Ergot - Knowledge

649:, an order of monks established in 1095, specialized in treating ergotism victims with balms containing tranquilizing and circulation-stimulating plant extracts. The common name for ergotism is "St. Anthony's fire", in reference to this order of monks and the severe burning sensations in the limbs which was one of the symptoms. There are two types of ergotism. The first is characterized by muscle spasms, fever and hallucinations and the victims may appear dazed, be unable to speak, become manic, or have other forms of paralysis or tremors, and suffer from hallucinations and other distorted perceptions. This is caused by serotonergic stimulation of the central nervous system by some of the alkaloids. The second type of ergotism is marked by violent burning, absent peripheral pulses and shooting pain of the poorly vascularized distal organs, such as the fingers and toes, and are caused by effects of ergot alkaloids on the 1029:

constriction, nervous disorders, and/or hallucinations; if the sufferer survived the initial poisoning, his limbs would often fall off, and he or she would continue to improve in health if he or she halted consumption of ergot. The trunk of the body remained relatively untouched by the disease until its final stages, and the victims, not understanding the cause of their ailment, would continue to imbibe ergot-laden food for weeks until the condition reached their digestive system. It is believed that the peasantry and children were most susceptible to ergotism, though the wealthy were afflicted as well, as, at times, entire villages relied on tainted crops for sustenance, and during times of famine, ergotism reached into every house. Ergot fungus is impervious to heat and water, and thus it was most often baked into bread through rye flour; though other grasses can be infected, it was uncommon in

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yellow enzyme", EasA, presents an outstanding example. This enzyme catalyzes reduction of the C8=C9 double-bond in chanoclavine I, but EasA isoforms differ in whether they subsequently catalyze reoxidation of C8–C9 after rotation. This difference distinguishes most Clavicipitaceae from Trichocomaceae, but in Clavicipitaceae it is also the key difference dividing the branch of classical ergot alkaloids from dihydroergot alkaloids, the latter often being preferred for pharmaceuticals due to their relatively few side effects.

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medication may also be associated with higher blood pressure and higher pain. It is not clear if oral ergot alkaloids are beneficial or harmful as they have not been well studied. A 2018 Cochrane Systematic Review concluded that other medications such as oxytocin, syntometrine and prostaglandins, may be preferred over ergot alkaloids.

1120:, who successfully treated feeble uterine contractions by administering the powder of ergot. Desgranges added this remedy to his therapeutic arsenal. From 1777 to 1804, he was successful in alleviating childbirth for more than twenty women by the administration of the powder of ergot. He never saw any side-effect of this treatment. 1016:(TTS) in medical history. These medical recipes have been lost to time, though some recorded treatments still remain. After 1130, the monks were no longer permitted to perform operations, and so barber surgeons were employed to remove gangrenous limbs and treat open sores. Three barbers founded a hospital in 1431:. Male sterile sorghums (also referred to as A-lines) are especially susceptible to infection, as first recognized in the 1960s, and massive losses in seed yield have been noted. Infection is associated with cold night temperatures that are below 12 °C occurring two to three weeks before flowering. 1186:

and humans, this was not a recognized use for it as abortion was illegal in most countries, thus evidence for its use in abortion is unknown. Most often, ergot was used to speed the process of parturition or delivery, and was not used for the purpose of halting postpartum bleeding, which is a concern

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in their honeydew. Macroconidia differ in shape and size between the species, whereas microconidia are rather uniform, oval to globose (5×3 μm). Macroconidia are able to produce secondary conidia. A germ tube emerges from a macroconidium through the surface of a honeydew drop and a secondary conidium

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The Order of St. Anthony, whose members were known as Antonites, grew quickly, and hospitals spread through France, Germany, and Scandinavia and gained wealth and power as grateful patrons bestowed money and charitable goods on the hospitals. By the end of the Middle Ages, there were 396 settlements

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and thickened placentas. Although both gangrenous and convulsive symptoms are seen in naturally occurring ergotism resulting from the ingestion of fungus infected rye, only gangrenous ergotism has been reported following the excessive ingestion of ergotamine tartrate. Ergot extract has been used in

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compounds in fungi. Several evolutionary processes have acted to diversify the array of ergot alkaloids produced by fungi; these differences in enzyme activities are evident at the levels of substrate specificity (LpsA), product specification (EasA, CloA) or both (EasG and possibly CloA). The "old

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drugs were marketed to women by various companies under various names such as Molex pills and Cote pills. Since birth control devices and abortifacients were illegal to market and sell at the time, they were offered to women who were "delayed". The recommended dosage was seven grains of ergotin a

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to consume grasses other than rye. The physiological effects of ergot depended on the concentration and combinations of the ingested ergot metabolites, as well as the age and nutritional status of the afflicted individual. The Antonites began to decline after physicians discovered the genesis of

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An important aspect to the Order of St. Anthony's treatment practices was the exclusion of rye bread and other ergot-containing edibles, which halted the progression of ergotism. There was no known cure for ergotism itself; however, there was treatment of the symptoms, which often included blood

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or stopping hemorrhage. Not only did it constrict the uterus, ergot had the ability to increase or decrease blood pressure, induce hypothermia and emesis, and influence pituitary hormone secretions. In 1926, Swiss psychiatrist Hans Maier suggested to use ergotamine for the treatment of vascular

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steppe, was struck by ergotism and was forced to retreat in order to find edible grains. A diary entry from the time notes that as soon as people ate the poisoned bread, they became dizzy, with such strong nerve contractions that those who did not die on the first day found their hands and feet

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Low to very low evidence from clinical trials suggests that prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids, administered by intravenous (IV) or intramuscular (IM) in the third stage of labor, may reduce blood loss and may reduce the risk of moderate to severe hemorrhage following delivery, however this

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also secretes honeydew which is consumed by bees. The bees then create a honey called fic'e (Paraguayan Makai Indian language), which is infused with secretions from the plants and has a pungent aroma. If consumed in high amounts, the honey can cause drunkenness, dizziness and even death.

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in Zambia) have several recommendations for managing the spread of ergot, these include; planting tolerant varieties, disk fields after harvest to prevent sorghum ratoon and volunteer plants from developing, remove any infected plants, and carrying out 3 year crop rotations with legumes.

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experienced similar outbreaks; England is noticeably absent from the historical regions affected by ergotism as its main source of food was wheat, which is resistant to ergot fungi. In 994, a massive outbreak of potentially attributed to ergotism caused 40,000 deaths in the regions of

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had been the result of consuming ergot-tainted rye. However, Nicholas P. Spanos and Jack Gottlieb, after a review of the historical and medical evidence, later disputed her conclusions. Other authors have likewise cast doubt on ergotism as the cause of the Salem witch trials.

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published a dissertation "on the natural history and medical effects of the secale cornutum", in which he described and analysed the experience he had gathered over five years while using ergot in cases of poor uterine action in the second stage of labour in childbirth.

