Ernest Mandel - Knowledge

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point, as the analysis progresses, the previously disregarded aspects are integrated step by step into the analysis, in a consistent way. The proof of the validity of the procedure is that, at the end, the theory has made the subject matter fully self-explanatory, since all salient aspects have been given their appropriate place in the theory, so that all of it becomes comprehensible, without resort to shallow tautologies. This result can obviously be achieved only after the research has already been done, and the findings can be arranged in a convincing way. A synthesis cannot be achieved without a preceding analysis. So dialectical analysis is not a "philosopher's stone" that provides a quick short-cut to the "fount of wisdom", but a mode of presenting findings of the analysis after knowledge has been obtained through inquiry and research, and dialectical relationships have been verified. Because only then does it become clear where the story should begin and end, so that all facets are truly explained. According to Ernest Mandel, "Marx's method is much richer than the procedures of ' successive concretization' or 'approximation' typical of academic science."

1646: 22: 4313:. Obviously, if it is not possible to predict much about human behaviour with usable accuracy, then not much economic planning is feasible either—since a plan requires at least some expectation that its result can and will be realised in the future, even if the plan is regularly adjusted for new (and unanticipated) circumstances. In general, Mandel believed that the degree of predictability in human life was very much dependent on the way society itself was organised. If e.g. many producers competed with each other for profits and markets, based on privatized knowledge and business secrets, there was much unpredictability in what would happen. If the producers coordinated their efforts co-operatively, much would be predictable. 1424:(also known as the McCarran–Walter Act). This act states that those who "advocate the economic, international and governmental doctrines of world Communism" and "who write or public any written or printed matter advocating or teaching the economic international and governmental doctrines of world Communism" can have their visas barred. Mandel had been granted visas in 1962 and 1968 but had violated the conditions of his second visit unknowingly by asking for donations for the defence in the legal cases of French demonstrators. As a result of his rejected visa, a number of American scholars came out to vouch for his right to visit the United States. They attempted to highlight that he did not affiliate with the 3901:

That's because they know that the assumptions in one context differ to some degree from the other. Nevertheless, the two contexts can coexist, and can be contained in the same situation, which we can demonstrate by identifying the mediating links. This is difficult to formalize precisely, yet people do it all the time, and think it perfectly "reasonable". For another example, people will say "you can only understand this if you are in the situation yourself" or "on the ground." What they mean is that the meaning of the totality of interacting factors involved can only be understood by experiencing them. Standing outside the situation, things seem irrational, but being there, they appear very reasonable.

4068:, Mandel thought that "'History does nothing... It is people, real, living people who do all that... “history” is not, as it were, a person apart, using people as a means to achieve its own aims; history is nothing but the activity of people pursuing their aims". With the proviso that people did so within given parameters not of their own making, allowing us to identify broad historical movements as determinate processes. The historical process is also not a matter of linear progress according to inevitable stages—both progress and regress can occur, and different historical outcomes are possible depending on what people do. 3974:"The past" (what really happened before, as distinct from its results in the present) is not something which can be changed at all in the present, only reinterpreted, and therefore the past is a given constant which delimits what can possibly happen in the present and in the future. If the future seems relatively "open-ended" that is just because in the time-interval between now and the future, new options and actions could significantly alter what exactly the future will be. Yet the variability of possible outcomes in the future is not infinite, but delimited by what happened before. 50: 1496: 4213:, general exhaustion prevails and people are generally skeptical or cynical about their ability to achieve or change very much at all. If the bourgeoisie beats down the workers and constrains their freedom, so that workers have to work more and harder for less and less pay, pessimistic moods can prevail for quite some time. If, on the other hand, the bourgeois economy is expanding, the mood of society can become euphoric, and people believe that just about anything is possible. A famous leftwing slogan in 4041:"History" in general cannot be simply defined as "the past", because it is also "the past living in the present" and "the future living in the present". Historical thinking is not just concerned with what past events led to the present, but also with those elements from the past which are contained in the present and elements that point to the future. It involves both antecedents and consequents, including future effects. Only on that basis can we define how people can "make history" as a conscious 3912:, a kind of modelling which specifies the choices and options which actors have within a defined setting, and what the effects are of their decisions. The main limitation of that approach is, that the model is only as good as the assumptions on which it is based, while the choice of assumptions is often eclectic or fairly arbitrary. Dialectical theory attempts to overcome this problem, by paying attention to the sources of assumptions, and by integrating the assumptions in a consistent way. 3785: 1010: 4301:

the class structure of society as a historically conditioned form of the development of the productive forces; Marxism deduces from the productive forces of society the inter-relations between human society and surrounding nature, and these, in turn are determined at each historical stage by man’s technology, his instruments and weapons, his capacities and methods for struggle with nature. Precisely this objective approach arms Marxism with the insuperable power of historical foresight.

