44:
967:
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585:, who was kidnapped along with Pope Pius VII, took the office of Pro-Secretary of State in 1808 and maintained his memoirs during his exile. His memoirs, written originally in Italian, have been translated into English (two volumes) and describe the ups and down of their exile and the triumphant return to Rome in 1814.
568:. This lasted until Pius VII signed the Concordat of Fontainebleau in January 1813. The cardinal was then allowed to leave his place of forced residence and joined the Pope. Consalvi then promptly persuaded Pius to retract the concessions he had made to Napoleon, which he began to do in March of that same year.
616:
For the remainder of the pontificate of Pius VII, Consalvi was the virtual ruler of Rome. Consalvi went on to reform the administration of Rome and to some extent modernized the city. He was said to be so much in control of the pope that Pius would have to wait at the gates of paradise until the
498:
did provide certain civil guarantees to the church, acknowledging "the
Catholic, Apostolic, and Roman religion" as that of the "majority of French citizens". In Paris he enjoyed a considerable social success thanks to his personal charisma, to which even Napoleon was not immune.
462:
from him in a public consistory on 14 August 1800. In this capacity
Consalvi first endeavoured to restore better conditions in the Papal States. He introduced free trade, withdrew from circulation all depreciated money, and admitted a large number of laymen to Government offices.
609:'s new international system, a neutral position for the pope might be a way for the increasingly marginalized Papal States to "find relevance in a new system of bloc state power relationships". This position was first articulated by Consalvi at the time of the 1821
556:, Cardinal Consalvi was forcibly taken to Paris. There he was met by Napoleon himself, who offered him an annual pension of 30,000 francs. This he refused. When he and twelve other cardinals refused to attend Napoleon's marriage to Archduchess
737:
502:
Consalvi was highly cultivated and a lifelong devotee of poetry, the arts and sciences, archaeology, and, in particular, music. He did much to embellish Rome and to make it an art-centre by designing public promenades along the
657:
Decisiones Sacrae
Romanae Rotae coram R.P.D. Hercule Consalvi, ejusdem Sacrae Rotae auditore, nunc S.R.E. Diacono Cardinali tituli S. Mariae ad Martyres, Ssmi D.N. Papae Pii VII. Status, Breviumque a secretis
613:. Consalvi wrote, "The Holy Father, because of his position as Visible head of the Church, and as an essentially peaceful sovereign, will continue to maintain ...a perfect neutrality toward all nations".
486:, on 28 July 1817). In his new position of Secretary of State, he immediately left Rome for Paris in June 1801 to negotiate an understanding with the French, that resulted in the Catholic Church's
1149:
571:
In consequence of his role in shifting Pius' position, the French authorities first barred
Consalvi from seeing the Pope, then the following January again sent him into exile, this time in
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to which he had just been appointed a few days prior. Although a consummate diplomat and man of the world, Consalvi has been called "one of the purest glories of the Church of Rome".
1055:
952:
356:, and was named a member of a congregation charged with the direction of municipal affairs. The years from 1776 to 1782 were devoted to the studies of
43:
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1164:
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by Ercole
Consalvi; Alexander Spetia; Catholic Church. Rota Romana. Romae : Typis Bernardini Olivieri typographi Archigymnasii Romani, 1822.
575:. This exile, however, lasted only a matter of weeks, as he was freed by the French government on 2 April 1814, shortly before Napoleon's final
626:
35:
1035:
Alison
Yarrington, ‘Under Italian skies,’ the 6th Duke of Devonshire, Canova and the formation of the Sculpture Gallery at Chatsworth House
541:, he was required to resign in June 1806 as Cardinal Secretary of State, from which he went on to serve in various functions of the Curia.
1169:
957:
1144:
537:
Due to his firm stance against the
Napoleonic government and his opposition to the participation of the Papal States in France's
908:
Rome and the
Neapolitan Revolution of 1820-1821: A Study in Papal Neutrality", New York. Columbia University Press, 1937, p. 108
1134:
1034:
507:, restoring the ancient monuments, and filling the museums with statues unearthed by excavations made under his direction.
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1139:
579:. He was then able to rejoin the Pope in Italy, at which time he was reappointed to the office of Secretary of State.
