29:
245:
managing the private royal treasury. They unofficially acted as hostesses, ensuring the royal family was not involved in scandals and giving gifts to high-ranking officials in a society where this was important to maintain bonds. As a result, queens were expected to act as wise, loyal and chaste women.
280:
from the Bible, and Z. Mistry concludes that this is an attempt from
Hincmar and Charles II to bless the Carolingian dynasty with more heirs through Ermentrude. This is because Sarah struggled to have children until she reaffirmed her faith, showing that fertility and dynastic survival was entwined
244:
has examined queenship in a lot of depth, using
Ermentrude's role in the Carolingian dynasty. They had power within the royal household and partially within the court. Their official duty was running the royal household smoothly, such as directing the children's education, supervising the staff and
272:
during a politically turbulent time regarding his relationship with
Charles II. It was the coronation of a wife rather than a bride, as she was crowned over 20 years after her wedding. According to Z. Mistry, the ordination shows two important ideas about Ermentrude and queenship in general: a)
296:, loyal like Sarah.’ This list for how to be a good queen was common in Carolingian times, as Eriugena praised Ermentrude for her chastity, piety, and constant prayer, all virtues reminiscent of biblical women.
256:). 2 letters written in her name survive, a further 5 letters were addressed to her, and 12 charges issued by Charles II had her involved. In her free time, she showed a gift for
288:
Z. Mistry points out that
Hincmar also developed an ideology for the behaviour of queens in his ordination and other works. He expected Ermentrude to be ‘loveable like
1764:
609:
580:
551:
465:
418:
1789:
189:
1683:
1784:
1043:
281:
with devout faith. Fittingly, Ermentrude had an interest in religious foundations and associations with several convents, including
1003:
221:
42:
1558:
1444:
720:
Mistry, Z (2019). "'Ermentrude's
Consecration (866): Queen-making rites and biblical templates for Carolingian fertility'".
1464:
1409:
1804:
1493:
1429:
1799:
923:
Mistry, Zubin, 'Ermentrude's
Consecration (866): Queen-making rites and biblical templates for Carolingian fertility'
1794:
1703:
1434:
449:
343:
174:
1779:
1528:
1202:
320:
1656:
760:
689:
635:
1454:
1067:
1036:
859:
802:
505:
1774:
1769:
1498:
1270:
1240:
70:
1533:
1676:
1651:
1245:
835:"Ermentrude's consecration (866): queen-making rites and biblical templates for Carolingian fertility"
778:"Ermentrude's consecration (866): queen-making rites and biblical templates for Carolingian fertility"
481:"Ermentrude's consecration (866): queen-making rites and biblical templates for Carolingian fertility"
199:
1260:
304:
Ermentrude of Orléans and
Charles II, also known as "The Bald", married in 842. Their children were:
209:
1029:
989:
1548:
1062:
116:
34:
1622:
1310:
1157:
1295:
441:
316:
312:
240:
on queenship has created an image of a queen who a king's "helpmate" and provider of heirs.
1384:
1344:
1265:
834:
777:
480:
1722:
968:(882), trans. by P.Dutton in Carolingian Civilisation (2nd ed.) (Toronto, 2004), pp.516-532.
433:
1553:
1449:
1424:
1404:
1394:
1389:
1379:
1280:
1013:
249:
81:
1627:
8:
1759:
1754:
1612:
1459:
1217:
1197:
1078:
325:
164:
1694:
1713:
1642:
1607:
1574:
1563:
1543:
1518:
1508:
1419:
1399:
1359:
1354:
1320:
872:
815:
603:
574:
545:
518:
459:
412:
308:
159:
1587:
1503:
1439:
1374:
1364:
1305:
1285:
1250:
876:
864:
819:
807:
756:
685:
631:
522:
510:
445:
434:
331:
169:
143:
1469:
1666:
1632:
1598:
1538:
1523:
1414:
1235:
995:
940:
854:
846:
797:
789:
651:
500:
492:
337:
241:
225:
135:
1617:
1479:
1349:
1513:
1335:
1315:
908:
Three
Bernards Sent South to Govern II: Counties of the Guilhemid Consanguinity
748:
677:
623:
237:
1748:
1488:
1325:
868:
811:
514:
282:
228:. She was the daughter of Odo, count of Orleans and Engeltrude de Fézensac.