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Frederickson, Mantle and De Milliano is widespread in all sorghum growing areas, whereas the species was formerly restricted to Africa and Asia where it was first recorded more than 90 years ago, it has been spreading rapidly and by the mid-1990s it reached

1025:, were welcomed for only nine days before they were asked to leave, as convulsive ergotism was seen as less detrimental. Though the sufferers often experienced irreversible effects, they most often returned to their families and resumed their livelihoods. 1007:

centers were the first specialized European medical welfare systems, and the friars of the order were knowledgeable about treatment of ergotism and the horrifying effects of the poison. The sufferers would receive ergot-free meals, wines containing

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in 1214 and accepted those who were afflicted with the gangrenous form of ergotism. Patients were fed and housed, with the more able-bodied individuals acting as orderlies and assistants. Patients with the convulsive form of ergotism, or

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became available, there was no antidote or way of controlling the effects of ergot. So if the fetus did not move as expected, the drug could cause the uterus to mold itself around the child, rupturing the uterus and killing the child.

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dispersed in water, wine or broth. The administration of ergot was followed by a mild childbirth within 15 minutes. The French physician Jean-Baptiste Desgranges (1751–1831) published in 1818, that in 1777 he had met midwives in

766:, used to induce uterine contractions and to control bleeding after childbirth. Clinical ergotism as seen today results almost exclusively from the excessive intake of ergotamine tartrate in the treatment of migraine headache. 815:. Lysergic acid is a precursor for the synthesis of LSD. Their realized and hypothesized medicinal uses have encouraged intensive research since the 1950s culminating on the one hand in development of drugs both legal (e.g., 497:

of an oval to pearlike shape is formed, to which the contents of the original macroconidium migrates. Secondary conidia form a white, frost-like surface on honeydew drops and spread via the wind. No such process occurs in

1208:. He began advocating for its use to halt postpartum bleeding. Eventually, doctors determined that the use of ergot in childbirth without an antidote was too dangerous. They ultimately restricted its use to expelling the 732:

due to ergot alkaloid activity on dopamine receptors in the pituitary is also common in livestock. Reduced serum prolactin is associated with various reproductive problems in cattle, and especially in horses, including

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is best known. The causative agents of most ergot poisonings are the ergot alkaloid class of fungal metabolites, though some ergot fungi produce distantly related indole-diterpene alkaloids that are tremorgenic.

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When a mature sclerotium drops to the ground, the fungus remains dormant until proper conditions (such as the onset of spring or a rain period) trigger its fruiting phase. It germinates, forming one or several

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recommended "to a woman in labour fifteen or twenty grains of ergot in powder to be repeated every twenty minutes, till its peculiar effects are experienced, or till the amount of a drachm has been taken".

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and an ergot-like parasitic fungus. The fossil shows that the original hosts of the Clavicipitaceae could have been grasses. The discovery also establishes a minimum time for the conceivable presence of

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conspicuous on the heads of ryes and other such grains is known as ergot. Favorable temperatures for growth are in the range of 18–30 °C. Temperatures above 37 °C cause rapid germination of

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and to stop maternal bleeding after childbirth. Klotz offers a detailed overview of the toxicities in mammalian livestock, stating that the activities are attributable to antagonism or agonism of

1394:. In sorghum and pearl millet, ergot became a problem when growers adopted hybrid technology, which increased host susceptibility. It only infects unfertilized ovaries, so self-pollination and 1003:

and 372 hospitals owned by the order, and pilgrimages to such hospitals became popular, as well as the donation of limbs lost to ergotism, which were displayed near shrines to the saint. These

883:, in which a burning of the limb is followed by its separation from the body, often consuming the victim in one night. In 1588, Johannes Thallius wrote that it is called "Mother of Rye," or 645:

is the name for sometimes severe pathological syndromes affecting humans or other animals that have ingested plant material containing ergot alkaloid, such as ergot-contaminated grains. The

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are well known. However, many tropical ergots have brown or greyish sclerotia, mimicking the shape of the host seed. For this reason, the infection is often overlooked.

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wrote, that three sclerotia of ergot, used several times a day, were used by midwives as a good remedy in case of the "uprising and pain of the womb" (

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Ergot infection causes a reduction in the yield and quality of grain and hay, and if livestock eat infected grain or hay it may cause a disease called

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Cole RJ, Dorner JW, Lansden JA, et al. (1977). "Paspalum staggers: isolation and identification of tremorgenic metabolites from sclerotia of

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In Sorghum, this honeydew can be spotted coming out of head flowers. A whitish sticky substance can also be observed on leaves and on the ground.

4271: 1042:, losing much of their medical histories in the process and losing the ergotism cures and recipes due to lack of use and lack of preservation. 1232:, and other substances. The efficacy and safety of these pills are unknown. The FTC deemed them unsafe and ineffective and demanded that they 4310: 927:, in 1596, Wendelin Thelius was one of the first to attribute ergotism poisoning to grain. In 1778, S. Tessier, observing a huge epidemic in 4399: 4180: 680:, high fever, vomiting, loss of muscle strength and unconsciousness. Since the Middle Ages, controlled doses of ergot were used to induce 3304: 458: 1334: 3876: 3809: 2649:

Nemes, C.N. (December 1, 2018). "The medical and surgical treatment of the pilgrims of the Jacobean Roads in medieval times Part.1".

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can decrease the presence of the disease, but male-sterile lines are extremely vulnerable to infection. Symptoms of infection by

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disperse to other florets. Later, the sphacelia convert into a hard dry sclerotium inside the husk of the floret. At this stage,

2952: 1151:(ca. 2g) of that powder in half a pint of water and gave one third every twenty minutes, till the pains commenced. In 1813, Dr. 1824: 1606: 1377:, with intense coloration. Cereal mashes and sprouted rye are suitable substrates for growth of the fungus in the laboratory. 4449: 3300: 3001: 2230: 2039: 1727: 1580: 3208: 3018: 2003: 3891: 3556: 2542: 1287:

British author John Grigsby contends that the presence of ergot in the stomachs of some of the so-called 'bog-bodies' (

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Bandyopadhyay, Ranajit; Frederickson, Debra E.; McLaren, Neal W.; Odvody, Gary N.; Ryley, Malcolm J. (April 1998).

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for a long time, and its appearance has been linked to extremely cold winters that were followed by rainy summers.

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species, but it is unknown whether insects play a role in spreading the fungus from infected to healthy plants.

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Human poisoning due to the consumption of rye bread made from ergot-infected grain was common in Europe in the

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De Costa, Caroline (May 18, 2002). "StAnthony's fire and living ligatures: a short history of ergometrine".