365:
109:
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Ercole
Consalvi of Rome, as was required in order to inherit the large fortune the original Consalvi had left.
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372:, which trained students for the diplomatic corps of the Holy See. There he had among other professors the
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Paris : Second
Edition with considerable augmentation and notes by Jacques Crétineau-Joly, 1866
625:. He retired when Pius died in 1823. At the time of his own death the following year, he headed the
523:
135:
869:"Historical Memoirs of Cardinal Pacca, Prime Minister to Pius VII - Vol II (English translation)"
637:
431:
in exile. An able diplomat, he was nominated after the death of that pope to be secretary of the
842:"Historical Memoirs of Cardinal Pacca, Prime Minister to Pius VII - Vol I (English translation)"
817:
606:
564:. Consalvi and the others were also forced to reside in various cities in France, in his case,
560:
in 1810, they were stripped of their property and ecclesiastical status, becoming known as the
545:
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471:
341:, thus often referred to as "Cardinal York", and who was the Stuart pretender to the throne of
242:
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391:, from which he received doctorates in both fields in 1789. He had become an official of the
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almost entirely (although the Papacy had been forced to accept the French annexation of the
530:. But he acted as virtual sovereign in Rome during the absence of Pius VII in Paris for the
345:. He became a favorite of the Cardinal's and was helped by him to obtain high office in the
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1119:
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cardinal came from purgatory with the keys. He concluded another Concordat with France in
439:
from November 1799 to March 1800 to choose his successor, and resulted in the election of
8:
286:. The cardinal's grandfather, Gregorio Brunacci, had taken the name and arms of the late
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841:
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812:
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399:; auditor of the Rota for Rome) for the next 14 years in Rome, where he was known as
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309:. At the death of his father in 1763, Ercole was entrusted to the care of Cardinal
1046:
683:
Paderborn : Dr. u. V. der Junfermann'schen Buchh. (J. C. Page, Wittwe), 1870
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Memoiren des Cardinals Hercules Consalvi, Staatssecretair Sr. Heiligkeit Pius VII
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961:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 969–970.
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of the pope, Consalvi broke off all relations with the French. When France
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on account of his taste for travelling and cultivating interesting people.
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on 20 and 21 December 1801, respectively. He was never elevated to the
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and who played a crucial role in the post-Napoleonic reassertion of the
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427:" his property was confiscated. But he was soon released and joined
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970: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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At the completion of his seminary studies in 1776, Consalvi took
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After the fall of Napoleon, he was papal plenipotentiary at the
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When the French entered Rome in 1808 and formally abolished the
553:
527:
495:
494:. While not effecting a return to the old Christian order, the
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and was able to convince the victorious powers to restore the
282:, a descendant of the ancient noble family of the Brunacci of
1000:
Hales, E. E. Y. "Cardinal Consalvi: The Tragedy of Success."
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Members of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith
636:'s right to create the burial monument for Pope Pius VII in
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and in 1818 was instrumental in the re-establishment of the
283:
279:
184:
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the Papal States in 1809 and took the pope into exile in
36:
Prefect of the Congregation for Propagation of the Faith
992:
Cardinal Consalvi and Anglo-Papal Relations, 1814-1824
605:). Pius VII and Consalvi realized that in the face of
677:, Mario Nasalli Rocca, Roma : A. Signorelli 1950
643:
Consalvi died in 1824 and is buried in the Church of
627:
Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith
395:
in 1784, serving in various administrative offices (
293:Ercole was the son of Mario Giuseppe Consalvi, the
423:and condemned to deportation. As an "enemy of the
415:invaded Italy in 1798, Consalvi was jailed in the
106:Cardinal-Deacon of Sant’Agata de’ Goti (1800–1817)
986:. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
746:, Volume 57, Issue 4, December 1988 , pp. 550-551
118:Secretary of the Secretariat of State (1814–1822)
1111:
482:(Our Lady of the Martyrs), better known as the
694:Cenni biografici sul cardinale Ercole Consalvi
738:Costigan, Richard. "Review of J.M. Robinon's
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237:(8 June 1757 – 24 January 1824) was a
895:Saints and Sinners: A History of the Popes
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380:. He then began studies in both civil and
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1160:Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy alumni
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466:On 20 October 1800, he was assigned the
419:in connection with the death of General
313:. He was educated at the college of the
265:, of which he was a constant supporter.
