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2024:, stating that the decision to proceed violated his fundamental right to human dignity, which was an overriding principle in the Constitution of Berlin, above even the state penal system and criminal justice. On 12 January 1993, Honecker's complaint was upheld and the Berlin District Court therefore abandoned the case and withdrew their arrest warrant. An application for a new arrest warrant was rejected on 13 January. The court also refused to commence with the trial related to the indictment of 12 November 1992, and withdrew the second arrest warrant related to these charges. After a total of 169 days Honecker was released from custody, drawing protests both from victims of the East German regime as well as German political figures.
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the West." Later, after his fall, Honecker said of Otto von
Habsburg in connection with the summer of 1989: "That this Habsburg drove the nail into my coffin." Now tens of thousands of media-informed East Germans made their way to Hungary, which was no longer ready to keep its borders completely closed or to oblige its border troops to use force of arms. A 1969 treaty required the Hungarian government to send the East Germans back home; however, starting on 11 September 1989, the Hungarians let them pass into Austria, telling their outraged East German counterparts that they were refugees and that international treaties on refugees took precedence.
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1644:. In a private conversation between the two leaders Honecker praised the success of the country, but Gorbachev knew that, in reality, it faced bankruptcy; East Germany had already accepted billions of dollars in loans from West Germany during the decade as it sought to stabilise its economy. Attempting to make Honecker accept a need for reforms, Gorbachev warned Honecker that "He who is too late is punished by life", yet Honecker maintained that "we will solve our problems ourselves with socialist means". Protests outside the reception at the
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1796:, leader of the Hoffnungstal Institute in Lobetal, Bernau bei Berlin, offered the couple a home in his vicarage. This drew immediate condemnation and later demonstrations against the church for assisting the Honeckers, given they had both discriminated against Christians who did not conform with the SED leadership's ideology. Aside from a stay at a holiday home in Lindow in March 1990 that lasted only one day before protests swiftly brought it to an end, the couple resided at the Holmer residence until 3 April 1990.
1001:, to Wilhelm Honecker (1881–1969), a coal miner and political activist, and his wife Caroline Catharine Weidenhof (1883–1963). The couple, married in 1905, had six children: Katharina (Käthe, 1906–1925), Wilhelm (Willi, 1907–1944), Frieda (1909–1974), Erich, Gertrud (1917–2010) and Karl-Robert (1923–1947). Erich, their fourth child, was born on 25 August 1912 during the period in which the family resided on Max-Braun-Straße, before later moving to Kuchenbergstraße 88 in the present-day Neunkirchen city district of
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1624:, as well as over the borders of the "socialist brother" states. Each month saw tens of thousands more exit. On 3 October 1989 East Germany closed its borders to its eastern neighbours and prevented visa-free travel to Czechoslovakia; a day later these measures were also extended to travel to Bulgaria and Romania. East Germany was now not only behind the Iron Curtain to the West, but also cordoned off from most other Eastern bloc states.
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Honecker. At the beginning of the session on 17 October, Honecker asked his routine question of "Are there any suggestions for the agenda?" Stoph replied, "Please, general secretary, Erich, I propose that a new item be placed on the agenda. It is the release of
Comrade Erich Honecker as general secretary and the election of Comrade Egon Krenz in his place." Honecker reportedly calmly responded: "Well, then I open the debate".
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1324:(with increased consumer goods) would be raised in exchange for political loyalty. Tensions had already led to his once-mentor Ulbricht removing Honecker from the position of Second Secretary in July 1970, only for the Soviet leadership to swiftly reinstate him. Honecker played up the thawing East-West German relationship as Ulbricht's strategy, to win the support of the Soviet leadership under
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1181:, who had not been aware of him at that point. Honecker's future role in the group was still undecided until well into the summer months, as he had yet to face a party process. This ended in a reprimand due to his "undisciplined conduct" in fleeing from prison at the start of the year, an action which was debated upon, potentially jeopardising the other (communist) inmates.
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1478:. Frictions between him and Honecker had grown over these policies and numerous additional issues from 1985 onward. East Germany refused to implement similar reforms, with Honecker reportedly telling Gorbachev: "We have done our perestroika; we have nothing to restructure". Gorbachev grew to dislike Honecker, and by 1988 was lumping him in with Bulgaria's
1996:. Furthermore, he questioned how a German court could now legally judge his political decisions in the light of the lack of legal action taken over various military operations that had been carried out by Western countries with either overt support or absence of condemnation from (West) Germany. He dismissed public criticism of the
2000:, arguing that journalists in Western countries were praised for denouncing others. While accepting political responsibility for the deaths at the Wall, he believed he was free of any "legal or moral guilt", and thought that East Germany would go down in history as "a sign that socialism is possible and is better than capitalism".
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to be the illegally adopted son of Heidi Stein, Dirk
Schiller, born on 13 June 1975 in Görlitz, who disappeared in March 1979, due to alleged physical similarities between Dirk and Yáñez, Stein suspecting that her son might have been kidnapped at three years old by Stasi agents for Honecker's younger daughter.
1371:. More attention was placed on the availability of consumer goods, and the construction of new housing was accelerated, with Honecker promising to "settle the housing problem as an issue of social relevance". His policies were initially marked by a liberalisation toward culture and art. While 1973 brought the
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surgeons left a suspected carcinogenic nodule in
Honecker's right kidney due to his weak condition, and also failed to inform the patient of the suspected cancer; other sources say the tumour was simply undetected. As a result of this operation, Honecker was away from his office until late September 1989.
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Honecker had three grandchildren from his daughter Sonja, who had married the
Chilean-born exile Leonardo Yáñez Betancourt: Roberto (b. 1974), Mariana (b. 1985), who died in 1988 at the age of two leaving Honecker himself heartbroken, and Vivian (b. 1988). Roberto's origins are debated; he is claimed
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had already been postponed due to their ill health. Arguing that his life expectancy was estimated to be three to six months, while the legal process was forecast to take at least two years, his lawyers questioned whether it was humane to try a dying man. Their application was rejected on 21 December
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The sitting of the SED Central
Committee planned for the end of November 1989 was pulled forward a week, with the most urgent item on the agenda now being the composition of the Politburo. Krenz and Mielke attempted by telephone on the night of 16 October to win other Politburo members over to remove
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Bolstered by relatively greater affluence than his country's
Eastern European neighbours enjoyed in a fantastically elaborate system of internal controls, East Germany's longtime leader Eric Honecker seemed secure in his position. His government had long dealt with dissent through a mixture of brutal
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On 6–7 October 1989 the national celebrations of the 40th anniversary of the East German state took place with
Gorbachev in attendance. To the surprise of Honecker and the other SED leaders in attendance, several hundred members of the Free German Youth — reckoned as the future vanguard of the party
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of the limited sovereignty of its member states, and announced "freedom of choice". The
Bucharest statement prescribed that its signees henceforth developed their "own political line, strategy and tactics without external intervention". This called into question the Soviet guarantee of existence for
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Gorbachev himself had no particular sympathy for Erich
Honecker, chairman of the East German Communist Party, and his hard-line comrades and the government. As early as 1985... had told East German party officials that kindergarten was over; no one would lead them by the hand. They were responsible
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Honecker was married three times. After being liberated from prison in 1945, he married the prison warden Charlotte Schanuel (née Drost), nine years his senior, on 23 December 1946. She died suddenly from a brain tumour in June 1947. Details of this marriage were not revealed until 2003, well after
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and Hans Albrecht were sentenced on 16 September 1993 to imprisonment of between four and seven-and-a-half years. On 13 April 1993 a final attempt to separate and continue the trial against Honecker in his absence was discontinued. Four days later, on the 66th birthday of his wife Margot, he gave a
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and also, at subsequent meetings, ordered the extensive expansion of the border fortifications around West Berlin and the barriers to the West so as to make any passing impossible. In addition, specifically at a May 1974 sitting of the National Defence Council, he had stated that the development of
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even extended the dismissal of Honecker to also include his posts in the State Council and as Chairman of the National Defence Council while childhood friend Günter Mittag moved away from Honecker. Mielke, hollering and pounding the conference room table with his fist pointed at Honecker and blamed
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Back in office, Honecker had to contend with the rising number and strength of demonstrations across East Germany that had first been sparked by reports in the West German media of fraudulent results in local elections on 7 May 1989, the same results he had labelled a "convincing reflection" of the
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of August 19, 1989 was too late and showed the current loss of power: "Habsburg distributed leaflets far into Poland, on which the East German holidaymakers were invited to a picnic. When they came to the picnic, they were given gifts, food and Deutsche Mark, and then they were persuaded to come to
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in August 1992 had confirmed an ultrasound examination made in Moscow and the existence of a malignant tumour in the right lobe of his liver. Based on these findings and additional medical testimonies, Honecker's lawyers requested that the legal proceedings, as far as they were aimed against their
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countries that had collectively concluded in 1961 that a "Third World War with millions dead" would be unavoidable without this action. He quoted several West German politicians who had opined that the wall had indeed reduced and stabilised the two factions. He stated that he had always regretted
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decided to put it to use as a sanatorium for the disabled. In any case, Honecker spent the majority of January 1990 in hospital after having the error of the tumour missed in 1989 corrected after the suspicion of cancer was confirmed. Upon leaving the hospital on 29 January he was re-arrested and
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East Germany also participated in the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe held in Helsinki in 1975, which attempted to improve relations between the West and the Eastern Bloc, and became a full member of the United Nations. These acts of diplomacy were considered Honecker's greatest
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in Berlin due to good behaviour and to be put to work repairing the bomb-damaged building, as he was a skilled roofer. During an Allied bombing raid on 6 March 1945 he managed to escape and hid himself at the apartment of Lotte Grund, a female prison guard. After several days she persuaded him to
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In September 1950, Baumann wrote directly to Walter Ulbricht to inform him of her husband's extramarital activity in the hope of him pressuring Honecker to end his relationship with Feist. Following his divorce and reportedly under pressure from the Politburo, he married Feist. However, sources
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on 19 October 1992 at the opening of the trial. On the same day, it was decided that the hearing of 56 charges would be postponed and the remaining twelve cases would be the subject of the trial to begin on 12 November 1992. The question of under which laws the former East German leader could be
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documentary on the matter claims this information was contained in a large red briefcase found in Mielke's possession in 1990. After three hours the Politburo voted to remove Honecker. In accordance with longstanding practice, Honecker voted for his own removal. When the public announcement was
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in an act that seemed to confirm West Germany's acceptance of East Germany's existence. During this trip he also journeyed to his birthplace in Saarland, where he held an emotional speech in which he spoke of a day when Germans would no longer be separated by borders. This trip had been planned
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The German Chancellery had only been informed by Soviet diplomats about the Honeckers’ flight to Moscow one hour in advance. It limited its response to a public protest, claiming the existence of an arrest warrant meant the Soviet Union was breaching international law by admitting Honecker. The
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during the Warsaw Pact summit. He was shortly afterwards flown home to East Berlin. After an initial stabilisation in his health, he underwent surgery on 18 August 1989 to remove his inflamed gallbladder and, due to a perforation, part of his colon. According to the urologist Peter Althaus, the
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had already set up a committee to investigate corruption and abuses of office, with Honecker being alleged to have received annual donations from the National Academy of Architecture of around 20,000 marks as an "honorary member". On 5 December 1989 the chief public prosecutor in East Germany
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final public speech, ending with the words: "Socialism is the opposite of what we have now in Germany. For that I would like to say that our beautiful memories of the German Democratic Republic are testimony of a new and just society. And we want to always remain loyal to these things".
1945:
During his 70-minute-long statement to the court on 3 December 1992, Honecker said that he had political responsibility for the building of the Berlin Wall and subsequent deaths at the borders, but claimed he was "without juridical, legal or moral guilt". He blamed the escalation of the
2088:, whom he met on a trip to Moscow. With her, he had a daughter, Erika (b. 1950), who later gave him his granddaughter Anke. Sources differ on whether Honecker and Baumann married in 1947 or 1949, but in 1952 he fathered an illegitimate daughter, Sonja (b. December 1952-2022), with
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held at the Berlin-Rummelsburg remand centre. However, on the evening of the following day, 30 January, Honecker was again released from custody: The district court had annulled the arrest warrant and, due to medical reports, certified him unfit for detention and interrogation.
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giving the SED a monopoly of power, thus formally ending Communist rule in East Germany two months after Honecker's removal. In an effort to rehabilitate itself, the SED expelled Honecker and several other former officials two days later. He went on to join the newly founded
2104:. In 2012 intelligence reports collated by West German spies alleged that both Honecker and his wife had secret affairs but did not divorce for political reasons; however, his bodyguard Bernd Brückner, in a book about his time spent in Honecker's service, denied the claims.
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Prison. By contrast, his wife Margot travelled on a direct flight from Moscow to Santiago, Chile, where she initially stayed with her daughter Sonja. Honecker's lawyers unsuccessfully appealed for him to be released from detention in the period leading up to his trial.
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in 1961 and had repeatedly reiterated that command (most specifically in 1974). However, this warrant was not enforceable because Honecker lay under the protection of Soviet authorities in Beelitz. On 13 March 1991 the Honeckers fled Germany from the Soviet-controlled
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Verfreundete Nachbarn: Deutschland - Österreich ; Begleitbuch zur Ausstellung im Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Bonn, 19. Mai bis 23. Oktober 2005 ; im Zeitgeschichtlichen Forum Leipzig, 2. Juni bis 9. Oktober 2006 ; in Wien
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had been critical of reforms. Honecker was forced to resign by the SED Politburo in October 1989 in a bid to improve the government's image in the eyes of the public; the effort was unsuccessful, and the regime would collapse entirely the following month.
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in 1971, Honecker was eventually also elected Chairman of the State Council (a post equivalent to that of president) on 29 October 1976. With this, Honecker reached the height of power within East Germany. From there on, he, along with Economic Secretary
6267:"Decretul nr. 141/1987 privind conferirea ordinului Victoria Socialismului tovarasului Erich Honecker, secretar general al Comitetului Central al Partidului Socialist Unit din Germania, presedintele Consiliului de Stat al Republicii Democrate Germane"
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twice before, including September 1984, but was initially blocked by the Soviet leadership which mistrusted the special East-West German relationship, particularly efforts to expand East Germany's limited independence in the realm of foreign policy.
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After returning to East Germany in 1958, Honecker became a fully-fledged member of the Politburo, taking over responsibility for military and security issues. As the Party Security Secretary he was the prime organiser of the building of the
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to test Gorbachev's reaction to the opening of the border), the subsequent hesitant behaviour of the Socialist Unity Party of East Germany and the non-intervention of the Soviet Union opened the floodgates. Thus the united front of the
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to French military occupation provided the backdrop for what Wilhelm Honecker understood as proletarian exploitation, and introduced young Erich to communism. After his tenth birthday in 1922, Erich Honecker became a member of the
6241:Řád Klementa Gottwalda – za budování socialistické vlasti (zřízen vládním nařízením č. 14/1953 Sb. ze dne 3. února 1953, respektive vládním nařízením č. 5/1955 Sb. ze dne 8. února 1955): Seznam nositelů (podle matriky nositelů)
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2031:, Chile, to reunite with his wife and his daughter Sonja, who lived there with her son Roberto. Upon his arrival he was greeted by the leaders of the Chilean Communist and Socialist parties. In contrast, his co-defendants
1982:" against communism. He stated that no court lying in the territory of West Germany had the legal right to place him, his co-defendants or any East German citizen on trial, and that the portrayal of East Germany as an
1328:. With this secured, Honecker was appointed First Secretary (from 1976 titled general secretary) of the Central Committee on 3 May 1971 after the Soviet leadership forced Ulbricht to step aside "for health reasons".
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again differ on both the year of his divorce from Baumann and of his marriage to Feist; depending on the source, the events took place either in 1953 or 1955. For more than twenty years, Margot Honecker served as
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1344:, made all key government decisions. Until 1989 the "little strategic clique" composed of these three men was unchallenged as the top level of East Germany's ruling class. Honecker's closest colleague was
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the border must continue, that lines of fire were warranted along the whole border and, as prior, the use of firearms was essential: "Comrades who have successfully used their firearms to be praised".
1925:, were accused in a 783-page indictment of taking part in the "collective manslaughter" of 68 people as they attempted to flee East Germany. It was alleged that Honecker, in his role as Chairman of the
912:
as General Secretary of the SED and chairman of the National Defence Council. Under his command, the country adopted a programme of "consumer socialism" and moved towards the international community by
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1137:, as well as straining his relations with his former inmates. In later interviews and in his personal memoirs, Honecker falsified many of the details of his life during this period. Material from the
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After a crisis meeting of the Politburo on 10–11 October 1989, Honecker's planned state visit to Denmark was cancelled and, despite his resistance, at the insistence of the regime's number-two-man,
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initial Soviet reaction was that Honecker was now too ill to travel and was receiving medical treatment after a deterioration of his health. He underwent further surgery the following month.
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1861:. Russian authorities had long been keen on expelling Honecker, against the wishes of Gorbachev, and the new government now demanded that he leave the country or else face deportation.
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After the Federal Republic had secured an agreement with the Soviet Union on cooperation and a policy of non-violence, it became possible to reach a similar agreement with the GDR. The
1348:, the SED's Agitation and Propaganda Secretary. Alongside him, Honecker held daily meetings concerning the party's media representation in which the layout of the party's own newspaper
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Michael Frank: Paneuropäisches Picknick – Mit dem Picknickkorb in die Freiheit (German: Pan-European picnic – With the picnic basket to freedom), in: Süddeutsche Zeitung 17 May 2010.
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1688:, a public statement was issued that called for "suggestions for attractive socialism". Over the following days Krenz worked to secure himself the support of the military and the
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1677:. A bloodbath was averted only when local party officials themselves ordered the troops to pull back. In the following week, Honecker faced a torrent of criticism. This gave his
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On 28 August 1935 he illegally travelled to Berlin under the alias "Marten Tjaden", with a printing press in his luggage. From there he worked closely together with KPD official
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1250:. Honecker himself though faced questioning from party members about his inadequate qualifications for his position. On 27 May 1955 he handed the Presidency of the FDJ over to
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On 11 December 1991 the Honeckers sought refuge in the Chilean Embassy in Moscow, while also applying for political asylum in the Soviet Union. Despite an offer of help from
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Under Honecker's leadership, East Germany adopted a program of "consumer socialism", which resulted in a marked improvement in living standards already the highest among the
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to the serious disadvantage of socialist property (the charge of high treason was dropped in March 1990). As a result, Honecker was placed under house arrest for a month.
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made, it was branded as a voluntary decision on Honecker's part, ostensibly "due to health reasons". Krenz was unanimously elected as his successor as General Secretary.