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Sur la propriété qu'a le Seigle ergoté d'accélérer la marche de l'accouchement, et de hâter sa terminaison

2334:"Molecular cloning and analysis of the ergopeptine assembly system in the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea" 1305:

in ritual drinks in a prehistoric fertility cult akin to the Greek Eleusinian Mysteries. In his 2005 book

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includes about 50 known species, mostly in the tropical regions. Economically significant species include

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in his honor. Anthony was a popular subject for art in the Middle Ages, and his symbol is a large blue "

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physician, noted the large number of stillbirths resulting from ergot use and stated that rather than

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also produces tremorgens (paspalitrem) causing "paspalum staggers" in cattle. The fungi of the genera

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and was known for long fasting in which he confronted terrible visions and temptations sent from the

1751:"Association of Insects and Ergot (Claviceps purpurea) in Kentucky Bluegrass Seed Production Fields" 1236:

selling the product. Currently, over a thousand compounds have been derived from ergot ingredients.

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like flies, beetles, and wasps that feed on it. This helps spread the fungus to uninfected plants.

1225: 999:" sewn onto the shoulder of the order's monks, symbolizing the crutch used by the ill and injured. 2723: 2055: 863:, or poisoning caused by toxic molds. Early references to ergotism date back as far as 600 BC, an 4444: 4384: 3549: 2836:

Liabsuetrakul, Tippawan; Choobun, Thanapan; Peeyananjarassri, Krantarat; Islam, Q. Monir (2018).

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Untersuchungen über das Verhalten der Secalealkaloide bei der Herstellung von Mutterkornextrakten

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nutrition. The first stage of ergot infection manifests itself as a white soft tissue (known as

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in humans and other mammals who consume grains contaminated with its fruiting structure (called

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from the rye crops. In 1776, the cloisters of the Antonites were incorporated into the Maltese

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described "noxious grasses that cause pregnant women to drop the womb and die in childbed." In

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and attendant irrational behaviour, convulsions, and even death. Other symptoms include strong

4276: 2801: 2743: 2021: 4429: 4348: 3239: 3234: 2819: 787: 20: 4338: 2214: 4404: 4206: 4080: 3258: 3247:"Abundant respirable ergot alkaloids from the common airborne fungus Aspergillus fumigatus" 3166: 3077: 3030: 1692: 1542: 1403: 1252: 467: 463: 160: 2166:"Ergot Intoxication: Historical Review and Description of Unusual Clinical Manifestations" 1915:

Tudzynski P, Correia T, Keller U (2001). "Biotechnology and genetics of ergot alkaloids".

564: 466:, which often drops out of the infected grass florets. This honeydew contains millions of 8: 4171: 3820: 3613: 3608: 1511: 1272: 1039: 617: 600:, a complex molecule consisting of a tripeptide-derived cyclol-lactam ring connected via 530: 3262: 3081: 3034: 1696: 3814: 3603: 3542: 3527: 3460: 3415: 3386: 3349: 3295: 3279: 3246: 3184: 3144: 3101: 2870: 2837: 2596: 2493: 2468: 2442: 2314: 2190: 2165: 2112: 2085: 1986: 1940: 1889: 1862: 1780: 1708: 1353: 1338: 1330: 1327:, suggests a connection to ergot which in German was known as the 'tooth of the wolf'. 1301: 1128: 650: 621: 533:

spores form, which are ejected simultaneously when suitable grass hosts are flowering.

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Spanos NP, Gottlieb J (December 1976). "Ergotism and the Salem Village witch trials".

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Midwives and very few doctors in Europe have used extracts from ergot for centuries:

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PBS Secrets of the Dead: "The Witches Curse" (concerning the Salem trials and ergot)

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Bennett, J.W.; Bentley, Ronald (1999). "Pride and Prejudice: The Story of Ergot".

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Woodcock EF (February 1925). "Observations on the Poisonous Plants of Michigan".

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and sweetened water. In rainy years, it was thought rye bread exceeded 5% ergot.

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entitled "A New Exhilarating Substance" denotes cases of euphoria upon consuming

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wrote in 1586, that sclerotia of ergot held under the tongue, would stop bleeding

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tablet referred to it as a "noxious pustule in the ear of grain." In 350 BC, the

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Rao KK, Rao S (1975). "Effect of tweens on the production of ergot alkaloids by

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Butler, M. D.; Alderman, S. C.; Hammond, P. C.; Berry, R. E. (1 December 2001).

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To prove that ergot is a harmless sort of grain, in 1774, the French pharmacist

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The ergot sclerotium contains high concentrations (up to 2% of dry mass) of the

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infects wild grasses and could be found on the common grass Paspalum. Like the

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and analgesic herbs, and applications of Antonites-balsam, which was the first

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has at least three races or varieties, which differ in their host specificity:

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Eadie MJ (2003). "Convulsive ergotism: epidemics of the serotonin syndrome?".

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and poor conception, and late-term losses of foals and sometimes mares due to

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is based on a memory of the quelling of this fertility cult by followers of

894:. The first mention of a plague of gangrenous ergotism in Europe comes from 4036: 4013: 3988: 3978: 3973: 3958: 3766: 3747: 3655: 3650: 3456: 3448: 3288: 3140: 3089: 3042: 2879: 2774: 2592: 2502: 2467:

Haarmann, Thomas; Rolke, Yvonne; Giesbert, Sabine; Tudzynski, Paul (2009).

2400: 2359: 2121: 1982: 1936: 1898: 1776: 1669: 1590: 1534: 1428: 1256: 1193: 1082: 1009: 1004: 725: 613: 573: 493: 302: 294: 3344: 3132: 2438: 2310: 2199: 2102: 1928: 1879: 1423:, West Africa, and also occurs in eastern and southern Africa, especially 1078:

which refers to pain in the lower abdomen caused by 'uprising of the womb'

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also produce ergot alkaloids, notably some isolates of the human pathogen

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Adam Lonitzer. Kreuterbuch ... Egenolff, Frankfurt 1582, Blatt CCLXXXVr (

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Schardl, Christopher L.; Panaccione, Daniel G.; Tudzynski, Paul (2006).

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consisted of ergot, that he called a "spurious groth of rye". He boiled

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Federal Trade Commission (1941). "Federal Trade Commission Decisions".

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Schade R, Andersohn F, Suissa S, Haverkamp W, Garbe E (January 2007).

1644:"Ergot: A New Disease Threat to Sorghum in the Americas and Australia" 1641: 1567:. The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology. Vol. 63. pp. 45–86. 1406:(a fluid with high concentrates of sugar and conidia), which attracts 4219: 4087: 4061: 3927: 3722: 3677: 2779:

Account of the Pulvis Parturiens, a remedy for quickening child-birth

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Account of the Pulvis Parturiens, a remedy for quickening child-birth

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This article is about the fungi. For the part of a horse's hoof, see

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includes a paper that documents a British study of more than 11,000

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Woolf A (2000). "Witchcraft or mycotoxin? The Salem witch trials".

