Ernest J. King - Knowledge

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responsibility to the Government of the United States as Commander in Chief of the United States Fleet from 20 December 1941, and concurrently as Chief of Naval Operations from 18 March 1942 to 10 October 1945. During the above periods, Fleet Admiral King, in his dual capacity, exercised complete military control of the naval forces of the United States Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard and directed all activities of these forces in conjunction with the U.S. Army and our Allies to bring victory to the United States. As the United States Naval Member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Combined Chiefs of Staff, he coordinated the naval strength of this country with all agencies of the United States and of the Allied Nations, and with exceptional vision, driving energy, and uncompromising devotion to duty, he fulfilled his tremendous responsibility of command and direction of the greatest naval force the world has ever seen and the simultaneous expansion of all naval facilities in the prosecution of the war. With extraordinary foresight, sound judgment, and brilliant strategic genius, he exercised a guiding influence in the Allied strategy of victory. Analyzing with astute military acumen the multiple complexity of large-scale combined operations and the paramount importance of amphibious warfare, Fleet Admiral King exercised a guiding influence in the formation of all operational and logistic plans and achieved complete coordination between the U.S. Navy and all Allied military and naval forces. His outstanding qualities of leadership throughout the greatest period of crisis in the history of our country were an inspiration to the forces under his command and to all associated with him.

1026: 1610: 1550: 2383: 1157: 2042: 1462: 1726: 2810:... tough as nails and carried himself as stiffly as a poker. He was blunt and stand-offish, almost to the point of rudeness. At the start, he was intolerant and suspicious of all things British, especially the Royal Navy; but he was almost equally intolerant and suspicious of the American Army. War against Japan was the problem to which he had devoted the study of a lifetime, and he resented the idea of American resources being used for any other purpose than to destroy the Japanese. He mistrusted Churchill's powers of advocacy, and was apprehensive that he would wheedle President Roosevelt into neglecting the war in the Pacific ... As we all got to know each other better, King mellowed and became much more friendly. The last time I saw him was at a big official dinner in Potsdam in July 1945 when, to my amazement, he proposed my health in very flattering terms. I was as proud as a subaltern getting his first mention in despatches. 2196: 2753: 753: 1291: 2452: 2835: 1970: 1938:

officer to act as a JCS spokesperson and a liaison between the JCS and the President. He nominated Leahy for the post, hoping that a naval officer would be more acceptable to King. King remained opposed, but Roosevelt was convinced of the merits of the proposal. On 21 July 1942, Leahy was appointed Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy and became the fourth member of the JCS. As the senior officer, Leahy chaired its meetings, but he did not exercise any command authority. King and Marshall retained their direct access to the President. King had thirty-two official meetings with Roosevelt at the White House in 1942, but only eight in 1943, nine in 1944 and just one in 1945.

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make everyone believe that he knows it all; the preponderance (inherent in democracy) of people whose real interest is in their own welfare as individuals; the glorification of our own victories in war and the corresponding ignorance of our defeats (and disgraces) and of their basic causes; the inability of the average individual (the man in the street) to understand the cause and effect not only in foreign but domestic affairs, as well as his lack of interest in such matters. Added to these elements is the manner in which our representative (republican) form of government has developed as to put a premium on mediocrity and to emphasize the defects of the electorate already mentioned.

3643: 534: 2242: 3503: 3592: 40: 887: 1843: 2135: 3628: 3175: 2854: 1915: 2289: 3268: 3243: 3487: 3550: 3261: 3225: 3200: 2846:'s Executive Order 9635 of 29 September 1945 revoked Executive Orders 8984 and 9096 and restored the primacy of the Secretary of the Navy and the CNO. The office of COMINCH was abolished on 10 October. It was King's wish that Nimitz succeed him as CNO, but Forrestal wanted Edwards. King forced the issue by writing to Truman via Forrestal. Truman agreed to Nimitz's appointment, Forrestal asserted his authority by limiting Nimitz's tenure to two years instead of the usual four, and making the change of command earlier than King wanted. 3662: 3254: 1541:

carrying bigger bombs, posing a greater threat to the fleet, which would soon be confirmed in combat. King looked over the plans for each type of ship and made recommendations as to what kind of guns could be installed, where they should be located, and what should be removed to make way for them. He prepared a request for $ 300 million to carry out the program. Edison was impressed, and wrote to Roosevelt, recommending that King be appointed CINCUS, but Roosevelt did not make the appointment, influenced by King's heavy drinking.

3677: 3569: 819: 3193: 3209: 3519: 3455: 1113:, and navy salvage divers were not accustomed to working below 90 feet (27 m). The submarine was raised by sealing compartments and forcing the water out of them with compressed air. Eight pontoon floats were added to make it buoyant again. Just as they were ready to raise it, a storm hit and the submarine suddenly rose to the surface. After an attempt to tow it failed, King made the difficult decision to sink it again. Eventually the divers succeeded in raising it and getting it to the 1966:, who saw it a challenge to their authority, and by the bureau chiefs, who feared a loss of their autonomy. Most importantly, it was opposed by Roosevelt, who, on 12 June, ordered Knox to cancel everything King had done. Roosevelt did assent to King's proposal to create the post of Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Aviation (DCNO (Air)), but in a note to Knox in August 1943 he wrote: "Tell Ernie once more: No reorganizing of the Navy Dept. set-up during the war. Let's win it first." 3471: 3001: 3107: 3100: 3219: 3186: 3093: 3086: 3015: 3008: 2994: 2987: 2980: 3154: 2222:, a much smaller vessel, during World War I, believed that small craft would be sufficient to deal with the U-boats, and that they could be acquired at the last minute, so there was no need to interfere with the capital-ship building program. While acknowledging that small craft like submarine chasers had their uses, King pointed out that escort duty required vessels that could cope with rough weather and had sufficient crewmen to mount round-the-clock 3145: 3612: 3169: 3162: 3575: 811:, which won a prize for best essay in 1909. "The writer fully realizes the possible opposition," he wrote, "for if there is anything more characteristic of the navy than its fighting ability, it is its inertia to change, or conservatism, or the clinging to things that are old because they are old." In addition to a gold medal, the prize came with $ 500 (equivalent to $ 17,000 in 2023) and a lifetime membership of the 1986:

in Washington, D.C. The following year, Knox tried to have Horne, who dealt with most of the CNO work like preparing budgets and appearing before Congress, appointed as CNO. This too failed, as it required executive action by Roosevelt, and King elevated Edwards over Horne's head to the new position of deputy COMINCH and deputy CNO on 1 October 1944. Cooke replaced Edwards as chief of staff to the CNO. Knox died from a

3237: 1911:. Edwards, Cooke and Horne remained with King for the duration of the war, but more junior officers were brought in for periods of up to a year and then returned to sea duty. When King turned 64 on 23 November 1942, King wrote Roosevelt to say he had reached mandatory retirement age. Roosevelt replied with a note saying: "So what, old top? I may send you a birthday present." (The present was a framed photograph.) 3416:

the Government of the United States as Commanding Officer of the Salvage Force entrusted with the raising of the U.S.S. S-4, sunk as a result of a collision off Provincetown, Massachusetts, 17 December 1927. Largely through his untiring energy, efficient administration and judicious decisions this most difficult task, under extremely adverse conditions, was brought to a prompt and successful conclusion.

2285:, under his own command, to coordinate the anti-submarine campaign. Between July 1942 and May 1943, German and Italian submarines sank 780 merchant ships totaling 4.5 million gross register tons (13,000,000 m), but ships were being built faster than the submarines could sink them. In the same period, a monthly average of 13 submarines were sunk, compared to 18 to 23 being built each month. 2708:, with the ultimate objective being China, which was holding down the major part of the Japanese Army, and from whence King anticipated that the final assault on Japan would be launched. King pressed for the capture of the Mariana Islands, which could serve both as a naval base astride Japanese communications and as a base for aerial bombardment of the Japanese home islands by the Army's long-range 2831:. Each service was authorized to have up to four officers of five-star rank. Leahy was promoted to fleet admiral on 15 December, and Marshall, King, MacArthur, Nimitz, Eisenhower and Arnold followed on successive days. When King was promoted on 17 December, he became the second of four men in the U.S. Navy to hold the rank of fleet admiral, and the third most senior officer in the U.S. military. 3372: 2495:, the landing in Southern France, allowing more amphibious vessels to be released from the Mediterranean. Ultimately, King provided 168 LST, 124 LCI, 247 LCT, 216 LCM and 1,089 LCVP for Overlord. Hall took the opportunity to lobby for more naval gunfire support ships. King had assumed that the Royal Navy would provide this, but the Royal Navy was keeping a strong force in reserve with the 3426: 3408: 3390: 1405:. Although warned by his staff that an forthright answer could strain the relationship with the sole supplier of certain engines the Navy needed, King confirmed to the committee that Pratt and Whitney was making profits of up to 45 percent. As a result, the 1934 Vinson–Trammell Act contained a provision limiting profits on government aviation contracts to 10 percent. 1606:, encouraging officers to delegate and avoid micromanagement, which is still cited widely in today's armed forces. The Patrol Force was designated the Atlantic Fleet on 1 February 1941. King was promoted to admiral and became the Commander in Chief, Atlantic Fleet (CINCLANT). Formerly a heavy drinker, he gave up hard liquor for the duration of the war in March 1941. 8059: 2685:

prospect of promoting Lockwood to vice admiral. When Nimitz did not give Lockwood a spot promotion, King had Lockwood promoted when he returned to Washington, D.C. King had been impressed by the German G7e electric torpedoes, some of which had been salvaged after running ashore, and prompted the Bureau of Ordnance to develop an electric torpedo. The result was the

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Stark's advice, Roosevelt combined the duties of the two with Executive Order 9096. On 26 March, King succeeded Stark as CNO, becoming the only officer to hold this combined command. On the same date, Horne became the Vice Chief of Naval Operations. Although King was both COMINCH and CNO, the two offices remained separate and distinct. Stark became Commander,

2111:("Roll of the drums" or "drumbeat"). The following day, King issued a warning to all Atlantic commands of an impending German U-boat attack. This did not occur immediately, because the U-boats had been withdrawn from the Western Atlantic and priority was accorded to operations in the Mediterranean. Some use was made of this respite to lay a defensive 2308:, but the mission was the Navy's, and there were differences in doctrine between the two. Arnold resisted assigning aircraft to operational control of the sea frontier commanders, and King rejected a proposal to place all air assets, Army and Navy, under the Army Air Forces. Instead, Marshall agreed to transfer the long-range 838:, for ten days of physical examinations and tests of his professional knowledge in May 1906. The final hurdle was an appearance before the selection board, which drew attention to his record of punishments for drinking and insubordination, before congratulating King on his promotion, which became effective on 7 June 1906. 2184:, which left no air bubbles in its wake, and had a deck gun capable of sinking many merchant ships. There was no seaboard blackout, as this was a politically sensitive issue—coastal cities resisted, citing the loss of tourism revenue. Waterfront lights and signs switched off on 18 April 1942, and the Army declared a 2764:

The deployment of a British fleet to the Pacific was a political matter. The measure was forced on Churchill by the British Chiefs of Staff, not merely to re-establish British presence in the region, but to mitigate any impression in the US that the British were doing nothing to help defeat Japan. At

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The Navy had always thought in terms of ships, but more were on order than the Navy had personnel to crew them. The fleet grew faster than expected because plans assumed losses on the scale of 1942, but in fact they were much fewer. With the Navy now dominated by aviators and submariners, the easiest

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Stark left the JCS in March 1942 when King succeeded him as CNO, reducing its membership to three until July 1942. Marshall advocated a joint general staff, but in the face of opposition from King, he backed down on the idea of an executive head of the services. Instead, Marshall pressed for a senior

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The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting a Gold Star in lieu of a Second Award of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal to Captain Ernest Joseph King, United States Navy, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished service in a position of great responsibility to

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and contact exploders. Tests that he had recently conducted had confirmed reports from the submarine skippers that neither exploder worked properly, and he secured King's permission to modify the torpedoes at Pearl Harbor rather than wait for the Bureau of Ordnance to provide fixes. King raised the

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The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Distinguished Service Medal to Captain Ernest Joseph King, United States Navy, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished service in a position of great responsibility to the Government of the United States, as

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Like most Americans, King was opposed to operations that would assist the British, French and Dutch in reclaiming their pre-war overseas possessions in South East Asia. Although frequently described as Anglophobic, King was proud of his British ancestry, enjoyed his visits to the United Kingdom and

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With King reporting directly to Roosevelt and only under his "general supervision", Knox saw King as a threat to his authority. He attempted to remove King in 1942 by suggesting he assume command in the Pacific as COMINCH, but this was not possible because as a member of the JCS, King had to remain

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Roosevelt's Executive Order 8984 made COMINCH the commander of the operational forces of the navy, and "directly responsible, under the general direction of the Secretary of the Navy, to the President of the United States." There was considerable overlap between the roles of COMINCH and CNO, and on

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Historically, despite Washington's (and others') experienced and cogent advice to make due preparations for war, it is traditional and habitual for us to be inadequately prepared. This is the combined result of a number of factors, the character of which is only indicated: democracy, which tends to

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When they returned to Washington, D.C., Edison gave King a special assignment: to improve the anti-aircraft defenses of the fleet. Experiments with radio-controlled drones making passes at ships in February 1939 had shown that they were very difficult to shoot down. Aircraft were flying faster and

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Although King left active duty on 15 December, he officially remained in the Navy, as five-star officers were given active duty pay for life. The pay of all flag officers was the same until 1955, when Congress raised that of vice admirals and admirals, but that of five-star officers remained the

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for 1943 on condition that it did not interfere with warship construction. The merchant shipbuilding program only went ahead because industrial capacity rose to the point where this became possible. The JCS rejected further increases in merchant ships because steel was in short supply. There were

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As time went on, King gradually assumed more control over the anti-submarine campaign. He designated Edwards as anti-submarine coordinator, and in May 1942 he had the Convoy and Routing Section transferred from the office of the CNO to the office of the COMINCH. An anti-submarine warfare unit was

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on 10 October 1905. They had six daughters, Claire, Elizabeth, Florence, Martha, Eleanor and Mildred; and a son, Ernest Joseph King Jr. Mattie considered educated women to be vulgar. She took little interest in King's naval career, and confined her activities to her children and domestic affairs.

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aircraft carrier would be useful in the Pacific war, he accepted Roosevelt's argument that it was important to get new aircraft carriers in commission quickly. In 1943, with the war against the U-boats being won, King canceled 200 of the 1,000 destroyer escorts on order, but backed off canceling

1602:. When he examined the war plan in the safe, he found it was for a war with Mexico. His first order, issued three days later, was to place the Patrol Force on a war footing. He astonished subordinates by stating that the United States was already at war with Germany. In January 1941 King issued 3433:

The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting a Second Gold Star in lieu of a Third Award of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal to Fleet Admiral Ernest Joseph King, United States Navy, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished service in a position of great

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However, King cited the logistical and technical difficulties in maintaining British naval forces in the Pacific, details that he was intimately familiar with as a former aircraft carrier captain. The Royal Navy was designed for short-range operations in a cool climate; in the Pacific it would

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wrote: "Brooke got nasty, and King got good and sore. King almost climbed over the table at Brooke. God, he was mad. I wished he had socked him." One of King's daughters was quoted as saying of her father: "he is the most even tempered person in the United States Navy. He is always in a rage."