1227:. Within the state's socialist single party government, Honecker determinedly resumed his political career and the following year was named as a candidate member of the
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on 27 April 1945, Honecker remained in Berlin. His "escape" from prison and his relationships during his captivity later led to him experiencing difficulties within the
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Thomas Roser: DDR-Massenflucht: Ein Picknick hebt die Welt aus den Angeln (German – Mass exodus of the GDR: A picnic clears the world) in: Die Presse 16 August 2018.
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Being able to have an apartment, a job, clothes to put on, something to eat, and not having to sleep under bridges: that was already, for Erich Honecker, socialism.
889:, in 1946 and serving as the group's chairman until 1955. As the Security Secretary of the SED Central Committee, he was the prime organiser of the building of the
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detention centre. On 3 July 1937 he was sentenced to ten years imprisonment for the "preparation of high treason alongside the severe falsification of documents".
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Joachim Riedl: "Ein Brückenleben. Viele Schnurren und eine Sternstunde. Zum Tode Otto von Habsburgs." In: Wochenzeitung Die Zeit, Nr. 28, 7 July 2011, p 11.
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As the reform movement spread throughout Central and Eastern Europe, mass demonstrations against the East German government erupted, most prominently in
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populace's faith in his leadership. He also had to deal with a new refugee problem. Several thousand East Germans tried to go to West Germany by way of
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however saw 90.73% vote in favour of reunifying with Germany. Like 4,000 to 8,000 others, Honecker then fled the region, initially relocating to Paris.
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that Honecker would be leaving the embassy in Moscow. Reportedly against his will, Honecker was ejected from the embassy on 29 July 1992 and flown to
1563:, through which later several thousand East Germans quickly fled in hopes of reaching West Germany by way of Austria. But with the mass exodus at the
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him for almost all the country's current ills and threatened to publish compromising information that he possessed, if Honecker refused to resign. A
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1807:, prosecutors in Berlin issued a further arrest warrant for Honecker in November 1990 on charges that he gave the order to fire on escapees at the
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and demanded safe passage to West Germany. With some reluctance, Honecker allowed them to go – but forced them to go back through East Germany on
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1843:. In addition his daughter Sonja was married to a Chilean. Chilean authorities, however, stated he could not enter their country without a valid
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evidence incriminating fellow imprisoned Communists, claimed he had renounced Communism "for good", and was willing to serve in the German army.
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Honecker returned to the Saar in 1934 and worked alongside Johannes Hoffmann on the campaign against the region's re-incorporation into Germany.
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unexpectedly won 99 out of 100 votes, at the Warsaw Pact summit on 7–8 July 1989 in Bucharest, the Soviet Union reaffirmed its shift from the
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Honecker received additional high-profile personal recognitions including honorary doctorates of business administration from East Berlin's
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Honecker felt betrayed by Gorbachev in his German policy and ensured that official texts of the Soviet Union, especially those concerning
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repression, forced emigration, and the vent of allowing occasional, limited travel to the West for a substantial part of the population.
1246:, Honecker sided with First Secretary Walter Ulbricht, despite the majority of the Politburo attempting to depose Ulbricht in favour of
1173:, a collective of exiled German communists that had returned from the Soviet Union to Germany after the end of the Nazi regime. Through
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in opposition/resistance to the Nazi state. On 4 December 1935 Honecker was detained by the Gestapo and until 1937 remanded in Berlin's
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across the country. In response, an elite paratroop unit was dispatched to Leipzig—almost certainly on Honecker's orders, since he was
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for almost two years. In 1928 he returned to Wiebelskirchen and began a traineeship as a roofer with his uncle, but quit to attend the
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Lacking a home, Honecker instructed his lawyer Wolfgang Vogel to ask the Evangelical Church in Berlin-Brandenburg for help. Pastor
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At the time, Honecker was sidelined through illness, leaving his colleagues unable to act decisively. He had been taken ill with
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3967:"Der 19. August 1989 war ein Test für Gorbatschows" (German – August 19, 1989 was a test for Gorbachev), in: FAZ 19 August 2009.
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On 12 May 1992, while under protection in the Chilean embassy in Moscow, Honecker, along with several co-defendants, including
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for the building of the Berlin Wall, saying the decision had not been taken solely by the East German leadership but all the
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Dennis, Mike. "The East German Ministry of State Security and East German Society During the Honecker Era, 1971–1989." in
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committed by the East German government. However, the proceedings were abandoned, as Honecker was suffering from terminal
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7201:
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6318:
5697:
4555:
1501:, Gorbachev looked to Communist leaders in Eastern Europe to follow his example of perestroika and glasnost. They argue:
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in 1990, Honecker sought asylum in the Chilean embassy in Moscow, but was extradited back to Germany in 1992, after the
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Honecker's daughter divorced Yáñez in 1993. She resided in Santiago with her two surviving children and died in 2022.
885:, he was freed by the Soviet army and relaunched his political activities, founding the SED's youth organisation, the
129:
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5797:"Baumann, Edith (verh. Honecker-Baumann) * 1.8.1909, † 7.4.1973 Generalsekretärin der FDJ, Sekretärin des ZK der SED"
5649:
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Following the lifting of his house arrest, Honecker and his wife Margot were forced to vacate their apartment in the
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on his right, at the forefront of East Germany's 40th anniversary celebration, shortly before being forced to resign
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Western analysts, according to Zelikow and Rice, believed in 1989 that Communism was still secure in East Germany:
1243:
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1134:
1072:, who later represented the KPD in the Reichstag. After returning from Moscow in 1931 following his studies at the
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2017:
1992 when the court concluded that, given the seriousness of the charges, no obstacle to the proceedings existed.
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1993:
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1744:, and the SED swiftly lost control of the country. On 1 December, the Volkskammer deleted the provisions in the
1438:
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970:
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As unrest visibly grew, large numbers began fleeing the country through the West German embassies in Prague and
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5612:
5412:
4261:
3386:
The East German Uprising of June 17, 1953 and its Effects on the USSR and the Other Nations of Eastern Europe
2451:
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1040:
Honecker did not find an apprenticeship immediately after leaving school, but instead worked for a farmer in
958:
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and also becoming a full member of the UN, in what is considered one of his greatest political successes. As
851:
755:
133:
8721:
8430:
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8024:
4046:"Upheaval in the East; Honecker, in disgrace and in poor health, is arrested as he leaves a Berlin hospital"
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of the SED's Central Committee. As President of the Free German Youth movement, he organised the inaugural
1220:
1118:
830:; 25 August 1912 – 29 May 1994) was a German communist politician who led the German Democratic Republic (
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raised its efforts to suppress political resistance. Honecker remained committed to the expansion of the
1100:
5717:
5334:
5282:
4911:
4120:
4012:
3662:
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A traffic signal inspired by Honecker wearing a jaunty straw hat was used in parts of East Germany (Ost-
1597:, only to have that government bar them from passing. Several thousands of them headed straight for the
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11395:
11049:
11044:
10407:
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9166:
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6931:
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tried was highly controversial and, in the view of many jurists, the process had an uncertain outcome.
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formally launched a judicial inquiry against him on charges of high treason, abuses of confidence and
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3465:"More from Less: Ideological Gambling with the Unity of Economic and Social Policy in Honecker's GDR"
2636:
Press photo as a mural: Honecker with Brezhnev in fraternal kiss. The inscriptions in Russian reads "
2419:
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1316:, as he sought to improve the country's failing economy, Honecker declared the main task under his
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2776:"Honecker, Erich * 25.8.1912, † 29.5.1994 Generalsekretär des ZK der SED, Staatsratsvorsitzender"
2307:
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Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"
2180:
1803:. Here, doctors diagnosed a malignant liver tumour following another re-examination. Following
1799:
The couple then moved into a three-room living quarters within the Soviet military hospital in
904:
In 1970, Honecker initiated a political power struggle that led, with support of Soviet leader
10201:
7163:
6485:
Grix, Jonathan. "Competing approaches to the collapse of the GDR: ‘Top‐down’ vs ‘bottom‐up’,"
3043:
2944:. Here, it is argued Honecker was the biggest despot in recent German history, if you exclude
2341:
11618:
11481:
11435:
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11385:
11172:
11116:
10705:
10471:
10226:
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9116:
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8656:
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8266:
8174:
8139:
8049:
7994:
7891:
7732:
6479:
4121:"The Opposition charges the SED with fraud in the local elections of May 1989 (May 25, 1989)"
994:
981:. He was freed from custody to join his family in exile in Chile, where he died in May 1994.
504:
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Surgeon Peter Althaus informs media in January 1990 that Honecker is too ill to be detained.
1506:
for their own people. The relations between Gorbachev and Honecker went downhill from there.
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6398:"Cold War Thriller 'Whispers of Freedom' Sets Principal Cast (EXCLUSIVE) – Global Bulletin"
5504:"Persönliche Erklärung von Erich Honecker vor dem Berliner Landgericht am 3. Dezember 1992"
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introduces himself to the People's Chamber as Honecker's replacement for general secretary.
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11793:
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2008:
client, be abandoned and the arrest warrant against him withdrawn; the cases against both
1955:
every death, both from a human point of view and due to the political damage they caused.
1715:
1487:
946:
8:
12346:
Members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany
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8383:
8169:
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7809:
7779:
7763:
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Auszeichnungen der Nationalen Volksarmee der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, 1954-1990
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6216:"Speech presenting Playa Girón Order award to Erich Honecker, East Berlin, East Germany"
3504:
Betriebliche Konflikte in der DDR 1970/71 und der Machtwechsel von Ulbricht auf Honecker
2801:
2724:
Various sources give the years of marriage as 1949 to 1953, 1950 to 1953 or 1949 to 1955
1219:
On 7 October 1949, the German Democratic Republic was formed with the adoption of a new
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11708:
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6169:(in German). Stiftung Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. p. 175.
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1938:
1411:
512:
20:
12496:
Recipients of the Grand Star of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
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9890:
7317:
7153:
7133:
5778:
4696:
4535:
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Martin Sabrow (2016). Erich Honecker. Das Leben davor, C. H. Beck: Munich 2016, p. 376
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led to hundreds of arrests in which many were brutally beaten by soldiers and police.
1052:
after the KJVD handpicked him for a course of study there. There, sharing a room with
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9413:
9403:
9317:
9211:
9056:
8771:
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8378:
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8019:
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7307:
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6501:
McAdams, A. James. "The Honecker trial: The East German past and the German future."
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1970:
Making reference to past trials in Germany against communists and socialists such as
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to in fact be the "unity of economic and social politics", essentially through which
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East Germans protest against Honecker's diehard regime hindering all reforms, 1989.
1543:
1498:
1426:
1321:
1200:, Honecker swiftly became a leading party member and took his place in the party's
1130:
1121:, where he also carried out tasks as a handyman. In early 1945 he was moved to the
1030:
11813:
7020:
6139:
3599:"Protokoll der 45. Sitzung des Nationalen Verteidigungsrates der DDR (3 May 1974)"
3219:
2677:
1741:
1337:
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11984:
11891:
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10191:
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10156:
10131:
10076:
9841:
9809:
9701:
9661:
9423:
9418:
9358:
9299:
9031:
8909:
8736:
8701:
8609:
8604:
8328:
8222:
7896:
7829:
7819:
7784:
7740:
7727:
7679:
7546:
7526:
7491:
7412:
7262:
7229:
7219:
7048:
6962:
6906:
6844:
6824:
6708:
6613:
6568:
6344:
5577:
4661:
4415:
4266:
4246:
3949:
3898:
3753:
3712:
2828:"Honecker, Margot geb. Feist * 17.4.1927, † 6.5.2016 Ministerin für Volksbildung"
2662:
2555:
2302:
2184:
2089:
1978:, he claimed that the legal process against him was politically motivated and a "
1865:
1844:
1832:
1490:
as a "Gang of Four": a group of inflexible hardliners unwilling to make reforms.
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1325:
1305:
1212:
1188:(FDJ), whose chairmanship he also undertook. After the formation of the SED, the
1178:
1077:
1069:
1053:
909:
905:
873:
Honecker's political career began in the 1930s when he became an official of the
793:
649:
220:
110:
12281:
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11628:
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8323:
7486:
3450:"Erich Honecker on the 'Unity of Economic and Social Policy' (June 15–19, 1971)"
2368:
1894:
1889:
1835:. Under Honecker's rule, East Germany had granted many Chileans exile following
1392:
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1096:
and from there oversaw KJVD's activities in Pfalz, Hesse and Baden-Württemberg.
894:
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12016:
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11783:
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10916:
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9041:
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8014:
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1918:
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and stripped them of their East German citizenship. Several members of the SED
1594:
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1141:
has been used to allege that, to be released from prison, Honecker offered the
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339:(Neuhaus a. R., Bad Salzungen, Meiningen, Hildburghausen, Sonneberg; 1967-1971)
205:
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Creating German Communism, 1890–1990: From Popular Protests to Socialist State
5460:
Creating German Communism, 1890–1990: From Popular Protests to Socialist State
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2080:
By the time of her death, Honecker was already romantically involved with the
1992:
was contradictory to its recognition by over one hundred other states and the
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8512:
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8034:
8029:
7984:
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7615:
7521:
7496:
7466:
7461:
7446:
7234:
7214:
7148:
7038:
6972:
6796:
6098:"Verleihungsliste zum Ehrentitel "Held der Arbeit" der DDR von 1950 bis 1989"
3188:
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2618:
2474:
2085:
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1986:
1914:
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in 1985. In September 1987, he became the first East German head of state to
1434:
1380:
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268:
27:
6319:"Olympic Order awarded to former East German leader Honecker up for auction"
3686:(4th ed.). London, United Kingdom: Hodder & Stoughton. p. 392.
2614:
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1037:, for whom he later served the organisation's leader of Saarland from 1931.
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Political Leaders of Contemporary Western Europe: A Biographical Dictionary
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Legacies of Stalingrad: Remembering the Eastern Front in Germany since 1945
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2009:
1975:
1906:
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in 1961 and, in this function, bore administrative responsibility for the "
882:
878:
863:
831:
557:
306:
279:
6691:
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Social and Economic Modernization in Eastern Germany from Honecker to Kohl
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1445:, where he was received with full state honours by West German Chancellor
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8645:
8475:
8460:
8271:
8119:
8087:
7974:
7789:
7694:
7633:
7531:
6939:
6855:
6829:
6642:
5902:
4281:
3548:
Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte, Bd. 5: Bundesrepublik und DDR 1949–1950
3187:(in German). Unsere Zeit: Zeitung der DKP. 24 August 2012. Archived from
2913:
2412:
2218:
Grand Star of the Order of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
2013:
2003:
By the time of the proceedings Honecker was already seriously ill. A new
1963:
1958:
1951:
1930:
1910:
1869:
1824:
1693:
1657:
1470:
1446:
1376:
1277:
1093:
1080:, Communist activities within Germany were only possible undercover; the
1017:
950:
938:
922:
890:
847:
329:
156:
90:
6374:
6040:"Margot Honecker, East German Hard-Liner and Widow of Ruler, Dies at 89"
1929:, had both given the decisive order in 1961 for the construction of the
1354:, as well as the sequencing of news items in the national news bulletin
1033:'s children's group in Wiebelskirchen. Aged 14 he entered the KJVD, the
11466:
11340:
10954:
10740:
10685:
10655:
10585:
9940:
9651:
9621:
9575:
9490:
9458:
9450:
9393:
9081:
8796:
8485:
8373:
7979:
7541:
7402:
7058:
6944:
6839:
6718:
6632:
2935:"Der blasse Diktator. Erich Honecker als biographische Herausforderung"
2060:, was conducted the following day at the central cemetery in Santiago.
1979:
1868:, leader of a center-left coalition, finally assured German Chancellor
1793:
1714:
All those present then spoke, in turn, but none in favour of Honecker.
1703:
1685:
1166:
990:
914:
798:
232:
168:
122:
95:
10399:
8594:
6513:
The Man who Built the Berlin Wall. The Rise and Fall of Erich Honecker
4307:"Oct. 7, 1989: How 'Gorbi' spoiled East Germany's 40th Birthday Party"
3563:
The Man who Built the Berlin Wall. The Rise and Fall of Erich Honecker
2972:
The Man Who Built the Berlin Wall: The Rise and Fall of Erich Honecker
1609:
realised this was a serious blunder and made plans to get rid of him.
1254:, and departed for Moscow to study for two years at the School of the
12008:
11798:
11680:
11506:
11300:
11019:
10959:
10841:
10451:
10236:
10081:
9930:
9903:
9716:
9671:
9580:
9548:
9528:
9520:
8849:
8639:
7090:
4003:
Miklós Németh in Interview, Austrian TV – ORF "Report", 25 June 2019.
2672:"Eastern Crosswalk Man" was inspired by Honecker wearing a straw hat.
2388:
1971:
1239:
in 1951, although the latter was beset with organisational problems.
1041:
6775:
6450:
Collier Jr, Irwin L. "GDR economic policy during the honecker era."
5636:
The Imperfect Union: Constitutional Structures of German Unification
2265:
1966:
was "unavoidable" to prevent a "third World War with millions dead".
10856:
10831:
10788:
10622:
10605:
10529:
9815:
9656:
9553:
9428:
9247:
9151:
8291:
8149:
7603:
5998:
5518:"Terminally ill Honecker should be released from jail, court rules"
5391:. Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies. January 1996.
4286:
2681:
2053:
2028:
2020:
Honecker lodged a constitutional complaint to the recently created
1947:
1773:
1464:
1081:
998:
926:
918:
859:
543:
521:
334:
8935:
Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
6438:
The End of the East German Economy: From Honecker to Reunification
4677:"Upheaval in the East; Tide of luxuries sweep German leaders away"
2395:
2151:
1414:
in 1972 sought to normalise contacts between the two governments.
10783:
9761:
9646:
9636:
9585:
9126:
7871:
4136:
Comrades No More: The Seeds of Political Change in Eastern Europe
2549:
2334:
2206:
2004:
1857:
on 25 December 1991 and gave all his powers to Russian president
1800:
1666:
1142:
1126:
turn himself in and his escape was then covered up by the guard.
1076:, he became the leader of the KJVD in the Saar region. After the
525:
5666:"Court ends Honecker trial, citing violation of 'human dignity'"
5386:"The Honecker trial: The East German past and the German future"
2518:
838:
in November 1989. He held the posts of General Secretary of the
10710:
9829:
9631:
9570:
8505:
6476:
The People's State: East German Society from Hitler to Honecker
6346:
Behind the Berlin Wall: East Germany and the frontiers of power
5445:
A History of Political Trials: From Charles I to Saddam Hussein
4570:"Honecker ousted in East Germany, ending 18 years of Iron Rule"
4242:"East Germany closes its border after 10,000 more flee to West"
4222:"East Germans fill refugee camps; New wave from Czechoslovakia"
3630:
2949:
2140:
1877:
1816:
to Moscow on a military jet with the aid of Soviet hardliners.