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caused ergot disease that caused a famine in 1903-1906 in Northern

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edited a letter he had received from Madame Dupile, a midwife of

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The neurotropic activities of the ergot alkaloids may also cause

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manuscript of 1474, powdered ergot was prescribed together with

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and loss of limbs due to severely restricted blood circulation.

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Beowulf & Grendel: The Truth Behind England's Oldest Legend

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enlarged by J. Camerarius. Frankfurt am Main 1586, page 109-,

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and even loss of hooves in cattle or limbs in humans. Reduced

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Correia T, Grammel N, Ortel I, Keller U, Tudzynski P (2001).

1863:"Introduction to the Toxins Special Issue on Ergot Alkaloids" 1452: 988: 717: 601: 492:

species from tropic and subtropic regions produce macro- and

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of flowering grass or cereal. The infection process mimics a

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G2 — grasses from moist, forest, and mountain habitats;

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preparations, including ergot alkaloids in products such as

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Miedaner, Thomas; Geiger, Hartwig H. (25 February 2015).

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wrote to a friend, that he had used over several years a

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Frederickson DE, Mantle PG, De Milliano WA (June 1993).

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patients. The study found that two ergot-derived drugs,

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The encyclopedia of seeds: science, technology and uses

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species such as rye (its most common host), as well as

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Ergot article from North Dakota State University, 2002

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ELEUSIS: Journal of Psychoactive Plants and Compounds

2785:, New York, second hexade, vol. 5 (1808), p. 308–309 2762:, New York, second hexade, vol. 5 (1808), p. 308–309 2159: 2157: 2062: 1798:

Poinar Jr., G.; Alderman, S.; Wunderlich, J. (2015).

1270:

An article appearing in the July 23, 1881 edition of

957:. The outbreak was known as Saint Anthony's fire, or 547:

Insects, including flies and moths, carry conidia of

226: 2533:

Wellcome, Henry S.; Solomon, Henry (June 19, 1908).

983:

was a 3rd Century Egyptian ascetic who lived by the

616:

by the fungus. Ergot alkaloids have a wide range of

448:

then destroys the plant ovary and connects with the

217: 791:, and have been isolated from plants in the family 559:Regarding the evolution of plant parasitism in the 355:

G1 — land grasses of open meadows and fields;

