488:
533:
477:
104:
460:
126:
516:
432:
328:. They contain hollow air filled gaps separated by thin inner layers of the spine to lessen the weight load. Every spine is tapered at the end to form a point and also at the base where it then forms a bulb that is attached to the skin. The tapering at the base allows the spine to have a section that will bend under stress and dampen forces placed on the spines. Each of the spines has a dermal muscle that erects the spine for defense. The size of
505:
449:
392:
is between 30 and 40 days. Upon birth the young are born blind and dependent to their mother. The average litter size is 2–5 offspring with a maximum of 10. Offspring are born without developed spines, which form within a few weeks. Weaning occurs around 4–6 weeks. Sexual maturity is reached around
357:
is solitary until breeding season. Another normal action is self-anointing where the organism produces thick foamy saliva and proceeds to cover its spines with the saliva. This could be in response to a chemical signal and often is done when a new object is introduced. The reason for self-anointing
348:
and seeks shelter in shrubs and burrows during the day. The common defense mechanism is to roll into a ball with the spines facing outward. The action is done because of excess loose skin on the back of hedgehogs allows them to pull it around the rest of their body forming a ball. The first step is
408:. It will eat small invertebrates, small vertebrates, fruit, vegetables, and even fungi. In some cases they have been known to eat venomous snakes or even toxic beetles. Some species show resistance to snake venom up to forty times greater than that of the ordinary laboratory mouse.
625:
Bogdanov, AS; Bannikova, AA; PirusskiÄ, IuM; Formozov, NA (2009). "The first genetic evidence of hybridization between west
European and northern white-breasted hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus and E. Roumanicus) in Moscow Region".
996:
687:
Grzimek, Bernhard, Neil
Schlager, Donna Olendorf, and Melissa C. McDade. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 13. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2004.
1482:
308:. The range is all across Europe, throughout the Middle East, parts of Russia, and extending to northern China and Korea. The European hedgehog (
1534:
349:
to pull skin fold over the head and rear of the body. Once this is done a muscle that runs along the edges of the animal called the
1456:
1495:
1513:
744:
570:
1500:
1652:
1435:
560:
1596:
912:
894:
521:
487:
465:
1539:
1448:
366:. Most have the ability to lower the body temperature close that of the environmental temperature. In particular
244:
218:
713:
608:
1614:
1521:
1170:
1152:
1143:
393:
12 months. The average life span is 2–5 years, while in captivity lifespan can reach as much as 10 years.
1508:
1378:
1383:
1134:
945:
1601:
1588:
372:
the body temperature can drop down to 1 °C and lower its heart rate down to 22 beats per minute.
125:
1549:
987:
852:
737:
532:
476:
1284:
1005:
1647:
1575:
1318:
843:
1487:
1570:
1056:
1562:
324:
have spines. These spines are a modification of the hair that is formed and strengthened by
1404:
1365:
1038:
730:
635:
277:
722:
8:
1356:
936:
385:
368:
271:
259:
234:
112:
639:
1642:
1637:
1251:
978:
834:
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265:
120:
1557:
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903:
709:
651:
604:
576:
566:
493:
663:
1396:
1293:
969:
643:
459:
1370:
103:
1275:
1047:
1029:
861:
1526:
358:
is unknown and believed to be either part of a defense or attraction of a mate.
1443:
1430:
1203:
1194:
1179:
791:
705:
647:
1631:
1341:
1227:
1218:
1161:
1125:
885:
556:
437:
240:
214:
61:
580:
797:
655:
226:
177:
504:
1469:
1350:
1266:
1020:
927:
754:
515:
359:
301:
187:
36:
696:
Lal, S. S. Practical
Zoology Vertebrate. Meerut, IN: Global Media, 2010.
1461:
1242:
960:
353:
contracts pulling everything in like a drawstring. Like most hedgehogs
81:
46:
431:
1474:
1417:
448:
389:
345:
137:
86:
1312:
1422:
1335:
825:
807:
785:
779:
773:
405:
297:
197:
157:
76:
71:
56:
51:
41:
624:
565:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 213–214.