1111:
11533:
5934:"Erich Honecker: So hielt er es mit Frauen, Familie und Autos"
4536:"Gorbachev visit triggered Honecker's ouster, former aid says"
4325:"Gorbachev visit triggered Honecker's ouster, former aid says"
2162:
1692:
and arranged a meeting between Gorbachev and Politburo member
12491:
Grand Cordons of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
10314:
10270:
American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
9776:
9559:
7638:
6491:
6#13:121–142, DOI: 10.1080/02613539808455836, Historiography.
6469:
3845:"Two Germanys' political divide is being blurred by Glasnost"
3819:
Germany Unified and Europe Transformed: A Study in Statecraft
3354:
The Last Revolutionaries: German communists and their century
3321:
The Last Revolutionaries: German Communists and their century
3096:
The Last Revolutionaries: German Communists and their century
3038:
The Last Revolutionaries: German Communists and their century
1997:
1828:
1784:
1689:
1384:
1089:
547:
6588:
Welcoming Address to 1979 Session of the World Peace Council
4190:"16,000 refugees flee for freedom East Germany exodus grows"
1576:
was broken. The reaction to this from Erich Honecker in the
1165:
In May 1945 Honecker was "picked up" by chance in Berlin by
1088:
under a League of Nations mandate. Honecker was arrested in
1024:
was occupied by France. This change from the strict rule of
9854:
9736:
7628:
7572:
3699:
The Hidden Hand: Gorbachev and the Collapse of East Germany
3218:(in German). Netzeitung.de. 20 January 2003. Archived from
2258:
1727:
1258:
at Ulbricht's request. During this period he witnessed the
1092:, Germany but soon released. Following this he fled to the
1059:
954:
862:. During his leadership, the country had close ties to the
7371:
1776:, exclusively used by senior SED party members, after the
858:. As the leader of East Germany, Honecker was viewed as a
10507:
Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe
10486:
10309:
10289:
10284:
5047:"Chilean Embassy in Moscow is giving shelter to Honecker"
4368:
2346:
Commander of the Grand Cross of the White Rose of Finland
2314:
1720:
1223:, establishing a political system similar to that of the
12466:
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit (honor clasp)
6192:
Cuba, 1953-1978: A Bibliographic Guide to the Literature
5850:"Die Stasi-Akte Margot Wie sie sich ihren Erich angelte"
5593:"Report sent to court gives Honecker short time to live"
5380:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5370:
4715:"East Germany calls off plans to try Honecker, 3 others"
4411:"Plot to oust East German leader was fraught with risks"
3075:"Erich Honecker (1912–1994), DDR-Staatsratsvorsitzender"
1523:, could no longer be published or sold in East Germany.
1117:
Honecker spent the majority of his incarceration in the
4301:
4299:
4297:
3719:
The Return: Russia's Journey from Gorbachev to Medvedev
3633:. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
1788:
Pastor Uwe Holmer gave the Honeckers sanctuary in 1990.
5928:
5926:
5924:
5355:"Honecker charged in deaths of East Germans in flight"
4825:(in German). Mainpost.de. 4 April 2011. Archived from
3631:"Helsinki Final Act signed by 35 participating States"
6596:
A Successful Policy Seared to the Needs of the People
5874:
5547:
5545:
5367:
5067:"Moscow's Communist faithful hold rally for Honecker"
4823:"Margot und Erich Honecker Asyl im Pfarrhaus gewährt"
4150:"Hundreds of East Germans reported in Prague Embassy"
2642:Господи! Помоги мне выжить среди этой смертной любви.
1557:
Hungary had begun dismantling its border with Austria
5498:
5496:
5494:
4975:"Honecker flown to Moscow by Soviets; Bonn protests"
4294:
3925:
3923:
1555:
the Communist states in Europe. Already in May 1989
1453:
921:
tensions eased in the late 1980s with the advent of
19:"Honecker" redirects here. For others so named, see
6598:
Volkskammer pamphlet including material by Honecker
5921:
5303:"Ousted East German leader returned to stand trial"
5211:"Soviet disarray; Pyongyang offers Honecker refuge"
4932:"Honecker's Arrest Sought in Berlin Wall Shootings"
4345:"East Germany seeking $ 371 million Bonn loan"
4170:"Refugees crowd West German embassies in East Bloc"
2711:Honecker held the same position under the title of
2092:, a People's Chamber member and chairperson of the
2056:district of Santiago. His funeral, arranged by the
5903:"Secret files: Communist Honecker cheated on wife"
5844:
5842:
5542:
4889:
4798:"Honecker freed; Court says he's too ill for jail"
3865:
3786:
3716:
3475:. Central European History Journal (45): 102–127.
3251:(in German). Hamburg. 31 October 1977. p. 87.
3210:
3208:
3206:
3141:"Honecker's Geheimakte lagerte in Mielke's Tresor"
3002:
2892:"Margot Honecker defends East German dictatorship"
1331:After also succeeding Ulbricht as Chairman of the
1056:, he studied under the cover name "Fritz Malter".
933:—Honecker refused all but cosmetic changes to the
6194:. Kraus International Publications. p. 777.
5491:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5428:
5335:"Court in Berlin refuses to free ailing Honecker"
5179:"Russia wants to expel former East German leader"
4969:
4967:
4026:"Honecker recuperating after gallstone operation"
3920:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3438:(in German). Hamburg. 20 August 2012. p. 46.
2399:First Class of the Order of Augusto Cesar Sandino
2374:Order of Merit of the People's Republic of Poland
1681:comrades the impetus they needed to replace him.
1101:A referendum on the area's future in January 1935
937:. He cited the consistent hardliner attitudes of
929:—the liberal reforms introduced by Soviet leader
12521:People convicted of treason against Nazi Germany
12307:
10255:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
6468:(Palgrave Macmillan, London, 200)3. 3–24 on the
5801:Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur
5773:
5771:
5087:"Chile shelters Honecker because of past favors"
4898:Staatschef: Die letzten Jahre des Erich Honecker
4738:"Honecker released from month-long house arrest"
4732:
4730:
4499:"Honecker was forced to resign by secret police"
4067:Staatschef: Die letzten Jahre des Erich Honecker
3452:. German History in Documents and Images (GHDI).
3294:"Honecker was forced to resign by secret police"
3005:Political Leaders of Contemporary Western Europe
2832:Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur
2780:Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur
2638:God! help me to survive amidst this deadly love"
2512:Medal "For Strengthening of Brotherhood in Arms"
1671:demonstrations which took place on Monday nights
1064:In 1930, aged 18, Honecker entered the KPD, the
877:, a position for which he was imprisoned by the
10545:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union
8692:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
8099:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
5839:
5407:
5405:
5015:"Moscow military hospital operates on Honecker"
4475:
4473:
4471:
3593:
3591:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3239:
3237:
3203:
3158:
3156:
3154:
2922:(= man who rules alone) is used. 2 August 1992.
1184:In 1946, Honecker became the co-founder of the
11326:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria
5573:"Doctor says Honecker too sick to stand trial"
5425:
5231:"Honecker to leave embassy sanctuary in Chile"
4964:
4849:"Der Mann, der Erich Honecker damals Asyl gab"
4391:"Leadership reaffirms commitment to Communism"
3789:Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire
3761:
3663:"Honecker begins historic visit to Bonn today"
3409:Germany: The Long Road West, Vol. 2: 1933–1990
3179:
3177:
2733:Some sources give the year of marriage as 1955
1567:in August 1989 (which was based on an idea by
1534:, Honecker lost control of what was happening.
1148:
12461:Heads of government who were later imprisoned
11549:
10415:
7588:
7357:
6890:
6761:
6677:
5831:(in German). 10 February 2011. Archived from
5768:
4727:
4450:
4448:
3644:Honecker's West German Visit: Divided Meaning
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
1753:in 1990, remaining a member until his death.
1291:
12486:Grand Crosses of the Order of the White Lion
10331:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
7882:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
6436:Bryson, Phillip J., and Manfred Melzer eds.
6375:"East Germany's iconic traffic man turns 50"
5970:(in German). 7 November 2013. Archived from
5877:"Margot Honecker – Die Frau an seiner Seite"
5471:
5469:
5402:
5139:"Chile in quandary over protecting Honecker"
4873:(in German). 30 January 2010. Archived from
4689:
4468:
3749:"Not all of East Europe is ready for reform"
3588:
3415:
3411:. Oxford University Press. pp. 266–268.
3305:
3234:
3151:
2975:. Pen and Sword History. 30 September 2023.
2917:
2746:
2568:
2052:at the age of 81 in a terraced house in the
1983:
1280:in August 1961 and also a proponent of the "
9192:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
6621:General Secretary of the Central Committee
5738:"Mielke und Honecker: Konspirationsgewohnt"
3701:. Harvard University Press. pp. 55–67.
3174:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2654:My God, Help Me to Survive This Deadly Love
2176:, five times (1969, 1972, 1977, 1982, 1985)
2022:Constitutional Court of the State of Berlin
1260:20th Congress of the Soviet Communist Party
1242:During the internal party unrest following
1012:Honecker's childhood home in Wiebelskirchen
11556:
11542:
10422:
10408:
10295:United States involvement in regime change
7850:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
7595:
7581:
7364:
7350:
6897:
6883:
6768:
6754:
6684:
6670:
6466:German Writers and the Politics of Culture
6163:
6105:Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ordenskunde e.V.
6080:
5819:
5817:
5698:"Honecker release drawing fire in Germany"
5283:"Honecker back in Berlin, may go on trial"
4817:
4815:
4813:
4703:(in German). 26 February 1990. p. 22.
4445:
3915:How Poland and Hungary Led the Way in 1989
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3389:. University of California, Santa Barbara.
3382:
3261:
3129:. Cambridge University Press. p. 178.
3060:
1559:, creating the first gap in the so-called
1412:Basic Treaty between East and West Germany
146:29 October 1976 – 24 October 1989
45:
5785:(in German). 20 January 2003. p. 20.
5466:
5442:
4657:"East Germany to prosecute ousted rulers"
4133:
4123:. German History in Documents and Images.
3784:
3578:"The GDR: A State of Peace and Socialism"
3245:"Farblos, scheu, wenig kameradschaftlich"
1367:countries – though still far behind
6253:IDSA News Review on East Asia - Volume 2
6189:
6068:"Honecker-Tochter Sonja Yáñez gestorben"
5462:. Princeton University Press. p. 3.
4487:(in German). 30 August 1999. p. 60.
4456:"Die Genossen opfern Honecker – zu spät"
4101:"Honecker returns to work after surgery"
3711:
3582:Calvin College German Propaganda Archive
3575:
3291:
3276:
3170:(in German). 3 October 1966. p. 32.
3000:
2989:
2889:
2667:
2631:
2067:
1957:
1888:
1876:, where he was arrested and detained in
1783:
1731:
1728:Start of prosecution and asylum attempts
1698:
1626:
1611:
1525:
1397:
1304:While Ulbricht had replaced the state's
1295:
1237:3rd World Festival of Youth and Students
1206:
1192:, in April 1946 through a merger of the
1152:
1060:Opposition to the Nazis and imprisonment
1007:
844:Chairman of the National Defence Council
16:Leader of East Germany from 1971 to 1989
10950:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation
10429:
8421:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
6623:of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany
6496:Honecker and the New Politics of Europe
6395:
6095:
5940:(in German). 9 May 2014. Archived from
5814:
5640:. Princeton University Press. pp.
5159:"Russia says Honecker will be expelled"
4810:
4610:"Entire East German leadership resigns"
4365:"Goodbye DDR, E04: Erich und die Mauer"
3462:
3406:
3393:
3349:
3316:
3091:
3033:
2691:will portray Honecker in upcoming film
1129:After the liberation of the prisons by
915:normalising relations with West Germany
614: 1946; died 1947)
12481:Recipients of the Order of Ho Chi Minh
12456:German politicians convicted of crimes
12426:German expatriates in the Soviet Union
12351:Members of the Provisional Volkskammer
12341:Communist Party of Germany politicians
12308:
10633:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
10570:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
10265:Russian espionage in the United States
8537:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
7373:Heads of State of Germany (since 1871)
6565:CNN Cold War – Profile: Erich Honecker
6316:
6134:
6132:
6130:
6128:
6126:
6124:
6122:
3696:
3560:
3545:
3501:
3124:
3009:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
2932:
2145:Hero of the German Democratic Republic
2072:Margot, Honecker's wife of forty years
1827:, Honecker instead reached out to the
1474:, reforms to liberalise the socialist
984:
11744:Tränenpalast, Friedrichstraße station
11609:Eastern Bloc emigration and defection
11537:
10980:Initiative for Peace and Human Rights
10403:
10260:Soviet espionage in the United States
8416:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966
8195:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
7860:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
7576:
7345:
6878:
6749:
6665:
6447:(London: Taylor & Francis, 1985).
6342:
6014:"Ist Honecker-Enkel entführter Sohn?"
5875:Helmut Müller-Enbergs (24 May 2016).
5758:"Wo Honecker heimlich begraben wurde"
5631:
5457:
4952:"Soviets may return Honecker to West"
4912:"Honecker accused of ordering deaths"
4900:(in German). Links. pp. 106–107.
4895:
4064:
3863:
3817:Philip Zelikow and Condoleezza Rice,
3530:
3358:. Harvard University Press. pp.
3266:(in German). Rowohlt. pp. 55–65.
3185:"Zum 100. Geburtstag Erich Honeckers"
2627:
2114:
1740:Three weeks after Honecker's ousting
1262:in person, where its First Secretary
973:, to stand trial for his role in the
834:) from 1971 until shortly before the
825:
192:3 May 1971 – 18 October 1989
79:3 May 1971 – 18 October 1989
10336:Soviet Union–United States relations
8687:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
6423:Party Executive Committee until 1950
6164:Feder, Klaus H.; Feder, Uta (2005).
6081:Feder, Klaus H.; Feder, Uta (1994).
5881:Budeszentrale für politische Bildung
5718:"Frail Honecker arrives in Santiago"
5553:"Illness threatens Honecker's trial"
5398:from the original on 9 October 2022.
4995:"Germany demands return of Honecker"
3681:
3325:. Harvard University Press. p.
3100:. Harvard University Press. p.
3042:. Harvard University Press. p.
1831:government under Christian Democrat
1373:World Festival of Youth and Students
1244:the suppressed uprising of June 1953
12411:Collaborators with the Soviet Union
12406:Communists in the German Resistance
12336:Politicians from the Rhine Province
10300:Soviet involvement in regime change
7202:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
6529:(Greenwood, 1995) pp. 195–201.
6119:
4778:"Honecker jailed on treason charge"
4198:. 12 September 1989. Archived from
3533:Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe
3264:Tatort Politbüro: Die Akte Honecker
2754:"Büro Erich Honecker im ZK der SED"
2119:
2094:Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation
1235:in East Berlin in May 1950 and the
1084:however still remained outside the
257:7 March 1946 – 27 May 1955
13:
12501:Foreign Heroes of the Soviet Union
10341:Soviet Union–United States summits
7815:1947 Polish parliamentary election
7700:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
7255:League of Communists of Yugoslavia
7073:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party
6590:Erich Honecker's speech to the WPC
6536:
6430:
5187:. 17 November 1991. Archived from
4628:
4556:"1989: East Germany leader ousted"
4262:"It's not easy being East Germany"
3613:"Todesopfer an der Berliner Mauer"
3601:(in German). chronik-der-mauer.de.
2933:Sabrow, Martin (9 February 2012).
2192:
1139:East German State Security Service
733:Politburo of the Central Committee
726:Politburo of the Central Committee
14:
12537:
12511:Deaths from liver cancer in Chile
12471:Recipients of the Banner of Labor
12441:International Lenin School alumni
12331:People from Neunkirchen, Saarland
12159:The Spy Who Came in from the Cold
11977:The Spy Who Came In from the Cold
10477:Eastern Bloc media and propaganda
10462:Criticism of communist party rule
9102:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
9037:United States invasion of Grenada
8307:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
8248:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
6988:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
6652:of the German Democratic Republic
6650:Chairman of the Council of State
6581:www.warheroes.ru – Erich Honecker
6558:
5674:. 13 January 1993. Archived from
5526:. 13 January 1993. Archived from
5263:"Honecker arraigned on 49 counts"
3407:Winkler, Heinrich August (2007).
2910:""Er hielt sich für den Größten""
2665:, became known around the world.
2651:'s 1990 mural on the Berlin Wall
1937:The charges were approved by the
1884:
1642:"Gorby, help us! Gorby, save us!"
1493:According to White House experts
1458:In the late 1980s, Soviet leader
1454:Illness, downfall and resignation
1379:, soon dissident artists such as
1215:at the Party's 5th congress, 1958
1035:Young Communist League of Germany
583:Communist Party of Germany (1990)
12506:Recipients of the Order of Lenin
12183:Am kürzeren Ende der Sonnenallee
11637:
11523:Human rights in the Soviet Union
10482:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc
9177:United States invasion of Panama
9027:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
8667:1971 Turkish military memorandum
8630:Communist insurgency in Thailand
8600:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
8532:Communist insurgency in Malaysia
8359:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
8287:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
7805:Restatement of Policy on Germany
7069:Hungarian Working People's Party
7031:Socialist Unity Party of Germany
6805:
6730:
6389:
6367:
6336:
6310:
6285:
6259:
6245:
6234:
6208:
6183:
6157:
6089:
6074:
6060:
6032:
6006:
5986:
5964:"Das schwarze Schaf der Familie"
5956:
5895:
5868:
5789:
5750:
5730:
5710:
5690:
5658:
5625:
5605:
5585:
5565:
5510:
5483:. 5 January 2010. Archived from
5451:
5347:
5327:
5295:
5275:
5255:
5223:
5203:
5171:
5151:
5131:
5111:
5079:
5059:
5039:
5027:from the original on 13 May 2015
5007:
4987:
4944:
4924:
4904:
4859:
4841:
4790:
4770:
4750:
4437:. 5 January 2010. Archived from
3953:. 22 August 1989. Archived from
3945:"East German exodus echoes 1961"
3894:"Warsaw Pact warms to Nato plan"
2613:
2600:
2590:Order of the Yugoslav Great Star
2584:
2570:
2554:
2542:
2528:Honorary citizen of the city of
2517:
2506:
2495:
2484:
2473:
2460:
2446:
2433:
2418:
2405:
2394:
2381:
2367:
2354:
2340:
2327:
2313:
2301:
2288:
2274:
2264:
2251:
2238:
2225:
2212:
2199:
2179:
2161:
2150:
2139:
2126:
2048:Honecker died on 29 May 1994 of
1864:In June 1992, Chilean President
1540:1989 Polish legislative election
1318:New System of Economic Socialism
1211:Honecker, watched by his mentor
989:Honecker was born into a deeply
949:whose respective governments of
897:" along the Wall and the larger
840:Socialist Unity Party of Germany
706:
638:
577:Socialist Unity Party of Germany
12476:Recipients of the Olympic Order
11563:
11431:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
11361:Fall of the inner German border
9897:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
9278:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
9207:Fall of the inner German border
9107:1988 Black Sea bumping incident
8757:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
8747:Spanish transition to democracy
8707:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency
8334:Communist insurgency in Sarawak
7840:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
7721:Occupation of the Baltic states
6317:Mackay, Duncan (27 June 2020).