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317:from 1771 to 1776. He then entered the
115:Official of the Roman Curia (1803–1814)
1165:Participants to the Congress of Vienna
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707:
875:. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans
848:. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans
757:Miranda, Salvador. "Consalvi, Ercole"
675:Memorie del Cardinale Ercole Consalvi
13:
1170:Cardinals created by Pope Pius VII
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921:, 11th ed. (1911), vol. 6, p. 970.
723:, 11th ed. (1911), vol. 6, p. 969.
474:(later transferred to that of the
110:Deacon of the Secretariat of State
14:
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1008:
980:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
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632:He secured the Protestant artist
458:of 11 August 1800, receiving the
366:Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy
1094:17 May 1814 – 20 September 1823
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897:, New Haven. Yale, 2006, p. 272
1145:19th-century Italian cardinals
1067:11 August 1800 – 17 June 1806
976:Schaefer, Francis J. (1908). "
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665:Paris : Henri Plon, 1864
510:Consalvi was ordained to the
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77:Giovanni Battista Quarantotti
867:Pacca, Cardinal Bartolomeo.
840:Pacca, Cardinal Bartolomeo.
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1100:Giulio Maria della Somaglia
1090:Cardinal Secretary of State
1063:Cardinal Secretary of State
1004:(Sep 1960) 10#9 pp 616-622.
452:Cardinal Secretary of State
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251:Cardinal Secretary of State
86:Giulio Maria della Somaglia
61:23 March 1822 (Pro-Prefect)
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480:Santa Maria ad Martyres
1047:Catholic Church titles
818:Catholic-Hierarchy.org
792:catholic-hierarchy.org
532:coronation of Napoleon
333:, who was also called
249:, who served twice as
1056:Giulio Doria Pamphilj
983:Catholic Encyclopedia
775:Catholic Encyclopedia
645:San Marcello al Corso
446:Consalvi was created
331:Henry Benedict Stuart
278:Consalvi was born in
263:divine right of kings
217:San Marcello al Corso
1016:"Carandini pedigree"
638:St. Peter's Basilica
397:votante di segnatura
990:Ellis, John Tracy.
472:Sant'Agata dei Goti
297:of Toscanella, and
906:Brady, Joseph H.,
595:Congress of Vienna
539:Continental System
417:Castel Sant'Angelo
134:21 December 1801 (
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1097:Succeeded by
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611:Neapolitan revolt
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401:Monsignore Ubique
261:principle of the
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166:Personal details
153:by Pope Pius VII
148:Created cardinal
100:Previous post(s)
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846:Archive.org
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520:sacramental
393:Papal Court
387:La Sapienza
347:Roman Curia
321:founded in
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112:(1801–1814)
74:Predecessor
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701:References
607:Metternich
577:abdication
456:consistory
450:and named
411:After the
389:University
274:Early life
259:legitimist
177:1757-06-08
131:Ordination
66:Term ended
688:Biography
640:in Rome.
516:diaconate
382:canon law
376:scholar,
339:Jacobites
329:Cardinal
303:Carandini
269:Biography
82:Successor
58:Appointed
797:13 April
669:Mémoires
663:Mémoires
492:Napoleon
484:Pantheon
476:Basilica
433:conclave
407:Diplomat
378:Zaccaria
323:Frascati
319:seminary
315:Piarists
301:Claudia
299:Countess
295:Marquess
288:Marquess
253:for the
243:cardinal
140:by
994:(1942)
974::
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550:annexed
460:red hat
327:English
325:by the
245:of the
1026:21 May
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777:(1913)
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524:priest
496:treaty
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374:Jesuit
307:Modena
239:deacon
213:Buried
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126:Orders
52:, 1819
651:Works
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505:Tiber
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827:2015
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370:Rome
360:and
284:Pisa
280:Rome
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185:Rome
171:Born
158:Rank
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526:or
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