1609:
1116:
1101:
1092:
1074:
562:
Mammal
Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
325:
91:
66:
767:
167:
147:
1409:
1583:
293:
752:
708:
Mammals of the Holy Land. Lubbock: Texas Tech UP, 1996
320:
As is characteristic of other hedgehogs, members of
332:is 20–30 cm with a weight of 400–1200 g.
1629:
628:Izvestiia Akademii Nauk. Seriia Biologicheskaia
738:
503:
475:
447:
375:
594:
592:
590:
745:
731:
531:
514:
486:
458:
430:
102:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
598:
587:
554:
699:
618:
1630:
670:
312:) has been introduced to New Zealand.
1317:
1316:
726:
362:is common in each of the species for
1615:968126CC-20CF-4B06-A4A7-718F0135F273
1589:DD1697D6-AC27-0995-96E5-0C837FE66846
1550:93e84a0d-5a57-44f6-b141-0500fdee5f1c
1449:42741a9f-d6d6-46a2-8302-28f135ad95f5
548:
13:
913:Northern white-breasted hedgehog (
895:Southern white-breasted hedgehog (
14:
1664:
304:. There are four main species of
522:Northern white-breasted hedgehog
466:Southern white-breasted hedgehog
124:
34:
1171:Northern short-tailed gymnure (
997:Small-toothed forest hedgehog (
603:. New York, NY: Facts on File.
1144:Bornean short-tailed gymnure (
690:
315:
1:
541:
1153:Max's short-tailed gymnure (
1135:Javan short-tailed gymnure (
946:Indian long-eared hedgehog (
599:Macdonald, David W. (1984).
7:
1653:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
988:Gaoligong forest hedgehog (
853:Southern African hedgehog (
601:The Encyclopedia of Mammals
388:in mating. Once fertilized
335:
10:
1669:
1285:Eastern Mindanao gymnure (
411:
1325:
1264:
1240:
1216:
1192:
1114:
1090:
1073:
1018:
1006:Eastern forest hedgehog (
958:
925:
874:
823:
806:
762:
648:10.1134/S106235900906017X
376:Reproduction and lifespan
340:Like all other hedgehogs
256:
251:
232:
225:
121:Scientific classification
119:
110:
101:
23:
904:West European hedgehog (
844:North African hedgehog (
1057:Bare-bellied hedgehog (
559:; Reeder, D.M. (eds.).
396:
508:
480:
452:
1571:Paleobiology Database
937:Long-eared hedgehog (
555:Hutterer, R. (2005).
507:
479:
451:
1444:Fauna Europaea (new)
1252:Long-eared gymnure (
835:Four-toed hedgehog (
757:species by subfamily
526:Erinaceus roumanicus
380:It is believed that
1039:Brandt's hedgehog (
640:2009BioBu..36..647B
498:Erinaceus europaeus
442:Erinaceus amurensis
369:Erinaceus europaeus
351:panniculus carnosus
310:Erinaceus europaeus
300:from the family of
235:Erinaceus europaeus
32:Late Miocene–Recent
1294:Mindanao gymnure (
970:Daurian hedgehog (
706:Qumsiyeh, Mazin B.