205: 2615:Poisons of the Past: Molds, Epidemics, and History 2154: 2020:Heritage, J.; Evans, G.; Killington, R.A. (1999). 1263:, a precursor to the potent hallucinogen LSD, and 1139:with complete success in patients with "lingering 1034:ergotism and recommended methods for removing the 2245: 1323:. He writes that Beowulf, which he translates as 879:described an ailment he called "hidden fire," or 700:. He also states that the adrenergic blockage by 4376: 2798:The Dispensatory of the United States of America 1683:Stoll, A. (October 1932). "Ergot and ergotism". 1240:Speculated cause of hysterics and hallucinations 1081:In a printed book of 1582, the German physician 3244: 2532: 1565:Ergot Alkaloids – Biology and Molecular Biology 1248:, the beverage consumed by participants in the 3472:Pažoutová S, Frederickson DE (December 2005). 3067: 2424: 2325: 2083: 1280:of ergot of rye, particularly when mixed with 608:(ergoline) moiety, and other alkaloids of the 589:Ergot-derived drug to stop postpartum bleeding 3550: 3431:Spores Ingested by Adult Corn Earworm Moths, 2981:. Munn & Company. 1881-07-23. p. 51. 2163: 1544:PMDG: Ergot sugary disease in sorghum 1182:Though ergot was known to cause abortions in 1175:required ergot to be kept in all pharmacies. 1111:, she and her mother gave peeled ergot in an 1910: 1908: 1742: 1725: 1533: This article incorporates text from a 1228:(FTC) these pills contained ergotin, aloes, 4113:(Morning Glory, Tlitliltzin, Badoh Negro), 3397: 3016: 2950: 2842:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2617:. New Haven: Yale, 1989 (reedited in 1991) 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2212: 2164:Merhoff, GC; Porter, JM (1 November 1974). 1373:. Sunlight has a chromogenic effect on the 256:("rye ergot fungus"). This fungus grows on 250:The most prominent member of this group is 3557: 3543: 2800:, third edition Philadelphia 1836, p. 588 1861:Schardl, Christopher L. (7 October 2015). 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1556: 36: 3493: 3426: 3343: 3301:Parkinson's Drugs Can Damage Heart Valves 3278: 3178: 2869: 2492: 2390: 2349: 2213:Black, Michael H.; Halmer, Peter (2006). 2189: 2111: 2101: 1905: 1888: 1878: 1766: 1659: 944:was thwarted in his campaign against the 3427:Prom LK, Lopez JD (2004). "Viability of 3360: 3310: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2570: 2551: 2509: 2469:"Ergot:from witchcraft to biotechnology" 2239: 1960: 1956: 1954: 972:, have been linked to ergot poisoning. 875:, ergot was called "Daughter of Blood." 847: 584: 581:Effects on humans, other mammals and LSD 525:, variously coloured (resembling a tiny 3118: 2991: 2953:"Psychoactive plants in ancient Greece" 1860: 1843: 1537:work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA ( 635:derivatives of 6,8-dimethylergoline and 513:, all from northern temperate regions. 4377: 3621:(Dihydroergonovine, Dihydroergobasine) 3251:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 3164: 3019:"Ergotism: the satan loosed in Salem?" 2734:Jean-Baptiste Desgranges (1751–1831). 2722:Journal de Physique, 1774, S. 144–155 2284: 2133: 2131: 2030:. Cambridge University Press. p. 2015: 2013: 2011: 976:Saint Anthony's fire and the Antonites 4132: 4131: 3538: 3245:Panaccione DG, Coyle CM (June 2005). 3160: 3158: 3112: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2675:Cod. Pal. germ. 545, Blatt 70v 2648: 2627: 2137: 1951: 1682: 1477:Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock 1380: 1345: 16:Group of fungi of the genus Claviceps 4326:05c9ffb8-7bc1-488b-b8d1-9214352aa518 3914:(Methylergonovine, Methylergobasine) 3505:"Windborne spread of ergot disease ( 3435:(Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)". 2926:. New Series 4. 2000. Archived from 2427:Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 1483: 1087:auffſteigen vnd wehethumb der mutter 964:Some historical events, such as the 859:is the earliest recorded example of 540:. Black and protruding sclerotia of 4400:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases 3892:Lysergic Acid 2,4-Dimethylazetidide 3235:Claviceps purpurea - Ergot Alkaloid 3173:. Pest Management Decision Guides. 2379:The New England Journal of Medicine 2278: 2128: 2008: 1046:Usage in gynaecology and obstetrics 762:) to treat migraine headaches, and 631:Ergot alkaloids are classified as: 418:; consequently, plants infected by 13: 3528:10.1111/j.1365-3059.1993.tb01514.x 3155: 2895:Federal Trade Commission Decisions 2824: 2221:. Wallingford, UK: CABI. pp. 1335:hysterical symptoms of young women 1113:amount of the filling of a thimble 14: 4461: 3509:) in sorghum A-lines in Zimbabwe" 3228: 2813:Codex, pharmacopée française 1837 1547:, Chanda Bwalya, CABI. 1165:Dispensatory of the United States 822:The January 4, 2007 issue of the 260:and related plants, and produces 3495:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2005.01255.x 2485:10.1111/J.1364-3703.2009.00548.X 2182:10.1097/00000658-197411000-00011 1528: 1213:headaches of the migraine type. 948:as his army, traveling down the 769:In addition to ergot alkaloids, 712:) leads to potent and long-term 647:Hospital Brothers of St. Anthony 201: 56: 4415:Natural sources of lysergamides 3271:10.1128/AEM.71.6.3106-3111.2005 3201: 3061: 3010: 2985: 2969: 2944: 2905: 2886: 2806: 2791: 2768: 2748: 2728: 2716: 2700: 2681: 2669: 2607: 2366: 2056:"St. Anthony's Fire — Ergotism" 2048: 1997: 1517:Universal Laboratories Building 1255:cult, might have been based on 968:in France at the outset of the 825:New England Journal of Medicine 567:discovered in 2020 preserves a 394:of fungal species of the genus 3907:Lysergic acid cyclopentylamide 3437:Journal of Economic Entomology 2854:10.1002/14651858.CD005456.pub3 2351:10.1016/j.chembiol.2003.11.013 1817: 1791: 1755:Journal of Economic Entomology 1728:"Intraspecific variability of 1719: 1676: 1635: 1632:, Dorland's Medical Dictionary 1616: 1597: 1295:Northeast Europe, such as the 1187:of childbirth. However, until 1093:Joachim Camerarius the Younger 1014:transdermal therapeutic system 887:and is used to halt bleeding. 486:accumulate in the sclerotium. 369:) — salt marsh grasses ( 1: 3902:Lysergic acid cyclobutylamide 3564: 3317:to Variations of Environment" 2663:10.1016/S0531-5131(02)01096-8 2651:International Congress Series 2585:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08658-0 1975:10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00439-3 1573:10.1016/S1099-4831(06)63002-2 1550: 1462: 1109:expulsion stage of childbirth 381: 4450:Taxa named by Edmond Tulasne 3171:Plantwiseplus Knowledge Bank 2742:, Paris, I (1818), S. 54–61 2142:(Thesis). Universität Wien. 1539:license statement/permission 554: 444:). The proliferating fungal 7: 3897:Lysergic Acid 3-Pentylamide 3478:on sorghum and Hyparrhenia" 2951:Carod-Artal, F. J. (2013). 2740:Nouveau Journal de Médecine 2613:Matossian, Mary Kilbourne, 1768:10.1603/0022-0493-94.6.1471 1628:September 10, 2009, at the 1613:, online medical dictionary 1519:: a major producer of ergot 1505: 1173:Codex Pharmacopee Francaise 1101:Antoine-Augustin Parmentier 807:(LSD) but instead contains 529:). In the head, threadlike 10: 4466: 4104:(Hawaiian Baby Woodrose), 3949:9-Deacetoxyfumigaclavine C 3887:Lysergic Acid 2-Butylamide 3718:Lysergic acid methyl ester 3642:(LSA; LA-111; Lysergamide) 3400:American Journal of Botany 3371:American Journal of Botany 3324:American Journal of Botany 3017:Caporael LR (April 1976). 