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to devise a comprehensive system. "Escort is not just one way of handling the submarine menace," King opined, "it is the only way that gives any promise of success. The so-called hunting and patrol operations have time and again proved futile." The board reported on 27 March. In May 1942, King

1685:, the Germans withdrew their submarines from the western Atlantic. This emboldened Roosevelt to take further steps. He declared a National Emergency on 27 May. On 19 July, King issued orders creating Task Force 1, with the mission of escorting convoys to Iceland, which had been occupied by the 2409:

in Manchuria from attacking the Soviet Union in Siberia. King concurred with this proposal; he did not see any value in leaving resources idle in the Atlantic when they could be utilized in the Pacific, especially when "it was doubtful when—if ever—the British would consent to a cross-Channel

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The ideal escort was the destroyer, but were required for escorting troopships and trans-Atlantic convoys, and protecting the warships of the Atlantic and Pacific fleets. They also had features not required for convoy escort duty that slowed their rate of production. A cut-down version of a

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require its own ammunition and refrigerated cargo ships. Even American-supplied aircraft could not be used unmodified. Roosevelt and Leahy overruled him, and the Joint Chiefs accepted the British offer provided that the fleet would be fully self-supporting. Despite King's reservations, the

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Duty afloat alternated with duty ashore, so King's next assignment was at Annapolis, where he taught ordnance, gunnery and seamanship. This posting reunited him with Mattie, who had been living with her family in Baltimore. After two years he became the officer in charge of discipline at

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were flouted. He enjoyed the company of women and had many affairs. Women avoided sitting next to him at dinner parties if they did not want to be groped under the table. King once told a friend: "You ought to be very suspicious of anyone who won't take a drink or doesn't like women."

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on 28 April 1944, and Roosevelt nominated Forrestal as his replacement. As Under Secretary of the Navy, Forrestal was familiar with naval issues, and he had a good track record managing the navy's procurement program. He was unanimously confirmed by the Senate, but King and Forrestal

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The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Cross to Captain Ernest Joseph King, United States Navy, for distinguished service in the line of his profession during World War I, as Assistant Chief of Staff of the Atlantic Fleet during World War

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King did not get along with Willson; their personalities were too different, and later admitted that he had made a mistake in appointing him. King had Willson retired in August 1942 due to heart conduction and replaced him with Edwards. When Turner went to the South Pacific for the

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workshops, and King was educated at the Fowler School. He decided to go to work rather than high school, and took a position with a company that made typesetting machines. When it closed he went to work for his father. After a year, the family returned to Lorain, and King entered

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Between 1926 and 1936 King flew an average of 150 hours annually. For a time, he frequently flew solo, flying to Annapolis for weekend visits with his family, but his solo flying was eliminated by a naval regulation prohibiting them for aviators aged 50 or over. King commanded

1256:—then one of the largest aircraft carriers in the world—which he commanded for the next two years. When not on duty, he enjoyed drinking, partying and socializing with his junior officers. He ignored complaints that some of his officers rented a secluded farmhouse where 506:, England. His father initially worked as a bridge builder, but moved to Lorain, where he worked in a railway repair shop. He had an older brother who died in infancy, two younger brothers and two younger sisters: Maude (who died aged seven), Mildred, Norman and Percy. 1429:

Leahy succeeded Standley as CNO on 1 January 1937. King was promoted to vice admiral on 29 January 1938 on becoming Commander, Aircraft, Battle Force – at the time one of only three vice admiral billets in the U.S. Navy. He flew his flag on the aircraft carrier

2448:, the invasion of France in 1944. When the Overlord plan was enlarged to five divisions in early 1944, this was not enough. There was also a discrepancy between British and American calculations of the capacity of the available landing ships and landing craft. 1580:. Nimitz explained that while King had been a vice admiral in his last seagoing command, he would only be a rear admiral for this one. King replied that he did not care, and accepted the position. However, his assumption of command was delayed for a month by a 966:

on 1 July 1917 and captain on 21 September 1918. After the war King adopted his signature manner of wearing his uniform with a breast-pocket handkerchief below his ribbons. Officers serving alongside the Royal Navy did this in emulation of the British Admiral

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as fleet engineering officer. King returned to shore duty at Annapolis in May 1912 as executive officer of the Naval Engineering Experiment Station. While there, he served as the secretary-treasurer of the Naval Institute, editing and publishing papers in the

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aircraft carriers on the grounds that they would consume too many resources and were unlikely to be completed until after the war. Eventually Roosevelt authorized them, but his forecast proved correct. However King gave way to Roosevelt on the issue of

578:. During his senior year at the academy, he attained the rank of cadet lieutenant commander, the highest naval cadet ranking at that time. He graduated in June 1901, ranked fourth in his class of sixty-seven. The graduation address was given by the 696:

had broken out. It remained in Korean waters until October, when it went to China. It was back in Manila for more target practice in February and March 1905 before returning to China. In June 1906, it escorted the Russian cruisers

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as an anti-submarine escort. As commander-in-chief of the Atlantic Fleet he had pressed Stark to secure such craft, but Stark replied that the President did not approve. Roosevelt, who had been involved in the development of the

1272:. In a war college thesis entitled "The Influence of National Policy on Strategy", King identified Great Britain and Japan as the United States's most likely adversaries. He expounded on the theory that America's weakness was 1413:

In 1936, there were only two seagoing aviation flag billets: Commander, Aircraft, Battle Force, a vice admiral who commanded the Navy's aircraft carriers, and Commander, Aircraft, Base Force, a rear admiral who commanded the

2080:. It was noted that this would exacerbate the national labor shortage and adversely affect the munitions industry, and drastic measures might be required if the Army ran into more manpower difficulties, as indeed occurred. 2773:

and wanting to keep the British from grabbing some of the glory of the defeat of Japan in the Pacific. The U.S. Navy indeed had an old institutional rivalry with the Royal Navy, and King was a product of that institution.

2234:, was developed specifically for anti-submarine warfare that could be produced in large numbers. The first of these was ordered in July 1941, and King asked for a thousand of them in June 1942, but higher priorities for 2075:

aircraft carriers. On 2 July, King asked the Joint Chiefs to approve an increase of 390,000 men. The Army did not object, as it was more than 300,000 over its own personnel ceiling, and needed assault shipping for the

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was placed in charge of the British naval delegation in Washington, D.C., in October 1944 he managed—to the surprise of almost everyone—to get on very well with the notoriously abrasive and anti-British King. General

1533:. "I understand", Walsh told King, referring to a popular myth, "that you shave with a blowtorch." King replied that this was an exaggeration. Walsh liked the story so much he told everyone he met, and eventually had 1603: 1772:, Roosevelt's naval aide, asked King if he actually had said it. King replied that he had not, but would have if he had thought of it. The abbreviation CINCUS (pronounced "sink-us") seemed inappropriate after the 726:, and a forthright and arrogant attitude bordering on insubordination led to adverse comments in his fitness reports. When he heard heard that members of the Annapolis class of 1902 were being sent home from the 2573:, the landing in North West Africa. In the end, Roosevelt ordered the Joint Chiefs to hold Guadalcanal. On 16 October, King assented to Nimitz's request to relieve Ghormley, and replace him with Vice Admiral 5288: 5238: 2281:. He also established, on the advice of Royal Navy officers, an operational intelligence center (OIC) that tracked U-boat movements and provided warning to merchant shipping. On 20 May 1943, he created the 6596: 1229:

to his Distinguished Service Medal. He then became Assistant Chief of the Bureau of Aeronautics under Moffett. The two quarreled over certain elements of Bureau policy, and King was replaced by Commander

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By March 1944, it was estimated that the Navy would reach its manpower ceiling by August, and would require 340,000 more sailors by the end of the year for ships under construction, which included nine

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King never held the rank of lieutenant (junior grade) although, for administrative reasons, his service record annotates his promotion to both lieutenant (junior grade) and lieutenant on the same day.

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in Quebec in September 1944, King was adamant that naval operations against Japan remain American, and resisted a British naval presence in the Pacific, leading some historians to level accusations of

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where senior officers spent the time remaining before retirement. A series of extraordinary events would alter this outcome. In March, April and May 1940, King accompanied the Secretary of the Navy,

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The first requirement of an effective anti-submarine campaign was anti-submarine escorts. In 1940, when he was a member of the General Board, King had recommended copying the 327-foot (100 m)

1958:, but King's authority was more constrained. King, acting on a suggestion from Roosevelt that he "streamline" the Navy Department, ordered a restructure on 28 May. It was opposed by Knox and the 1572:, considered King's talent for command was being wasted on the general board. In September 1940, Stark summoned King to his office, along with the Chief of the Bureau of Navigation, Rear Admiral 822:

Admiral Henry T. Mayo (center) during 31 October 1918 inspection of Naval Air Station Pauillac, France. At left is King; between them is the station's commanding officer, Captain Franck T. Evans.

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squadrons. King hoped to get the former assignment, but this was opposed by Standley, and at the conclusion of his term as bureau chief in 1936, King became Commander, Aircraft, Base Force, at

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about an early return to sea duty. Leahy told him he was too junior for a seagoing captain's command, and that nothing was available. After some discussion, King eventually accepted command of

1689:. Nominally, the convoys were American, but ships of any nationality were free to join. From 1 September, convoys were escorted to a mid-ocean meeting point, where they met escorts from the 1146:, and he wanted command of a cruiser, which Leahy was unable to offer. King then accepted Moffett's offer, although he still hoped for a cruiser. He assumed command of the aircraft tender 530:. He graduated as valedictorian in the Class of 1897; his commencement speech was titled "Uses of Adversity". The school was a small one; there were only thirteen classmates in his year. 5285:"Executive Order 9096 – Reorganization of the Navy Department and the Naval Service Affecting the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and the Commander in Chief, United States Fleet" 6123: 6084: 2094:

When war was declared on Germany, an attack on coastal shipping by U-boats was anticipated, as this was what had happened in World War I. On 12 December 1941, German U-boat commander,

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Another answer to the U-Boat menace was long-range maritime patrol aircraft. This was complicated by inter-service squabbling over command and control. The aircraft belonged to the

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In 1956, schools located on the U.S. Naval Bases and Air Stations were given names of U.S. heroes of the past. E.J. King High School, the Department of Defense high school on

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acquitted itself well against Japan in the last months of the war. King's concerns about logistics were valid, and the British Pacific Fleet was not fully self-supporting.

2405:, the Chief of the War Plans Division, concluded that the next best way to help the Soviets was an offensive against Japan in the Pacific, which would prevent the Japanese 8114: 4082: 3444: 1390:, who sought to assert the power of the CNO over the bureau chiefs, was more tempestuous. With the help of Leahy and Swanson, King managed to block Standley's proposals. 8214: 8174: 1712:. In response to this and other incidents, Congress amended the Neutrality Acts in November, allowing merchant ships to be armed and to deliver goods to British ports. 8184: 1609: 7588: 2343:

production, but rejected proposals to increase the priority of aviation gasoline production on the grounds that it would interfere with the destroyer escort program.

2269:, and by August 1942, the submarine threat to shipping in US coastal waters had been contained. The same effect occurred when convoys were extended to the Caribbean. 7456: 7432: 7408: 2375:. Keeping the Soviet Union in the war was therefore crucial. If the USSR looked like it was about to collapse, an emergency landing would be made in France in 1942 ( 2188:

of coastal cities on 18 May. The Germans had broken the American and British codes and sometimes lay in wait. Meanwhile, the German Navy added an extra wheel to its

5284: 5234: 2491:, the commander of the XI Amphibious Force. Together they resolved the issues surrounding loading capacity and landing craft availability, and Eisenhower postponed 1811:. Although he was now based at the Navy Department in Washington, D.C., King wanted to be able to put to sea himself at any time. For his flagship, he selected the 8179: 5369: 5614: 986:, King prepared a report on naval training that recommended changes to naval training and career paths, which gained wide circulation when he published it in the 5235:"Executive Order 8984 – Prescribing the Duties of the Commander in Chief of the United States Fleet and the Co-operative Duties of the Chief of Naval Operations" 2850:

same. Nor was it lifted during subsequent pay raises, and after they died the widows of five-star officers received a pension based on the rank of rear admiral.

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As the situation in the South Pacific went from bad to worse, King attempted to get Marshall and Arnold to provide additional resources, but their priority was

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enjoyed the highest priority for construction in 1942, but after the abandonment of Sledgehammer and Roundup, King diverted many of them to the Pacific. At the

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As escorts became available, a system of coastal convoys could be instituted. King convened a board with representatives from COMINCH, CINCLANT, and the

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King accorded warship construction priority over merchant shipbuilding. The JCS approved 2.8 million gross register tons (7,900,000 m) of new

2323:. An acceptable agreement was negotiated, and the aircraft were transferred on 1 September 1943, except for some in the UK, which followed in November. 8204: 4835: 3742:

Recognizing King's great personal and professional interest in maritime history, the Secretary of the Navy named in his honor an academic chair at the

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target for ship cancellations were the battleships. In May 1942, King had indefinitely deferred construction of five battleships, including all the

7381: 4757: 472:. In December 1944, he became the second admiral to be promoted to the new rank of fleet admiral. He left active duty in December 1945 and died in 1437:. Among his accomplishments was to corroborate Yarnell's 1932 war game findings in 1938 by staging his own successful simulated naval air raid on 8209: 2595:

was sunk. The tide gradually turned in November as reinforcements arrived, although the fighting on Guadalcanal continued until 8 February 1943.

2273:

established as part of the COMINCH staff. This led to the establishment of the Anti-Submarine Warfare Operations Research Group, which conducted

1591:

On 17 December 1940, King raised his flag as Commander, Patrol Force (as the Atlantic Squadron had been renamed on 1 November) on the battleship

6464: 5185: 7092: 6671: 6119: 6080: 1441:, showing that the base was dangerously vulnerable to aerial attack, although he was taken no more seriously until 7 December 1941, when the 564:

During the summer breaks, naval cadets served on ships to accustom them to life at sea. While still at the Naval Academy, King served on the

6915:

Burtness, Paul S.; Ober, Warren U. (2013). "Research Note: Secretary Forrestal and Admiral King on Admiral Stark: Conflicting Assessments".

1779:

Stark was reluctant to part with Ingersoll as his chief of staff, but King insisted that he was needed as CINCLANT. He offered Rear Admiral

8194: 8159: 8099: 3747: 2881: 8129: 8094: 6965: 4282: 7316: 2621:

On behalf of the JCS, King took the lead in formulating strategy for the Pacific war. In March 1943, he called representatives from the

6715: 3350: 1873:(CCS), which held its first meeting in Washington, D.C., on 23 January 1942. To parallel the British chiefs, the Americans formed the 1064:, he could offer him command of a submarine division. King accepted. King attended a short training course at the Submarine School in 3326: 2555: 1379: 1198:, Florida, for aviator training in January 1927. He was the only captain in his class of twenty; although it also included Commander 826:

Due to the expansion of the navy, officers like King who had served three years at sea as an ensign became eligible for promotion to

1753:

on 11 December, the Atlantic Fleet was officially at war. On 20 December, King became CINCUS. Ten days later he hoisted his flag on

7361:"Beating Drumbeat: Lessons Learned in Unified Action from the German U-Boat Offensive Against the United States, January–July 1942" 7212: 1885: 801:. King became a critic of shipboard organization, which was largely unchanged since the days of sail. He published his thoughts in 346: 2880:

King suffered a debilitating stroke in August 1947, and subsequent ill-health ultimately forced him to stay in naval hospitals at

2195: 1156: 1087:(dolphins), although he proposed and designed the now-familiar dolphin insignia. On 4 September 1923, he took over command of the 1787:, from the General Board, as replacements. Stark chose Horne, and King then took Willson as his own chief of staff. Rear Admiral 1498: 438: 4074: 2131:

could reach the Western Atlantic, so only six to eight U-boats were on station of the East coast between January and June 1942.

962:"for distinguished service in the line of his profession as assistant chief of staff of the Atlantic Fleet." He was promoted to 4471: 8149: 8139: 7674: 7643: 7528: 7171: 7144: 6897: 6841: 6779: 6770:

Barlow, Jeffrey G. (1998). "Roosevelt and King: The War in the Atlantic and European Theaters". In Marolda, Edward J. (ed.).

2693: 2305: 1383: 2727:

King once complained that the Pacific deserved 30 percent of Allied resources but was getting only 15 percent. When, at the

8134: 8089: 7578: 2941: 2897: 2752: 2382: 2077: 1644: 910: 875: 375: 248: 108: 7768: 2904:. His wife Mattie was buried beside him in 1969. His papers are in the Nimitz Library at the United States Naval Academy. 2676:, the commander of the Pacific Fleet's submarines. Lockwood told King about problems the submariners were having with the 2633:

together for the Pacific Military Conference, which decided on the tasks for 1943. On 25 September 1943, King traveled to

2041: 8119: 6543: 4040: 3598: 2828: 2278: 2176:). Few of the merchant ships were armed and those that were, were no match for the U-boats. Each U-boat carried fourteen 990:. Most of the report's recommendations were accepted and eventually became policy. In 1921, King heard that Rear Admiral 579: 7707: 7561: 6984:

Coles, Michael (January 2001). "Ernest King and the British Pacific Fleet: The Conference at Quebec, 1944 ('Octagon')".