5994:"Zwei Saarländer an der Spitze"
5447:. Peter Lang. pp. 195–206.
5413:"Honecker trial starts Nov. 12"
5095:. 12 March 1992. Archived from
4707:
4669:
4649:
4622:
4602:
4582:
4562:
4548:
4528:
4509:
4491:
4423:
4403:
4383:
4357:
4337:
4317:
4274:
4254:
4234:
4214:
4182:
4162:
4142:
4127:
4113:
4093:
4073:
4069:(in German). Links. p. 77.
4058:
4038:
4018:
4006:
3997:
3988:
3979:
3970:
3961:
3937:
3906:
3886:
3857:
3837:
3824:
3811:
3741:
3705:
3690:
3684:A History of Germany: 1815–1990
3675:
3655:
3637:
3623:
3605:
3569:
3554:
3539:
3524:
3510:
3495:
3456:
3442:
3376:
3343:
3285:
3270:
3255:
3133:
3118:
3085:
3027:
2963:
2942:Centre for Contemporary History
2926:
2902:
2890:Connolly, Kate (2 April 2012).
2883:
2872:
2608:International Olympic Committee
2501:Order of the October Revolution
1855:dissolution of the Soviet Union
1418:successes in foreign politics.
1340:and Minister of State Security
1233:"Deutschlandtreffen der Jugend"
658:
634:
611:
12396:Members of the 9th Volkskammer
12391:Members of the 8th Volkskammer
12386:Members of the 7th Volkskammer
12381:Members of the 6th Volkskammer
12376:Members of the 5th Volkskammer
12371:Members of the 4th Volkskammer
12366:Members of the 3rd Volkskammer
12361:Members of the 2nd Volkskammer
12356:Members of the 1st Volkskammer
12316:Heads of state of East Germany
11719:Berlin Friedrichstraße station
11421:Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact
10560:Terrorism and the Soviet Union
8677:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
8312:Mozambican War of Independence
7751:Indonesian National Revolution
6417:
6396:Yossman, K.J. (5 March 2024).
5743:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
5613:"Honecker trial to go forward"
5311:. 30 July 1992. Archived from
5239:. 30 June 1992. Archived from
5127:(in German). 18 February 2012.
5124:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
3868:The Rise and Fall of Communism
3292:Paterson, Tony (6 June 2011).
3281:(in German). pp. 154–178.
2846:
2820:
2794:
2768:
2727:
2718:
2705:
2102:Minister of National Education
1675:commander-in-chief of the Army
1548:Solidarity Citizens' Committee
718:Central institution membership
318:Parliamentary constituencies
1:
12446:People extradited from Russia
11441:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
11040:Inter-regional Deputies Group
11025:National League for Democracy
10275:CIA and the Cultural Cold War
9290:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
9243:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
8965:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
8930:Seven Days to the River Rhine
8662:Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
7949:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état
7877:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
6273:(in Romanian). 25 August 1987
6020:(in German). 18 February 2011
5779:"Honeckers verschwiegene Ehe"
4464:(in German). 17 October 2009.
3565:. Pen and Sword. p. 122.
2740:
2680:) and has become a symbol of
2452:Order of Victory of Socialism
2441:Socialist Republic of Romania
2233:People's Republic of Bulgaria
1640:and nation — began chanting,
1599:West German embassy in Prague
1078:Nazi seizure of power in 1933
852:Chairman of the State Council
601:Charlotte Schanuel, née Drost
402:Central Committee Secretariat
12451:People extradited to Germany
12272:List of Berlin Wall segments
11351:Alexanderplatz demonstration
11316:Polish Round Table Agreement
10990:People's Movement of Ukraine
9268:Fall of communism in Albania
9238:Mongolian Revolution of 1990
9187:Polish Round Table Agreement
8527:1968 Polish political crisis
8344:Eritrean War of Independence
8110:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
8005:East German uprising of 1953
7937:Chinese Communist Revolution
7602:
7126:Polish United Workers' Party
6546:. New York: Pergamon, 1981.
6498:(New York: Macmillan, 1972).
6377:. The Local. 13 October 2013
6220:Online Archive of California
6190:Chilcote, Ronald H. (1986).
6002:(in German). 23 August 2012.
5764:(in German). 25 August 2012.
4758:"Honecker has tumor removed"
4590:"East Germans oust Honecker"
3546:Wehler, Hans-Ulrich (2008).
3535:. Hoover Press. p. 105.
3432:"Der unterschätzte Diktator"
3147:(in German). 25 August 2012.
2185:Order of the Banner of Labor
2027:Honecker flew via Brazil to
1314:Economic System of Socialism
1123:Barnimstrasse women's prison
935:East German political system
730:1950–1958: Candidate member,
354: – 16 November 1989
7:
12421:German expatriates in Chile
11854:Christel and Eckhard Wehage
11656:Gedenkstätte Berliner Mauer
11396:January Events in Lithuania
11331:Hungarian Round Table Talks
10970:Democratic Party of Albania
9142:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
8870:Korean Air Lines Flight 902
8615:Corrective Movement (Syria)
8579:New People's Army rebellion
8574:Sino-Soviet border conflict
8302:Angolan War of Independence
8165:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
8045:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
7690:Jamaican political conflict
7437:Federal Republic of Germany
6440:(Palgrave Macmillan, 1991).
6096:Hubrich, Dirk (June 2013).
5477:"Das Ende der Honecker-Ära"
3350:Epstein, Catherine (2003).
3317:Epstein, Catherine (2003).
3092:Epstein, Catherine (2003).
3034:Epstein, Catherine (2003).
2916:. More precisely, the term
2492:, thrice (1972, 1982, 1987)
2166:Honor clasp in Gold of the
1385:Ministry for State Security
1149:Post-war return to politics
1068:. His political mentor was
1022:Territory of the Saar Basin
769:Security Commission at the
10:
12542:
12250:The Day the Wall Came Down
11050:Hungarian Democratic Forum
11045:Alliance of Free Democrats
11035:Union of Democratic Forces
9338:Sino-Indian border dispute
9167:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
9097:1987–1989 JVP insurrection
8855:1976 Argentine coup d'état
8767:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
8717:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
8401:1964 Brazilian coup d'état
8369:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
8058:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
7825:Asian Relations Conference
6932:Party of Labour of Albania
6781:German Democratic Republic
6461:(Burns & Oates, 1993).
6452:Eastern European Economics
6085:(in German). Munz Galerie.
4631:"Honecker, Erich | MDR.DE"
4282:"Gorbachev in East Berlin"
3785:Sebetsyen, Victor (2009).
3531:Staar, Richard F. (1984).
3262:Przybylski, Peter (1991).
3125:Morina, Christina (2011).
2802:"Erich Honecker 1912–1994"
2425:Order of the National Flag
1751:Communist Party of Germany
1431:London School of Economics
1292:Leadership of East Germany
1074:International Lenin School
1066:Communist Party of Germany
1046:International Lenin School
1026:Ferdinand Eduard von Stumm
875:Communist Party of Germany
571:Communist Party of Germany
25:
18:
12401:Free German Youth members
12264:
12233:
12201:
12150:
12115:
11942:
11935:
11910:
11862:
11752:
11694:
11671:Checkpoint Charlie Museum
11646:
11635:
11571:
11515:
11449:
11411:1991 protests in Belgrade
11291:
11216:
11125:
11067:
11058:
10940:
10802:
10749:
10646:
10578:
10515:
10437:
10374:
10323:
10245:
10222:William Appleman Williams
10167:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
9949:
9921:
9870:
9802:
9795:
9729:
9594:
9519:
9449:
9442:
9351:
9298:
9230:
8943:
8682:Bangladesh Liberation War
8672:1971 Sudanese coup d'état
8587:
8559:1969 Sudanese coup d'état
8547:1968 Peruvian coup d'état
8210:
7985:Arab Cold War (1952–1979)
7962:
7672:
7610:
7560:
7510:
7435:
7379:
7253:
7200:
7172:
7120:
7067:
7029:
6986:
6955:Bulgarian Communist Party
6953:
6930:
6921:
6917:
6853:
6814:
6803:
6787:
6727:
6704:
6647:
6639:
6629:
6618:
6610:
6605:
5506:(in German). Glasnost.de.
4138:. MIT Press. p. 173.
3550:(in German). p. 218.
3481:10.1017/S0008938911001002
3277:Völklein, Ulrich (2003).
2879:Profile of Erich Honecker
2641:
2319:Order of Klement Gottwald
2063:
1837:the military coup of 1973
1119:Brandenburg-Görden Prison
819:Erich Ernst Paul Honecker
812:
779:
714:
702:
679:
671:
592:
563:
553:
533:
491:
486:
482:
468:
456:
444:
432:
420:
408:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
370:
358:
344:
327:
323:
316:
312:
300:
288:
261:
250:
238:
226:
214:
196:
185:
174:
162:
150:
139:
128:
116:
104:
83:
72:
60:
56:
44:
37:
12290:(Cross-border commuters)
11686:Chapel of Reconciliation
11401:January Events in Latvia
11391:Reunification of Germany
11376:1990s post-Soviet aliyah
11306:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest
11030:National Salvation Front
11015:Belarusian Popular Front
11005:Popular Front of Estonia
10774:Polish underground press
10535:List of socialist states
8997:1980 Turkish coup d'état
8832:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
8802:1978 Somali coup attempt
8762:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
8727:1973 Chilean coup d'état
8552:Revolutionary Government
8446:South African Border War
8238:1960 Turkish coup d'état
8155:Iraqi 14 July Revolution
8010:1953 Iranian coup d'état
7990:1952 Egyptian revolution
7425:Führer and Reichskanzler
7174:Romanian Communist Party
6542:Honecker, Erich. (1981)
6474:Fulbrook, Mary. (2008)
5632:Quint, Peter E. (1997).
5443:Laughland, John (2008).
5119:"Ein Leben im Rückwärts"
4134:De Nevers, Rene (2002).
4081:"Honecker deteriorating"
4013:www.chronik-der-mauer.de
3697:Gedmin, Jeffrey (2003).
3576:Honecker, Erich (1984).
3469:Central European History
3383:Dankiewicz, Jim (1999).
3279:Honecker: Eine Biografie
3216:"Honeckers geheime Ehen"
3079:rheinische-geschichte.de
3001:Wilsford, David (1995).
2806:Lebendiges Museum Online
2698:
2659:socialist fraternal kiss
2479:Hero of the Soviet Union
2362:Polish People's Republic
2244:Order of Georgi Dimitrov
2168:Patriotic Order of Merit
2058:Communist Party of Chile
2043:
1927:National Defence Council
1746:East German constitution
1406:summit in Helsinki, 1975
1333:National Defence Council
971:fall of the Soviet Union
763:National Defence Council
554:Cause of death
365:Constituency established
180:National Defense Council
26:Not to be confused with
11953:Escape from East Berlin
11624:Fall of the Berlin Wall
11477:Economic liberalization
11416:1991 Belarusian strikes
11356:Fall of the Berlin Wall
11010:Public Against Violence
11000:Popular Front of Latvia
10779:Political demonstration
10628:Chinese economic reform
10540:People Power Revolution
9202:Fall of the Berlin Wall
9147:People Power Revolution
9132:Central American crisis
9072:1986 Black Sea incident
8722:1973 Afghan coup d'état
8620:Western Sahara conflict
8431:1966 Syrian coup d'état
8354:1963 Syrian coup d'état
8297:Portuguese Colonial War
8260:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
8025:1954 Syrian coup d'état
7902:Annexation of Hyderabad
7845:1947–1949 Palestine war
7565:indicates acting holder
7502:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
6737:East Germany portal
6515:. (Pen and Sword, 2023)
6488:Journal of Area Studies
6351:Oxford University Press
6343:Major, Patrick (2009).
5856:(in German). 8 May 2016
5458:Weitz, Eric D. (1996).
4558:. BBC. 18 October 1989.
4431:"Erich Honeckers Sturz"
3933:. chronik-der-mauer.de.
3561:Morley, Nathan (2023).
3520:. chronik-der-mauer.de.
2308:Order of the White Lion
1131:advancing Soviet troops
846:; in 1976, he replaced
836:fall of the Berlin Wall
827:[ˈeːʁɪçˈhɔnɛkɐ]
737:1946–1989: Full member,
723:1958–1989: Full member,
12516:People of the Cold War
11927:"Tear down this wall!"
11779:Christian-Peter Friese
10611:New political thinking
9496:Neoclassical economics
9007:Gulf of Sidra incident
8564:1969 Libyan revolution
8255:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
8040:1954 Geneva Conference
7800:Turkish straits crisis
7795:Corfu Channel incident
7472:Richard von Weizsäcker
7182:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
6905:Leaders of the ruling
4896:Kunze, Thomas (2001).
4065:Kunze, Thomas (2001).
3864:Brown, Archie (2009).
3723:. Free Press. p.
3682:Carr, William (1991).
3463:Allison, Mark (2012).
2918:
2673:
2645:
2073:
1984:
1967:
1902:
1874:Berlin's Tegel Airport
1789:
1737:
1707:
1669:—the first of several
1663:
1646:Palace of the Republic
1636:
1617:
1535:
1407:
1383:were expelled and the
1301:
1256:Soviet Communist Party
1216:
1177:, Honecker befriended
1162:
1013:
782:Leader of East Germany
11619:Berlin Crisis of 1961
11482:Post-Soviet conflicts
11436:Tajikistani Civil War
11386:Revolution on Granite
11346:Monday Demonstrations
10872:Sanjaasürengiin Zorig
10706:Mengistu Haile Mariam
10472:Eastern Bloc politics
10346:Russia–NATO relations
10227:Jonathan Reed Winkler
9511:Democratic capitalism
9506:Supply-side economics
9474:American conservatism
9273:Breakup of Yugoslavia
9162:Bougainville conflict
9077:South Yemen civil war
9012:Martial law in Poland
8875:Nicaraguan Revolution
8850:Dirty War (Argentina)
8657:1971 JVP insurrection
8471:Years of Lead (Italy)
8349:North Yemen civil war
8267:Berlin Crisis of 1961
8243:Albanian–Soviet split
8175:1959 Tibetan uprising
8140:Syrian Crisis of 1957
7995:Iraqi Intifada (1952)
7855:1948 Arab–Israeli War
7122:Polish Workers' Party
6697:Socialist Unity Party
6525:Wilsford, David, ed.
6522:(Princeton UP, 1997).
6505:58.1 (1996): 53–80.
6480:Yale University Press
3502:Klenke, Olaf (2004).
2671:
2661:between Honecker and
2635:
2071:
1961:
1939:Berlin District Court
1892:
1787:
1735:
1702:
1650:
1630:
1615:
1529:
1401:
1299:
1210:
1190:Socialist Unity Party
1157:Honecker, founder of
1156:
1135:Socialist Unity Party
1011:
335:Karl-Marx-Stadt/Stadt
67:Socialist Unity Party
12124:The Road to the Wall
11920:Ich bin ein Berliner
11911:The Wall in speeches
11789:Marienetta Jirkowsky
11774:Winfried Freudenberg
11676:Topography of Terror
11604:German reunification
10892:Vytautas Landsbergis
10887:Viacheslav Chornovil
10716:Denis Sassou Nguesso
9767:Non-Aligned Movement
9389:Peaceful coexistence
9343:North Borneo dispute
9258:German reunification
9253:Min Ping Yu No. 5202
8951:Salvadoran Civil War
8900:Grand Mosque seizure
8895:Yemenite War of 1979
8787:Mozambican Civil War
8742:Carnation Revolution
8697:Yemenite War of 1972
8635:1970 Polish protests
8466:1967 Hong Kong riots
8441:Argentine Revolution
8391:Guatemalan Civil War
8319:Cuban Missile Crisis
8233:Bay of Pigs Invasion
8105:1956 Poznań protests
8083:Geneva Summit (1955)
7685:Hukbalahap Rebellion
7664:Non-Aligned Movement
7552:Sabine Bergmann-Pohl
7240:Konstantin Chernenko
6864:Sabine Bergmann-Pohl
6575:Honecker im Internet
6571: (archive index)
6349:. Oxford, New York:
5530:on 27 September 2013
4877:on 24 September 2015
4853:Hamburger Abendblatt
4697:"Bürger A 000 000 1"
4230:. 12 September 1989.
4178:. 19 September 1989.
4158:. 21 September 1989.
4109:. 26 September 1989.
4089:. 11 September 1989.
3617:chronik-der-mauer.de
2560:Order of Ho Chi Minh
2372:Grand Cordon of the
2280:Order of Playa Girón
2147:, twice (1982, 1987)
1805:German reunification
1756:During November the
1742:the Berlin Wall fell
1538:One month after the
1360:, were determined.
967:German reunification
637: 1947;
295:Position established
12217:Holidays in the Sun
11579:Inner German border
11336:Pan-European Picnic
11311:1988 Polish strikes
10691:Wojciech Jaruzelski
10431:Revolutions of 1989
10212:Alex von Tunzelmann
10202:Vladimir Tismăneanu
10127:Thomas J. McCormick
10122:Jack F. Matlock Jr.
10022:Robert Hugh Ferrell
9885:Crusade for Freedom
9682:Illiberal democracy
9566:Ho Chi Minh Thought
9369:Eisenhower Doctrine
9222:Peaceful Revolution
9217:Romanian Revolution
9197:Revolutions of 1989
9182:1988 Polish strikes
9092:Operation INFEKTION
9087:1987 Lieyu massacre
8992:Eritrean Civil Wars
8975:Peruvian Revolution
8925:1979 Herat uprising
8915:Sino-Vietnamese War
8880:Uganda–Tanzania War
8860:Egyptian–Libyan War
8827:Third Indochina War
8822:Sino-Albanian split
8812:Ethiopian Civil War
8712:Eritrean Civil Wars
8652:Ping-pong diplomacy
8625:Cambodian Civil War
8451:Korean DMZ Conflict
8436:Cultural Revolution
8406:Dominican Civil War
8384:Tlatelolco massacre
8170:1959 Mosul uprising
8160:1958 Lebanon crisis
7887:Al-Wathbah uprising
7810:First Indochina War
7780:Iran crisis of 1946
7417:Paul von Hindenburg
7164:Mieczysław Rakowski
7159:Wojciech Jaruzelski
6693:General Secretaries
6443:Childs, David, ed.
6255:. 1988. p. 60.