1661:10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.4.356 1523: 1451:, and by 1997 had reached 1351: 1299:) is indicative of use of 1157:Newburyport, Massachusetts 843: 811:as well as its precursor, 805:lysergic acid diethylamide 638:lysergic acid derivatives. 386:An ergot kernel, called a 18: 4140: 4070: 4027: 3941: 3761: 3572: 3311:McCrea A (January 1931). 2473:Molecular Plant Pathology 1917:Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1402:include the secretion of 1333:posited in 1976 that the 1244:It has been posited that 1133:Saratoga County, New York 149: 144: 53:Scientific classification 51: 44: 35: 30: 4119:(Coaxihuitl, Ololiúqui) 3669:(Ergonovine, Ergobasine) 3363:"A Preliminary Study of 3180:10.1079/pwkb.20167800135 1434:Sorghum ergot caused by 1365:The sclerotial stage of 1358:Mankind has known about 1226:Federal Trade Commission 898:in 857; following this, 452:originally intended for 2817:Poudre de seigle ergoté 2697:ergot is not mentioned. 2693:). In the 1578 edition 1541:). Text taken from 803:Ergot does not contain 657:, sometimes leading to 4435:Sordariomycetes genera 3474:"Genetic diversity of 3361:Bonns WW (July 1922). 3090:10.1126/science.795029 3043:10.1126/science.769159 2996:. Watkins Publishing. 2992:Grigsby, John (2005). 2783:The Medical Repository 2760:The Medical Repository 2708:Pietro Andrea Mattioli 2027:Microbiology in Action 2004:Pharmacognosy of Ergot 1221:day. According to the 1204:, it should be called 1023:ergotismus convulsivus 853: 590: 406:grain growing into an 325:most commonly affects 3584:2-Bromo-LSD (BOL-148) 3133:10.1081/CLT-100100958 2535:From Ergot to Ernutin 2439:10.1353/pbm.1999.0026 2287:Aspergillus fumigatus 2138:Farid, Labib (1946). 2103:10.3390/toxins7030659 1929:10.1007/s002530100801 1880:10.3390/toxins7104232 1685:The Science of Nature 1337:that had spurred the 1309:, he argues that the 953:falling off, akin to 851: 788:Aspergillus fumigatus 620:including effects on 618:biological activities 588: 237:refers to a group of 21:Ergot (horse anatomy) 4081:Achnatherum robustum 3449:10.1093/jee/97.3.764 2392:10.1056/NEJMoa062222 2058:. MedicineNet. 2002. 1443:, South Africa, and 1253:Eleusinian Mysteries 1171:In 1837, the French 993:Order of St. Anthony 852:Ergot on wheat heads 161:Claviceps fusiformis 151:About 50, including: 3821:Dimethyllysergamide 3663:(Dihydroergotoxine) 3614:Dihydroergocryptine 3609:Dihydroergocristine 3263:2005ApEnM..71.3106P 3165:Bwalya, C. (2018). 3121:Clinical Toxicology 3082:1976Sci...194.1390S 3035:1976Sci...192...21C 2978:Scientific American 2579:(9319): 1768–1770. 2264:10.1021/jf60213a061 2252:J. Agric. Food Chem 1697:1932NW.....20..752S 1512:Medicinal mushrooms 1307:Beowulf and Grendel 1291:human remains from 1273:Scientific American 1040:Knights Hospitaller 830:Parkinson's disease 507:Claviceps nigricans 462:) producing sugary 4440:Triticale diseases 4425:Psychoactive fungi 3815:Diallyllysergamide 3619:Dihydroergometrine 3604:Dihydroergocornine 3507:Claviceps africana 3476:Claviceps africana 3429:Claviceps africana 3365:Claviceps purpurea 3315:Claviceps purpurea 3313:"The Reactions of 3307:. January 3, 2007. 2303:10.1007/BF02877045 1923:(5–6): 4593–4605. 1831:. 10 February 2020 1726:Sylvie Pazoutova. 1705:10.1007/BF01493390 1609:2016-03-03 at the 1436:Claviceps africana 1388:Claviceps africana 1382:Claviceps africana 1360:Claviceps purpurea 1354:Claviceps purpurea 1347:Claviceps purpurea 1339:Salem witch trials 1331:Linnda R. Caporael 1302:Claviceps purpurea 854: 591: 511:Claviceps zizaniae 499:Claviceps purpurea 390:, develops when a 253:Claviceps purpurea 183:Claviceps zizaniae 171:Claviceps purpurea 155:Claviceps africana 46:Claviceps purpurea 4372: 4371: 4334:Open Tree of Life 4134:Taxon identifiers 4125: 4124: 3912:Methylergometrine 3630:Dihydroergotamine 3003:978-1-84293-153-0 2344:(12): 1281–1292. 2248:Claviceps paspali 2232:978-0-85199-723-0 2170:Annals of Surgery 2041:978-0-521-62912-6 1582:978-0-12-469563-4 1491:Claviceps paspali 1485:Claviceps paspali 1282:phosphate of soda 1145:pulvis parturiens 1137:pulvis parturiens 1105:Chaumont-en-Vexin 970:French Revolution 771:Claviceps paspali 686:neurotransmitters 626:neurotransmission 297:, buffel grass), 194: 193: 166:Claviceps paspali 140: 4457: 4365: 4364: 4352: 4351: 4342: 4341: 4329: 4328: 4319: 4318: 4306: 4305: 4303:NHMSYS0001477859 4293: 4292: 4280: 4279: 4267: 4266: 4254: 4253: 4241: 4240: 4228: 4227: 4215: 4214: 4202: 4201: 4189: 4188: 4176: 4175: 4174: 4161: 4160: 4159: 4129: 4128: 4101:Argyreia nervosa 3984:Epoxyagroclavine 3559: 3552: 3545: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3513: 3499: 3497: 3468: 3423: 3394: 3357: 3347: 3321: 3292: 3282: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3219: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3195: 3182: 3162: 3153: 3152: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3076:(4272): 1390–4. 3065: 3059: 3058: 3053:. Archived from 3014: 3008: 3007: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2964: 2963: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2939: 2938: 2932: 2921: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2873: 2833: 2822: 2815:, p. 215 : 2810: 2804: 2795: 2789: 2772: 2766: 2752: 2746: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2646: 2625: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2568: 2549: 2548: 2530: 2507: 2506: 2496: 2464: 2451: 2450: 2422: 2405: 2404: 2394: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2353: 2329: 2323: 2322: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2258:(5): 1197–1201. 2243: 2237: 2236: 2220: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2193: 2161: 2152: 2151: 2135: 2126: 2125: 2115: 2105: 2081: 2060: 2059: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2017: 2006: 2001: 1995: 1994: 1958: 1949: 1948: 1912: 1903: 1902: 1892: 1882: 1873:(7): 4232–4237. 1858: 1841: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1804: 1795: 1789: 1788: 1770: 1761:(6): 1471–1476. 1746: 1740: 1739: 1734:. Archived from 1723: 1717: 1716: 1680: 1674: 1673: 1663: 1639: 1633: 1620: 1614: 1601: 1595: 1594: 1560: 1532: 1471:-led programme, 1467:Partners of the 1234:cease and desist 1206:pulvis ad mortem 1202:pulvis ad partum 1005:hagiotherapeutic 714:vasoconstriction 655:vasoconstriction 503:Claviceps grohii 229: 224: 223: 220: 219: 216: 213: 210: 207: 177:Claviceps sorghi 135: 61: 60: 40: 28: 27: 4465: 4464: 4460: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4455: 4454: 4420:Parasitic fungi 4410:Medicinal fungi 4395:Cereal diseases 4390:Barley diseases 4375: 4374: 4373: 4368: 4360: 4355: 4347: 4345: 4337: 4332: 4324: 4322: 4314: 4309: 4301: 4296: 4288: 4283: 4275: 4270: 4262: 4257: 4249: 4244: 4236: 4231: 4223: 4218: 4210: 4205: 4197: 4192: 4184: 4179: 4170: 4169: 4164: 4155: 4154: 4149: 4136: 4126: 4121: 4116:Rivea corymbosa 4098:Morning glory: 4094: 4072: 4066: 4029: 4023: 4004:Fumigaclavine C 3999:Fumigaclavine B 3994:Fumigaclavine A 3964:Chanoclavine II 3937: 3765: 3757: 3625:Dihydroergosine 3576: 3568: 3563: 3516:Plant Pathology 3511: 3482:Plant Pathology 3433:Helicoverpa zea 3412:10.2307/2435398 3383:10.2307/2435269 3336:10.2307/2435724 3319: 3231: 3226: 3217: 3215: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3193: 3191: 3163: 3156: 3117: 3113: 3066: 3062: 3015: 3011: 3004: 2990: 2986: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2961: 2959: 2949: 2945: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2919: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2891: 2887: 2848:(6): CD005456. 