6517: 5359: 3048: 5596: 4652: 1889: 1175: 390: 167: 6570: 2861:

In retirement, King lived in Washington, D.C. He was active in his early post-retirement, serving as president of the

1877:(JCS), which held its first meeting on 9 February 1942. The Joint Chiefs of Staff initially consisted of Stark, King, 850:. After a year, Osterhaus was transferred to shore duty, and King joined the engineering department of the battleship 8144: 8124: 7616: 7341: 7282: 7117: 7060: 7030: 6870: 6811: 3652: 2441: 861:, Osterhaus returned to sea duty and King became his flag secretary once more. Fellow officers on the staff included 2869:, a photographic history book depicting the U.S. Navy's operations in World War II that was published in 1946. With 1946:

Roosevelt was not above micromanaging the navy. For example, in early 1942 he sent explicit instructions to Admiral

1869:

in Washington, D.C., from 24 December 1941 to 14 January 1942, they agreed to merge their organizations to form the

3786: 3754: 3292: 2720:. King favored Formosa, but he was eventually convinced that Nimitz and MacArthur's plan to take Luzon followed by 2669:

instead. King was reluctant to do so but eventually agreed, and secured the concurrence of the other Joint Chiefs.

2578: 2158:

The carnage began on 12 January, when a British steamer was sunk 300 nautical miles (560 km; 350 mi) off

1675: 1257: 1102: 783: 409: 295: 4255: 2712:

bombers. A major strategy issue in late 1944 was whether to follow the capture of the Marianas with an assault on

7189: 1955: 1954:, detailing how he wanted surveillance patrols run. Roosevelt granted Marshall broad authority to reorganize the 1773: 1088: 465: 6354: 1768:

on the same day. Legend has it that King said: "When they get into trouble, they call for the sons-of-bitches."

1725: 7473: 4831: 3355: 3333: 2732: 1419: 1394: 1327: 2371:

did not have the resources to challenge Germany on land and most of the fighting would have to be done by the

2018:

Aircraft carriers were another matter; King strongly opposed Roosevelt's proposal in August 1942 to defer the

3667: 3540: 3534: 3063: 2893: 2824: 2293: 2163: 2019: 968: 812: 461: 322: 272: 144: 20: 7661:

Stoler, Mark A. (2008). "FDR and the Origins of the National Security Establishment". In Woolner, David B.;

3642: 2794:

said King was pro-American rather than anti-British. When Dill was in hospital, King visited him every day.

752: 8017: 3726: 3582: 3053: 2146: 2069: 2031: 1896: 1698: 933: 929: 660: 383: 260: 6956:. United States Army in World War II. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, Department of the Army. 4857: 2331:

also critical shortages of rubber, which the Army needed for truck tires and tank tracks, and high-octane

1461: 1333:

on his behalf. The position became available earlier than expected after Moffett died in the crash of the

982:

in Annapolis. He bought a house there, where his family lived from then on. With Captains Dudley Knox and

599:

Graduates like King who went into the Navy had to serve for two years at sea before being commissioned as

7942: 7695:

Cross-Channel Attack, 1942: The British Rejection of Operation Sledgehammer and the Cherbourg Alternative

6380: 3633: 3618: 2913: 2862: 2120: 1959: 1765: 1514: 1195: 542: 361: 310: 7360: 4753: 3447:(shown in order of acceptance and if more than one award for a country, placed in order of precedence): 2554:, expressed doubts about the operation, but King instructed Nimitz to proceed. The Marines successfully 2530:

King took the lead in developing a strategy for the war in the Pacific. Following Japan's defeat at the

349:. He directed the United States Navy's operations, planning, and administration and was a member of the 8049: 7135:

Heinrichs, Walso (1998). "FDR and the Admirals: Strategy and Statecraft". In Marolda, Edward J. (ed.).

7048: 3648: 1470: 1084: 7636:

Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and US Strategy in World War II

3555: 1497:(CINCUS), but on 1 July 1939, he reverted to his permanent rank of rear admiral and was posted to the 666:, and King got to know Crowninshield's staff well. The staff offered him an assignment on the cruiser 7892: 7856: 7806: 6460: 5178: 3736: 3591: 3502: 3314: 2946: 2885: 2709: 2437: 2410:

operation". Roosevelt did not agree, and he ordered the Joint Chiefs to carry out Operation Gymnast.

2282: 1908: 1862: 1702: 1697:. The United States was now engaged in an undeclared war, although they were still restricted by the 1375:. King became Chief of the Bureau of Aeronautics, and was promoted to rear admiral on 26 April 1933. 1344: 1069: 979: 963: 851: 831: 394: 334: 206: 157: 6663: 1309:

Aware that Moffett was due to retire in mid-1933, King lobbied for his job. In this he was aided by

517:

workshops, but returned to Lorain a year later. When King was eleven years old, the family moved to

7882: 7299: 7086: 3715: 3698: 2931: 2611: 2364: 2001: 1870: 1621: 1273: 1060:

and again was told that nothing was available. Leahy then suggested that if King was interested in

1045: 710: 575: 354: 238: 1153:, with additional duties as senior aide on the staff of Commander, Air Squadrons, Atlantic Fleet. 1017:

served a vital role, such a command was regarded as boring and was avoided by ambitious officers.

898:

When war with Mexico threatened in 1913, King went to Washington, D.C., to lobby for command of a

778:

he had met while at the Naval Academy. They had become engaged in January 1903. She was living at

771:

On returning to the United States, King rejoined his fiancée, Martha Rankin ("Mattie") Egerton, a

441:, he became commander in chief of the Atlantic Fleet in February 1941. Shortly after the Japanese 3525: 3345: 3058: 2539: 2429: 2421: 2011:

class while he was on the General Board on the grounds that they were too big to fit through the

1878: 1678:

worked out the details for the United States Navy escorting convoys halfway across the Atlantic.

1502: 1065: 787: 634: 568: 446: 3218: 1517:

on a six-week tour of naval bases in the Pacific. En route they stopped in Hollywood to preview

498: 7902: 7583: 7478: 7368: 7217: 6888:

Buell, Thomas B. (1998). "Roosevelt and Strategy in the Pacific". In Marolda, Edward J. (ed.).

6389: 3509: 3309: 2630: 2451: 2376: 2368: 2169: 1442: 1171: 807: 704: 663: 442: 7251: 4286: 3477: 2319:

were apprehensive about this, and sought reassurances that the Navy was not seeking a role in

2265:

established a day and night interlocking convoy system running from Newport, Rhode Island, to

734:. Train agreed that King was entitled to go home and arranged for him to travel on the former 7987: 7962: 7723: 7699: 7553: 7270: 6948: 3776: 3321: 2870: 2779: 2582: 2563: 2559: 2214: 2060: 1978: 1918: 1874: 1613: 1364: 1330: 1320: 1235: 1135: 612: 608: 514: 434: 350: 341:. He was the U.S. Navy's second-most senior officer in World War II after Fleet Admiral 185: 172: 7294: 6834:

The Admirals: Nimitz, Halsey, Leahy and King – The Five-Star Admirals Who Won the War at Sea

6693: 488:, on 23 November 1878, the second child of James Clydesdale King, a Scottish immigrant from 8084: 8079: 7952: 7877: 7448: 7424: 7400: 3627: 3398:

Officer in charge of the salvaging of the U.S.S. S-51, from 16 October 1925 to 8 July 1926.

2926: 2626: 2538:. After some discussion of command arrangements, Marshall suggested moving the boundary of 2513: 2460: 2402: 2336: 2203: 1854: 1831: 1808: 1804: 1682: 1295: 1250: 1191: 1161: 779: 757: 698: 667: 533: 427: 177: 7332:

Love, Robert William Jr. (1980). "Ernest Joseph King". In Love, Robert William Jr. (ed.).

7295:"Charting a New Course: The Knox-Pye-King Board and Naval Professional Education, 1919–23" 7091:. Historical Monographs. Newport, Rhode Island: U.S. Naval War College. pp. xi–xiii. 3486: 3174: 2739:

of favoring the Pacific war, the argument became heated. The combative Lieutenant General

1401:, where he was questioned about the Bureau of Aeronautics's contractual arrangements with 8: 7834: 6743: 6720: 4252:"Full Text Citations For Award of The Navy Cross to Members of the U.S. Navy World War I" 3682: 2951: 2901: 2673: 2650: 2607: 2433: 2394: 2356: 2274: 1694: 1671: 1660: 1640: 1628: 1558: 1494: 1445: 1431: 1387: 1315: 1302: 641: 550: 546: 330: 162: 112: 3267: 3242: 3236: 3168: 3161: 2665:, which argued that Nauru was too well-defended. Smith and Spruance recommended seizing 2007:, in favor of more aircraft carriers and cruisers. King had opposed construction of the 1899:. In his role as a member of the CCS and JCS, King became engaged in the formulation of 7747: 7082: 7078: 7009: 6860: 6829: 5364: 4657: 3796: 3719: 2766: 2757: 2721: 2658: 2638: 2622: 2551: 2543: 2500: 2464: 2445: 2425: 2185: 2128: 2116: 1974: 1963: 1930: 1881: 1866: 1861:

When the American chiefs of staff, which included King and Stark, met with the British

1847: 1812: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1761: 1742: 1734: 1486: 1199: 1131: 1114: 947: 918: 862: 795: 716: 693: 583: 527: 510: 452:

as CNO, holding these two positions for the duration of the war. He also commanded the

326: 243: 211: 126: 6302:"Executive Order 9635—Organization of the Navy Department and the Naval Establishment" 3549: 1655:. He went to Hyde Park again in July to make further arrangements. King found the old 1290: 1109:

lay on the bottom with a large gash on the side in 130 feet (40 m) of water near

958:

and occasionally saw action as an observer on board British ships. He was awarded the

723: 8022: 8012: 7967: 7947: 7927: 7912: 7867: 7816: 7739: 7680: 7670: 7662: 7649: 7639: 7622: 7612: 7534: 7524: 7512: 7487: 7460: 7436: 7412: 7373: 7347: 7337: 7308: 7278: 7226: 7199: 7193: 7177: 7167: 7150: 7140: 7123: 7113: 7066: 7056: 7036: 7026: 7001: 6957: 6932: 6903: 6893: 6876: 6866: 6847: 6837: 6817: 6807: 6785: 6775: 5606: 4035: 3766: 3743: 3701: 3493: 3461: 3338: 2936: 2603: 2589: 2574: 2547: 2507: 2492: 2398: 2332: 2320: 2266: 2124: 2089: 1842: 1754: 1648: 1617: 1599: 1592: 1577: 1573: 1522: 1474: 1402: 1360: 1356: 1269: 1231: 1147: 1003: 903: 827: 738: 692:, where it conducted target practice. In February 1904 it sailed to Korea, where the 368: 219: 198: 190: 7549:

Attendant Lords: A Study of the British Joint Staff Mission in Washington, 1942–1945

6801: 3260: 2598: 8063: 7972: 7917: 7897: 7887: 7516: 6993: 6924: 6632:"Adm. Ernest J. King honored locally: Flag flown headed to U.S. Navy training base" 6239: 4467: 3661: 3224: 3199: 2798: 2728: 2662: 2531: 2519: 2488: 2386: 2360: 2340: 2316: 2313: 2231: 2219: 2200: 1926: 1534: 1398: 1352: 1348: 1310: 1247: 1179: 1053: 1030: 999: 914: 886: 866: 835: 731: 680:

King was promoted to ensign on 7 June 1903, having taken his examination while the

623: 424: 398: 342: 6251: 3676: 3568: 8027: 7922: 7799: 6636: 3771: 3253: 2843: 2787: 2740: 2697: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2570: 2535: 2468: 2456: 2253: 2056: 1922: 1892: 1780: 1738: 1632: 1569: 1482: 1386:

to recruit college graduates as aviators. His relationship with the CNO, Admiral

1183: 991: 936: 554: 449: 7703: 7557: 7166:. Washington, D.C.: Naval History And Heritage Command, Department of the Navy. 3192: 2192:

in April and the Allies lost the ability to decrypt its signals for ten months.

1584:

operation, and then several more weeks while he accompanied Edison's successor,

1052:

After a year, King again approached Leahy about securing command of a destroyer

954:, King went to the UK as part of Mayo's staff. He was a frequent visitor to the 561:

on 18 August 1897. He acquired the nickname "Rey", the Spanish word for "king".

8002: 7992: 7977: 7826: 7772: 7604: 7110:

The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in World War II: The War against Japan

6243: 3297: 3279: 3208: 2889: 2865:

from 1946 to 1949, and he wrote the foreword to and assisted in the writing of

2834: 2820: 2803: 2309: 2246: 2189: 2049: 2046: 2027: 1947: 1900: 1769: 1730: 1510: 1506: 1478: 1466: 1226: 1139: 983: 847: 630: 522: 489: 473: 96: 7771:. Naval Historical Center, Department of the Navy. 1 June 1996. Archived from 7181: 6539: 4030: 3518: 3454: 2102: 1378:

As bureau chief, King worked closely with Leahy, who was now the chief of the

8073: 8007: 7937: 7932: 7872: 7850: 7743: 7693: 7684: 7653: 7626: 7547: 7538: 7491: 7464: 7440: 7377: 7312: 7230: 7005: 6936: 6851: 6513: 5610: 5601: 3304: 2472: 2417: 2406: 2393:

The British chiefs rejected Sledgehammer and instead proposed an invasion of

2352: 2235: 2142: 2063:, on 5 April 1943. Two of her 49 sister ships are under construction at left. 1969: 1951: 1914: 1796: 1530: 1526: 1323: 1203: 1187: 1073: 1041: 943: 891: 843: 735: 727: 600: 420: 386: 7416: 7154: 7070: 7040: 6907: 6789: 2288: 2241: 994:, an officer whose stance on naval education he disliked, was to become the 7957: 7351: 7203: 7127: 6961: 6944: 6880: 6821: 6566: 3791: 3711: 3470: 3402: 2705: 2642: 2634: 2484: 2480: 2413: 2372: 2335:, which the Army Air Forces needed for its planes. King concurred with the 2327: 2261: 2223: 2168:. By the end of the month, U-boats had sunk thirteen ships totaling 95,000 2012: 1987: 1819: 1686: 1659:

to be unsuitable as a flagship, and on 24 April he switched to the cruiser

1438: 1423: 1110: 925: 493: 485: 338: 267: 79: 3420: 3384: 2134: 1382:, to increase the number of naval aviators. Together they established the 7982: 7023:

The Unsinkable Fleet: The Politics of U.S. Navy Expansion in World War II

3781: 3761: 3732:

The dining hall at the U.S. Naval Academy, King Hall, is named after him.

3000: 2916: 2770: 2736: 2666: 2654: 2566:, losing four cruisers. King tried to suppress the news of the disaster. 2181: 2173: 2097: 1142:. King was unable to accept the offer at that time due to the salvage of 1010: 972: 951: 620: 558: 469: 453: 379: 255: 7751: 1367:, recommended King, having been impressed by work in the salvage of the 7997: 7013: 6928: 6797: 3718:) until it was merged with the city's other public high school to form 3287: 3185: 3106: 3099: 2786:

established good relations with many of his British colleagues. When a

2496: 2112: 1690: 1666:

once it had completed an overhaul. So it was that in August it was the

1585: 1554: 959: 955: 917:. He then moved on to his second command, a more modern destroyer, the 846:. King returned to sea duty in 1909, as flag secretary to Rear Admiral 689: 674: 638: 290: 7785:

Ernest King's biography on official US Department of the Navy website.

3144: 3092: 3085: 3014: 3007: 2993: 2986: 2979: 2637:

for his first meeting with Nimitz there. First item on the agenda was

39: 5435: 2791: 2487:, the commander of the Western Naval Task Force (Task Force 122) and 1681:

Rather than risk a conflict with the United States on the eve of the

1337: 1261: 1061: 899: 775: 772: 616: 518: 365: 6997: 5731: 5673: 5671: 5656: 4754:"Strategy While Shaving With a Blowtorch (Dusty Shelves) – War Room" 3611: 3153: 2577:. More aggressive leadership brought results, but at a cost: in the 2238:

resulted in the first of them not being delivered until April 1943.