509:
481:
470:Erinaceus concolor
453:
1625:
1624:
1558:Open Tree of Life
1319:Taxon identifiers
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1276:Dinagat gymnure (
1084:
1069:
1068:
1048:Indian hedgehog (
1030:Desert hedgehog (
979:Hugh's hedgehog (
862:Somali hedgehog (
817:
572:978-0-8018-8221-0
539:
538:
494:European hedgehog
285:
284:
221:
1660:
1618:
1617:
1605:
1604:
1592:
1591:
1579:
1578:
1566:
1565:
1553:
1552:
1543:
1542:
1530:
1529:
1527:NBNSYS0000132952
1517:
1516:
1504:
1503:
1491:
1490:
1478:
1477:
1465:
1464:
1452:
1451:
1439:
1438:
1426:
1425:
1413:
1412:
1400:
1399:
1387:
1386:
1374:
1373:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1314:
1313:
1204:Hainan gymnure (
1180:Leuser gymnure (
1088:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1078:
821:
820:
816:
815:
811:
747:
740:
733:
724:
723:
717:
703:
697:
694:
688:
685:
668:
667:
622:
616:
614:
596:
585:
584:
552:
535:
518:
490:
462:
434:
416:
415:
213:
129:
128:
106:
96:
33:
29:Temporal range:
21:
20:
16:Genus of mammals
1668:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1613:
1608:
1600:
1595:
1587:
1582:
1574:
1569:
1561:
1556:
1548:
1546:
1538:
1533:
1525:
1520:
1512:
1507:
1499:
1494:
1486:
1481:
1473:
1468:
1460:
1455:
1447:
1442:
1434:
1429:
1421:
1416:
1408:
1403:
1395:
1390:
1382:
1377:
1369:
1364:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1321:
1311:
1302:
1278:P. aureospinula
1260:
1236:
1228:Shrew gymnure (
1212:
1188:
1162:Dalat gymnure (
1126:Dwarf gymnure (
1110:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1065:
1014:
954:
921:
886:Amur hedgehog (
870:
813:
812:
810:
802:
758:
751:
721:
720:
704:
700:
695:
691:
686:
671:
623:
619:
611:
597:
588:
573:
553:
549:
544:
414:
399:
378:
338:
318:
275:
269:
263:
247:
238:
212:
123:
97:
95:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
31:
30:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1666:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1606:
1593:
1580:
1567:
1554:
1544:
1531:
1518:
1505:
1492:
1479:
1466:
1453:
1440:
1431:Fauna Europaea
1427:
1414:
1401:
1388:
1375:
1362:
1347:
1331:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1291:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1206:N. hainanensis
1200:
1198:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1085:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1059:P. nudiventris
1054:
1045:
1036:
1032:P. aethiopicus
1026:
1024:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1003:
994:
985:
976:
966:
964:
956:
955:
953:
952:
943:
933:
931:
923:
922:
920:
919:
910:
901:
892:
882:
880:
872:
871:
869:
868:
859:
850:
841:
837:A. albiventris
831:
829:
818:
804:
803:
801:
800:
794:
792:Laurasiatheria
788:
782:
776:
770:
763:
760:
759:
750:
749:
742:
735:
727:
719:
718:
698:
689:
669:
634:(6): 760–765.
617:
609:
586:
571:
546:
545:
543:
540:
537:
536:
529:
519:
511:
510:
501:
491:
483:
482:
473:
463:
455:
454:
445:
435:
427:
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420:
413:
410:
398:
395:
377:
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337:
334:
317:
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283:
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254:
253:
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205:
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185:
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165:
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145:
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135:
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117:
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108:
107:
99:
98:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
35:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1665:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1648:Mammal genera
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1287:P. intermedia
1283:
1281:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1086:
1076:
1072:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1008:M. orientalis
1004:
1002:
1000:
995:
993:
991:
986:
984:
982:
977:
975:
973:
968:
967:
965:
963:
962:
957:
951:
949:
944:
942:
940:
935:
934:
932:
930:
929:
924:
918:
916:
915:E. roumanicus
911:
909:
907:
902:
900:
898:
893:
891:
889:
884:
883:
881:
879:
878:
873:
867:
865:
860:
858:
856:
851:
849:
847:
842:
840:
838:
833:
832:
830:
828:
827:
822:
819:
809:
805:
799:
795:
793:
789:
787:
783:
781:
777:
775:
771:
769:
765:
764:
761:
756:
748:
743:
741:
736:
734:
729:
728:
725:
715:
711:
707:
702:
693:
684:
682:
680:
678:
676:
674:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
621:
612:
606:
602:
595:
593:
591:
582:
578:
574:
568:
564:
563:
558:
551:
547:
534:
530:
527:
523:
520:
517:
513:
512:
506:
502:
499:
495:
492:
489:
485:
484:
478:
474:
471:
467:
464:
461:
457:
456:
450:
446:
443:
439:
438:Amur hedgehog
436:
433:
429:
428:
425:Distribution
424:
421:
418:
417:
409:
407:
403:
394:
391:
387:
383:
373:
371:
370:
365:
361:
356:
352:
347:
343:
333:
331:
327:
323:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
290:
281:
280:
279:
278:E. roumanicus
274:
273:
268:
267:
262:
261:
255:
250:
246:
242:
237:
236:
231:
228:
224:
220:
216:
211:
210:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
127:
122:
118:
115:
114:
109:
105:
100:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
26:
22:
19:
1326:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1265:
1254:O. megalotis
1253:
1241:
1229:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1181:
1173:H. peguensis
1172:
1163:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1115:
1103:
1091:
1058:
1049:
1041:P. hypomelas
1040:
1031:
1019:
1007:
998:
989:
980:
972:M. dauuricus
971:
959:
947:
938:
926:
914:
906:E. europaeus
905:
896:
888:E. amurensis
887:
876:
875:
863:
855:A. frontalis
854:
845:
836:
824:
798:Eulipotyphla
701:
692:
631:
627:
620:
600:
561:
557:Wilson, D.E.
