:46
1402:.
1398:.
1386:^
1368:.
1364:.
1341:.
1331:.
1319:.
1315:.
1269:^
1247:.
1234:^
1220:.
1212:.
1202:49
1200:.
1142:^
628:,
570:4
552:3
534:2
516:1
484:.
460:,
454:,
448:,
338:.
322:c.
315:c.
139:,
122:,
80:,
4347:-
4334:-
4315:-
4305:D
4248::
4224::
3624:e
3617:t
3610:v
3576:/
3243:e
3236:t
3229:v
3189:.
3169::
3146:.
3124::
3118:3
3097:.
3085::
3058:.
3036::
3009:.
2989::
2966:.
2944::
2938:1
2914:.
2902::
2879:.
2859::
2833:.
2811::
2777:.
2755::
2725:.
2701::
2693::
2666:.
2646::
2619:.
2595::
2589:9
2568:.
2532:.
2510::
2483:.
2456:.
2434::
2407:.
2387::
2363:.
2343::
2320:.
2300::
2273:.
2253::
2230:)
2216:.
2192::
2165:.
2153::
2130:.
2108::
2066:.
2044::
2017:.
1997::
1974:.
1962::
1935:.
1906:.
1894::
1871:.
1826:.
1804::
1777:.
1753::
1723:.
1703::
1680:.
1656::
1648::
1621:.
1609::
1586:.
1574::
1548:.
1526::
1520:9
1488:.
1474::
1434:.
1410::
1380:.
1349:.
1327::
1263:.
1228:.
1208::
856:)
850:(
845:)
841:(
827:.
492:-
210:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)