2834: 2825: 2811: 2807: 2796: 2792: 2773: 2769: 2753: 2749: 2733: 2729: 2721: 2717: 2705: 2701: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2674: 2670: 2647: 2628: 2612: 2608: 2569: 2552: 2545: 2531: 2510: 2465: 2454: 2423: 2408: 2371: 2367: 2330: 2326: 2291:Folia Microbiol 2283: 2279: 2244: 2240: 2233: 2211: 2207: 2162: 2155: 2136: 2129: 2082: 2063: 2054: 2053: 2049: 2042: 2018: 2009: 2002: 1998: 1959: 1952: 1913: 1906: 1859: 1844: 1834: 1832: 1823: 1822: 1818: 1807:Palaeodiversity 1802: 1796: 1792: 1747: 1743: 1724: 1720: 1691:(41): 752–757. 1681: 1677: 1640: 1636: 1630:Wayback Machine 1621: 1617: 1611:Wayback Machine 1602: 1598: 1583: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1526: 1508: 1488: 1475:(including the 1465: 1385: 1356: 1350: 1242: 1230:Black Hellebore 1155:(1762–1827) of 1153:Oliver Prescott 1149:"half a drachm" 1068:Salomon's seals 1048: 1031:Medieval Europe 978: 942:Peter the Great 846: 651:vascular system 612:group that are 583: 561:Clavicipitaceae 557: 521:with heads and 519:fruiting bodies 450:vascular bundle 430:, such as rye ( 384: 264:that can cause 227: 204: 200: 188:Claviceps lutea 186: 180: 174: 168: 164: 158: 152: 134: 120:Clavicipitaceae 100:Sordariomycetes 55: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4463: 4453: 4452: 4447: 4445:Wheat diseases 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4385:Abortifacients 4370: 4369: 4367: 4366: 4353: 4343: 4330: 4320: 4307: 4294: 4281: 4268: 4255: 4242: 4229: 4216: 4203: 4190: 4177: 4162: 4146: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4123: 4122: 4096: 4095: 4085: 4084:(Sleepy Grass) 4076: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4033: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3771: 3769: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3580: 3578: 3570: 3569: 3562: 3561: 3554: 3547: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3522:(3): 368–377. 3500: 3488:(6): 749–763. 3469: 3424: 3406:(2): 116–131. 3395: 3377:(7): 339–353. 3358: 3345:2027.42/141053 3308: 3298: 3293: 3257:(6): 3106–11. 3242: 3237: 3230: 3229:External links 3227: 3225: 3224: 3213:doctorlib.info 3200: 3154: 3111: 3060: 3057:on 2008-05-11. 3029:(4234): 21–6. 3009: 3002: 2984: 2968: 2943: 2904: 2885: 2823: 2805: 2790: 2767: 2754:John Stearns. 2747: 2727: 2715: 2699: 2680: 2668: 2626: 2606: 2550: 2544:978-1331946151 2543: 2508: 2452: 2433:(3): 333–355. 2406: 2365: 2324: 2297:(5): 418–422. 2277: 2238: 2231: 2205: 2176:(5): 773–779. 2153: 2127: 2096:(3): 659–678. 2061: 2047: 2040: 2007: 1996: 1969:(7): 429–434. 1950: 1904: 1842: 1816: 1790: 1741: 1738:on 2006-03-10. 1718: 1675: 1654:(4): 356–367. 1634: 1615: 1596: 1581: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1514: 1507: 1504: 1487: 1482: 1464: 1461: 1384: 1379: 1352:Main article: 1349: 1344: 1241: 1238: 1216:In the 1930s, 1127:, in 1807 Dr. 1097: 1096: 1090: 1079: 1047: 1044: 977: 974: 946:Ottoman Empire 923:in France. In 845: 842: 793:Convolvulaceae 744:pharmaceutical 698:norepinephrine 672:contractions, 666:hallucinations 640: 639: 636: 614:biosynthesized 582: 579: 569:grass spikelet 556: 553: 433:Secale cereale 383: 380: 379: 378: 359: 356: 289:and cereals), 285:(parasitic on 192: 191: 147: 146: 142: 141: 127: 123: 122: 117: 113: 112: 107: 103: 102: 97: 93: 92: 87: 83: 82: 77: 73: 72: 67: 63: 62: 49: 48: 42: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4462: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4167: 4163: 4158: 4152: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4120: 4118: 4117: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4092: 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3665: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3594:Bromocriptine 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3575: 3574:Lysergic acid 3571: 3567: 3560: 3555: 3553: 3548: 3546: 3541: 3540: 3537: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3510: 3508: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3477: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3366: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3318: 3316: 3309: 3306: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3214: 3210: 3204: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3161: 3159: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3127:(4): 457–60. 3126: 3122: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3064: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3013: 3005: 2999: 2995: 2988: 2980: 2979: 2972: 2958: 2954: 2947: 2933:on 2019-07-20 2929: 2925: 2918: 2916: 2908: 2900: 2896: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2821: 2820:(Digitalisat) 2818: 2814: 2809: 2803: 2802:(Digitalisat) 2799: 2794: 2788: 2787:(Digitalisat) 2784: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2765: 2764:(Digitalisat) 2761: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2744:(Digitalisat) 2741: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2724:(Digitalisat) 2719: 2713: 2712:(Digitalisat) 2709: 2703: 2696: 2695:(Digitalisat) 2691: 2684: 2678: 2677:(Digitalisat) 2672: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2624: 2623:0-300-05121-2 2620: 2616: 2610: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2546: 2540: 2536: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2479:(4): 563–77. 2478: 2474: 2470: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2369: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2328: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2281: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2242: 2234: 2228: 2224: 2219: 2218: 2209: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2160: 2158: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2134: 2132: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2057: 2051: 2043: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2028: 2023: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2005: 2000: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1963:Lancet Neurol 1957: 1955: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1911: 1909: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1830: 1826: 1820: 1812: 1808: 1801: 1794: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1745: 1737: 1733: 1731: 1722: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1679: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1648:Plant Disease 1645: 1638: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1619: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1600: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1559: 1555: 1548: 1546: 1545: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1486: 1481: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1460: 1458: 1457:United States 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1396:fertilization 1393: 1389: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1355: 1348: 1343: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1303: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1274: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1257:hallucinogens 1254: 1251: 1250:ancient Greek 