1369:
1192:
1021:
930:
1207:
1187:
1182:
1137:
1132:
945:
Queens, Concubines and
Dowagers: The King's Wife in the Early Middle Ages
596:
Queens, Concubines and
Dowagers: The King's Wife in the Early Middle Ages
567:
Queens, Concubines and Dowagers: The King's Wife in the Early Middle Ages
538:
Queens, Concubines and Dowagers: The King's Wife in the Early Middle Ages
405:
Queens, Concubines and Dowagers: The King's Wife in the Early Middle Ages
1222:
1172:
1147:
1092:
850:
793:
496:
257:
57:
28:
1300:
1290:
1152:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1255:
1226:
1177:
1167:
1162:
1142:
1102:
1097:
1087:
1112:
293:
269:
184:
311:(844–870 or later), Queen of Wessex by her marriages with Kings
276:
Throughout the ordination, Ermentrude is repeatedly compared to
1107:
289:
124:
277:
120:
738:, ed. Margaret Gibson and Janet Nelson (London, 1981), 153.
248:
In particular, Ermentrude was described by a contemporary,
372:
326:
Louis II of West Francia, also known as "The Stammerer"
273:
dynastic security b) how to be a good wife to a king.
709:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 14.
755:. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. p. 72.
684:. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. p. 72.
630:. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. p. 72.
340:(848–865), monk in 861, became Abbot of Saint-Germain
319:, Countess of Flanders by her marriage with Margrave
268:
In 866, Ermentrude was consecrated by the Archbishop
917:
The Frankish Kingdoms Under the Carolingians 751-987
883:
704:
384:
966:
De Ordine Palatii (On the Governance of the Palace)
860:20.500.11820/141896e9-d116-4fc3-b50a-b9094ca0e8c0
803:20.500.11820/141896e9-d116-4fc3-b50a-b9094ca0e8c0
506:20.500.11820/141896e9-d116-4fc3-b50a-b9094ca0e8c0
332:Charles I of Aquitaine, also known as "The Child"
220:(27 September 823 – 6 October 869) was the
1746:
1733:Consorts to debatable or disputed rulers are in
160:Judith, Queen of Wessex and Countess of Flanders
1037:
1051:
935:Politics and Ritual in Early Medieval Europe
436:Politics and Ritual in Early Medieval Europe
914:
378:
1044:
1030:
734:Jane Hyam, 'Ermentrude and Richildis', in
608:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
579:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
550:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
464:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
417:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
27:
975:(trans. by R.W Dyson) (Woodbridge, 2010).
858:
801:
504:
950:Stone, Rachel and West, Charles (eds.),
713:
593:
564:
535:
402:
905:
889:
390:
149:
1765:Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis
1747:
832:
775:
747:
719:
676:
622:
478:
431:
1025:
1790:9th-century people from West Francia
736:Charles the Bald, Court and Kingdom
13:
958:
728:
355:Hildegard (856–c. 860), died young
14:
1816:
1785:Women from the Carolingian Empire
1704:Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily
753:Iohannis Scotti Eriugenae Carmina
682:Iohannis Scotti Eriugenae Carmina
628:Iohannis Scotti Eriugenae Carmina
952:Hincmar of Rheims: Life and Work
707:Hincmar of Rheims: Life and Work
826:
769:
741:
698:
670:
644:
263:
915:McKitterick, Rosamond (2018).
656:Medieval Women's Latin Letters
616:
587:
558:
529:
472:
425:
396:
1:
1455:Joan II, Countess of Burgundy
1068:List of French royal consorts
705:R. Stone and C. West (2015).
365:
43:Queen consort of West Francia
16:Queen consort of West Francia
1499:Joan I, Countess of Auvergne
927:27 (2019), pp. 567-588.
231:
33:Statue of Ermentrude at the
7:
906:Jackman, Donald C. (2015).
165:Louis II of Western Francia
10:
1821:
1805:Mothers of French monarchs
1246:Desiderata of the Lombards
899:
361:Godehilde (864–907), a nun
352:Ermentrud (854–877), a nun
1800:9th-century French people
1731:
1712:
1693:
1665:
1641:
1597:
1572:
1478:
1334:
1216:
1077:
1057:
1010:
1001:
986:
981:
205:
195:
183:
142:
131:
111:
99:
91:
87:
77:
66:
56:
48:
41:
26:
21:
1795:9th-century French women
1677:Marie Joséphine of Savoy
1652:Joséphine de Beauharnais
1052:Royal consorts of France
1004:Queen of Western Francia
299:
73:(as Carolingian Empress)
1780:Frankish queens consort
1063:List of Frankish queens
349:Rotrud (852–912), a nun
252:, as a 'strong woman' (
117:Basilica of Saint-Denis
35:Basilica of Saint-Denis
1669:(1814–1815; 1815–1830)
1623:Maria Theresa of Spain
1311:Beatrice of Vermandois
1158:Brunhilda of Austrasia
833:Mistry, Zubin (2019).