830:; only the few who failed to pass the examinations were promoted to 4405: 4403: 2159: 1652: 1415: 1218:

until 1929, except for a brief interlude overseeing the salvage of

1202:, most of the class were ensigns or lieutenants. King received his 1095: 1077: 1057: 1029:

King (second from right) during the visit of Secretary of the Navy

656: 648: 503: 402: 7359:

Miller, Casey L.; Jappert, Carl; Jackson, Matthew (October 2023).

2689:, but it was beset by many developmental and production problems. 1643:, where Roosevelt informed him of an upcoming conference with the 1588:, on another inspection tour, this time of bases in the Atlantic. 794:

King's next assignment was as a gunnery officer on the battleship

6120:"H-008-5: Admiral Ernest J. King—Chief of Naval Operations, 1942" 5779: 5668: 5315: 3574: 3559: 2790:

officer complained that King was anti-British, Field Marshal Sir

2717: 2483:

and King sent Cooke to Europe, where they met with Rear Admirals

2297: 2177: 1334: 1219: 1034: 604: 565: 456:, which played an important role in the fight against the German 445:, King was appointed as COMINCH, and in March 1942, he succeeded 413: 7336:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 137–180. 7164:

History of the Office of the Chief Of Naval Operations 1915–2015

6862:

Master of Sea Power: A Biography of Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King

5471: 5265: 5215: 4939: 4891:"Memorandum for ACC Commanders: Leadership, Initiative, and War" 4537: 4400: 3915: 3913: 3828: 3826: 2355:" strategy, the Joint Chiefs proposed to build up a force of 48 1206:

as Naval Aviator No. 3368 on 26 May 1927 and resumed command of

1033:(second from left) while in charge of salvage work of submarine 6325: 6323: 3602: 1709: 1581: 1537:

make a scale model of a blowtorch, which he presented to King.

1094:

From September 1925 to July 1926, King directed the salvage of

764: 457: 5634: 5632: 5575: 5573: 4184: 3999: 3975: 3963: 2819:

On 14 December 1944, Congress passed legislation creating the

1776:, and on 12 March 1942 King officially changed it to COMINCH. 978:

After the war ended in November 1918, King became head of the

557:, ahead of thirty other applicants. He entered Annapolis as a 6441: 5512: 5510: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5052: 5050: 3910: 3898: 3874: 3823: 3371: 2713: 2701: 2646: 782:, with her sister Florence, who had married an Army officer, 364:

class of 1901. He received his first command in 1914, of the

6484: 6482: 6429: 6320: 6270: 6143: 6141: 5883: 5881: 5558: 5546: 5534: 5495: 5425: 5423: 5062: 4975: 4772: 4709: 4673: 4621: 4573: 4498: 4486: 4427: 4388: 4283:"Pearl Harbor History: Building The Way To A Date Of Infamy" 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 2300:(VB-103) en route to the Bay of Biscay in the summer of 1943 1783:, the Superintendent of the Naval Academy, and Rear Admiral 1068:, before taking command of a submarine division, flying his 673:, which was headed overseas, bound for the Far East via the 6282: 5818: 5808: 5806: 5707: 5629: 5570: 5137: 5135: 5133: 4801: 4799: 4561: 4109: 3850: 2853: 2499:

in case the German Navy sortied. King sent the battleships

818: 6611: 5791: 5644: 5507: 5113: 5047: 4721: 4301: 3838: 3425: 3407: 3389: 1921:

lunches were held every Wednesday. Left to right: General

857:. He soon became the engineering officer. After a year on 7457:

History of United States Naval Operations in World War II

7433:

History of United States Naval Operations in World War II

7409:

History of United States Naval Operations in World War II

6479: 6417: 6405: 6201: 6189: 6177: 6165: 6153: 6138: 6061: 6037: 6025: 6013: 6001: 5977: 5965: 5929: 5917: 5893: 5878: 5842: 5743: 5719: 5420: 5384: 5079: 5077: 4313: 4150: 4148: 3942: 3932: 3930: 3928: 2558:

on 7 August, but on the night of 8/9 August the U.S. and

2245:

King looks on as Mrs. Frank Knox christens the destroyer

950:, of the Atlantic Fleet. After the United States entered 633:

in Cuba. An eye injury resulted in his being sent to the

6494: 5953: 5854: 5803: 5590: 5588: 5159: 5147: 5130: 5011: 4999: 4987: 4963: 4951: 4927: 4811: 4796: 4697: 4685: 4527: 4525: 3403:

Navy Distinguished Service Medal citation (second award)

2657:, surprised King with a paper from the commander of the 1351:, listed King as his fourth choice, after Rear Admirals 942:

In December 1915, King joined the staff of Vice Admiral

6806:. Philadelphia; New York: J.B. Lippincott and Company. 5767: 5683: 5522: 5483: 5459: 5327: 5303: 5253: 5203: 4633: 4609: 3421:

Navy Distinguished Service Medal citation (third award)

3385:

Navy Distinguished Service Medal citation (first award)

1729:

King and his senior staff. Left to Right: Rear Admiral

730:, he sought and obtained an audience with Rear Admiral 468:, and took the lead in formulating the strategy of the 7523:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 6213: 5074: 4784: 4597: 4549: 4510: 4439: 4415: 4376: 4364: 4340: 4330: 4328: 4262: 4232: 4220: 4208: 4196: 4145: 4121: 4097: 3987: 3925: 2873:, he co-wrote an autobiography (in the third person), 1493:

King hoped to be appointed CNO or Commander in Chief,

8190:

Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath

8047: 7405:

The Battle of the Atlantic, September 1939 – May 1943

7088:

HM 30: Reflections on Naval History: Collected Essays

6463:. Nimitz Library at the United States Naval Academy. 6335: 6258: 6099: 6049: 5989: 5941: 5905: 5695: 5585: 5447: 5408: 5396: 5339: 5101: 5035: 5023: 4915: 4522: 4352: 1708:

became the first U.S. warship to be sunk by a German

1544: 786:. King and Egerton were married in a ceremony in the 637:. When he recovered, he was ordered to report to the 553:, after passing physical and written examinations in 8170:

Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)

7435:. Vol. III. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. 7358: 6803:

Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan

6567:"Behind the Scenes: Feeding the Masses at King Hall" 5866: 5830: 5737: 5662: 5089: 4733: 4585: 3886: 2367:). The U.S. Army planners realized that the Western 1473:

on 12 April 1940. Left to right: King, Rear Admiral

1408: 8115:

Burials at the United States Naval Academy Cemetery

7732:

Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society

7459:. Vol. XI. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. 5755: 4325: 4172: 4160: 4133: 4075:"Marriage announcement of Florence Beverly Egerton" 4055: 4011: 3811: 19:"Admiral King" redirects here. For other uses, see 8215:Grand Officers of the Order of the Crown (Belgium) 8175:Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal 7411:. Vol. I. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. 6238:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 5287:. The American Presidency Project. 12 March 1942. 2030:; while he believed that nothing smaller than the 1285: 8185:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau 4462: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4454: 3862: 2038:another 200 when the Bureau of Ships protested. 1903:, which came to occupy the majority of his time. 1818:, a luxury yacht formerly owned by the family of 1715: 1186:, and aviation shore establishments be qualified 8071: 7669:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 63–90. 7638:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: UNC Press Books. 7609:American War Plans 1941–1945: the Test of Battle 7429:The Rising Sun in the Pacific, 1931 – April 1942 6950:Washington Command Post: The Operations Division 3757:, Rhode Island, is named King Hall in his honor. 2534:in June 1942, King proposed an operation in the 2424:in September 1943, King promised to provide 110 2401:). The U.S. Army planners, led by Major General 1138:, asked King if he would consider a transfer to 975:. King was the last to continue this tradition. 8180:Recipients of the Order of Naval Merit (Brazil) 1830:, which spent most of the war at anchor at the 902:. He received his first command, the destroyer 722:Bouts of heavy drinking led to King being put 7855: 7521:A War To Be Won: Fighting the Second World War 7112:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 7025:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 6865:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 6355:"A History of the Naval Historical Foundation" 4451: 2838:King, Forrestal and Nimitz on 21 November 1945 2389:in November 1943. King stands behind Roosevelt 1764:. Nimitz became the Commander in Chief of the 7511: 7453:The Invasion of France and Germany: 1944–1945 7268: 7213:"Some Ideas About Organization on Board Ship" 6117: 5785: 5677: 5321: 5221: 5068: 4945: 4778: 4715: 4679: 4627: 4579: 4543: 4504: 4492: 4433: 4409: 4394: 4190: 4115: 4005: 3981: 3969: 3919: 3904: 3880: 3856: 3844: 3832: 2747: 719:, into Manila Bay, where they were interned. 8200:Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Tripod 8155:Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States) 7587:. Vol. 32, no. 4. pp. 44–47. 7253:The Influence of National Policy on Strategy 6914: 6542:. Department of Defense Education Activity. 6393:. Vol. 72, no. 523. September 1946 5271: 3753:One of the two major living quarters at the 3748:Ernest J. King Professor of Maritime History 3722:in 2010, and Admiral King Elementary School. 2106: 2095: 1604:Atlantic Fleet directive CINCLANT Serial 053 1246:On 20 June 1930, King became captain of the 8165:Recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium) 8105:United States Navy personnel of World War I 1751:United States declaration of war on Germany 1422:, California. He survived the crash of his 1393:King appeared before a subcommittee of the 1241: 803:Some Ideas About Organization on Board Ship 513:, when his father took a position with the 479: 401:. He directed the salvage of the submarine 7077: 6917:Australian Journal of Politics and History 6664:"The Gallant Hours – Full Cast & Crew" 6617: 6595:. Naval Postgraduate School. 31 May 1956. 2696:, King then considered the capture of the 2277:in cooperation with the scientists of the 393:. After the war, King was the head of the 38: 8205:Recipients of the Military Order of Italy 7722: 7218:United States Naval Institute Proceedings 7134: 6629: 6564: 6461:"Ernest J. King Papers 1897–1981, MS 437" 6447: 6423: 6390:United States Naval Institute Proceedings 6207: 4981: 3135: 2542:to transfer the southern Solomons to the 2105:, ordered an attack, codenamed Operation 1760:and was succeeded as CINCLANT by Admiral 1040:in March 1928. His assistant, Lieutenant 808:United States Naval Institute Proceedings 747: 8110:United States Navy World War II admirals 7277:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 7162:Hone, Thomas C.; Utz, Curtis A. (2023). 7020: 6828: 6500: 6435: 6329: 6276: 5797: 5564: 5552: 5540: 5516: 5501: 5357: 4567: 4103: 2852: 2833: 2751: 2597: 2450: 2381: 2287: 2240: 2194: 2133: 2040: 1968: 1941: 1913: 1886:Chief of Staff of the United States Army 1841: 1837: 1724: 1608: 1548: 1460: 1289: 1155: 1024: 885: 817: 751: 532: 521:, where his father was a foreman at the 347:Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief 321:(23 November 1878 – 25 June 1956) was a 7691: 7576: 7447: 7423: 7399: 7161: 6836:. New York: Little, Brown and Company. 6630:Payerchin, Richard (30 November 2010). 6288: 6235:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5887: 5848: 5824: 5773: 5713: 5689: 5638: 5579: 5528: 5489: 5477: 5465: 5441: 5333: 5309: 5259: 5124: 5083: 5056: 5041: 5029: 5017: 5005: 4993: 4969: 4921: 4790: 4703: 3443:King was also the recipient of several 2814: 1294:Rear Admiral King arrives on board the 909:on 30 April 1914, participating in the 8210:Grand Crosses of the Order of George I 8072: 7698:(PhD thesis). University of Maryland. 7660: 7633: 7552:(PhD thesis). University of Maryland. 7545: 7471: 7292: 7047: 6769: 6219: 6122:. Naval History and Heritage Command. 6083:. Naval History and Heritage Command. 5860: 5812: 5650: 5594: 5360:"President Praises Leahy's Vichy Role" 5345: 5209: 5107: 4888: 4829: 4639: 4319: 3710:Two public schools in his hometown of 3508:Knight Grand Cross with Swords of the 3366: 2546:. The two theater commanders, General 2083: 1576:, and offered King the command of the 1160:King (center) and his officers on the 924:on 18 July 1914. He also served as an 7854: 7667:FDR's World: War, Peace, and Legacies 7195:The Memoirs of General the Lord Ismay 7188: 7107: 6983: 6943: 6887: 6858: 6796: 6488: 6411: 6341: 6264: 6225: 6195: 6183: 6171: 6159: 6147: 6105: 6067: 6055: 6043: 6031: 6019: 6007: 5995: 5983: 5971: 5947: 5935: 5923: 5911: 5899: 5836: 5749: 5725: 5701: 5453: 5429: 5414: 5402: 5390: 5165: 5153: 5141: 5095: 4957: 4933: 4903:from the original on 1 September 2021 4830:Marino, James I. (23 November 2016). 4817: 4805: 4739: 4727: 4691: 4615: 4603: 4591: 4555: 4516: 4445: 4421: 4382: 4370: 4358: 4346: 4334: 4307: 4268: 4238: 4226: 4214: 4202: 4178: 4154: 4139: 4127: 4061: 4017: 3993: 3957: 3936: 3892: 3868: 3817: 2694:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 2525: 2306:Army Air Forces Antisubmarine Command 1994: 1991:clashed.{{sfn|Buell|1995|pp=449–451} 1674:, where King and British Admiral Sir 1044:, is on the right while Rear Admiral 767:, China, circa 1905. King is at left. 497: 7603: 7331: 7249: 7210: 6383:Battle Stations! Your Navy In Action 5959: 5872: 5761: 5358:Hamilton, Thomas J. (26 July 1942). 4870:from the original on 24 October 2020 4751: 4653:"Leahy Will Direct Naval Operations" 4531: 4166: 2898:United States Naval Academy Cemetery 2867:Battle Stations! Your Navy In Action 2756:King stands behind Roosevelt at the 2581:on 26 October, the aircraft carrier 2209:off San Francisco on 9 February 1944 2055:, at right, about to be launched at 1645:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 1639:In April 1941, King was summoned to 911:United States occupation of Veracruz 109:United States Naval Academy Cemetery 8195:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour 8160:Congressional Gold Medal recipients 8100:American people of Scottish descent 7710:from the original on 10 August 2024 7250:King, Ernest J. (7 November 1932). 7095:from the original on 10 August 2024 6467:from the original on 10 August 2024 6304:. The American Presidency Project. 6087:from the original on 10 August 2024 5372:from the original on 10 August 2024 5237:. The American Presidency Project. 4858:"Navy Leader Development Framework" 4838:from the original on 10 August 2024 4474:from the original on 10 August 2024 4085:from the original on 10 August 2024 4043:from the original on 10 August 2024 2731:in 1943, he was accused by British 2363:) for a landing in France in 1943 ( 2279:National Defense Research Committee 1807:, he was succeeded by Rear Admiral 1631:, 10 August 1941. King and Admiral 1125: 996:Superintendent of the Naval Academy 580:Vice President of the United States 541:King secured an appointment to the 464:. He participated in the top-level 437:. Following a period on the Navy's 13: 8130:United States Naval Academy alumni 8095:American people of English descent 7769:"Fleet Admiral Ernest Joseph King" 7728:Fleet Admiral King: A Naval Record 7275:Fleet Admiral King: A Naval Record 6694:"MacArthur – Full Cast & Crew" 5738:Miller, Jappert & Jackson 2023 5663:Miller, Jappert & Jackson 2023 4752:Klug, Jonathan (16 January 2020). 3424: 3406: 3388: 3370: 2875:Fleet Admiral King: A Naval Record 2610:(right) on the latter's flagship, 1545:Commander in Chief, Atlantic Fleet 1089:Naval Submarine Base at New London 913:, escorting a mule transport from 594: 496:, and his wife Elizabeth (Bessie) 329:who served as Commander in Chief, 14: 8226: 7761: 6599:from the original on 25 July 2024 5191:from the original on 26 June 2024 4280: 3746:to be held with the title of the 3524:Knight of the Grand Cross of the 3438: 2312:aircraft to the Navy. Arnold and 1977:takes the oath of office as 40th 1409:Commander, Aircraft, Battle Force 1103:Navy Distinguished Service Medals 1101:, earning the first of his three 688:spent several weeks at anchor in 433:. He then served as Chief of the 410:Navy Distinguished Service Medals 408:, earning the first of his three 16:US Navy Fleet admiral (1878–1956) 8057: 8036: 7591:from the original on 10 May 2024 7564:from the original on 8 June 2024 7498:from the original on 10 May 2024 7387:from the original on 13 May 2024 7319:from the original on 15 May 2024 7211:King, Ernest J. (January 1909). 7139:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 6986:The Journal of Military History[ 6971:from the original on 25 May 2024 6892:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 6774:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 6736: 6708: 6686: 6674:from the original on 15 May 2024 6656: 6644:from the original on 18 May 2024 6623: 6585: 6573:from the original on 16 May 2024 6558: 6546:from the original on 15 May 2024 6532: 6520:from the original on 15 May 2024 6506: 6453: 6373: 6361:from the original on 15 May 2024 6347: 6308:from the original on 18 May 2024 6294: 6126:from the original on 9 July 2024 6111: 6081:"H-008-5 Admiral Ernest J. King" 6073: 5617:from the original on 5 June 2024 5351: 5291:from the original on 18 May 2024 5277: 5241:from the original on 18 May 2024 4832:"Undeclared War in the Atlantic" 4760:from the original on 7 June 2024 4254:. Home of Heroes. Archived from 3755:Officer Training Command Newport 3739:, King Hall, is named after him. 3675: 3660: 3641: 3626: 3610: 3590: 3573: 3567: 3548: 3533: 3517: 3501: 3485: 3469: 3453: 3293:Navy Distinguished Service Medal 3266: 3259: 3252: 3241: 3235: 3223: 3217: 3207: 3198: 3191: 3184: 3173: 3167: 3160: 3152: 3143: 3105: 3098: 3091: 3084: 3013: 3006: 2999: 2992: 2985: 2978: 2907: 2672:King also met with Rear Admiral 2579:Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands 2562:suffered a severe defeat in the 2346: 1456: 1105:. The task was a demanding one: 589: 423:in 1927, and was captain of the 389:, the commander in chief of the 296:Navy Distinguished Service Medal 7237:from the original on 7 May 2024 6744:"Midway – Full Cast & Crew" 6357:. Naval Historical Foundation. 5227: 5171: 4882: 4850: 4823: 4745: 4645: 4274: 4244: 4067: 4023: 2877:, which was published in 1952. 1774:Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor 1701:. On 31 October, the destroyer 1553:King and Secretary of the Navy 1509:, Edison's naval aide, Captain 1451: 1384:Aviation Cadet Training Program 1286:Chief of the Bureau of Aviation 971:, the commander of the British 894:and his staff. King is at left. 586:, who handed out the diplomas. 484:Ernest Joseph King was born in 466:Allied World War II conferences 7577:Reimers, David (August 2018). 7334:The Chiefs of Naval Operations 4889:Holmes, James (20 June 2017). 4661:. 11 November 1936. p. 53 3714:, have been named after him: ( 3599:Order of Vasco Núñez de Balboa 3445:foreign awards and decorations 3356:National Defense Service Medal 3334:American Defense Service Medal 2256:, Maine, on 17 September 1944. 1716:Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet 1426:transport on 8 February 1937. 1420:Naval Air Station North Island 1395:House Appropriations Committee 1234:and transferred to command of 1178:) requiring commanders of all 881: 603:. King took a short course in 549:, from his local Congressman, 1: 7546:Parker, Sally Lister (1984). 7198:. London: William Heinemann. 6762: 5444:, pp. 142–143, 157, 163. 3729:, in Japan, is named for him. 3541:Order of Naval Merit (Brazil) 2339:'s plans to give priority to 2294:Consolidated PB4Y-1 Liberator 1225:, for which he was awarded a 1194:. King therefore reported to 1020: 865:as fleet gunnery officer and 834:. This involved traveling to 813:United States Naval Institute 744:, which departed on 27 June. 629:, which conducted surveys of 462:Second Battle of the Atlantic 360:King graduated fourth in the 273:Second Battle of the Atlantic 21:Admiral King (disambiguation) 8150:Military personnel from Ohio 8140:United States Naval Aviators 7692:Strange, Joseph Lot (1984). 7579:"Blueprints for Destruction" 7108:Hayes, Grace Person (1982). 6252:UK public library membership 5605:. Vol. 36, no. 1. 5595:Offley, Ed (February 2022). 4081:. 27 March 1901. p. 7. 3330:with "Atlantic Fleet" clasp 2760:in Quebec in September 1944. 2602:King (center) with Admirals 2479:Marshall sent Major General 2475:, Normandy, on June 12, 1944 2351:In keeping with the agreed " 2180:, including some of the new 2115:and erect protective harbor 1897:United States Army Air Corps 1699:Neutrality Acts of the 1930s 1683:invasion of the Soviet Union 1564:in Bermuda in September 1941 1013:. Although auxiliaries like 756:Group portrait taken aboard 607:design and operation at the 382:, he served on the staff of 261:First Battle of the Atlantic 7: 8135:United States Navy admirals 8090:American five-star officers 7256:(Thesis). Naval War College 7081:(2023). "Introduction". In 7055:. New York: HarperCollins. 6118:Samuel J. Cox (July 2017). 4834:. Warfare History Network. 4093:– via newspapers.com. 4051:– via Newspapers.com. 3634:Order of Naval Merit (Cuba) 3619:Order of the Crown of Italy 2914:United States Naval Academy 2863:Naval Historical Foundation 1960:Under Secretary of the Navy 1670:that took Roosevelt to the 1268:In 1932, King attended the 1196:Naval Air Station Pensacola 1120: 543:United States Naval Academy 537:As a naval cadet circa 1901 362:United States Naval Academy 311:Naval Historical Foundation 10: 8231: 8120:Chiefs of Naval Operations 7857:Chiefs of Naval Operations 7665:; Reynolds, David (eds.). 7472:Morton, Gerard T. (1985). 7021:Davidson, Joel R. (1996). 3649:Order of the Sacred Tripod 3460:Knight Grand Cross of the 3351:World War II Victory Medal 2748:Relations with the British 2641:, the campaign to capture 2087: 1471:Naval Station Pearl Harbor 1313:, the managing editor of 1085:Submarine Warfare insignia 998:. King approached Captain 18: 8034: 7863: 7841: 7831: 7823: 7813: 7807:Chief of Naval Operations 7804: 7796: 7791: 7726:(1957). "A Postscript to 6859:Buell, Thomas B. (1995). 6593:"Dedication of Buildings" 5786:King & Whitehill 1952 5678:King & Whitehill 1952 5322:King & Whitehill 1952 5222:King & Whitehill 1952 5184:. Joint Chiefs of Staff. 