5944:on 25 February 2017
5621:. 22 December 1992.
5601:. 16 December 1992.
5561:. 18 November 1992.
5523:The Washington Post
5343:. 4 September 1992.
5219:. 15 December 1991.
5167:. 17 November 1991.
5075:. 17 December 1991.
5055:. 13 December 1991.
4829:on 16 November 2018
4685:. 10 December 1989.
4665:. 27 November 1989.
4544:. 27 December 1989.
4518:Geheimakte Honecker
4441:on 19 October 2013.
4371:. 20 September 2005
4333:. 27 December 1989.
3957:on 19 October 2013.
3912:spiegel.de (2009):
3853:. 18 December 1988.
3671:. 7 September 1987.
2693:Whispers of Freedom
2423:First Class of the
2306:First Class of the
2270:Order of José Martí
1994:UN Security Council
1899:inner German border
1814:Sperenberg Airfield
1809:Inner German border
1565:Pan-European Picnic
1532:Pan-European Picnic
1482:, Czechoslovakia's
1423:Humboldt University
1389:Inner German border
1310:New Economic System
1308:with, firstly the "
1286:Inner German border
985:Childhood and youth
975:human rights abuses
908:, to him replacing
899:inner German border
866:, which maintained
754:1960–1989: Member,
273:Gerhard Heidenreich
12526:Former Protestants
12431:Exiled politicians
12175:Judgment in Berlin
12140:Rabbit à la Berlin
12033:Judgment in Berlin
11936:In popular culture
11756:breaching the Wall
11709:Checkpoint Charlie
11647:Memorials, museums
10696:Slobodan Milošević
10565:Vatican Opposition
10366:Russian Revolution
10162:Mary Elise Sarotte
10147:William B. Pickett
10072:Patrick J. Hearden
10052:Gabriel Gorodetsky
10047:Timothy Garton Ash
10032:Anneli Ute Gabanyi
9627:Ethnic nationalism
9379:Hallstein Doctrine
9263:Yemeni unification
9052:1985 Geneva Summit
9017:Casamance conflict
8920:New Jewel Movement
8905:Iranian Revolution
8890:Chadian–Libyan War
8837:Cambodian conflict
8817:Lebanese Civil War
8807:Western Sahara War
8782:June 1976 protests
8777:Cambodian genocide
8542:17 July Revolution
8496:Nigerian Civil War
8411:Rhodesian Bush War
8396:Colombian conflict
8339:Ramadan Revolution
8078:Bandung Conference
7954:Operation Valuable
7835:Partition of India
7288:Dragoslav Marković
7192:Nicolae Ceaușescu
6606:Political offices
6503:Review of Politics
6454:29.1 (1990): 5–29.
6445:Honecker's Germany
6045:The New York Times
5825:"Honeckers Frauen"
5726:. 15 January 1993.
5706:. 24 January 1993.
5703:The New York Times
5618:The New York Times
5598:The New York Times
5558:The New York Times
5421:. 21 October 1992.
5418:The New York Times
5360:The New York Times
5315:on 15 January 2015
5216:The New York Times
5147:. 15 January 1990.
5144:The New York Times
4940:. 2 December 1990.
4937:The New York Times
4920:. 2 December 1990.
4855:. 30 January 2010.
4806:. 31 January 1990.
4786:. 29 January 1990.
4766:. 10 January 1990.
4682:The New York Times
4618:. 4 December 1989.
4598:. 19 October 1989.
4578:. 18 October 1989.
4419:. 28 October 1990.
4399:. 11 October 1989.
4353:. 2 December 1983.
4350:The New York Times
4202:on 19 October 2013
4054:. 30 January 1990.
4051:The New York Times
3850:The New York Times
3830:Zelikow and Rice,
3652:, 7 September 1987
3649:The New York Times
3191:on 8 December 2015
2674:
2646:
2628:In popular culture
2534:Chelyabinsk Oblast
2174:Order of Karl Marx
2115:Honours and awards
2074:
1968:
1962:Honecker said the
1903:
1790:
1738:
1708:
1637:
1618:
1536:
1443:visit West Germany
1408:
1302:
1217:
1163:
1014:
767:1956–1960: Member,
760:1960–1989: Member,
749:Other offices held
513:Kingdom of Prussia
21:Honecker (surname)
12303:
12302:
12260:
12259:
12244:(1991 video game)
12167:Funeral in Berlin
12081:Bornholmer Straße
11993:Funeral in Berlin
11872:Günter Schabowski
11863:Others associated
11844:Hildegard Trabant
11794:Cengaver Katrancı
11704:Bornholmer Straße
11666:East Side Gallery
11531:
11530:
11457:Colour revolution
11287:
11286:
11254:Congo-Brazzaville
10975:Democratic Russia
10932:Pope John Paul II
10927:George H. W. Bush
10877:Vladimir Bukovsky
10666:Mikhail Gorbachev
10661:Nicolae Ceaușescu
10447:Era of Stagnation
10397:
10396:
10384:List of conflicts
10232:Rudolph Winnacker
10177:Giles Scott-Smith
10152:Ronald E. Powaski
10107:Melvyn P. Leffler
10037:John Lewis Gaddis
10012:Robert D. English
9977:Warren H. Carroll
9967:Michael Beschloss
9936:Nuclear arms race
9917:
9916:
9823:Neues Deutschland
9725:
9724:
9707:White nationalism
9677:Liberal democracy
9414:Ulbricht Doctrine
9404:Brezhnev Doctrine
9212:Velvet Revolution
8956:Soviet–Afghan War
8772:Angolan Civil War
8569:Goulash Communism
8426:ASEAN Declaration
8379:Mexican Dirty War
8277:Annexation of Goa
8228:1960 U-2 incident
8202:Sino-Soviet split
8180:Laotian Civil War
8020:Bricker Amendment
8000:Mau Mau rebellion
7944:Malayan Emergency
7932:Chinese Civil War
7892:Tito–Stalin split
7746:Division of Korea
7570:
7569:
7339:
7338:
7335:
7334:
7330:
7329:
7326:
7325:
7245:Mikhail Gorbachev
7225:Nikita Khrushchev
7144:Władysław Gomułka
7114:
7113:
6907:Communist parties
6872:
6871:
6854:President of the
6743:
6742:
6660:
6659:
6630:Succeeded by
6494:Lippmann, Heinz.
6360:978-0-19-924328-0
6222:. 26 October 1986
5909:. 23 January 2012
5723:Los Angeles Times
5671:The Baltimore Sun
5581:. 17 August 1992.
5340:Los Angeles Times
5308:The Baltimore Sun
5288:Los Angeles Times
5236:The Seattle Times
5191:on 26 August 2014
5164:Los Angeles Times
5099:on 26 August 2014
5092:The Seattle Times
5072:Los Angeles Times
5052:Los Angeles Times
5023:. 16 April 1991.
5000:Los Angeles Times
4980:Los Angeles Times
4960:. 26 August 1991.
4957:Los Angeles Times
4917:Los Angeles Times
4867:"Ein Sieg Gottes"
4803:Los Angeles Times
4783:Los Angeles Times
4763:Los Angeles Times
4746:. 5 January 1990.
4743:Los Angeles Times
4720:Los Angeles Times
4615:Los Angeles Times
4575:Los Angeles Times
4481:"Sekt statt Blut"
4270:. 7 October 1989.
4250:. 4 October 1989.
4195:Los Angeles Times
4106:Los Angeles Times
4034:. 24 August 1989.
3804:978-0-375-42532-5
3793:. New York City:
3668:Los Angeles Times
2982:978-1-3990-8885-5
2858:Chronik der Wende
2854:"Margot Honecker"
2082:Free German Youth
1851:Mikhail Gorbachev
1716:Günter Schabowski
1569:Otto von Habsburg
1552:Brezhnev Doctrine
1488:Nicolae Ceaușescu
1460:Mikhail Gorbachev
1425:in 1976, Tokyo's
1351:Neues Deutschland
1264:Nikita Khrushchev
1248:Rudolf Herrnstadt
1202:Central Committee
1186:Free German Youth
1169:and taken to the
997:, in what is now
947:Nicolae Ceaușescu
931:Mikhail Gorbachev
887:Free German Youth
816:
815:
740:Central Committee
689:Party Functionary
380:
379:
245:Free German Youth
62:General Secretary
12533:
12252:(1997 sculpture)
12210:West of the Wall
12191:Edge of Eternity
12073:Good Bye, Lenin!
12065:Buffalo Soldiers
11940:
11939:
11897:David Hasselhoff
11839:Heinz Sokolowski
11804:Czesław Kukuczka
11724:Glienicke Bridge
11714:Checkpoint Bravo
11696:Border crossings
11641:
11640:
11558:
11551:
11544:
11535:
11534:
11406:Transnistria War
11065:
11064:
10907:Aung San Suu Kyi
10822:Alexander Dubček
10759:Civil resistance
10616:Sinatra Doctrine
10596:Demokratizatsiya
10497:Shortage economy
10424:
10417:
10410:
10401:
10400:
10142:David S. Painter
10067:John Earl Haynes
9997:Nicholas J. Cull
9982:Adrian Cioroianu
9962:Thomas A. Bailey
9909:Voice of America
9800:
9799:
9712:White separatism
9692:Social democracy
9687:Guided democracy
9667:Authoritarianism
9617:Ultranationalism
9607:Anti-imperialism
9534:Marxism–Leninism
9447:
9446:
9434:Kinmen Agreement
9399:Johnson Doctrine
9384:Kennedy Doctrine
9300:Frozen conflicts
9283:1991 August Coup
9172:Afghan Civil War
9067:Reykjavík Summit
9062:Somali Rebellion
9002:Ugandan Bush War
8980:Gdańsk Agreement
8501:Protests of 1968
8481:War of Attrition
8190:Cuban Revolution
8126:We will bury you
8093:Cyprus Emergency
8073:Kashmir Princess
8063:Jebel Akhdar War
7912:Western betrayal
7597:
7590:
7583:
7574:
7573:
7457:Gustav Heinemann
7366:
7359:
7352:
7343:
7342:
7303:Milanko Renovica
7278:Dušan Dragosavac
7268:Stevan Doronjski
7187:Gheorghe Apostol
7118:
7117:
7006:Alexander Dubček
6996:Klement Gottwald
6968:Valko Chervenkov
6928:
6927:
6924:
6923:
6919:
6918:
6899:
6892:
6885:
6876:
6875:
6856:People's Chamber
6815:Chairmen of the
6809:
6770:
6763:
6756:
6747:
6746:
6735:
6734:
6733:
6686:
6679:
6672:
6663:
6662:
6640:Preceded by
6611:Preceded by
6603:
6602:
6511:Morley, Nathan.
6424:
6421:
6410:
6409:
6407:
6405:
6393:
6387:
6386:
6384:
6382:
6371:
6365:
6364:
6340:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6329:
6323:Inside the Games
6314:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6303:
6297:pamyat-naroda.ru
6289:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6278:
6263:
6257:
6256:
6249:
6243:
6238:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6227:
6212:
6206:
6205:
6187:
6181:
6180:
6161:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6136:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6112:
6102:
6093:
6087:
6086:
6078:
6072:
6071:
6070:. 12 April 2022.
6064:
6058:
6057:
6055:
6053:
6036:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6025:
6018:WAZ/AZ-online.de
6010:
6004:
6003:
5990:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5960:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5949:
5930:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5914:
5899:
5893:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5872:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5861:
5846:
5837:
5836:
5835:on 11 June 2016.
5821:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5807:
5793:
5787:
5786:
5775:
5766:
5765:
5754:
5748:
5747:
5734:
5728:
5727:
5714:
5708:
5707:
5694:
5688:
5687:
5685:
5683:
5662:
5656:
5655:
5639:
5629:
5623:
5622:
5609:
5603:
5602:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5569:
5563:
5562:
5549:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5535:
5514:
5508:
5507:
5500:
5489:
5488:
5473:
5464:
5463:
5455:
5449:
5448:
5440:
5423:
5422:
5409:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5390:
5382:
5365:
5364:
5351:
5345:
5344:
5331:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5279:
5273:
5272:
5259:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5184:Orlando Sentinel
5175:
5169:
5168:
5155:
5149:
5148:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5115:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5083:
5077:
5076:
5063:
5057:
5056:
5043:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5020:Orlando Sentinel
5011:
5005:
5004:
5003:. 16 March 1991.
4991:
4985:
4984:
4983:. 15 March 1991.
4971:
4962:
4961:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4871:Berliner Zeitung
4863:
4857:
4856:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4819:
4808:
4807:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4754:
4748:
4747:
4734:
4725:
4724:
4723:. 26 March 1990.
4711:
4705:
4704:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4552:
4546:
4545:
4541:Associated Press
4532:
4526:
4520:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4477:
4466:
4465:
4461:Der Tagesspiegel
4452:
4443:
4442:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4396:Associated Press
4387:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4330:Associated Press
4321:
4315:
4314:
4313:. 25 March 2009.
4303:
4292:
4291:
4290:. 25 March 2009.
4278:
4272:
4271:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4227:Associated Press
4218:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4175:Associated Press
4166:
4160:
4159:
4155:Associated Press
4146:
4140:
4139:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4031:Associated Press
4022:
4016:
4010:
4004:
4001:
3995:
3992:
3986:
3983:
3977:
3974:
3968:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3927:
3918:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3871:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3841:
3835:
3828:
3822:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3792:
3782:
3759:
3758:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3722:
3713:Treisman, Daniel
3709:
3703:
3702:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3659:
3653:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3595:
3586:
3585:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3428:
3413:
3412:
3404:
3391:
3390:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3357:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3324:
3314:
3303:
3301:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3241:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3212:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3181:
3172:
3171:
3160:
3149:
3148:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3099:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3071:
3058:
3057:
3041:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3008:
2998:
2987:
2986:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2959:on 4 March 2016.
2958:
2952:. Archived from
2939:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2887:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2750:
2734:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2716:
2709:
2643:
2617:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2588:
2580:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2521:
2510:
2499:
2488:
2477:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2450:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2422:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2398:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2371:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2344:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2317:
2305:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2278:
2268:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2242:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2216:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2183:
2165:
2154:
2143:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2120:National honours
1991:
1841:Augusto Pinochet
1778:People's Chamber
1772:housing area in
1758:People's Chamber
1661:
1499:Condoleezza Rice
1433:in 1984 and the
1429:in 1981 and the
1427:Nihon University
1402:Honecker at the
1346:Joachim Herrmann
1322:living standards
1300:Honecker in 1976
1175:Waldemar Schmidt
1031:Spartacus League
870:in the country.
829:
824:
805:
792:
710:
662:
660:
642:
640:
636:
615:
613:
540:
529:
501:
499:
487:Personal details
475:
474:
461:
460:
449:
448:
437:
436:
428:Security Affairs
425:
424:
413:
412:
404:responsibilities
373:
361:
349:
340:
314:
313:
303:
291:
255:
229:
217:
199:
190:
165:
153:
144:
119:
107:
77:
51:Honecker in 1976
49:
35:
34:
12541:
12540:
12536:
12535:
12534:
12532:
12531:
12530:
12416:German atheists
12306:
12305:
12304:
12299:
12256:
12242:The Berlin Wall
12229:
12197:
12146:
12111:
12089:Bridge of Spies
12041:Das Versprechen
12025:Wings of Desire
11944:
11931:
11906:
11892:Walter Ulbricht
11887:Konrad Schumann
11877:Riccardo Ehrman
11864:
11858:
11755:
11754:People who died
11748:
11734:Oberbaum Bridge
11729:Invalidenstraße
11690:
11648:
11642:
11638:
11633:
11567:
11562:
11532:
11527:
11511:
11472:Democratization
11462:Decommunization
11445:
11381:Helsinki Summit
11321:April 9 tragedy
11293:
11283:
11212:
11121:
11069:
11060:
11054:
10942:
10936:
10804:
10798:
10751:
10745:
10701:Mathieu Kérékou
10648:
10642:
10574:
10550:Reagan Doctrine
10525:Active measures
10517:
10511:
10502:Totalitarianism
10439:
10433:
10428:
10398:
10393:
10370:
10361:Second Cold War
10319:
10247:
10241:
10217:Odd Arne Westad
10207:Patrick Vaughan
10192:Athan Theoharis
10172:Ellen Schrecker
10157:Yakov M. Rabkin
10132:Timothy Naftali
10077:Tvrtko Jakovina
10062:Jussi Hanhimäki
9945:
9923:
9913:
9891:Paix et Liberté
9866:
9810:Active measures
9791:
9721:
9702:White supremacy
9662:Totalitarianism
9590:
9515:
9438:
9424:Reagan Doctrine
9419:Carter Doctrine
9359:Truman Doctrine
9347:
9294:
9226:
9121:Soviet reaction
9032:Ndogboyosoi War
8939:
8910:Saur Revolution
8737:1973 oil crisis
8702:Munich massacre
8610:Alcora Exercise
8605:Black September
8583:
8329:Sino-Indian War
8223:Simba rebellion
8206:
8050:Capture of the
7958:
7897:Berlin Blockade
7830:May 1947 crises
7820:Truman Doctrine
7785:Greek Civil War
7774:Blacklist Forty
7741:Gouzenko Affair
7728:Cursed soldiers
7680:Morgenthau Plan
7668:
7606:
7601:
7571:
7566:
7556:
7547:Manfred Gerlach
7527:Walter Ulbricht
7514:
7506:
7492:Christian Wulff
7439:
7431:
7413:Friedrich Ebert
7405:
7383:
7375:
7370:
7340:
7331:
7322:
7318:Milan Pančevski
7298:Vidoje Žarković
7263:Josip Broz Tito
7249:
7230:Leonid Brezhnev
7220:Georgy Malenkov
7196:
7168:
7154:Stanisław Kania
7134:Bolesław Bierut
7124:
7110:
7071:
7063:
7049:Walter Ulbricht
7025:
7001:Antonín Novotný
6982:
6963:Georgi Dimitrov
6949:
6913:
6903:
6873:
6868:
6849:
6845:Manfred Gerlach
6825:Walter Ulbricht
6810:
6801:
6783:
6774:
6744:
6739:
6731:
6729:
6723:
6709:Walter Ulbricht
6700:
6690:
6655:
6651:
6645:
6635:
6626:
6622:
6616:
6614:Walter Ulbricht
6569:Wayback Machine
6561:
6539:
6537:Primary sources
6533:
6518:Weitz, Eric D.
6433:
6431:Further reading
6428:
6427:
6422:
6418:
6413:
6403:
6401:
6394:
6390:
6380:
6378:
6373:
6372:
6368:
6361:
6353:. p. 276.