776:Mistry, Zubin (2019).
652:"Ermentrud of Orleans"
569:. London. p. 112.
479:Mistry, Zubin (2019).
407:. London. p. 100.
210:Engeltrude de Fézensac
170:Charles I of Aquitaine
1385:Adelaide of Maurienne
1345:Adelaide of Aquitaine
1276:Ermentrude of Orléans
1266:Ermengarde of Hesbaye
925:Early Medieval Europe
910:. Editions Enlaplage.
839:Early Medieval Europe
782:Early Medieval Europe
722:Early Medieval Europe
598:. London. p. 99.
540:. London. p. 86.
485:Early Medieval Europe
218:Ermentrude of Orléans
1559:Elisabeth of Austria
1549:Catherine de' Medici
1450:Clementia of Hungary
1445:Margaret of Burgundy
1425:Margaret of Provence
1405:Isabella of Hainault
1395:Constance of Castile
1390:Eleanor of Aquitaine
1380:Bertrade of Montfort
1281:Richilde of Provence
1014:Richilde of Provence
994:First following the
594:Stafford, P (1983).
565:Stafford, P (1983).
536:Stafford, P (1983).
403:Stafford, P (1983).
250:John Scotus Eriugena
82:Richilde of Provence
1775:Carolingian dynasty
1770:Udalriching dynasty
1465:Marie of Luxembourg
1460:Blanche of Burgundy
1410:Ingeborg of Denmark
1296:Théodrate of Troyes
1198:Balthild of Chelles
973:On Christian Rulers
964:Hincmar of Rheims,
954:(Manchester, 2015).
440:. London. pp.
224:by her marriage to
222:Queen of the Franks
1723:Eugénie de Montijo
1714:House of Bonaparte
1643:House of Bonaparte
1608:Margaret of Valois
1575:House of Lancaster
1564:Louise of Lorraine
1544:Eleanor of Austria
1519:Charlotte of Savoy
1509:Isabeau of Bavaria
1494:Blanche of Navarre
1430:Isabella of Aragon
1420:Blanche of Castile
1400:Adela of Champagne
1360:Constance of Arles
1355:Bertha of Burgundy
1321:Gerberga of Saxony
971:Sedulius Scottus,
851:10.1111/emed.12373
794:10.1111/emed.12373
497:10.1111/emed.12373
432:Nelson, J (1986).
1742:
1741:
1645:(1804–1814; 1815)
1628:Marie Leszczyńska
1588:Margaret of Anjou
1504:Joanna of Bourbon
1440:Joan I of Navarre
1375:Bertha of Holland
1365:Matilda of Frisia
1306:Eadgifu of Wessex
1286:Adelaide of Paris
1271:Judith of Bavaria
1020:
1019:
1011:Succeeded by
990:Judith of Bavaria
270:Hincmar of Rheims
215:
214:
200:Odo I of Orléans
71:Judith of Bavaria
1812:
1695:House of Orléans
1667:House of Bourbon
1633:Marie Antoinette
1613:Marie de' Medici
1599:House of Bourbon
1539:Claude of France
1524:Anne of Brittany
1489:Joan of Burgundy
1435:Marie of Brabant
1415:Agnes of Merania
1236:Bertrada of Laon
1046:
1039:
1032:
1023:
1022:
996:Treaty of Verdun
987:Preceded by
979:
978:
920:
911:
893:
887:
881:
880:
862:
830:
824:
823:
805:
773:
767:
766:
745:
739:
732:
726:
725:
717:
711:
710:
702:
696:
695:
674:
668:
667:
665:
663:
648:
642:
641:
620:
614:
613:
607:
599:
591:
585:
584:
578:
570:
562:
556:
555:
549:
541:
533:
527:
526:
508:
476:
470:
469:
463:
455:
439:
429:
423:
422:
416:
408:
400:
394:
388:
382:
379:McKitterick 2018
376:
358:Gisela (857–874)
236:The traditional
153:
106:
95:27 September 823
31:
19:
18:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1727:
1708:
1689:
1661:
1637:
1618:Anne of Austria
1593:
1568:
1480:House of Valois
1474:
1350:Rozala of Italy
1330:
1221:
1212:
1073:
1072:
1053:
1050:
1016:
1007:
999:
992:
961:
959:Further reading
947:(London, 1983).