5069:King & Whitehill 1952 4946:King & Whitehill 1952 4779:King & Whitehill 1952 4756:. U.S. Army War College. 4716:King & Whitehill 1952 4680:King & Whitehill 1952 4628:King & Whitehill 1952 4580:King & Whitehill 1952 4544:King & Whitehill 1952 4505:King & Whitehill 1952 4493:King & Whitehill 1952 4468:"Ernest King – Recipient" 4434:King & Whitehill 1952 4410:King & Whitehill 1952 4395:King & Whitehill 1952 4191:King & Whitehill 1952 4116:King & Whitehill 1952 4006:King & Whitehill 1952 3982:King & Whitehill 1952 3970:King & Whitehill 1952 3920:King & Whitehill 1952 3905:King & Whitehill 1952 3881:King & Whitehill 1952 3857:Murray & Millett 2009 3845:King & Whitehill 1952 3833:King & Whitehill 1952 3737:Naval Postgraduate School 3691: 3327:World War I Victory Medal 3315:Philippine Campaign Medal 3291: 3286: 3278: 3151: 3142: 2932:Lieutenant (junior grade) 2896:, King was buried in the 2886:Portsmouth Naval Shipyard 2710:Boeing B-29 Superfortress 1909:U.S. Naval Forces, Europe 1863:Chiefs of Staff Committee 1822:, which King renamed USS 1397:, chaired by Congressman 1345:Chief of Naval Operations 980:Naval Postgraduate School 832:lieutenant (junior grade) 395:Naval Postgraduate School 335:Chief of Naval Operations 305: 283: 231: 207:Naval Postgraduate School 158:Chief of Naval Operations 150: 140: 132: 120: 103: 86: 66: 49: 37: 30: 8145:People from Lorain, Ohio 8125:Naval War College alumni 7634:Stoler, Mark A. (2003). 7300:Naval War College Review 6232:"Sir James Somerville". 5480:, pp. 142–143, 163. 5272:Burtness & Ober 2013 3804: 3716:Admiral King High School 3699:guided missile destroyer 1871:Combined Chiefs of Staff 1720: 1274:representative democracy 1242:Aircraft carrier captain 1192:naval aviation observers 928:to the commander of the 502:Keam, an immigrant from 480:Early life and education 412:, and later that of the 397:and commanded submarine 355:Combined Chiefs of Staff 7474:"Sixty Seconds to Live" 6516:. Lorain City Schools. 3707:was named in his honor. 3556:Estrella Abdon Calderon 3526:Military Order of Italy 3346:American Campaign Medal 2653:, the commander of the 2540:South West Pacific Area 2422:First Quebec Conference 1950:, the commander of the 1355:, Harry E. Yarnell and 1066:New London, Connecticut 788:West Point Cadet Chapel 647:, which was berthed in 635:Brooklyn Naval Hospital 44:Official portrait, 1945 7724:Whitehill, Walter Muir 7611:. London: Frank Cass. 7584:Naval History Magazine 7369:Joint Forces Quarterly 7293:Kohnen, David (2018). 7271:Whitehill, Walter Muir 7190:Ismay, Hastings Lionel 6716:"Deaths – John Dehner" 6569:. U.S. Naval Academy. 6244:10.1093/ref:odnb/36191 5597:"The Drumbeat Mystery" 4031:"Engagement Announced" 3760:King was portrayed by 3735:The auditorium at the 3510:Order of Orange-Nassau 3464:(United Kingdom) 1945 3436: 3429: 3418: 3411: 3400: 3393: 3382: 3375: 3310:Spanish Campaign Medal 3136:Awards and decorations 2858: 2839: 2812: 2761: 2631:Southwest Pacific Area 2618: 2476: 2390: 2377:Operation Sledgehammer 2301: 2257: 2230:destroyer, known as a 2210: 2155: 2123:. Only the long-range 2107: 2096: 2064: 1982: 1934: 1858: 1826:. King lived on board 1746: 1636: 1620:on the quarterdeck of 1565: 1513:, and Edison's friend 1490: 1469:'s inspection tour of 1443:Imperial Japanese Navy 1343:on 4 April 1933. The 1306: 1283: 1172:United States Congress 1167: 1130:In 1925, Rear Admiral 1083:. He never earned his 1049: 895: 823: 768: 748:Marriage and Annapolis 664:Arent S. Crowninshield 538: 443:attack on Pearl Harbor 376:occupation of Veracruz 249:Occupation of Veracruz 7718:– via ProQuest. 7572:– via ProQuest. 7449:Morison, Samuel Eliot 7425:Morison, Samuel Eliot 7401:Morison, Samuel Eliot 7137:FDR and the U.S. Navy 6890:FDR and the U.S. Navy 6772:FDR and the U.S. Navy 4863:. US Navy. May 2019. 4730:, pp. xxiv, 123. 4310:, pp. 36, 54–55. 4281:Young, Frank Pierce. 4258:on 29 September 2007. 3581:Grand Officer of the 3543:, Grand Officer 1943 3431: 3428: 3413: 3410: 3395: 3392: 3377: 3374: 3322:Mexican Service Medal 2871:Walter Muir Whitehill 2857:Grave of Admiral King 2856: 2837: 2808: 2780:British Pacific Fleet 2755: 2601: 2564:Battle of Savo Island 2560:Royal Australian Navy 2556:landed on Guadalcanal 2455:With (left to right) 2454: 2385: 2291: 2244: 2215:Treasury-class cutter 2198: 2137: 2061:Vancouver, Washington 2044: 1979:Secretary of the Navy 1972: 1942:Civil-Naval relations 1919:Joint Chiefs of Staff 1917: 1875:Joint Chiefs of Staff 1846:King's flagship, the 1845: 1838:Joint Chiefs of Staff 1737:, King, Vice Admiral 1728: 1614:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1612: 1552: 1464: 1365:Secretary of the Navy 1331:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1293: 1278: 1236:Naval Station Norfolk 1159: 1136:Bureau of Aeronautics 1028: 889: 874:. He was promoted to 821: 755: 615:. He then became the 613:Newport, Rhode Island 609:Naval Torpedo Station 536: 515:Pennsylvania Railroad 435:Bureau of Aeronautics 351:Joint Chiefs of Staff 186:Naval Station Norfolk 173:Bureau of Aeronautics 133:Years of service 5179:"Arcadia Conference" 3960:, pp. xxii–xxv. 2942:Lieutenant commander 2815:Retirement and death 2627:Central Pacific Area 2588:was damaged and the 2461:Dwight D. Eisenhower 2403:Dwight D. Eisenhower 2337:War Production Board 2298:Bombing Squadron 103 2078:Philippines campaign 1929:, King, and General 1855:Washington Navy Yard 1832:Washington Navy Yard 1809:Charles M. Cooke Jr. 1805:Guadalcanal campaign 1503:elephants' graveyard 1380:Bureau of Navigation 932:destroyer flotilla, 876:lieutenant commander 780:West Point, New York 576:Spanish–American War 509:The family moved to 419:. He qualified as a 239:Spanish–American War 7835:United States Fleet 7833:Commander in Chief 7775:on 29 December 2007 7517:Millett, Allan Reed 7083:Hattendorf, John B. 7079:Hattendorf, John B. 6830:Borneman, Walter R. 6721:The Washington Post 6491:, pp. 540–541. 6450:, pp. 224–226. 6438:, pp. 463–464. 6414:, pp. 508–509. 6332:, pp. 461–462. 6291:, pp. 168–169. 6289:Hone & Utz 2023 6279:, pp. 413–414. 6198:, pp. 112–114. 6186:, pp. 127–129. 6174:, pp. 637–639. 6162:, pp. 120–125. 6150:, pp. 105–107. 6070:, pp. 623–624. 6046:, pp. 438–440. 6034:, pp. 546–548. 6022:, pp. 275–281. 6010:, pp. 412–413. 5986:, pp. 312–314. 5974:, pp. 196–197. 5962:, pp. 156–157. 5938:, pp. 183–185. 5926:, pp. 222–224. 5902:, pp. 140–149. 5827:, pp. 453–458. 5788:, pp. 464–471. 5752:, pp. 462–465. 5728:, pp. 449–451. 5716:, pp. 255–258. 5690:Hone & Utz 2023 5680:, pp. 446–448. 5653:, pp. 186–187. 5641:, pp. 126–132. 5582:, pp. 125–126. 5567:, pp. 134–138. 5555:, pp. 130–134. 5543:, pp. 100–101. 5529:Hone & Utz 2023 5504:, pp. 154–157. 5490:Hone & Utz 2023 5478:Hone & Utz 2023 5466:Hone & Utz 2023 5442:Hone & Utz 2023 5432:, pp. 235–239. 5393:, pp. 184–185. 5334:Hone & Utz 2023 5324:, pp. 357–358. 5310:Hone & Utz 2023 5274:, pp. 669–670. 5260:Hone & Utz 2023 5224:, pp. 366–368. 5168:, pp. 157–161. 5156:, pp. 176–178. 5144:, pp. 154–155. 5127:, pp. 116–117. 5059:, pp. 114–115. 4984:, pp. 127–128. 4960:, pp. 137–139. 4948:, pp. 329–331. 4936:, pp. 148–149. 4820:, pp. 127–129. 4808:, pp. 125–127. 4791:Hone & Utz 2023 4694:, pp. 110–113. 4570:, pp. 153–155. 4546:, pp. 240–242. 4412:, pp. 192–193. 4322:, pp. 137–139. 3787:War and Remembrance 3512:(Netherlands) 1948 3492:Grand Cross of the 3476:Grand Cross of the 3367:Navy Cross citation 2902:Annapolis, Maryland 2829:general of the army 2674:Charles A. Lockwood 2651:Raymond A. Spruance 2608:Raymond A. Spruance 2395:French North Africa 2275:operations research 2170:gross register tons 2129:Type VII submarines 2117:anti-submarine nets 2084:War in the Atlantic 1895:, the Chief of the 1695:Royal Canadian Navy 1672:Atlantic Conference 1641:Hyde Park, New York 1629:Atlantic Conference 1495:United States Fleet 1388:William H. Standley 1316:The Virginian-Pilot 715:, survivors of the 684:was in Europe. The 551:Winfield Scott Kerr 547:Annapolis, Maryland 331:United States Fleet 163:United States Fleet 113:Annapolis, Maryland 7663:Kimball, Warren F. 7513:Murray, Williamson 7053:Operation Drumbeat 6929:10.1111/ajph.12038 6724:. 10 February 1992 6540:"About Our School" 5365:The New York Times 4658:The New York Times 4618:, pp. 99–101. 4470:. Military Times. 4039:. 9 January 1903. 3720:Lorain High School 3583:Order of the Crown 3430: 3412: 3394: 3376: 3039:21 September 1918 2894:National Cathedral 2882:Bethesda, Maryland 2859: 2840: 2806:described King as: 2767:Octagon Conference 2762: 2758:Octagon Conference 2659:V Amphibious Corps 2639:Operation Galvanic 2623:South Pacific Area 2619: 2552:Robert L. Ghormley 2544:South Pacific Area 2526:War in the Pacific 2477: 2465:George C. Marshall 2446:Operation Overlord 2391: 2302: 2258: 2211: 2156: 2065: 1995:Ships and manpower 1983: 1975:James V. Forrestal 1964:James V. Forrestal 1935: 1931:George C. Marshall 1890:Lieutenant General 1882:George C. Marshall 1867:Arcadia Conference 1859: 1793:Richmond K. Turner 1789:Richard S. Edwards 1785:Frederick J. Horne 1762:Royal E. Ingersoll 1747: 1743:Richard S. Edwards 1735:Frederick J. Horne 1637: 1635:stand behind them. 1566: 1525:about the life of 1491: 1487:Elliott Buckmaster 1307: 1200:Richmond K. Turner 1168: 1132:William A. Moffett 1115:New York Navy Yard 1050: 948:Commander in Chief 896: 824: 769: 717:Battle of Tsushima 694:Russo-Japanese War 584:Theodore Roosevelt 539: 528:Lorain High School 511:Uhrichsville, Ohio 327:United States Navy 319:Ernest Joseph King 244:Mexican Revolution 127:United States Navy 8045: 8044: 7849: 7848: 7842:Succeeded by 7817:Chester W. Nimitz 7814:Succeeded by 7792:Military offices 7676:978-0-230-60938-9 7645:978-0-8078-5507-2 7530:978-0-674-04130-1 7269:King, Ernest J.; 7173:978-1-943604-02-9 7146:978-0-312-21157-8 6899:978-0-312-21157-8 6843:978-0-316-09784-0 6781:978-0-312-21157-8 6250:(Subscription or 5890:, pp. 52–57. 5863:, pp. 84–87. 5851:, pp. 13–14. 5815:, pp. 77–83. 5800:, pp. 80–81. 5519:, pp. 34–35. 5212:, pp. 64–65. 5020:, pp. 79–85. 5008:, pp. 74–79. 4996:, pp. 64–65. 4972:, pp. 69–70. 4706:, pp. 44–47. 4642:, pp. 70–72. 4606:, pp. 98–99. 4558:, pp. 96–97. 4534:, pp. 26–27. 4519:, pp. 89–92. 4448:, pp. 76–78. 4424:, pp. 75–76. 4385:, pp. 71–72. 4373:, pp. 67–70. 4349:, pp. 62–64. 4271:, pp. 50–52. 4241:, pp. 48–51. 4229:, pp. 43–44. 4217:, pp. 38–41. 4205:, pp. 30–31. 4193:, pp. 70–71. 4157:, pp. 26–28. 4130:, pp. 56–57. 4079:The Baltimore Sun 4036:The Baltimore Sun 4008:, pp. 61–62. 3996:, pp. 23–25. 3984:, pp. 50–59. 3972:, pp. 45–47. 3939:, pp. 16–20. 3922:, pp. 30–33. 3907:, pp. 18–23. 3883:, pp. 14–15. 3835:, pp. 11–13. 3767:The Gallant Hours 3744:Naval War College 3727:Sasebo Naval Base 3689: 3688: 3685:(Belgium) (1948) 3597:Commander of the 3585:with palm (1948) 3494:Order of George I 3462:Order of the Bath 3361: 3360: 3274: 3273: 3127: 3126: 3123:17 December 1944 3043: 3042: 2797:When Admiral Sir 2680:, which had both 2617:, on 18 July 1944 2604:Chester W. Nimitz 2575:William F. Halsey 2550:and Vice Admiral 2548:Douglas MacArthur 2399:Operation Gymnast 2365:Operation Roundup 2333:aviation gasoline 2321:strategic bombing 2267:Key West, Florida 2090:Second Happy Time 1973:King looks on as 1741:and Rear Admiral 1649:Winston Churchill 1618:Winston Churchill 1600:Norfolk, Virginia 1578:Atlantic Squadron 1574:Chester W. Nimitz 1568:The CNO, Admiral 1535:Tiffany & Co. 1523:biographical film 1475:Arthur L. Bristol 1446:attacked the base 1403:Pratt and Whitney 1361:Claude A. Swanson 1357:John Halligan Jr. 1270:Naval War College 1232:John Henry Towers 1180:aircraft carriers 339:World War II 316: 315: 8222: 8062: 8061: 8060: 8053: 8040: 7852: 7851: 7824:Preceded by 7797:Preceded by 7789: 7788: 7784: 7782: 7780: 7755: 7719: 7717: 7715: 7688: 7657: 7630: 7600: 7598: 7596: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7542: 7507: 7505: 7503: 7468: 7444: 7420: 7396: 7394: 7392: 7386: 7372:(111): 131–140. 7365: 7355: 7328: 7326: 7324: 7288: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7246: 7244: 7242: 7207: 7185: 7158: 7131: 7104: 7102: 7100: 7074: 7044: 7017: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6970: 6955: 6940: 6911: 6884: 6855: 6825: 6793: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6690: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6660: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6640:. Lisbon, Ohio. 6627: 6621: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6604: 6589: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6562: 6556: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6536: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6510: 6504: 6498: 6492: 6486: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6457: 6451: 6445: 6439: 6433: 6427: 6421: 6415: 6409: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6381:"Book Reviews – 6377: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6351: 6345: 6339: 6333: 6327: 6318: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6298: 6292: 6286: 6280: 6274: 6268: 6262: 6256: 6255: 6247: 6229: 6223: 6217: 6211: 6205: 6199: 6193: 6187: 6181: 6175: 6169: 6163: 6157: 6151: 6145: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6115: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6077: 6071: 6065: 6059: 6053: 6047: 6041: 6035: 6029: 6023: 6017: 6011: 6005: 5999: 5993: 5987: 5981: 5975: 5969: 5963: 5957: 5951: 5945: 5939: 5933: 5927: 5921: 5915: 5909: 5903: 5897: 5891: 5885: 5876: 5870: 5864: 5858: 5852: 5846: 5840: 5834: 5828: 5822: 5816: 5810: 5801: 5795: 5789: 5783: 5777: 5771: 5765: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5735: 5729: 5723: 5717: 5711: 5705: 5699: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5675: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5592: 5583: 5577: 5568: 5562: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5526: 5520: 5514: 5505: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5451: 5445: 5439: 5433: 5427: 5418: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5355: 5349: 5343: 5337: 5331: 5325: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5281: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5231: 5225: 5219: 5213: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5190: 5183: 5175: 5169: 5163: 5157: 5151: 5145: 5139: 5128: 5122: 5111: 5105: 5099: 5093: 5087: 5081: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4925: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4902: 4896:. US Air Force. 4895: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4869: 4862: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4809: 4803: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4464: 4449: 4443: 4437: 4431: 4425: 4419: 4413: 4407: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4368: 4362: 4356: 4350: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4285:. Archived from 4278: 4272: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4027: 4021: 4015: 4009: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3985: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3940: 3934: 3923: 3917: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3895:, pp. 8–12. 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3821: 3815: 3679: 3670:(France) (1944) 3664: 3645: 3630: 3614: 3594: 3578: 3577: 3571: 3552: 3537: 3521: 3505: 3489: 3478:Légion d'honneur 3473: 3457: 3450: 3449: 3276: 3275: 3270: 3263: 3256: 3245: 3239: 3227: 3221: 3211: 3202: 3195: 3188: 3177: 3171: 3164: 3156: 3147: 3140: 3139: 3120:1 February 1941 3117:29 January 1938 3109: 3102: 3095: 3088: 3045: 3044: 3017: 3010: 3003: 2996: 2989: 2982: 2923: 2922: 2799:James Somerville 2729:Cairo Conference 2724:was preferable. 2663:Holland M. Smith 2661:, Major General 2532:Battle of Midway 2489:John L. Hall Jr. 2387:Cairo Conference 2361:Operation Bolero 2341:synthetic rubber 2317:Henry L. Stimson 2314:Secretary of War 2232:destroyer escort 2220:submarine chaser 2201:destroyer escort 2154: 2110: 2101: 1927:William D. Leahy 1853:, docked at the 1399:William A. Ayres 1353:Joseph M. Reeves 1349:William V. Pratt 1311:Winder R. Harris 1248:aircraft carrier 1184:seaplane tenders 1176:10 USC Sec. 5942 1126:Aviator training 1048:(left) looks on. 1031:Curtis D. Wilbur 1000:William D. Leahy 915:Galveston, Texas 878:on 1 July 1913. 