550:
525:
497:
469:
441:
401:
400:
381:
379:
367:
363:
354:
350:
341:
339:
329:
321:
319:
309:
305:
288:
287:
286:
276:
272:E. europaeus
270:
264:
260:E. amurensis
258:
257:
233:
227:Type species
208:
207:
178:Eulipotyphla
113:E. europaeus
111:
24:
18:
1470:iNaturalist
1351:Wikispecies
1267:Podogymnura
1230:N. sinensis
1219:Neotetracus
1164:H. macarong
1146:H. dorsalis
1093:Echinosorex
1075:Galericinae
1050:P. micropus
1021:Paraechinus
948:H. collaris
928:Hemiechinus
897:E. concolor
864:A. sclateri
814:(Hedgehogs)
808:Erinaceinae
790:Superorder
784:Infraclass
755:Erinaceidae
360:Hibernation
316:Description
302:Erinaceidae
266:E. concolor
198:Erinaceinae
194:Subfamily:
188:Erinaceidae
1632:Categories
1243:Otohylomys
1195:Neohylomys
1137:H. suillus
1104:E. gymnura
1081:(Gymnures)
961:Mesechinus
939:H. auritus
846:A. algirus
714:089672364X
610:0871968711
542:References
386:polygynous
1643:Hedgehogs
1638:Erinaceus
1371:Erinaceus
1357:Erinaceus
1327:Erinaceus
1128:H. parvus
1102:Moonrat (
999:M. miodon
877:Erinaceus
402:Erinaceus
390:gestation
382:Erinaceus
364:Erinaceus
355:Erinaceus
346:nocturnal
342:Erinaceus
330:Erinaceus
322:Erinaceus
306:Erinaceus
289:Erinaceus
209:Erinaceus
144:Kingdom:
138:Eukaryota
25:Erinaceus
1514:13600014
1336:Wikidata
1296:P. truei
1182:H. vorax
990:M. wangi
981:M. hughi
826:Atelerix
786:Eutheria
780:Mammalia
774:Chordata
768:Animalia
766:Kingdom
664:23410570
656:20143638
581:62265494
422:Species
406:omnivore
336:Behavior
298:hedgehog
252:Species
241:Linnaeus
215:Linnaeus
184:Family:
168:Mammalia
158:Chordata
154:Phylum:
148:Animalia
134:Domain:
1610:ZooBank
1602:1465488
1488:1381059
1462:2437100
1342:Q498993
1155:H. maxi
1117:Hylomys
772:Phylum
753:Extant
636:Bibcode
412:Species
326:keratin
204:Genus:
174:Order:
164:Class:
1563:796658
1547:NZOR:
1501:633446
1436:305450
1423:1ERNAG
796:Order
778:Class
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662:
654:
607:
579:
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419:Image
404:is an
1597:WoRMS
1584:Plazi
1576:40375
1483:IRMNG
1475:43041
1410:14833
1397:62RKX
660:S2CID
294:genus
292:is a
1540:9364
1535:NCBI
1496:ITIS
1457:GBIF
1418:EPPO
1384:6862
1379:BOLD
710:ISBN
652:PMID
605:ISBN
577:OCLC
567:ISBN
397:Diet
245:1758
219:1758
37:Preęž’
1522:NBN
1509:MSW
1405:EoL
1392:CoL
1366:ADW
644:doi
384:is
344:is
296:of
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