1247: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1224: 1223:United States 1219: 1218:abortifacient 1214: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1176: 1174: 1169: 1166: 1161: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1141:parturitation 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1125:United States 1121: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1060:Laurel-fruits 1057: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1026: 1024: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1006: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 981:Saint Anthony 973: 971: 967: 962: 960: 956: 951: 947: 943: 940: 937: 934:In 1722, the 932: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 905: 901: 897: 893: 888: 886: 885:rockenmutter, 882: 881:ignus ocultus 878: 877:Radulf Glaber 874: 873:ancient Syria 870: 866: 862: 861:mycotoxicosis 858: 850: 841: 839: 835: 831: 827: 826: 820: 818: 817:bromocriptine 814: 810: 809:lysergic acid 806: 801: 798: 797:morning glory 794: 790: 789: 784: 783: 778: 777: 772: 767: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 740: 736: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 637: 634: 633: 632: 629: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 606:lysergic acid 604:linkage to a 603: 599: 596: 587: 578: 575: 570: 566: 562: 552: 550: 545: 543: 539: 534: 532: 528: 524: 520: 514: 512: 508: 504: 500: 495: 491: 487: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 460: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 434: 429: 426:species with 425: 421: 417: 413: 412:fertilization 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 357: 354: 353: 352: 350: 346: 345:only rarely. 344: 341:. It affects 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 291:C. fusiformis 288: 284: 280: 276: 274: 273: 267: 263: 259: 255: 254: 248: 246: 245: 241:of the genus 240: 236: 232: 231: 222: 198: 190: 189: 185: 184: 179: 178: 173: 172: 167: 163: 162: 157: 156: 148: 143: 138: 133: 132: 128: 125: 124: 121: 118: 115: 114: 111: 108: 105: 104: 101: 98: 95: 94: 91: 88: 85: 84: 81: 78: 75: 74: 71: 68: 65: 64: 59: 54: 50: 47: 43: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 4430:Rye diseases 4141: 4114: 4107: 4105: 4099: 4097: 4088: 4079: 4037:Acetergamine 4014:Penniclavine 3989:Festuclavine 3979:Elymoclavine 3974:Cycloclavine 3959:Chanoclavine 3767:lysergamides 3748:Methysergide 3656:Ergocryptine 3651:Ergocristine 3519: 3515: 3506: 3485: 3481: 3475: 3443:(3): 764–7. 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3403: 3399: 3374: 3370: 3364: 3330:(1): 50–78. 3327: 3323: 3314: 3254: 3250: 3216:. Retrieved 3212: 3203: 3192:. Retrieved 3170: 3124: 3120: 3114: 3073: 3069: 3063: 3055:the original 3026: 3022: 3012: 2993: 2987: 2977: 2971: 2960:. Retrieved 2956: 2946: 2935:. Retrieved 2928:the original 2923: 2914: 2913:"Mixing the 2907: 2898: 2894: 2888: 2845: 2841: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2797: 2793: 2782: 2778: 2775:John Stearns 2770: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2718: 2702: 2690:Digital link 2683: 2671: 2654: 2650: 2614: 2609: 2576: 2572: 2534: 2476: 2472: 2430: 2426: 2385:(1): 29–38. 2382: 2378: 2368: 2341: 2337: 2327: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2280: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2241: 2216: 2208: 2173: 2169: 2139: 2093: 2089: 2050: 2026: 1999: 1966: 1962: 1920: 1916: 1870: 1866: 1833:. Retrieved 1829:sci-news.com 1828: 1819: 1810: 1806: 1793: 1758: 1754: 1744: 1736:the original 1729: 1721: 1688: 1684: 1678: 1651: 1647: 1637: 1618: 1599: 1564: 1558: 1543: 1535:free content 1527: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1489: 1484: 1466: 1435: 1433: 1429:South Africa 1416: 1415: 1412: 1399: 1387: 1386: 1381: 1366: 1364: 1359: 1357: 1346: 1329: 1324: 1314: 1306: 1300: 1286: 1271: 1269: 1243: 1215: 1205: 1201: 1194:David Hosack 1181: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1164: 1162: 1144: 1136: 1129:John Stearns 1122: 1098: 1086: 1083:Adam Lonicer 1075: 1071: 1049: 1027: 1022: 1010:vasodilating 1001: 979: 963: 958: 933: 889: 884: 880: 860: 855: 823: 821: 802: 786: 780: 774: 770: 768: 750:(containing 726:dry gangrene 702:ergopeptines 688:, including 663: 641: 630: 592: 574:psychotropic 565:amber fossil 558: 548: 546: 541: 535: 515: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494:microconidia 489: 488: 457: 441: 431: 428:open flowers 419: 395: 387: 385: 374: 370: 366: 362: 348: 347: 322: 314: 306: 303:dallis grass 298: 295:pearl millet 290: 282: 278: 277: 269: 251: 249: 243: 242: 234: 196: 195: 187: 181: 175: 169: 165: 159: 153: 150: 130: 45: 25: 4405:Hypocreales 4259:iNaturalist 4166:Wikispecies 4057:Nicergoline 4019:Setoclavine 4009:Paliclavine 3969:Costaclavin 3954:Agroclavine 3763:Psychedelic 3753:Sergolexole 3738:Metergoline 3733:Mesulergine 3667:Ergometrine 3646:Ergocornine 3635:Epicriptine 3599:Cabergoline 3577:derivatives 3367:in Culture" 1835:7 September 1730:C. purpurea 1495:C. africana 1417:C. africana 1400:C. africana 1367:C. purpurea 1325:barley-wolf 1311:Anglo-Saxon 1297:Tollund Man 1076:heffmutter, 959:ignis sacer 904:Scandinavia 892:Middle Ages 838:cabergoline 795:, of which 782:Aspergillus 776:Penicillium 764:ergometrine 622:circulation 542:C. purpurea 424:outcrossing 422:are mainly 363:C. purpurea 349:C. purpurea 327:outcrossing 323:C. purpurea 307:C. africana 283:C. purpurea 235:ergot fungi 110:Hypocreales 4379:Categories 4052:Lergotrile 4042:CY-208,243 3832:Ergonovine 3785:1P-ETH-LAD 3703:LY-215,840 3693:Ergovaline 3688:Ergotoxine 3683:Ergotamine 3589:Amesergide 3218:2020-05-18 3194:2020-06-25 2962:2021-02-17 2957:nah.sen.es 2937:2008-07-31 2706:Herbal of 2573:The Lancet 2338:Chem. Biol 1551:References 1499:C. paspali 1463:Management 1265:ergonovine 1261:ergotamine 1189:anesthesia 1036:sclerotium 966:Great Fear 813:ergotamine 756:ergotamine 710:ergotamine 706:ergovaline 598:ergotamine 490:Claviceps 438:ryegrasses 398:infects a 388:sclerotium 382:Life cycle 375:Distichlis 299:C. paspali 272:sclerotium 90:Ascomycota 86:Division: 4172:Claviceps 4142:Claviceps 4089:Claviceps 4062:Pergolide 4030:ergolines 3928:PARGY-LAD 3723:Lysergine 3678:Ergostine 3566:Ergolines 3305:HealthDay 3189:253986400 2862:1469-493X 2657:: 31–42. 1473:Plantwise 1445:Australia 1293:peat bogs 1163:The 1836 1072:permutter 1018:Memmingen 955:frostbite 921:Angoumois 909:Aquitaine 834:pergolide 735:agalactia 730:prolactin 694:serotonin 682:abortions 555:Evolution 549:Claviceps 480:alkaloids 474:), which 459:sphacelia 420:Claviceps 396:Claviceps 367:spartinae 331:triticale 279:Claviceps 262:alkaloids 244:Claviceps 131:Claviceps 76:Kingdom: 70:Eukaryota 4285:MycoBank 4233:Fungorum 4186:60014653 4181:AusFungi 4157:Q6445454 4151:Wikidata 4047:Ergoline 3942:Clavines 3823:(DAM-57) 3728:Lysergol 3698:Lisuride 3661:Ergoloid 3457:15279250 3289:15933008 3149:10469595 3141:10930065 3106:41615273 2880:29879293 2601:53277037 2593:12049883 2503:19523108 2447:72715889 2401:17202453 2360:14700635 2319:31459536 2148:58399816 2122:25723323 1991:12158282 1983:12849122 1937:11778866 1899:26665699 1777:11777051 1713:29050640 1670:30856881 1626:Archived 1607:Archived 1591:17133714 1506:See also 1425:Zimbabwe 1421:Cameroon 1404:honeydew 1390:infects 1375:mycelium 1289:Iron Age 1278:tincture 1210:placenta 1198:American 1143:". 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