867:Harry E. Yarnell 836:Washington, D.C. 732:Charles J. Train 501: 425:aircraft carrier 380:World War I 345:, who served as 343:William D. Leahy 122: 93: 77:23 November 1878 76: 74: 42: 28: 27: 8230: 8229: 8225: 8224: 8223: 8221: 8220: 8219: 8070: 8069: 8068: 8058: 8056: 8048: 8046: 8041: 8032: 7859: 7845: 7838: 7829: 7819: 7810: 7802: 7800:Harold R. Stark 7778: 7776: 7767: 7764: 7759: 7713: 7711: 7677: 7646: 7619: 7605:Ross, Steven T. 7594: 7592: 7567: 7565: 7531: 7501: 7499: 7390: 7388: 7384: 7363: 7344: 7322: 7320: 7285: 7259: 7257: 7240: 7238: 7174: 7147: 7120: 7098: 7096: 7063: 7049:Gannon, Michael 7033: 6998:10.2307/2677432 6974: 6972: 6968: 6953: 6900: 6873: 6844: 6814: 6798:Blair, Clay Jr. 6782: 6765: 6760: 6759: 6749: 6747: 6742: 6741: 6737: 6727: 6725: 6714: 6713: 6709: 6699: 6697: 6692: 6691: 6687: 6677: 6675: 6662: 6661: 6657: 6647: 6645: 6637:Morning Journal 6628: 6624: 6618:Hattendorf 2023 6616: 6612: 6602: 6600: 6591: 6590: 6586: 6576: 6574: 6565:Bill the Goat. 6563: 6559: 6549: 6547: 6538: 6537: 6533: 6523: 6521: 6514:"The Expansion" 6512: 6511: 6507: 6499: 6495: 6487: 6480: 6470: 6468: 6459: 6458: 6454: 6446: 6442: 6434: 6430: 6422: 6418: 6410: 6406: 6396: 6394: 6379: 6378: 6374: 6364: 6362: 6353: 6352: 6348: 6340: 6336: 6328: 6321: 6311: 6309: 6300: 6299: 6295: 6287: 6283: 6275: 6271: 6263: 6259: 6249: 6231: 6230: 6226: 6218: 6214: 6206: 6202: 6194: 6190: 6182: 6178: 6170: 6166: 6158: 6154: 6146: 6139: 6129: 6127: 6116: 6112: 6104: 6100: 6090: 6088: 6079: 6078: 6074: 6066: 6062: 6054: 6050: 6042: 6038: 6030: 6026: 6018: 6014: 6006: 6002: 5994: 5990: 5982: 5978: 5970: 5966: 5958: 5954: 5946: 5942: 5934: 5930: 5922: 5918: 5910: 5906: 5898: 5894: 5886: 5879: 5871: 5867: 5859: 5855: 5847: 5843: 5835: 5831: 5823: 5819: 5811: 5804: 5796: 5792: 5784: 5780: 5772: 5768: 5760: 5756: 5748: 5744: 5736: 5732: 5724: 5720: 5712: 5708: 5700: 5696: 5688: 5684: 5676: 5669: 5661: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5637: 5630: 5620: 5618: 5593: 5586: 5578: 5571: 5563: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5539: 5535: 5527: 5523: 5515: 5508: 5500: 5496: 5488: 5484: 5476: 5472: 5464: 5460: 5452: 5448: 5440: 5436: 5428: 5421: 5413: 5409: 5401: 5397: 5389: 5385: 5375: 5373: 5356: 5352: 5344: 5340: 5332: 5328: 5320: 5316: 5308: 5304: 5294: 5292: 5283: 5282: 5278: 5270: 5266: 5258: 5254: 5244: 5242: 5233: 5232: 5228: 5220: 5216: 5208: 5204: 5194: 5192: 5188: 5181: 5177: 5176: 5172: 5164: 5160: 5152: 5148: 5140: 5131: 5123: 5114: 5106: 5102: 5094: 5090: 5082: 5075: 5067: 5063: 5055: 5048: 5040: 5036: 5028: 5024: 5016: 5012: 5004: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4980: 4976: 4968: 4964: 4956: 4952: 4944: 4940: 4932: 4928: 4920: 4916: 4906: 4904: 4900: 4893: 4887: 4883: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4860: 4856: 4855: 4851: 4841: 4839: 4828: 4824: 4816: 4812: 4804: 4797: 4789: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4763: 4761: 4750: 4746: 4738: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4690: 4686: 4678: 4674: 4664: 4662: 4651: 4650: 4646: 4638: 4634: 4626: 4622: 4614: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4578: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4542: 4538: 4530: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4503: 4499: 4491: 4487: 4477: 4475: 4466: 4465: 4452: 4444: 4440: 4432: 4428: 4420: 4416: 4408: 4401: 4393: 4389: 4381: 4377: 4369: 4365: 4361:, p. xxiv. 4357: 4353: 4345: 4341: 4333: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4306: 4302: 4292: 4290: 4279: 4275: 4267: 4263: 4250: 4249: 4245: 4237: 4233: 4225: 4221: 4213: 4209: 4201: 4197: 4189: 4185: 4177: 4173: 4165: 4161: 4153: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4126: 4122: 4114: 4110: 4102: 4098: 4088: 4086: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4046: 4044: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4016: 4012: 4004: 4000: 3992: 3988: 3980: 3976: 3968: 3964: 3956: 3943: 3935: 3926: 3918: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3891: 3887: 3879: 3875: 3867: 3863: 3855: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3831: 3824: 3820:, pp. 3–4. 3816: 3812: 3807: 3772:Russell Johnson 3694: 3683:Croix de Guerre 3668:Croix de guerre 3617:Officer of the 3572: 3441: 3423: 3405: 3387: 3369: 3364: 3336: 3329: 3296:with two award 3295: 3247: 3246: 3240: 3229: 3228: 3222: 3179: 3178: 3172: 3165: 3138: 3133: 2910: 2844:Harry S. Truman 2821:five-star ranks 2817: 2788:Royal Air Force 2750: 2741:Joseph Stilwell 2698:Mariana Islands 2687:Mark 18 torpedo 2678:Mark 14 torpedo 2571:Operation Torch 2536:Solomon Islands 2528: 2522:of destroyers. 2493:Operation Anvil 2469:Omar N. Bradley 2457:Henry H. Arnold 2349: 2254:Bath Iron Works 2190:Enigma machines 2152: 2113:naval minefield 2092: 2086: 2059:'s shipyard in 2057:Henry J. Kaiser 2028:escort carriers 1997: 1944: 1923:Henry H. Arnold 1893:Henry H. Arnold 1840: 1781:Russell Willson 1739:Russell Willson 1733:, Vice Admiral 1723: 1718: 1633:Harold R. Stark 1624:Prince of Wales 1570:Harold R. Stark 1557:on the cruiser 1547: 1527:Edison's father 1519:Edison, the Man 1483:Claude C. Bloch 1481:, Rear Admiral 1465:Navy Secretary 1459: 1454: 1411: 1347:(CNO), Admiral 1326:, who wrote to 1319:newspaper, and 1288: 1244: 1170:That year, the 1134:, Chief of the 1128: 1123: 1023: 992:Henry B. Wilson 937:William S. Sims 884: 784:Walter D. Smith 750: 597: 595:Far East cruise 592: 555:Mansfield, Ohio 482: 450:Harold R. Stark 306:Other work 301: 279: 227: 116: 95: 91: 78: 72: 70: 62: 45: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8228: 8218: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8067: 8066: 8043: 8042: 8035: 8033: 8031: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7864: 7861: 7860: 7847: 7846: 7843: 7840: 7830: 7827:Husband Kimmel 7825: 7821: 7820: 7815: 7812: 7803: 7798: 7794: 7793: 7787: 7786: 7763: 7762:External links 7760: 7758: 7757: 7720: 7689: 7675: 7658: 7644: 7631: 7617: 7601: 7574: 7543: 7529: 7509: 7469: 7445: 7421: 7397: 7356: 7342: 7329: 7307:(3): 121–141. 7290: 7283: 7266: 7247: 7208: 7186: 7172: 7159: 7145: 7132: 7118: 7105: 7075: 7061: 7045: 7031: 7018: 6992:(1): 105–129. 6981: 6941: 6923:(4): 669–676. 6912: 6898: 6885: 6871: 6856: 6842: 6826: 6812: 6794: 6780: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6758: 6757: 6735: 6707: 6685: 6655: 6622: 6620:, p. xii. 6610: 6584: 6557: 6531: 6505: 6503:, p. 491. 6493: 6478: 6452: 6448:Whitehill 1957 6440: 6428: 6426:, p. 213. 6424:Whitehill 1957 6416: 6404: 6372: 6346: 6344:, p. 388. 6334: 6319: 6293: 6281: 6269: 6267:, p. 253. 6257: 6224: 6222:, p. 162. 6212: 6210:, p. 217. 6208:Whitehill 1957 6200: 6188: 6176: 6164: 6152: 6137: 6110: 6108:, p. 428. 6098: 6072: 6060: 6058:, p. 603. 6048: 6036: 6024: 6012: 6000: 5998:, p. 411. 5988: 5976: 5964: 5952: 5950:, p. 193. 5940: 5928: 5916: 5914:, p. 174. 5904: 5892: 5877: 5875:, p. 151. 5865: 5853: 5841: 5829: 5817: 5802: 5790: 5778: 5776:, p. 407. 5766: 5754: 5742: 5740:, p. 135. 5730: 5718: 5706: 5704:, p. 288. 5694: 5692:, p. 145. 5682: 5667: 5665:, p. 133. 5655: 5643: 5628: 5584: 5569: 5557: 5545: 5533: 5531:, p. 146. 5521: 5506: 5494: 5492:, p. 160. 5482: 5470: 5468:, p. 157. 5458: 5456:, p. 237. 5446: 5434: 5419: 5417:, p. 242. 5407: 5405:, p. 171. 5395: 5383: 5368:. p. 17. 5350: 5338: 5336:, p. 142. 5326: 5314: 5312:, p. 137. 5302: 5276: 5264: 5262:, p. 141. 5252: 5226: 5214: 5202: 5170: 5158: 5146: 5129: 5112: 5110:, p. 177. 5100: 5098:, p. 573. 5088: 5086:, p. 255. 5073: 5071:, p. 353. 5061: 5046: 5044:, pp. 80. 5034: 5032:, pp. 94. 5022: 5010: 4998: 4986: 4982:Heinrichs 1998 4974: 4962: 4950: 4938: 4926: 4914: 4881: 4849: 4822: 4810: 4795: 4793:, p. 139. 4783: 4781:, p. 306. 4771: 4744: 4742:, p. 124. 4732: 4720: 4718:, p. 295. 4708: 4696: 4684: 4682:, p. 279. 4672: 4644: 4632: 4630:, p. 266. 4620: 4608: 4596: 4594:, p. 100. 4584: 4582:, p. 249. 4572: 4560: 4548: 4536: 4521: 4509: 4507:, p. 214. 4497: 4495:, p. 211. 4485: 4450: 4438: 4436:, p. 228. 4426: 4414: 4399: 4397:, p. 187. 4387: 4375: 4363: 4351: 4339: 4324: 4312: 4300: 4289:on 5 June 2024 4273: 4261: 4243: 4231: 4219: 4207: 4195: 4183: 4171: 4169:, p. 129. 4159: 4144: 4132: 4120: 4108: 4096: 4066: 4054: 4022: 4010: 3998: 3986: 3974: 3962: 3941: 3924: 3909: 3897: 3885: 3873: 3861: 3859:, p. 336. 3849: 3837: 3822: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3801: 3758: 3751: 3740: 3733: 3730: 3723: 3708: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3686: 3680: 3672: 3671: 3665: 3657: 3656: 3646: 3638: 3637: 3631: 3623: 3622: 3615: 3607: 3606: 3595: 3587: 3586: 3579: 3564: 3563: 3553: 3545: 3544: 3538: 3530: 3529: 3522: 3514: 3513: 3506: 3498: 3497: 3496:(Greece) 1946 3490: 3482: 3481: 3480:(France) 1945 3474: 3466: 3465: 3458: 3440: 3439:Foreign awards 3437: 3422: 3419: 3404: 3401: 3386: 3383: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3331: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3272: 3271: 3264: 3257: 3249: 3248: 3234: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3216: 3215: 3214: 3212: 3204: 3203: 3196: 3189: 3181: 3180: 3166: 3159: 3158: 3157: 3149: 3148: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3114:26 April 1933 3111: 3110: 3103: 3096: 3089: 3081: 3080: 3079:Special Grade 3077: 3074: 3071: 3067: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3041: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3018: 3011: 3004: 2997: 2990: 2983: 2975: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2955: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2921: 2920: 2909: 2906: 2890:Kittery, Maine 2816: 2813: 2804:Hastings Ismay 2749: 2746: 2527: 2524: 2348: 2345: 2310:B-24 Liberator 2182:electric model 2172:(270,000 2141:torpedoed off 2085: 2082: 2047:escort carrier 1996: 1993: 1956:War Department 1948:Thomas C. Hart 1943: 1940: 1901:grand strategy 1839: 1836: 1770:John L. McCrea 1731:John H. Newton 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1546: 1543: 1511:Morton L. Deyo 1507:Charles Edison 1479:Charles Edison 1467:Charles Edison 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1410: 1407: 1287: 1284: 1243: 1240: 1188:naval aviators 1174:passed a law ( 1140:naval aviation 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1046:Philip Andrews 1022: 1019: 984:William S. Pye 930:Atlantic Fleet 883: 880: 848:Hugo Osterhaus 749: 746: 631:Cienfuegos Bay 596: 593: 591: 588: 523:Valley Railway 490:Bridge of Weir 481: 478: 474:Kittery, Maine 391:Atlantic Fleet 333:(COMINCH) and 314: 313: 307: 303: 302: 300: 299: 293: 287: 285: 281: 280: 278: 277: 276: 275: 265: 264: 263: 253: 252: 251: 241: 235: 233: 229: 228: 226: 225: 217: 209: 204: 196: 188: 183: 175: 170: 168:Atlantic Fleet 165: 160: 154: 152: 148: 147: 142: 138: 137: 134: 130: 129: 124: 118: 117: 107: 105: 101: 100: 97:Kittery, Maine 94:(aged 77) 88: 84: 83: 68: 64: 63: 61: 60: 57: 53: 51: 47: 46: 43: 35: 34: 32:Ernest J. King 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8227: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8077: 8075: 8065: 8055: 8054: 8051: 8039: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7865: 7862: 7858: 7853: 7837: 7836: 7828: 7822: 7818: 7809: 7808: 7801: 7795: 7790: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7765: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7696: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7641: 7637: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7618:0-7146-4634-2 7614: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7590: 7586: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7550: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7370: 7362: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7343:0-87021-115-3 7339: 7335: 7330: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7284:0-7858-1302-0 7280: 7276: 7272: 7267: 7255: 7254: 7248: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7196: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7169: 7165: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7142: 7138: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7119:0-87021-269-9 7115: 7111: 7106: 7094: 7090: 7089: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7062:0-06-092088-2 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7032:1-55750-156-4 7028: 7024: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6982: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6952: 6951: 6946: 6945:Cline, Ray S. 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6895: 6891: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6872:1-55750-092-4 6868: 6864: 6863: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6813:0-397-00753-1 6809: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6777: 6773: 6768: 6767: 6745: 6739: 6723: 6722: 6717: 6711: 6695: 6689: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6659: 6643: 6639: 6638: 6633: 6626: 6619: 6614: 6598: 6594: 6588: 6572: 6568: 6561: 6545: 6541: 6535: 6519: 6515: 6509: 6502: 6501:Borneman 2012 6497: 6490: 6485: 6483: 6466: 6462: 6456: 6449: 6444: 6437: 6436:Borneman 2012 6432: 6425: 6420: 6413: 6408: 6392: 6391: 6386: 6384: 6376: 6360: 6356: 6350: 6343: 6338: 6331: 6330:Borneman 2012 6326: 6324: 6307: 6303: 6297: 6290: 6285: 6278: 6277:Borneman 2012 6273: 6266: 6261: 6253: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6236: 6228: 6221: 6216: 6209: 6204: 6197: 6192: 6185: 6180: 6173: 6168: 6161: 6156: 6149: 6144: 6142: 6125: 6121: 6114: 6107: 6102: 6086: 6082: 6076: 6069: 6064: 6057: 6052: 6045: 6040: 6033: 6028: 6021: 6016: 6009: 6004: 5997: 5992: 5985: 5980: 5973: 5968: 5961: 5956: 5949: 5944: 5937: 5932: 5925: 5920: 5913: 5908: 5901: 5896: 5889: 5884: 5882: 5874: 5869: 5862: 5857: 5850: 5845: 5839:, p. 84. 5838: 5833: 5826: 5821: 5814: 5809: 5807: 5799: 5798:Davidson 1996 5794: 5787: 5782: 5775: 5770: 5764:, p. 49. 5763: 5758: 5751: 5746: 5739: 5734: 5727: 5722: 5715: 5710: 5703: 5698: 5691: 5686: 5679: 5674: 5672: 5664: 5659: 5652: 5647: 5640: 5635: 5633: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5603: 5602:Naval History 5598: 5591: 5589: 5581: 5576: 5574: 5566: 5565:Davidson 1996 5561: 5554: 5553:Davidson 1996 5549: 5542: 5541:Davidson 1996 5537: 5530: 5525: 5518: 5517:Davidson 1996 5513: 5511: 5503: 5502:Davidson 1996 5498: 5491: 5486: 5479: 5474: 5467: 5462: 5455: 5450: 5443: 5438: 5431: 5426: 5424: 5416: 5411: 5404: 5399: 5392: 5387: 5371: 5367: 5366: 5361: 5354: 5348:, p. 70. 5347: 5342: 5335: 5330: 5323: 5318: 5311: 5306: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5273: 5268: 5261: 5256: 5240: 5236: 5230: 5223: 5218: 5211: 5206: 5187: 5180: 5174: 5167: 5162: 5155: 5150: 5143: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5126: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5109: 5104: 5097: 5092: 5085: 5080: 5078: 5070: 5065: 5058: 5053: 5051: 5043: 5038: 5031: 5026: 5019: 5014: 5007: 5002: 4995: 4990: 4983: 4978: 4971: 4966: 4959: 4954: 4947: 4942: 4935: 4930: 4924:, p. 51. 4923: 4918: 4899: 4892: 4885: 4866: 4859: 4853: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4819: 4814: 4807: 4802: 4800: 4792: 4787: 4780: 4775: 4759: 4755: 4748: 4741: 4736: 4729: 4724: 4717: 4712: 4705: 4700: 4693: 4688: 4681: 4676: 4660: 4659: 4654: 4648: 4641: 4636: 4629: 4624: 4617: 4612: 4605: 4600: 4593: 4588: 4581: 4576: 4569: 4568:Borneman 2012 4564: 4557: 4552: 4545: 4540: 4533: 4528: 4526: 4518: 4513: 4506: 4501: 4494: 4489: 4473: 4469: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4447: 4442: 4435: 4430: 4423: 4418: 4411: 4406: 4404: 4396: 4391: 4384: 4379: 4372: 4367: 4360: 4355: 4348: 4343: 4337:, p. 58. 4336: 4331: 4329: 4321: 4316: 4309: 4304: 4288: 4284: 4277: 4270: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4240: 4235: 4228: 4223: 4216: 4211: 4204: 4199: 4192: 4187: 4181:, p. 35. 4180: 4175: 4168: 4163: 4156: 4151: 4149: 4142:, p. 37. 4141: 4136: 4129: 4124: 4118:, p. 64. 