6341:
6337:
6327:
6325:
6315:
6311:
6301:
6299:
6293:"Эрих Хонеккер"
6291:
6290:
6286:
6276:
6274:
6265:
6264:
6260:
6251:
6250:
6246:
6239:
6235:
6225:
6223:
6214:
6213:
6209:
6202:
6188:
6184:
6177:
6162:
6158:
6148:
6146:
6140:"Эрих Хонеккер"
6138:
6137:
6120:
6110:
6108:
6100:
6094:
6090:
6079:
6075:
6066:
6065:
6061:
6051:
6049:
6038:
6037:
6033:
6023:
6021:
6012:
6011:
6007:
5992:
5991:
5987:
5977:
5975:
5974:on 2 March 2017
5962:
5961:
5957:
5947:
5945:
5932:
5931:
5922:
5912:
5910:
5901:
5900:
5896:
5886:
5884:
5873:
5869:
5859:
5857:
5854:Berliner Kurier
5848:
5847:
5840:
5823:
5822:
5815:
5805:
5803:
5795:
5794:
5790:
5777:
5776:
5769:
5756:
5755:
5751:
5736:
5735:
5731:
5716:
5715:
5711:
5696:
5695:
5691:
5681:
5679:
5678:on 4 March 2016
5664:
5663:
5659:
5652:
5630:
5626:
5611:
5610:
5606:
5591:
5590:
5586:
5578:Chicago Tribune
5571:
5570:
5566:
5551:
5550:
5543:
5533:
5531:
5516:
5515:
5511:
5502:
5501:
5492:
5487:on 4 June 2016.
5475:
5474:
5467:
5456:
5452:
5441:
5426:
5411:
5410:
5403:
5395:
5388:
5384:
5383:
5368:
5353:
5352:
5348:
5333:
5332:
5328:
5318:
5316:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5291:. 30 July 1992.
5281:
5280:
5276:
5271:. 30 June 1992.
5261:
5260:
5256:
5246:
5244:
5243:on 4 March 2016
5229:
5228:
5224:
5209:
5208:
5204:
5194:
5192:
5177:
5176:
5172:
5157:
5156:
5152:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5117:
5116:
5112:
5102:
5100:
5085:
5084:
5080:
5065:
5064:
5060:
5045:
5044:
5040:
5030:
5028:
5013:
5012:
5008:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4973:
4972:
4965:
4950:
4949:
4945:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4894:
4890:
4880:
4878:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4832:
4830:
4821:
4820:
4811:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4736:
4735:
4728:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4662:Chicago Tribune
4655:
4654:
4650:
4640:
4638:
4627:
4623:
4608:
4607:
4603:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4503:The Independent
4497:
4496:
4492:
4479:
4478:
4469:
4454:
4453:
4446:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4416:Chicago Tribune
4409:
4408:
4404:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4374:
4372:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4305:
4304:
4295:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4267:Chicago Tribune
4260:
4259:
4255:
4247:Chicago Tribune
4240:
4239:
4235:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4205:
4203:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4132:
4128:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4063:
4059:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4011:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3975:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3950:Chicago Tribune
3943:
3942:
3938:
3929:
3928:
3921:
3911:
3907:
3899:Chicago Tribune
3892:
3891:
3887:
3880:
3862:
3858:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3832:Germany Unified
3829:
3825:
3816:
3812:
3805:
3783:
3762:
3757:. 25 July 1989.
3754:Chicago Tribune
3747:
3746:
3742:
3735:
3710:
3706:
3695:
3691:
3680:
3676:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3642:
3638:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3597:
3596:
3589:
3574:
3570:
3559:
3555:
3544:
3540:
3529:
3525:
3518:"Overview 1971"
3516:
3515:
3511:
3500:
3496:
3461:
3457:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3430:
3429:
3416:
3405:
3394:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3315:
3306:
3298:The Independent
3290:
3286:
3275:
3271:
3260:
3256:
3243:
3242:
3235:
3225:
3223:
3214:
3213:
3204:
3194:
3192:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3162:
3161:
3152:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3090:
3086:
3073:
3072:
3061:
3054:
3032:
3028:
3021:
2999:
2990:
2983:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2956:
2937:
2931:
2927:
2919:Alleinherrscher
2914:Spiegel Politik
2908:
2907:
2903:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2873:
2863:
2861:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2837:
2835:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2809:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2785:
2783:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2757:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2713:First Secretary
2710:
2706:
2701:
2663:Leonid Brezhnev
2630:
2601:
2599:
2571:
2569:
2543:
2541:
2461:
2459:
2434:
2432:
2406:
2404:
2382:
2380:
2355:
2353:
2328:
2326:
2289:
2287:
2252:
2250:
2226:
2224:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:Foreign honours
2127:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2066:
2046:
1887:
1866:Patricio Aylwin
1845:German passport
1833:Patricio Aylwin
1730:
1662:
1656:
1631:Honecker, with
1476:planned economy
1456:
1357:Aktuelle Kamera
1326:Leonid Brezhnev
1306:command economy
1294:
1213:Walter Ulbricht
1179:Walter Ulbricht
1151:
1070:Otto Niebergall
1062:
1054:Anton Ackermann
987:
910:Walter Ulbricht
906:Leonid Brezhnev
854:, the official
822:
808:
801:
788:
775:
768:
761:
751:
750:
745:
744:
738:
731:
724:
720:
719:
698:
667:
664:
661: 1953)
656:
652:
644:
641: 1953)
632:
628:
625:
617:
609:
605:
602:
588:
564:Political party
542:
538:
519:
503:
497:
495:
472:
470:
469:
458:
457:
446:
445:
434:
433:
422:
421:
410:
409:
371:
359:
350:
345:
338:
337:
332:
319:
301:
289:
284:
256:
251:
243:
240:First Secretary
227:
221:Walter Ulbricht
215:
210:
197:
191:
186:
163:
151:
145:
140:
117:
111:Walter Ulbricht
105:
100:
78:
73:
65:
52:
40:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
12539:
12529:
12528:
12523:
12518:
12513:
12508:
12503:
12498:
12493:
12488:
12483:
12478:
12473:
12468:
12463:
12458:
12453:
12448:
12443:
12438:
12436:German hunters
12433:
12428:
12423:
12418:
12413:
12408:
12403:
12398:
12393:
12388:
12383:
12378:
12373:
12368:
12363:
12358:
12353:
12348:
12343:
12338:
12333:
12328:
12323:
12318:
12301:
12300:
12298:
12297:
12292:
12284:
12279:
12274:
12268:
12266:
12262:
12261:
12258:
12257:
12255:
12254:
12246:
12237:
12235:
12231:
12230:
12228:
12227:
12220:
12213:
12205:
12203:
12199:
12198:
12196:
12195:
12187:
12179:
12171:
12163:
12154:
12152:
12148:
12147:
12145:
12144:
12136:
12128:
12119:
12117:
12113:
12112:
12110:
12109:
12105:Deutschland 89
12101:
12093:
12085:
12077:
12069:
12061:
12053:
12045:
12037:
12029:
12021:
12013:
12005:
11997:
11989:
11981:
11973:
11969:Stop Train 349
11965:
11957:
11948:
11946:
11937:
11933:
11932:
11930:
11929:
11924:
11914:
11912:
11908:
11907:
11905:
11904:
11899:
11894:
11889:
11884:
11882:Erich Honecker
11879:
11874:
11868:
11866:
11860:
11859:
11857:
11856:
11851:
11846:
11841:
11836:
11831:
11826:
11821:
11816:
11811:
11809:Horst Kutscher
11806:
11801:
11796:
11791:
11786:
11784:Chris Gueffroy
11781:
11776:
11771:
11766:
11760:
11758:
11750:
11749:
11747:
11746:
11741:
11736:
11731:
11726:
11721:
11716:
11711:
11706:
11700:
11698:
11692:
11691:
11689:
11688:
11683:
11678:
11673:
11668:
11663:
11658:
11652:
11650:
11644:
11643:
11636:
11634:
11632:
11631:
11626:
11621:
11616:
11614:Republikflucht
11611:
11606:
11601:
11596:
11591:
11586:
11581:
11575:
11573:
11569:
11568:
11561:
11560:
11553:
11546:
11538:
11529:
11528:
11526:
11525:
11519:
11517:
11513:
11512:
11510:
11509:
11504:
11499:
11497:Post-communism
11494:
11489:
11484:
11479:
11474:
11469:
11464:
11459:
11453:
11451:
11447:
11446:
11444:
11443:
11438:
11433:
11428:
11423:
11418:
11413:
11408:
11403:
11398:
11393:
11388:
11383:
11378:
11373:
11368:
11363:
11358:
11353:
11348:
11343:
11338:
11333:
11328:
11323:
11318:
11313:
11308:
11303:
11297:
11295:
11289:
11288:
11285:
11284:
11282:
11281:
11276:
11271:
11266:
11261:
11256:
11251:
11246:
11241:
11236:
11231:
11226:
11220:
11218:
11214:
11213:
11211:
11210:
11205:
11200:
11195:
11190:
11185:
11180:
11175:
11170:
11165:
11160:
11155:
11150:
11145:
11140:
11135:
11129:
11127:
11123:
11122:
11120:
11119:
11114:
11109:
11104:
11099:
11094:
11089:
11087:Czechoslovakia
11084:
11079:
11073:
11071:
11070:Eastern Europe
11062:
11056:
11055:
11053:
11052:
11047:
11042:
11037:
11032:
11027:
11022:
11017:
11012:
11007:
11002:
10997:
10992:
10987:
10982:
10977:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10952:
10946:
10944:
10938:
10937:
10935:
10934:
10929:
10924:
10919:
10917:Isaias Afwerki
10914:
10909:
10904:
10899:
10897:Zianon Pazniak
10894:
10889:
10884:
10879:
10874:
10869:
10864:
10859:
10854:
10849:
10844:
10839:
10834:
10829:
10824:
10819:
10814:
10808:
10806:
10800:
10799:
10797:
10796:
10791:
10786:
10781:
10776:
10771:
10766:
10761:
10755:
10753:
10747:
10746:
10744:
10743:
10738:
10733:
10728:
10723:
10718:
10713:
10708:
10703:
10698:
10693:
10688:
10683:
10678:
10676:Erich Honecker
10673:
10668:
10663:
10658:
10652:
10650:
10644:
10643:
10641:
10640:
10635:
10630:
10625:
10620:
10619:
10618:
10613:
10608:
10603:
10598:
10588:
10582:
10580:
10576:
10575:
10573:
10572:
10567:
10562:
10557:
10552:
10547:
10542:
10537:
10532:
10527:
10521:
10519:
10513:
10512:
10510:
10509:
10504:
10499:
10494:
10489:
10484:
10479:
10474:
10469:
10464:
10459:
10457:Anti-communism
10454:
10449:
10443:
10441:
10435:
10434:
10427:
10426:
10419:
10412:
10404:
10395:
10394:
10392:
10391:
10386:
10381:
10375:
10372:
10371:
10369:
10368:
10363:
10358:
10353:
10348:
10343:
10338:
10333:
10327:
10325:
10321:
10320:
10318:
10317:
10312:
10307:
10302:
10297:
10292:
10287:
10282:
10277:
10272:
10267:
10262:
10257:
10251:
10249:
10243:
10242:
10240:
10239:
10234:
10229:
10224:
10219:
10214:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10194:
10189:
10187:Timothy Snyder
10184:
10179:
10174:
10169:
10164:
10159:
10154:
10149:
10144:
10139:
10134:
10129:
10124:
10119:
10117:Vojtech Mastny
10114:
10112:Geir Lundestad
10109:
10104:
10102:Walter Laqueur
10099:
10097:Walter LaFeber
10094:
10089:
10084:
10079:
10074:
10069:
10064:
10059:
10054:
10049:
10044:
10039:
10034:
10029:
10027:André Fontaine
10024:
10019:
10014:
10009:
10004:
9999:
9994:
9989:
9984:
9979:
9974:
9969:
9964:
9959:
9957:Gar Alperovitz
9953:
9951:
9947:
9946:
9944:
9943:
9938:
9933:
9927:
9925:
9919:
9918:
9915:
9914:
9912:
9911:
9906:
9900:
9899:
9894:
9887:
9882:
9874:
9872:
9868:
9867:
9865:
9864:
9857:
9852:
9845:
9838:
9833:
9826:
9819:
9812:
9806:
9804:
9797:
9793:
9792:
9790:
9789:
9784:
9779:
9774:
9769:
9764:
9759:
9754:
9749:
9744:
9739:
9733:
9731:
9727:
9726:
9723:
9722:
9720:
9719:
9714:
9709:
9704:
9699:
9697:Third-Worldism
9694:
9689:
9684:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9664:
9659:
9654:
9649:
9644:
9639:
9634:
9629:
9624:
9619:
9614:
9609:
9604:
9598:
9596:
9592:
9591:
9589:
9588:
9583:
9578:
9573:
9568:
9563:
9556:
9551:
9546:
9541:
9536:
9531:
9525:
9523:
9517:
9516:
9514:
9513:
9508:
9503:
9498:
9493:
9488:
9486:Libertarianism
9483:
9478:
9477:
9476:
9466:
9464:Chicago school
9461:
9455:
9453:
9444:
9440:
9439:
9437:
9436:
9431:
9426:
9421:
9416:
9411:
9409:Nixon Doctrine
9406:
9401:
9396:
9391:
9386:
9381:
9376:
9371:
9366:
9361:
9355:
9353:
9352:Foreign policy
9349:
9348:
9346:
9345:
9340:
9335:
9330:
9325:
9320:
9315:
9310:
9304:
9302:
9296:
9295:
9293:
9292:
9287:
9286:
9285:
9275:
9270:
9265:
9260:
9255:
9250:
9245:
9240:
9234:
9232:
9228:
9227:
9225:
9224:
9219:
9214:
9209:
9204:
9199:
9194:
9189:
9184:
9179:
9174:
9169:
9164:
9159:
9154:
9149:
9144:
9139:
9137:Operation RYAN
9134:
9129:
9124:
9114:
9109:
9104:
9099:
9094:
9089:
9084:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9042:Able Archer 83
9039:
9034:
9029:
9024:
9019:
9014:
9009:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8988:
8987:
8977:
8972:
8967:
8958:
8953:
8947:
8945:
8941:
8940:
8938:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8839:
8834:
8829:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8804:
8799:
8794:
8792:Oromo conflict
8789:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8732:Yom Kippur War
8729:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8597:
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8366:
8364:Aden Emergency
8361:
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8351:
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8341:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8315:
8314:
8309:
8304:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8282:Papua conflict
8279:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8263:
8262:
8252:
8251:
8250:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8214:
8212:
8208:
8207:
8205:
8204:
8199:
8198:
8197:
8187:
8185:Kitchen Debate
8182:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8145:Sputnik crisis
8142:
8137:
8129:
8122:
8117:
8115:Polish October
8112:
8107:
8102:
8095:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8015:Pact of Madrid
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7970:Bamboo Curtain
7966:
7964:
7960:
7959:
7957:
7956:
7951:
7946:
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7561:
7558:
7557:
7555:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7537:Erich Honecker
7534:
7529:
7524:
7518:
7516:
7508:
7507:
7505:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7452:Heinrich Lübke
7449:
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7441:
7433:
7432:
7387:
7385:
7377:
7376:
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7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7210:Vladimir Lenin
7206:
7204:
7198:
7197:
7195:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7178:
7176:
7170:
7169:
7167:
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7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7077:
7075:
7065:
7064:
7062:
7061:
7056:
7054:Erich Honecker
7051:
7046:
7044:Otto Grotewohl
7041:
7035:
7033:
7027:
7026:
7024:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6992:
6990:
6984:
6983:
6981:
6980:
6978:Petar Mladenov
6975:
6970:
6965:
6959:
6957:
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6950:
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6936:
6934:
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6887:
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6870:
6869:
6867:
6866:
6860:
6858:
6851:
6850:
6848:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6835:Erich Honecker
6832:
6827:
6821:
6819:
6812:
6811:
6804:
6802:
6800:
6799:
6793:
6791:
6785:
6784:
6777:Heads of state
6773:
6772:
6765:
6758:
6750:
6741:
6740:
6728:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6721:
6716:
6714:Erich Honecker
6711:
6705:
6702:
6701:
6689:
6688:
6681:
6674:
6666:
6658:
6657:
6646:
6641:
6637:
6636:
6631:
6628:
6617:
6612:
6608:
6607:
6601:
6600:
6592:
6584:
6578:
6572:
6560:
6559:External links
6557:
6556:
6555:
6538:
6535:
6531:
6530:
6523:
6516:
6509:
6499:
6492:
6483:
6472:
6462:
6457:Dennis, Mike.
6455:
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6429:
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6425:
6415:
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5729:
5709:
5689:
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5624:
5604:
5584:
5564:
5541:
5509:
5490:
5465:
5450:
5424:
5401:
5366:
5363:. 16 May 1992.
5346:
5326:
5294:
5274:
5254:
5222:
5202:
5170:
5150:
5130:
5110:
5078:
5058:
5038:
5006:
4986:
4963:
4943:
4923:
4903:
4888:
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4840:
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4726:
4706:
4688:
4668:
4648:
4621:
4601:
4581:
4561:
4547:
4527:
4508:
4505:. 6 June 2011.
4490:
4467:
4444:
4422:
4402:
4382:
4356:
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4057:
4037:
4017:
4005:
3996:
3987:
3978:
3969:
3960:
3936:
3919:
3905:
3902:. 9 July 1989.