937:(London, 1986).
902:
897:
896:
888:
884:
831:
827:
774:
770:
763:
749:Herren, Michael
746:
742:
733:
729:
718:
714:
703:
699:
692:
678:Herren, Michael
675:
671:
661:
659:
650:
649:
645:
638:
624:Herren, Michael
621:
617:
601:
600:
592:
588:
572:
571:
563:
559:
543:
542:
534:
530:
477:
473:
457:
456:
452:
430:
426:
410:
409:
401:
397:
389:
385:
377:
373:
368:
302:
266:
234:
179:
150:among others...
147:
146:
127:
104:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1818:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1740:
1739:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1700:
1698:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1672:
1670:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1646:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1583:
1581:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1529:Joan of France
1526:
1521:
1516:
1514:Marie of Anjou
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1485:
1483:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1470:Joan of Évreux
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1336:House of Capet
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1316:Emma of France
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1232:
1230:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1082:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1026:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1008:843–869
1000:
988:
984:
983:
977:
976:
969:
960:
957:
956:
955:
948:
941:Stafford, Paul
938:
928:
921:
912:
901:
898:
895:
894:
882:
845:(4): 567–588.
825:
788:(4): 567–588.
768:
761:
740:
727:
712:
697:
690:
669:
643:
636:
615:
586:
557:
528:
491:(4): 567–588.
471:
450:
424:
395:
383:
381:, p. 181.
370:
369:
367:
364:
363:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
341:
335:
329:
323:
301:
298:
265:
262:
238:historiography
233:
230:
213:
212:
207:
203:
202:
197:
193:
192:
187:
181:
180:
178:
177:
172:
167:
162:
156:
154:
140:
139:
133:
129:
128:
115:
113:
109:
108:
107:(aged 46)
101:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
68:
64:
63:
60:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
39:
38:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1817:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1684:Marie-Thérèse
1681:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1326:Emma of Italy
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
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1218:Carolingians
1193:Bertechildis
1079:Merovingians
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890:Jackman 2015
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264:Consecration
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1716:(1852–1870)
1697:(1830–1848)
1601:(1589–1792)
1579:(1422–1453)
1554:Mary Stuart
1482:(1328–1589)
1208:Chrothildis
1188:Wulfefundis
1183:Ragintrudis
1138:Austregilde
1133:Theudechild
190:Udalriching
105:(869-10-06)
67:Predecessor
1760:869 deaths
1755:823 births
1749:Categories
1534:Mary Tudor
1338:(987–1328)
1223:Robertians
1173:Gomentrude
1148:Galswintha
1093:Ultragotha
762:1855001624
691:1855001624
637:1855001624
366:References
258:embroidery
242:P.Stafford
226:Charles II
136:Charles II
58:Coronation
22:Ermentrude
1301:Frederuna
1291:Richardis
1251:Hildegard
1229:(751–987)
1203:Bilichild
1153:Fredegund
1128:Marcovefa
1123:Merofleda
1118:Ingoberga
1081:(509–751)
877:213816257
869:1468-0254
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812:1468-0254
604:cite book
575:cite book
546:cite book
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515:1468-0254
460:cite book
413:cite book
346:(849–877)
334:(847–866)
328:(846–879)
321:Baldwin I
317:Æthelbald
313:Æthelwulf
232:Queenship
78:Successor
1261:Luitgard
1256:Fastrada
1241:Gerberga
1227:Bosonids
1178:Nanthild
1168:Sichilde
1163:Bertrude
1143:Audovera
1103:Radegund
1098:Guntheuc
1088:Clotilde
751:(1993).
680:(1993).
626:(1993).
344:Carloman
175:Carloman
138:(m. 842)
1735:italics
1113:Aregund
900:Sources
662:8 March
294:Rebecca
283:Chelles
185:Dynasty
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196:Father
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125:France
112:Burial
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664:2019
632:ISBN
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