4117: 4112: 4106:, p. 69. 4105: 4104:Borneman 2012 4100: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4070: 4064:, p. 26. 4063: 4058: 4042: 4038: 4037: 4032: 4026: 4020:, p. 12. 4019: 4014: 4007: 4002: 3995: 3990: 3983: 3978: 3971: 3966: 3959: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3938: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3921: 3916: 3914: 3906: 3901: 3894: 3889: 3882: 3877: 3870: 3865: 3858: 3853: 3847:, p. 14. 3846: 3841: 3834: 3829: 3827: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3799: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3788: 3783: 3779: 3778: 3773: 3769: 3768: 3763: 3759: 3756: 3752: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3738: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3724: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3706: 3705: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3547: 3546: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3532: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3520: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3488: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3472: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3435: 3427: 3417: 3409: 3399: 3391: 3381: 3373: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3340: 3335: 3332: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3305:Sampson Medal 3303: 3302: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3280:Naval aviator 3277: 3269: 3265: 3262: 3258: 3255: 3251: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3231: 3226: 3220: 3213: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3187: 3183: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3163: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3130: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3101: 3097: 3094: 3090: 3087: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3065: 3064:Fleet admiral 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3046: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3009: 3005: 3002: 2998: 2995: 2991: 2988: 2984: 2981: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2908:Dates of rank 2905: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2884:, and at the 2883: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2845: 2836: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2825:fleet admiral 2822: 2811: 2807: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2783: 2781: 2775: 2772: 2768: 2759: 2754: 2745: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2733:Field Marshal 2730: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2615: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2594: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2510: 2505: 2504: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2474: 2473:Pointe du Hoc 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2418:landing craft 2415: 2414:Landing ships 2411: 2408: 2407:Kwantung Army 2404: 2400: 2396: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2353:Germany first 2347:War in Europe 2344: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2328:Liberty ships 2324: 2322: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2270: 2268: 2263: 2262:Sea Frontiers 2255: 2251: 2250: 2243: 2239: 2237: 2236:landing craft 2233: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2208: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2166: 2161: 2153:26 March 1942 2150: 2149: 2144: 2143:Cape Hatteras 2140: 2136: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2099: 2091: 2081: 2079: 2074: 2072: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2022: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2004: 1992: 1989: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1952:Asiatic Fleet 1949: 1939: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1910: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1856: 1852: 1851: 1844: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1816: 1810: 1806: 1800: 1798: 1797:Willis A. Lee 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1766:Pacific Fleet 1763: 1759: 1758: 1752: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1706: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1625: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1596: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1563: 1562: 1556: 1551: 1542: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1531:Spencer Tracy 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1499:General Board 1496: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1457:General Board 1449: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1435: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1324:Harry F. Byrd 1322: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1304: 1300: 1299: 1292: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1254: 1249: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1223: 1217: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1166: 1165: 1158: 1154: 1152: 1151: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1099: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1081: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1047: 1043: 1042:Henry Hartley 1039: 1038: 1032: 1027: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1007: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 976: 974: 970: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 944:Henry T. Mayo 940: 938: 935: 931: 927: 923: 922: 916: 912: 908: 907: 901: 893: 892:Henry T. Mayo 888: 879: 877: 873: 868: 864: 860: 859:New Hampshire 856: 855: 854:New Hampshire 849: 845: 844:Bancroft Hall 839: 837: 833: 829: 820: 816: 814: 810: 809: 804: 800: 799: 792: 789: 785: 781: 777: 774: 766: 762: 761: 754: 745: 743: 742: 737: 736:hospital ship 733: 729: 728:Asiatic Fleet 725: 724:under hatches 720: 718: 714: 713: 708: 707: 702: 701: 695: 691: 687: 683: 678: 676: 672: 671: 665: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 645: 640: 636: 632: 628: 627: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 590:Surface ships 587: 585: 581: 577: 573: 572: 571:San Francisco 567: 562: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 535: 531: 529: 524: 520: 516: 512: 507: 505: 500: 495: 491: 487: 477: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 448: 444: 440: 439:General Board 436: 432: 431: 426: 422: 421:naval aviator 418: 417: 411: 407: 406: 400: 396: 392: 388: 387:Henry T. 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TV Guide 6696:. TV Guide 6489:Buell 1995 6412:Buell 1995 6342:Buell 1995 6265:Ismay 1960 6254:required.) 6196:Coles 2001 6184:Coles 2001 6172:Hayes 1982 6160:Coles 2001 6148:Coles 2001 6106:Buell 1995 6068:Hayes 1982 6056:Hayes 1982 6044:Buell 1995 6032:Hayes 1982 6020:Blair 1975 6008:Buell 1995 5996:Buell 1995 5984:Hayes 1982 5972:Hayes 1982 5948:Hayes 1982 5936:Hayes 1982 5924:Buell 1995 5912:Hayes 1982 5900:Hayes 1982 5837:Cline 1951 5750:Buell 1995 5726:Buell 1995 5702:Buell 1995 5454:Buell 1995 5430:Buell 1995 5415:Buell 1995 5403:Buell 1998 5391:Buell 1995 5166:Buell 1995 5154:Buell 1995 5142:Buell 1995 5096:Buell 1995 4958:Buell 1995 4934:Buell 1995 4907:8 December 4874:8 December 4818:Buell 1995 4806:Buell 1995 4740:Buell 1995 4728:Buell 1995 4692:Buell 1995 4616:Buell 1995 4604:Buell 1995 4592:Buell 1995 4556:Buell 1995 4517:Buell 1995 4446:Buell 1995 4422:Buell 1995 4383:Buell 1995 4371:Buell 1995 4359:Buell 1995 4347:Buell 1995 4335:Buell 1995 4308:Buell 1995 4269:Buell 1995 4239:Buell 1995 4227:Buell 1995 4215:Buell 1995 4203:Buell 1995 4179:Buell 1995 4155:Buell 1995 4140:Buell 1995 4128:Buell 1995 4062:Buell 1995 4018:Buell 1995 3994:Buell 1995 3958:Buell 1995 3937:Buell 1995 3893:Buell 1995 3869:Buell 1995 3818:Buell 1995 3339:"A" Device 3288:Navy Cross 3026:Never Held 2937:Lieutenant 2842:President 2692:After the 2649:. Admiral 2585:Enterprise 2497:Home Fleet 2249:Frank Knox 2088:See also: 2052:Casablanca 1925:, Admiral 1691:Royal Navy 1586:Frank Knox 1555:Frank Knox 1363:, the new 1062:submarines 1021:Submarines 960:Navy Cross 956:Royal Navy 828:lieutenant 760:Cincinnati 690:Manila Bay 686:Cincinnati 682:Cincinnati 675:Suez Canal 670:Cincinnati 639:battleship 291:Navy Cross 73:1878-11-23 8064:Biography 7928:Fechteler 7744:0076-4981 7704:303317233 7685:213601240 7654:315731885 7627:815970164 7558:303324334 7539:438125484 7492:0041-798X 7465:778922232 7441:696951593 7378:1070-0692 7313:0028-1484 7231:0041-798X 7006:0899-3718 6937:0004-9522 6852:805654962 5960:Love 1980 5873:Love 1980 5762:Ross 1997 5611:1042-1920 4532:King 1932 4167:King 1909 3777:MacArthur 3702:USS 2947:Commander 2792:John Dill 2612:USS 2590:USS 2583:USS 2501:USS 2357:divisions 2247:USS 2204:USS 2178:torpedoes 2127:and some 2050:USS 1850:Dauntless 1848:USS 1828:Dauntless 1824:Dauntless 1755:USS 1749:With the 1703:USS 1661:USS 1622:HMS 1593:USS 1559:USS 1529:starring 1432:USS 1338:USS 1328:President 1301:in a new 1298:Lexington 1296:USS 1262:blue laws 1253:Lexington 1251:USS 1227:gold star 1220:USS 1164:Lexington 1162:USS 1148:USS 1096:USS 1078:USS 1070:commodore 1035:USS 1004:USS 964:commander 919:USS 904:USS 900:destroyer 852:USS 796:USS 776:socialite 773:Baltimore 758:USS 739:USS 668:USS 642:USS 624:USS 617:navigator 569:USS 519:Cleveland 430:Lexington 428:USS 414:USS 403:USS 399:divisions 378:. During 369:USS 366:destroyer 298: (3) 220:USS 212:USS 199:USS 191:USS 180:Lexington 178:USS 136:1901–1956 8013:Greenert 8008:Roughead 7963:Holloway 7948:McDonald 7943:Anderson 7893:Standley 7752:25080452 7708:Archived 7700:ProQuest 7607:(1997). 7589:Archived 7562:Archived 7554:ProQuest 7519:(2009). 7496:Archived 7451:(1957). 7427:(1948). 7417:21900908 7403:(1947). 7391:6 August 7382:Archived 7317:Archived 7273:(1952). 7235:Archived 7192:(1960). 7155:38764991 7093:Archived 7071:24753552 7051:(1991). 7041:34472914 6966:Archived 6947:(1951). 6908:38764991 6832:(2012). 6800:(1975). 6790:38764991 6672:Archived 6668:TV Guide 6642:Archived 6597:Archived 6571:Archived 6544:Archived 6518:Archived 6465:Archived 6359:Archived 6306:Archived 6124:Archived 6085:Archived 5615:Archived 5370:Archived 5289:Archived 5239:Archived 5186:Archived 4898:Archived 4865:Archived 4836:Archived 4758:Archived 4472:Archived 4083:Archived 4041:Archived 3780:(1977), 3770:(1960), 3363:Source: 2682:magnetic 2520:squadron 2515:Arkansas 2440:and 470 2186:blackout 2160:Cape Cod 1815:Delphine 1813:SS 1653:Argentia 1434:Saratoga 1416:seaplane 1305:in 1936. 1121:Aviation 1058:flotilla 1054:division 890:Admiral 712:Zhemchug 657:flagship 655:was the 653:Illinois 649:Brooklyn 644:Illinois 504:Plymouth 151:Commands 121:Service/ 7993:Johnson 7973:Watkins 7968:Hayward 7958:Zumwalt 7923:Sherman 7918:Denfeld 7352:6142731 7204:4162506 7128:7795125 7085:(ed.). 7014:2677432 6962:1251644 6881:5799946 6822:5070489 6130:18 July 4478:3 April 3800:(2019). 3655:) 1945 3605:) 1929 3562:) 1943 3560:Ecuador 3132:Source: 3059:Admiral 2952:Captain 2722:Okinawa 2718:Formosa 2252:at the 2224:watches 2206:England 2125:Type IX 2009:Montana 2003:Montana 1879:General 1865:at the 1668:Augusta 1663:Augusta 1561:Augusta 1335:airship 1321:Senator 1074:pennant 934:Captain 805:in the 798:Alabama 651:. The 619:of the 605:torpedo 601:ensigns 566:cruiser 460:in the 458:U-boats 447:Admiral 374:in the 325:in the 56:"Ernie" 8050:Portal 8023:Gilday 8003:Mullen 7988:Boorda 7953:Moorer 7933:Carney 7913:Nimitz 7883:Hughes 7878:Eberle 7873:Coontz 7868:Benson 7750: 7742: 7714:22 May 7702: 7683: 7673: 7652: 7642: 7625: 7615: 7595:10 May 7568:8 June 7556: 7537: 7527: 7502:24 May 7490: 7463: 7439: 7415: 7376: 7350: 7340: 7311: 7281: 7229: 7202: 7180: 7170: 7153: 7143: 7126: 7116: 7099:16 May 7069: 7059: 7039: 7029: 7012: 7004: 6975:25 May 6960: 6935: 6906: 6896: 6879: 6869: 6850: 6840: 6820: 6810: 6788: 6778: 6750:15 May 6728:15 May 6700:15 May 6678:15 May 6648:18 May 6603:15 May 6577:15 May 6550:15 May 6524:15 May 6397:13 May 6365:13 May 6312:13 May 6248: 6091:23 May 5621:6 June 5609: 5376:18 May 5295:18 May 5245:18 May 5195:18 May 4764:7 June 4665:14 May 4293:25 May 3797:Midway 3692:Legacy 3603:Panama 3282:wings 2927:Ensign 2592:Hornet 2518:and a 2503:Nevada 2467:, and 2436:, 250 2432:, 146 2369:Allies 2073:-class 2035:-class 2023:-class 2021:Midway 1888:, and 1884:, the 1857:, D.C. 1710:U-boat 1582:hernia 1359:, but 1216:Wright 1208:Wright 1150:Wright 1015:Bridge 1006:Bridge 946:, the 921:Cassin 765:Chefoo 741:Solace 706:Aurora 284:Awards 214:Cassin 201:Bridge 193:Wright 123:branch 115:, U.S. 104:Buried 99:, U.S. 82:, U.S. 7998:Clark 7983:Kelso 7978:Trost 7938:Burke 7903:Stark 7898:Leahy 7888:Pratt 7748:JSTOR 7385:(PDF) 7364:(PDF) 7323:9 May 7260:9 May 7241:8 May 7010:JSTOR 6969:(PDF) 6954:(PDF) 6471:8 May 5189:(PDF) 5182:(PDF) 4901:(PDF) 4894:(PDF) 4868:(PDF) 4861:(PDF) 4089:8 May 4047:7 May 3805:Notes 3653:China 3636:1943 3621:1933 3528:1948 3337:with 3298:stars 3076:O-10 2714:Luzon 2702:Palau 2647:Nauru 2509:Texas 2428:, 58 2165:U-123 2121:booms 2071:Essex 2033:Essex 2005:class 1757:Vixen 1721:Staff 1657:Texas 1651:, at 1595:Texas 1521:, a 1501:, an 1340:Akron 1204:wings 1076:from 906:Terry 626:Eagle 371:Terry 222:Terry 59:"Rey" 7908:King 7844:none 7781:2007 7740:ISSN 7716:2024 7681:OCLC 7671:ISBN 7650:OCLC 7640:ISBN 7623:OCLC 7613:ISBN 7597:2024 7570:2024 7535:OCLC 7525:ISBN 7504:2024 7488:ISSN 7461:OCLC 7437:OCLC 7413:OCLC 7393:2024 7374:ISSN 7348:OCLC 7338:ISBN 7325:2024 7309:ISSN 7279:ISBN 7262:2024 7243:2024 7227:ISSN 7200:OCLC 7178:OCLC 7168:ISBN 7151:OCLC 7141:ISBN 7124:OCLC 7114:ISBN 7101:2023 7067:OCLC 7057:ISBN 7037:OCLC 7027:ISBN 7002:ISSN 6977:2024 6958:OCLC 6933:ISSN 6904:OCLC 6894:ISBN 6877:OCLC 6867:ISBN 6848:OCLC 6838:ISBN 6818:OCLC 6808:ISBN 6786:OCLC 6776:ISBN 6752:2024 6730:2024 6702:2024 6680:2024 6650:2024 6605:2024 6579:2024 6552:2024 6526:2024 6473:2024 6399:2024 6367:2024 6314:2024 6132:2024 6093:2024 5623:2024 5607:ISSN 5378:2022 5297:2024 5247:2024 5197:2024 4909:2020 4876:2020 4844:2021 4766:2024 4667:2022 4480:2023 4295:2013 4091:2024 4049:2024 3704:King 3697:The 3073:O-9 3070:O-8 2973:O-6 2970:O-5 2967:O-4 2964:O-3 2961:O-2 2958:O-1 2827:and 2765:the 2735:Sir 2706:Truk 2704:and 2645:and 2629:and 2512:and 2444:for 2442:LCVP 2416:and 2199:The 2148:U-71 2119:and 2045:The 1795:and 1693:and 1616:and 1371:and 1369:S-51 1260:and 1144:S-51 1107:S-51 1098:S-51 1080:S-20 1009:, a 709:and 700:Oleg 405:S-51 353:and 141:Rank 87:Died 67:Born 7730:". 7484:111 6994:doi 6925:doi 6240:doi 3794:in 3784:in 3774:in 3764:in 2900:at 2888:in 2823:of 2716:or 2471:at 2438:LCM 2434:LCT 2430:LCI 2426:LST 2379:). 2296:of 2226:. 2162:by 2145:by 1799:. 1598:in 1373:S-4 1222:S-4 1190:or 1072:'s 1056:or 1037:S-4 763:at 659:of 611:at 545:in 499:née 416:S-4 111:in 8076:: 7746:. 7736:70 7734:. 7706:. 7679:. 7648:. 7621:. 7581:. 7560:. 7533:. 7515:; 7494:. 7482:. 7476:. 7455:. 7431:. 7407:. 7380:. 7366:. 7346:. 7315:. 7305:71 7303:. 7297:. 7233:. 7223:35 7221:. 7215:. 7176:. 7149:. 7122:. 7065:. 7035:. 7008:. 7000:. 6990:65 6988:. 6964:. 6931:. 6921:59 6919:. 6902:. 6875:. 6846:. 6816:. 6784:. 6718:. 6670:. 6666:. 6634:. 6481:^ 6387:. 6322:^ 6140:^ 5880:^ 5805:^ 5670:^ 5631:^ 5613:. 5599:. 5587:^ 5572:^ 5509:^ 5422:^ 5362:. 5132:^ 5115:^ 5076:^ 5049:^ 4798:^ 4655:. 4524:^ 4453:^ 4402:^ 4327:^ 4147:^ 4077:. 4033:. 3944:^ 3927:^ 3912:^ 3825:^ 3380:I. 2700:, 2625:, 2506:, 2463:, 2459:, 2151:, 2015:. 1962:, 1834:. 1745:. 1647:, 1489:. 1477:, 1448:. 1276:: 1238:. 1210:. 1182:, 1117:. 1091:. 939:. 815:. 703:, 677:. 582:, 492:, 357:. 8052:: 7783:. 7756:} 7754:. 7687:. 7656:. 7629:. 7599:. 7541:. 7508:} 7506:. 7467:. 7443:. 7419:. 7395:. 7354:. 7327:. 7289:} 7287:. 7264:. 7245:. 7206:. 7184:. 7157:. 7130:. 7103:. 7073:. 7043:. 7016:. 6996:: 6979:. 6939:. 6927:: 6910:. 6883:. 6854:. 6824:. 6792:. 6754:. 6732:. 6704:. 6682:. 6652:. 6607:. 6581:. 6554:. 6528:. 6475:. 6401:. 6385:" 6369:. 6316:. 6246:. 6242:: 6134:. 6095:. 5625:. 5380:. 5299:. 5249:. 5199:. 4911:. 4878:. 4846:. 4768:. 4669:. 4482:. 4297:. 3750:. 3651:( 3601:( 3558:( 2397:( 2174:m 1981:. 1933:. 75:) 71:( 23:.

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