3885:
3878:
3856:
3836:
3823:
3821:(1995). p. 35
3810:
3803:
3795:Pantheon Books
3760:
3740:
3734:978-1416560722
3733:
3704:
3689:
3674:
3654:
3636:
3622:
3604:
3587:
3568:
3553:
3538:
3523:
3509:
3494:
3455:
3441:
3414:
3392:
3375:
3368:
3342:
3335:
3304:
3284:
3269:
3254:
3233:
3222:on 4 July 2012
3202:
3173:
3164:"Immer bereit"
3150:
3132:
3117:
3110:
3084:
3059:
3052:
3026:
3019:
2988:
2981:
2962:
2925:
2901:
2882:
2871:
2845:
2819:
2793:
2767:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2726:
2717:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2687:British actor
2657:, depicting a
2629:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2526:
2515:
2504:
2493:
2490:Order of Lenin
2482:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2311:
2296:Czechoslovakia
2285:
2284:
2283:
2272:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2177:
2171:
2159:
2156:Hero of Labour
2148:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2065:
2062:
2045:
2042:
2037:Fritz Streletz
1919:Fritz Streletz
1895:orders to fire
1893:Honecker gave
1886:
1885:Criminal trial
1883:
1853:agreed to the
1729:
1726:
1654:
1595:Czechoslovakia
1517:
1516:
1508:
1507:
1495:Philip Zelikow
1486:and Romania's
1455:
1452:
1293:
1290:
1171:Ulbricht Group
1150:
1147:
1108:Herbert Wehner
1061:
1058:
1048:in Moscow and
1003:Wiebelskirchen
986:
983:
814:
813:
810:
809:
807:
806:
796:
785:
777:
776:
774:
773:
765:
758:
748:
747:
746:
743:
742:
735:
728:
717:
716:
715:
712:
711:
704:
700:
699:
697:
696:
693:
690:
687:
683:
681:
677:
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673:
669:
668:
666:
665:
654:
648:
647:
645:
630:
626:
621:
620:
618:
607:
603:
600:
599:
596:
594:
590:
589:
587:
586:
580:
574:
567:
565:
561:
560:
555:
551:
550:
541:(aged 81)
535:
531:
530:
509:Rhine Province
502:25 August 1912
493:
489:
488:
484:
483:
480:
479:
476:
466:
465:
462:
454:
453:
450:
442:
441:
438:
430:
429:
426:
418:
417:
414:
406:
405:
398:
397:
394:
393:
390:
389:
386:
385:
382:
381:
378:
377:
376:Monika Quinger
374:
368:
367:
362:
356:
355:
342:
341:
328:Member of the
325:
324:
321:
320:
317:
310:
309:
304:
298:
297:
292:
286:
285:
283:
282:
277:
276:Helmut Hartwig
274:
271:
265:
263:
259:
258:
248:
247:
236:
235:
230:
224:
223:
218:
212:
211:
209:
208:
206:Fritz Streletz
202:
200:
194:
193:
183:
182:
172:
171:
166:
160:
159:
154:
148:
147:
137:
136:
126:
125:
120:
114:
113:
108:
102:
101:
99:
98:
93:
87:
85:
81:
80:
70:
69:
58:
57:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
39:Erich Honecker
38:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12538:
12527:
12524:
12522:
12519:
12517:
12514:
12512:
12509:
12507:
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12502:
12499:
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12314:
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12311:
12296:
12293:
12291:
12289:
12285:
12283:
12280:
12278:
12277:Ghost station
12275:
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12270:
12269:
12267:
12263:
12253:
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12153:
12149:
12142:
12141:
12137:
12134:
12133:
12129:
12126:
12125:
12121:
12120:
12118:
12116:Documentaries
12114:
12107:
12106:
12102:
12099:
12098:
12097:Atomic Blonde
12094:
12091:
12090:
12086:
12083:
12082:
12078:
12075:
12074:
12070:
12067:
12066:
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12042:
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12027:
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12022:
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12018:
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12006:
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12002:
11998:
11995:
11994:
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11978:
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11928:
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11922:
11921:
11916:
11915:
11913:
11909:
11903:
11900:
11898:
11895:
11893:
11890:
11888:
11885:
11883:
11880:
11878:
11875:
11873:
11870:
11869:
11867:
11865:with the Wall
11861:
11855:
11852:
11850:
11847:
11845:
11842:
11840:
11837:
11835:
11832:
11830:
11827:
11825:
11822:
11820:
11819:Dorit Schmiel
11817:
11815:
11814:Günter Litfin
11812:
11810:
11807:
11805:
11802:
11800:
11797:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11787:
11785:
11782:
11780:
11777:
11775:
11772:
11770:
11769:Peter Fechter
11767:
11765:
11764:Klaus Brueske
11762:
11761:
11759:
11757:
11751:
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11699:
11697:
11693:
11687:
11684:
11682:
11679:
11677:
11674:
11672:
11669:
11667:
11664:
11662:
11661:White Crosses
11659:
11657:
11654:
11653:
11651:
11649:and galleries
11645:
11630:
11627:
11625:
11622:
11620:
11617:
11615:
11612:
11610:
11607:
11605:
11602:
11600:
11597:
11595:
11592:
11590:
11589:Wall of Shame
11587:
11585:
11582:
11580:
11577:
11576:
11574:
11572:Main articles
11570:
11566:
11559:
11554:
11552:
11547:
11545:
11540:
11539:
11536:
11524:
11521:
11520:
11518:
11514:
11508:
11505:
11503:
11502:Yugoslav Wars
11500:
11498:
11495:
11493:
11492:Neo-Stalinism
11490:
11488:
11487:Neo-Sovietism
11485:
11483:
11480:
11478:
11475:
11473:
11470:
11468:
11465:
11463:
11460:
11458:
11455:
11454:
11452:
11448:
11442:
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11412:
11409:
11407:
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11399:
11397:
11394:
11392:
11389:
11387:
11384:
11382:
11379:
11377:
11374:
11372:
11371:Black January
11369:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11357:
11354:
11352:
11349:
11347:
11344:
11342:
11339:
11337:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11327:
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11319:
11317:
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11001:
10998:
10996:
10993:
10991:
10988:
10986:
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10978:
10976:
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10961:
10958:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10947:
10945:
10939:
10933:
10930:
10928:
10925:
10923:
10922:Ronald Reagan
10920:
10918:
10915:
10913:
10910:
10908:
10905:
10903:
10902:Zhelyu Zhelev
10900:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10890:
10888:
10885:
10883:
10882:Boris Yeltsin
10880:
10878:
10875:
10873:
10870:
10868:
10865:
10863:
10862:Joachim Gauck
10860:
10858:
10855:
10853:
10850:
10848:
10845:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10835:
10833:
10830:
10828:
10825:
10823:
10820:
10818:
10815:
10813:
10810:
10809:
10807:
10801:
10795:
10794:Strike action
10792:
10790:
10787:
10785:
10782:
10780:
10777:
10775:
10772:
10770:
10767:
10765:
10762:
10760:
10757:
10756:
10754:
10748:
10742:
10739:
10737:
10736:Todor Zhivkov
10734:
10732:
10729:
10727:
10726:Deng Xiaoping
10724:
10722:
10719:
10717:
10714:
10712:
10709:
10707:
10704:
10702:
10699:
10697:
10694:
10692:
10689:
10687:
10684:
10682:
10679:
10677:
10674:
10672:
10669:
10667:
10664:
10662:
10659:
10657:
10654:
10653:
10651:
10645:
10639:
10636:
10634:
10631:
10629:
10626:
10624:
10621:
10617:
10614:
10612:
10609:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10593:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10583:
10581:
10577:
10571:
10568:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10555:Soviet Empire
10553:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10543:
10541:
10538:
10536:
10533:
10531:
10528:
10526:
10523:
10522:
10520:
10516:International
10514:
10508:
10505:
10503:
10500:
10498:
10495:
10493:
10490:
10488:
10485:
10483:
10480:
10478:
10475:
10473:
10470:
10468:
10465:
10463:
10460:
10458:
10455:
10453:
10450:
10448:
10445:
10444:
10442:
10436:
10432:
10425:
10420:
10418:
10413:
10411:
10406:
10405:
10402:
10390:
10387:
10385:
10382:
10380:
10377:
10376:
10373:
10367:
10364:
10362:
10359:
10357:
10354:
10352:
10351:War on terror
10349:
10347:
10344:
10342:
10339:
10337:
10334:
10332:
10329:
10328:
10326:
10322:
10316:
10313:
10311:
10308:
10306:
10303:
10301:
10298:
10296:
10293:
10291:
10288:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10276:
10273:
10271:
10268:
10266:
10263:
10261:
10258:
10256:
10253:
10252:
10250:
10246:Espionage and
10244:
10238:
10235:
10233:
10230:
10228:
10225:
10223:
10220:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10197:Andrew Thorpe
10195:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10175:
10173:
10170:
10168:
10165:
10163:
10160:
10158:
10155:
10153:
10150:
10148:
10145:
10143:
10140:
10138:
10135:
10133:
10130:
10128:
10125:
10123:
10120:
10118:
10115:
10113:
10110:
10108:
10105:
10103:
10100:
10098:
10095:
10093:
10092:Gabriel Kolko
10090:
10088:
10085:
10083:
10080:
10078:
10075:
10073:
10070:
10068:
10065:
10063:
10060:
10058:
10057:Fred Halliday
10055:
10053:
10050:
10048:
10045:
10043:
10042:Lloyd Gardner
10040:
10038:
10035:
10033:
10030:
10028:
10025:
10023:
10020:
10018:
10015:
10013:
10010:
10008:
10005:
10003:
10002:Norman Davies
10000:
9998:
9995:
9993:
9990:
9988:
9987:John Costello
9985:
9983:
9980:
9978:
9975:
9973:
9970:
9968:
9965:
9963:
9960:
9958:
9955:
9954:
9952:
9948:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9928:
9926:
9922:Technological
9920:
9910:
9907:
9905:
9902:
9901:
9898:
9895:
9893:
9892:
9888:
9886:
9883:
9881:
9880:
9876:
9875:
9873:
9869:
9863:
9862:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9851:
9850:
9846:
9844:
9843:
9839:
9837:
9834:
9832:
9831:
9827:
9825:
9824:
9820:
9818:
9817:
9813:
9811:
9808:
9807:
9805:
9803:Pro-communist
9801:
9798:
9794:
9788:
9785:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9773:
9770:
9768:
9765:
9763:
9760:
9758:
9755:
9753:
9750:
9748:
9745:
9743:
9740:
9738:
9735:
9734:
9732:
9730:Organizations
9728:
9718:
9715:
9713:
9710:
9708:
9705:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9640:
9638:
9635:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9625:
9623:
9620:
9618:
9615:
9613:
9610:
9608:
9605:
9603:
9600:
9599:
9597:
9593:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9577:
9574:
9572:
9569:
9567:
9564:
9562:
9561:
9557:
9555:
9552:
9550:
9547:
9545:
9544:Eurocommunism
9542:
9540:
9537:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9527:
9526:
9524:
9522:
9518:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9475:
9472:
9471:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9462:
9460:
9457:
9456:
9454:
9452:
9448:
9445:
9441:
9435:
9432:
9430:
9427:
9425:
9422:
9420:
9417:
9415:
9412:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9374:Domino theory
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9356:
9354:
9350:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9336:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9328:South Ossetia
9326:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9305:
9303:
9301:
9297:
9291:
9288:
9284:
9281:
9280:
9279:
9276:
9274:
9271:
9269:
9266:
9264:
9261:
9259:
9256:
9254:
9251:
9249:
9246:
9244:
9241:
9239:
9236:
9235:
9233:
9229:
9223:
9220:
9218:
9215:
9213:
9210:
9208:
9205:
9203:
9200:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9180:
9178:
9175:
9173:
9170:
9168:
9165:
9163:
9160:
9158:
9155:
9153:
9150:
9148:
9145:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9122:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9112:8888 Uprising
9110:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9093:
9090:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9080:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9057:Iran–Iraq War
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9022:Falklands War
9020:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8986:
8983:
8982:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8973:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8948:
8946:
8942:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8885:NDF Rebellion
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8865:German Autumn
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8845:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8828:
8825:
8823:
8820:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8752:Metapolitefsi
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8647:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8592:
8590:
8586:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8553:
8550:
8549:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8521:
8516:
8514:
8513:Prague Spring
8511:
8507:
8504:
8503:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8491:Al-Wadiah War
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8456:12-3 incident
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8385:
8382:
8381:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8299:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8261:
8258:
8257:
8256:
8253:
8249:
8246:
8245:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8215:
8213:
8209:
8203:
8200:
8196:
8193:
8192:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8135:
8130:
8127:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8100:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8053:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8035:Domino theory
8033:
8031:
8030:Petrov Affair
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7967:
7965:
7961:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7938:
7935:
7934:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7907:Madiun Affair
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7867:Marshall Plan
7865:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7847:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7775:
7770:
7768:
7767:
7762:
7760:
7759:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7736:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7716:
7711:
7709:
7708:
7703:
7702:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7677:
7675:
7671:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7624:
7620:
7618:
7617:
7616:United States
7613:
7612:
7609:
7605:
7598:
7593:
7591:
7586:
7584:
7579:
7578:
7575:
7564:
7559:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7522:Wilhelm Pieck
7520:
7519:
7517:
7513:
7509:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7497:Joachim Gauck
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7467:Karl Carstens
7465:
7463:
7462:Walter Scheel
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7447:Theodor Heuss
7445:
7444:
7442:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7410:
7409:
7404:
7400:
7399:Frederick III
7396:
7392:
7391:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7367:
7362:
7360:
7355:
7353:
7348:
7347:
7344:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7283:Mitja Ribičič
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7260:
7258:
7256:
7252:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7235:Yuri Andropov
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7215:Joseph Stalin
7213:
7211:
7208:
7207:
7205:
7203:
7199:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7179:
7177:
7175:
7171:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7149:Edward Gierek
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7116:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7081:Mátyás Rákosi
7079:
7078:
7076:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7039:Wilhelm Pieck
7037:
7036:
7034:
7032:
7028:
7022:
7021:Karel Urbánek
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6993:
6991:
6989:
6985:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6973:Todor Zhivkov
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6960:
6958:
6956:
6952:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6937:
6935:
6933:
6929:
6926:
6925:
6920:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6900:
6895:
6893:
6888:
6886:
6881:
6880:
6877:
6865:
6862:
6861:
6859:
6857:
6852:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6818:
6817:State Council
6813:
6808:
6798:
6797:Wilhelm Pieck
6795:
6794:
6792:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6771:
6766:
6764:
6759:
6757:
6752:
6751:
6748:
6738:
6726:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6706:
6703:
6698:
6694:
6687:
6682:
6680:
6675:
6673:
6668:
6667:
6664:
6654:
6653:
6644:
6638:
6634:
6625:
6624:
6615:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6597:
6593:
6591:
6589:
6585:
6582:
6579:
6576:
6573:
6570:
6566:
6563:
6562:
6553:
6552:0-08-024532-3
6549:
6545:
6541:
6540:
6534:
6528:
6524:
6521:
6517:
6514:
6510:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6497:
6493:
6490:
6489:
6484:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6460:
6456:
6453:
6449:
6446:
6442:
6439:
6435:
6434:
6420:
6416:
6399:
6392:
6376:
6370:
6362:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6347:
6339:
6324:
6320:
6313:
6298:
6294:
6288:
6272:
6271:Indaco lege 5
6268:
6262:
6254:
6248:
6242:
6237:
6221:
6217:
6211:
6203:
6201:9780527168247
6197:
6193:
6186:
6178:
6176:9783938025185
6172:
6168:
6160:
6145:
6141:
6135:
6133:
6131:
6129:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6106:
6099:
6092:
6084:
6077:
6069:
6063:
6047:
6046:
6041:
6035:
6019:
6015:
6009:
6001:
6000:
5995:
5989:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5959:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5929:
5927:
5925:
5908:
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5882:
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5855:
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5845:
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5834:
5830:
5826:
5820:
5818:
5802:
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5792:
5784:
5780:
5774:
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5763:
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5753:
5745:
5744:
5739:
5733:
5725:
5724:
5719:
5713:
5705:
5704:
5699:
5693:
5677:
5673:
5672:
5667:
5661:
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5651:9780691086569
5647:
5643:
5638:
5637:
5628:
5620:
5619:
5614:
5608:
5600:
5599:
5594:
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5574:
5568:
5560:
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5554:
5548:
5546:
5529:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5513:
5505:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5486:
5482:
5479:(in German).
5478:
5472:
5470:
5461:
5454:
5446:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5420:
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5330:
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4919:
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4907:
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4892:
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4854:
4851:(in German).
4850:
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4799:
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4457:
4451:
4449:
4440:
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4433:(in German).
4432:
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3991:
3982:
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3916:
3909:
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3900:
3895:
3889:
3881:
3879:9780061138799
3875:
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3410:
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3371:
3369:9780674010451
3365:
3361:
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3346:
3338:
3336:9780674010451
3332:
3328:
3323:
3322:
3313:
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3299:
3295:
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3246:
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3111:9780674010451
3107:
3103:
3098:
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3070:
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3066:
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3055:
3053:9780674010451
3049:
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3022:
3020:9780313286230
3016:
3012:
3007:
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2797:
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2745:
2730:
2721:
2714:
2708:
2704:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2678:Ampelmännchen
2670:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2649:Dmitri Vrubel
2639:
2634:
2620:
2619:Olympic Order
2616:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2598:
2597:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2567:
2566:
2561:
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2531:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2513:
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2505:
2502:
2498:
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2421:
2417:
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2300:
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2286:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2197:
2196:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2124:
2123:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2086:Edith Baumann
2083:
2078:
2070:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2033:Heinz Kessler
2030:
2025:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1987:Unrechtsstaat
1981:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1923:Hans Albrecht
1920:
1916:
1915:Heinz Kessler
1912:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1859:Boris Yeltsin
1856:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1734:
1725:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1659:
1653:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1614:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1603:sealed trains
1600:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1586:biliary colic
1582:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1480:Todor Zhivkov
1477:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1435:Olympic Order
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1393:order to fire
1390:
1386:
1382:
1381:Wolf Biermann
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1338:Günter Mittag
1334:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1298:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1282:order to fire
1279:
1273:
1271:
1270:Joseph Stalin
1268:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1155:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
963:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
911:
907:
902:
900:
896:
895:order to fire
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
856:head of state
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
828:
820:
811:
804:
800:
797:
795:
791:
787:
786:
784:
783:
778:
772:
766:
764:
759:
757:
756:State Council
753:
752:
741:
736:
734:
729:
727:
722:
721:
713:
709:
705:
701:
694:
691:
688:
685:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
651:
646:
624:
623:Edith Baumann
619:
598:
597:
595:
591:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
568:
566:
562:
559:
556:
552:
549:
545:
536:
532:
527:
523:
518:
517:German Empire
514:
510:
506:
494:
490:
485:
481:
477:
467:
463:
455:
451:
443:
439:
431:
427:
419:
416:Cadre Affairs
415:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
375:
369:
366:
363:
357:
353:
352:18 March 1948
348:
343:
336:
331:
326:
322:
315:
311:
308:
305:
299:
296:
293:
287:
281:
278:
275:
272:
270:
269:Edith Baumann
267:
266:
264:
260:
254:
249:
246:
241:
237:
234:
231:
225:
222:
219:
213:
207:
204:
203:
201:
195:
189:
184:
181:
177:
173:
170:
167:
161:
158:
155:
149:
143:
138:
135:
134:State Council
131:
127:
124:
121:
115:
112:
109:
103:
97:
94:
92:
89:
88:
86:
82:
76:
71:
68:
63:
59:
55:
48:
43:
36:
33:
29:
28:Eric Honegger
22:
12287:
12282:Steinstücken
12249:
12241:
12189:
12181:
12173:
12165:
12157:
12138:
12130:
12122:
12103:
12095:
12087:
12079:
12071:
12063:
12055:
12047:
12039:
12031:
12023:
12015:
12007:
11999:
11991:
11983:
11975:
11967:
11959:
11951:
11918:
11881:
11849:Rudolf Urban
11834:Ida Siekmann
11824:Egon Schultz
11629:Schießbefehl
11584:Iron Curtain
11450:Later events
11366:Malta Summit
11198:Turkmenistan
11126:Soviet Union
11112:Soviet Union
11092:East Germany
10912:Meles Zenawi
10867:Sali Berisha
10817:Václav Havel
10764:Human chains
10675:
10671:Károly Grósz
10601:Khozraschyot
10492:Nomenklatura
10467:Eastern Bloc
10356:Brinkmanship
10248:intelligence
10137:Marius Oprea
10087:Harvey Klehr
10017:Herbert Feis
10007:Willem Drees
9972:Archie Brown
9889:
9877:
9859:
9849:Trybuna Ludu
9847:
9840:
9836:Radio Moscow
9828:
9821:
9814:
9642:Anti-Zionism
9558:
9481:Keynesianism
9469:Conservatism
9333:Transnistria
9313:China-Taiwan
8970:Gera Demands
8843:
8644:
8519:
8324:El Porteñazo
8218:Congo Crisis
8133:
8068:Algerian War
8051:
7927:Western Bloc
7922:Eastern Bloc
7917:Iron Curtain
7773:
7765:
7757:
7734:
7714:
7706:
7623:Soviet Union
7621:
7614:
7562:
7536:
7512:East Germany
7487:Horst Köhler
7482:Johannes Rau
7477:Roman Herzog
7440:(since 1949)
7424:
7421:Adolf Hitler
7407:
7406:
7389:
7388:
7381:German Reich
7308:Boško Krunić
7273:Lazar Mojsov
7139:Edward Ochab
7101:Károly Grósz
7053:
7011:Gustáv Husák
6911:Eastern Bloc
6834:
6713:
6648:
6619:
6595:
6587:
6583:(in Russian)
6544:From My Life
6543:
6532:
6526:
6519:
6512:
6502:
6495:
6486:
6475:
6465:
6458:
6451:
6444:
6437:
6419:
6402:. Retrieved
6391:
6379:. Retrieved
6369:
6345:
6338:
6326:. Retrieved
6322:
6312:
6300:. Retrieved
6296:
6287:
6275:. Retrieved
6270:
6261:
6252:
6247:
6236:
6224:. Retrieved
6219:
6210:
6191:
6185:
6165:
6159:
6147:. Retrieved
6144:warheroes.ru
6143:
6109:. Retrieved
6104:
6091:
6082:
6076:
6062:
6050:. Retrieved
6048:. 6 May 2016
6043:
6034:
6022:. Retrieved
6017:
6008:
5997:
5988:
5976:. Retrieved
5972:the original
5967:
5958:
5946:. Retrieved
5942:the original
5938:FOCUS Online
5937:
5911:. Retrieved
5906:
5897:
5885:. Retrieved
5880:
5870:
5858:. Retrieved
5853:
5833:the original
5828:
5804:. Retrieved
5800:
5791:
5782:
5761:
5752:
5746:(in German).
5741:
5732:
5721:
5712:
5701:
5692:
5680:. Retrieved
5676:the original
5669:
5660:
5635:
5627:
5616:
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5528:the original
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5306:
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4691:
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4660:
4651:
4641:13 September
4639:. Retrieved
4634:
4624:
4613:
4604:
4595:The Guardian
4593:
4584:
4573:
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4425:
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4285:
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4225:
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4206:10 September
4204:. Retrieved
4200:the original
4193:
4184:
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4144:
4135:
4129:
4115:
4104:
4095:
4086:Deseret News
4084:
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4066:
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4049:
4040:
4029:
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4008:
3999:
3990:
3981:
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3955:the original
3948:
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3625:
3619:(in German).
3616:
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3503:
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3257:
3248:
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3220:the original
3193:. Retrieved
3189:the original
3167:
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3126:
3120:
3095:
3087:
3081:(in German).
3078:
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3029:
3004:
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2954:the original
2928:
2904:
2896:The Guardian
2895:
2885:
2874:
2862:. Retrieved
2857:
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2836:. Retrieved
2831:
2822:
2810:. Retrieved
2805:
2796:
2784:. Retrieved
2779:
2770:
2758:. Retrieved
2748:
2729:
2720:
2712:
2707:
2692:
2689:Paul Freeman
2686:
2675:
2652:
2647:
2637:
2530:Magnitogorsk
2468:Soviet Union
2134:East Germany
2110:
2106:
2098:
2090:Margot Feist
2079:
2075:
2050:liver cancer
2047:
2026:
2019:
2002:
1976:August Bebel
1969:
1944:
1936:
1907:Erich Mielke
1904:
1863:
1849:
1822:
1818:
1798:
1791:
1770:Waldsiedlung
1767:
1763:embezzlement
1755:
1739:
1713:
1709:
1683:
1678:
1664:
1651:
1641:
1638:
1619:
1606:
1591:
1583:
1578:Daily Mirror
1577:
1574:Eastern Bloc
1561:Iron Curtain
1537:
1520:
1518:
1509:
1492:
1484:Gustáv Husák
1469:
1463:
1457:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1369:West Germany
1365:Eastern bloc
1362:
1355:
1349:
1342:Erich Mielke
1330:
1312:", then the
1303:
1284:" along the
1274:
1252:Karl Namokel
1241:
1232:
1225:Soviet Union
1221:constitution
1218:
1183:
1164:
1128:
1116:
1105:
1098:
1086:German Reich
1063:
1050:Magnitogorsk
1039:
1015:
988:
979:liver cancer
964:
943:Fidel Castro
903:
883:World War II
881:. Following
872:
868:a large army
864:Soviet Union
832:East Germany
818:
817:
802:
789:
780:
650:Margot Feist
558:Liver cancer
539:(1994-05-29)
440:Party Organs
372:Succeeded by
364:
346:
307:Karl Namokel
302:Succeeded by
294:
280:Werner Felfe
252:
228:Succeeded by
187:
164:Succeeded by
141:
118:Succeeded by
74:
32:
12326:1994 deaths
12321:1912 births
12288:Grenzgänger
12234:Other media
12049:Sonnenallee
12001:The Soldier
11902:Jutta Fleck
11829:Olga Segler
11739:Sonnenallee
11599:West Berlin
11594:East Berlin
11565:Berlin Wall
11426:August Coup
11279:South Yemen
11224:Afghanistan
11068:Central and
11061:by location
10965:Civic Forum
10852:Feng Congde
10827:Ion Iliescu
10812:Lech Wałęsa
10769:Magnitizdat
10731:Zhao Ziyang
10721:Heng Samrin
10681:Miloš Jakeš
10591:Perestroika
10182:Shen Zhihua
9992:Michael Cox
9924:competition
9871:Pro-Western
9861:Soviet Life
9787:Safari Club
9757:Warsaw Pact
9612:Nationalism
9602:Imperialism
9501:Reaganomics
9364:Containment
9157:Perestroika
8646:Realpolitik
8476:Six-Day War
8461:Greek junta
8272:Berlin Wall
8120:Suez Crisis
8088:Vietnam War
7975:McCarthyism
7790:Baruch Plan
7735:Unthinkable
7695:Dekemvriana
7634:Warsaw Pact
7532:Willi Stoph
7515:(1949–1990)
7429:Karl Dönitz
7384:(1871–1945)
7313:Stipe Šuvar
7293:Ali Šukrija
7106:Rezső Nyers
7096:János Kádár
7016:Miloš Jakeš
6940:Enver Hoxha
6830:Willi Stoph
6643:Willi Stoph
6577:(in German)
6107:(in German)
5913:28 February
5883:(in German)
5860:28 February
5783:Der Spiegel
5247:4 September
5195:6 September
5103:4 September
5031:6 September
4881:2 September
4833:2 September
4701:Der Spiegel
4637:(in German)
4485:Der Spiegel
4375:24 December
4311:Der Spiegel
3931:"July 1989"
3436:Der Spiegel
3249:Der Spiegel
3168:Der Spiegel
2864:28 February
2860:(in German)
2838:28 February
2834:(in German)
2812:28 February
2808:(in German)
2786:28 February
2782:(in German)
2756:(in German)
2413:North Korea
2077:his death.
1964:Berlin Wall
1952:Warsaw Pact
1931:Berlin Wall
1911:Willi Stoph
1870:Helmut Kohl
1825:North Korea
1694:Harry Tisch
1658:Hans Modrow
1544:Lech Wałęsa
1521:perestroika
1471:perestroika
1462:introduced
1447:Helmut Kohl
1377:East Berlin
1278:Berlin Wall
1094:Netherlands
1082:Saar region
1018:World War I
995:Neunkirchen
951:North Korea
939:Kim Il Sung
923:perestroika
891:Berlin Wall
848:Willi Stoph
585:(1990–1994)
579:(1946–1989)
573:(1930–1946)
537:29 May 1994
505:Neunkirchen
360:Preceded by
330:Volkskammer
290:Preceded by
216:Preceded by
157:Willi Stoph
152:Preceded by
106:Preceded by
91:Paul Verner
12310:Categories
12132:The Tunnel
12057:The Tunnel
11467:Lustration
11341:Baltic Way
11292:Individual
11269:Mozambique
11208:Uzbekistan
11193:Tajikistan
11178:Kyrgyzstan
11173:Kazakhstan
11138:Azerbaijan
11117:Yugoslavia
10995:Solidarity
10955:Charter 77
10941:Opposition
10837:Wu'erkaixi
10803:Opposition
10750:Opposition
10741:Siad Barre
10686:Egon Krenz
10656:Ramiz Alia
10647:Government
10586:Uskoreniye
10518:background
10440:background
9950:Historians
9941:Space Race
9842:Rudé právo
9796:Propaganda
9652:Neo-Nazism
9622:Chauvinism
9576:Trotskyism
9491:Monetarism
9459:Liberalism
9451:Capitalism
9443:Ideologies
9394:Ostpolitik
9117:Solidarity
9082:Toyota War
8985:Solidarity
8842:Operation
8797:Ogaden War
8486:Dhofar War
8374:Shifta War
8132:Operation
7980:Korean War
7772:Operation
7764:Operation
7756:Operation
7733:Operation
7713:Operation
7705:Operation
7542:Egon Krenz
7408:Presidents
7403:Wilhelm II
7059:Egon Krenz
6945:Ramiz Alia
6840:Egon Krenz
6719:Egon Krenz
6656:1976–1989
6633:Egon Krenz
6627:1971–1989
4635:www.mdr.de
2946:Ludendorff
2760:28 October
2741:References
2715:until 1976
2640:(Russian:
2578:Yugoslavia
1980:show trial
1897:along the
1794:Uwe Holmer
1704:Egon Krenz
1686:Egon Krenz
1530:After the
1167:Hans Mahle
993:family in
991:Protestant
965:Following
842:(SED) and
686:Politician
680:Occupation
498:1912-08-25
471:1967–1971;
233:Egon Krenz
169:Egon Krenz
123:Egon Krenz
96:Egon Krenz
12295:The Shame
12009:Octopussy
11945:TV series
11943:Films and
11799:Erna Kelm
11681:Mauerpark
11507:Pink tide
11301:Jeltoqsan
11217:Elsewhere
11168:Lithuania
11020:Rastokhez
10960:New Forum
10943:movements
10842:Chai Ling
10452:Communism
10237:Ken Young
10082:Tony Judt
9931:Arms race
9904:Red Scare
9772:NN States
9717:Apartheid
9672:Autocracy
9581:Stalinism
9549:Guevarism
9539:Castroism
9529:Communism
9521:Socialism
9047:Star Wars
8640:Koza riot
7766:Beleaguer
7758:Masterdom
7395:Wilhelm I
7091:Imre Nagy
7086:Ernő Gerő
6789:President
6400:. Variety
5907:The Local
5682:28 August
5534:31 August
5319:28 August
3489:155068486
3226:29 August
3195:27 August
2389:Nicaragua
2084:official
1972:Karl Marx
1679:Politburo
1633:Gorbachev
1607:Politbüro
1542:in which
1437:from the
1391:and the "
1267:denounced
1229:Politbüro
1042:Pomerania
771:Politburo
703:Signature
473:1952–1958
459:1958–1971
447:1958–1971
435:1958–1971
423:1956–1983
411:1961–1989
347:In office
253:In office
198:Secretary
188:In office
142:In office
75:In office
12226:" (1985)
12219:" (1977)
12212:" (1962)
11985:Freiheit
11961:The Wall
11264:Mongolia
11259:Ethiopia
11244:Cambodia
11148:Chechnya
11082:Bulgaria
10857:Tank Man
10847:Wang Dan
10832:Liu Gang
10789:Samizdat
10784:Protests
10623:Glasnost
10606:500 Days
10530:Cold War
10438:Internal
10389:Timeline
10379:Category
10324:See also
9816:Izvestia
9657:Islamism
9554:Hoxhaism
9429:Rollback
9308:Abkhazia
9248:Gulf War
9152:Glasnost
8522:incident
8292:Sand War
8150:Ifni War
7659:Rio Pact
7604:Cold War
7390:Emperors
6404:14 March
5999:Die Zeit
5393:Archived
5025:Archived
4629:mdr.de.
4287:BBC News
3872:. Ecco.
3715:(2012).
3145:Die Welt
2682:Ostalgie
2054:La Reina
2029:Santiago
1948:Cold War
1774:Wandlitz
1655:—
1622:Budapest
1546:and the
1465:glasnost
999:Saarland
927:glasnost
919:Cold War
860:dictator
794:Ulbricht
672:Children
544:Santiago
522:Saarland
176:Chairman
130:Chairman
12017:Gotcha!
11516:Related
11274:Somalia
11203:Ukraine
11183:Moldova
11158:Georgia
11153:Estonia
11143:Belarus
11133:Armenia
11107:Romania
11097:Hungary
11077:Albania
10985:Sąjūdis
10805:leaders
10752:methods
10649:leaders
10638:Đổi Mới
10579:Reforms
9879:Amerika
9762:Comecon
9647:Fascism
9637:Zionism
9586:Titoism
9127:Contras
8595:Détente
7872:Comecon
7563:Italics
6909:of the
6779:of the
6695:of the
6567:at the
6052:1 March
6024:1 March
5978:1 March
5948:1 March
5887:1 March
5806:1 March
4524:YouTube
4015:(engl.)
2550:Vietnam
2335:Finland
2207:Austria
2005:CT scan
1829:Chilean
1801:Beelitz
1667:Leipzig
1660:, 2005.
1143:Gestapo
959:Romania
823:German:
663:
655:
643:
631:
627:
616:
608:
604:
593:Spouses
526:Germany
178:of the
132:of the
12224:Nikita
12194:(2014)
12186:(1999)
12178:(1984)
12170:(1964)
12162:(1963)
12151:Novels
12143:(2009)
12135:(1962)
12127:(1962)
12108:(2020)
12100:(2017)
12092:(2015)
12084:(2014)
12076:(2003)
12068:(2001)
12060:(2001)
12052:(1999)
12044:(1995)
12036:(1988)
12028:(1987)
12020:(1985)
12012:(1983)
12004:(1982)
11996:(1966)
11988:(1966)
11980:(1965)
11972:(1963)
11964:(1962)
11956:(1962)
11294:events
11229:Angola
11188:Russia
11163:Latvia
11102:Poland
11059:Events
10711:Ne Win
9830:Pravda
9632:Racism
9571:Maoism
9323:Kosovo
8844:Condor
8520:Pueblo
8506:May 68
8134:Gladio
8052:Tuapse
7715:Jungle
7707:Priboi
6550:
6507:online
6381:18 May
6357:
6328:3 July
6302:3 July
6277:3 July
6226:3 July
6198:
6173:
6149:3 July
6111:3 July
5648:
3876:
3834:p. 36.
3801:
3731:
3487:
3366:
3362:–137.
3333:
3108:
3050:
3017:
2979:
2950:Hitler
2621:(1985)
2605:
2592:(1974)
2575:
2547:
2536:(1989)
2525:(1969)
2514:(1980)
2503:(1977)
2481:(1982)
2465:
2454:(1987)
2438:
2427:(1988)
2410:
2386:
2359:
2348:(1977)
2332:
2321:(1982)
2310:(1987)
2293:
2282:(1986)
2256:
2230:
2204:
2170:(1955)
2158:(1962)
2131:
2064:Family
2010:Mielke
1878:Moabit
1161:, 1946
1112:Moabit
1020:, the
1016:After
695:Farmer
692:Roofer
262:Deputy
242:of the
84:Deputy
64:of the
12265:Other
12202:Songs
11249:China
11239:Burma
11234:Benin
10315:Stasi
9782:SAARC
9777:ASEAN
9742:SEATO
9595:Other
9560:Juche
9318:Korea
9231:1990s
8944:1980s
8588:1970s
8211:1960s
7963:1950s
7673:1940s
7654:NEATO
7649:SEATO
7639:ANZUS
6699:(SED)
6470:STASI
6101:(PDF)
5644:–97.
5396:(PDF)
5389:(PDF)
3485:S2CID
2957:(PDF)
2938:(PDF)
2699:Notes
2044:Death
2014:Stoph
1998:Stasi
1690:Stasi
1090:Essen
879:Nazis
799:Krenz
657:(
653:
633:(
629:
610:(
606:
548:Chile
520:(now
478:Sport
464:Woman
452:Youth
9855:TASS
9747:METO
9737:NATO
8963:and
8961:1980
8518:USS
7644:METO
7629:NATO
7427:) •
6548:ISBN
6406:2024
6383:2014
6355:ISBN
6330:2020
6304:2023
6279:2023
6228:2023
6196:ISBN
6171:ISBN
6167:2006
6151:2023
6113:2023
6054:2017
6026:2017
5980:2017
5950:2017
5915:2017
5889:2017
5862:2017
5808:2017
5762:Bild
5684:2013
5646:ISBN
5536:2013
5321:2013
5249:2013
5197:2013
5105:2013
5033:2013
4883:2013
4835:2013
4643:2020
4377:2022
4208:2013
3874:ISBN
3799:ISBN
3729:ISBN
3364:ISBN
3331:ISBN
3228:2013
3197:2013
3106:ISBN
3048:ISBN
3015:ISBN
2977:ISBN
2948:and
2866:2017
2840:2017
2814:2017
2788:2017
2762:2023
2259:Cuba
2012:and
1974:and
1921:and
1497:and
1468:and
1404:CSCE
1196:and
957:and
955:Cuba
945:and
925:and
639:div.
534:Died
492:Born
333:for
10487:KGB
10310:KGB
10305:MVD
10290:MI6
10285:MI5
10280:CIA
9752:EEC
5968:MDR
5829:MDR
5481:MDR
4522:on
4435:MDR
4369:ZDF
3477:doi
3360:136
3327:112
3102:239
3011:195
1839:by
1721:ZDF
1439:IOC
1375:to
1198:SPD
1194:KPD
1159:FDJ
850:as
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7415:•
7411::
7401:•
7397:•
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6321:.
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6269:.
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