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sometimes that might be difficult to explain in rational terms, but this is the exception, not the rule. What is true is that a situation of chaos and disorder (when nothing in society seems to work properly anymore) can powerfully accentuate the irrational and non-rational aspects of human behaviour. In such situations, people with very unreasonable ideas can rise to power. This is, according to Mandel, part of the explanation of

4357:, calculated or otherwise. One could indeed see one's life as a "wager" ultimately staked on a belief, scientifically grounded or otherwise. However, he argued it was one thing to realise all that, but another to say that the "unknowns" are "unknowable". Thus, for good or for ill, "you don't know, what you haven't tried" and more specifically "you don't know, what you haven't tried to obtain knowledge about". The limits of 3962:

what they will do, within the framework of what is objectively possible for them (the choices need not be rational or fully conscious ones, they could just be non-arbitrary choices influenced by emotions and desires). Sentient (self-aware) organisms, of which human beings are the most evolved sort, are able to vary their own response to given situations according to internally evaluated and decided options. In this sense,

3809: 1022: 4160:(including Mandel himself) at least do not believe that history generally is an unpredictable chaos, because in that case their own standpoints would be purely arbitrary and be perceived as purely arbitrary. Usually, they would argue, the chaos is limited in space and time, because in perpetual chaos, human life can hardly continue anyway; in that case, people become reactive beasts. Since people mostly do want to 3875:

But in dialectical determinism, human action may be non-arbitrary and determinate, hence reasonable, even although it is not explicable exclusively in terms of deductive inference. The action selected by people from a limited range of options may not be the "most logical" or "most optimal" one, but it can be shown to be non-arbitrary and reasonable under the circumstances, if the total context is considered.

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decided. Men and women indeed make their own history. The outcome of their actions is not mechanically predetermined. Most, if not all, historical crises have several possible outcomes, not innumerable fortuitous or arbitrary ones; that is why we use the expression 'parametric determinism' indicating several possibilities within a given set of parameters.

4457:", Mandel remained a classic rather than a conservative Trotskyist: writing about the Soviet bureaucracy but also why capitalism had not suffered a death agony. His late capitalism was late in the sense of delayed rather than near-death. He still believed though that this system hadn't overcome its tendency to crises. A leading German Marxist, 4109:, including effects which are completely opposite to what was intended. This means that popular illusions can also shape the outcomes of historical events. If most people believe something to be the case, even although it is not true, this fact can also become a parameter limiting what can happen or influencing what will happen. 4049:

conditions, people tried to achieve their goals, and what the results of their experimentations were. This can provide insight into what is likely or unlikely to succeed in future. At the very least, each generation has to come to grips with the experience of the previous generation, as well as educating the future generation.

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This is arguably a rather shallow criticism insofar as the situation could well have developed in different directions, which is precisely what Mandel himself argued; in politics, one could only try to make the most of the situation at the time, and here pessimism was not conducive to action. But the

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That is just to say that what is possible to achieve can be both pessimistically underestimated and optimistically exaggerated at any time. Truly conservative people will emphasize how little potential there is for change, while rebels, visionaries, progressives and revolutionaries will emphasize how

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At the same time, however, the given parameters cannot usually determine in total what an individual or group will do, because they have at least some (and sometimes a great deal) of personal or behavioural autonomy. They can think about their situation, and make some free choices and decisions about

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For example, faced with a situation, the language which people use to talk about it, reveals that they can jump very quickly from one context to another related context, knowing very well that at least some of the inferences that can be drawn in the one context are not operative in the other context.

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In 1971, a Federal Court in New York voted to void Mitchell's decision, stating that the United States could not bar a visitor, but on 29 June 1972, the Supreme Court ruled, 6 to 3, that Mitchell had acted within his job description in rejecting the visa. In 1972, his exclusion from the United States

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In answering these criticisms, Mandel himself would probably have referred to what he often called the "laboratory of history". That is, we can check the historical record, to see who predicted what, the grounds given for the prediction, and the results. On that basis, we can verify empirically what

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Effective action to change society, he argues, has to set out from the real possibilities there are for an alternative way of doing things, not from abstract speculations about a better world. Some things are realistically possible, but not just "anything" is possible. The analytical challenge—often

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However, Mandel argued that this skepticism is itself based on perceptions of what people are able to know about their situation and their history. Ultimately, the skeptic believes that it is impossible for people to have sufficient knowledge of a kind that they can really change the human condition

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At any point in time, the outcomes of an historical process are partly predetermined, and partly uncertain because they depend on what human choices and decisions will be made in the present. Those choices are not made in a vacuum, but in an environment which makes those choices possible, makes them

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Dialectical theory does not mean that, in analyzing the complexity of human action, inconvenient facts are simply and arbitrarily set aside. It means, rather, that those facets of the subject matter which are not logically required at a given stage of the analysis are set aside. Yet, and this is the

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Simply put, it is very difficult to bring scientific truths and political action together, as Marxists aim to do, in such a way that we really change the things we can change for the better to the maximum, and do not try to change things we really cannot change anyway (Marxists call this "the unity

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To some extent at least, it is possible to predict with useful accuracy what will happen in the future, if one has sufficient experience, knowledge, and insight into the relevant causal factors at work as well as how they are related. This may be a work of science or sustained practical experience.

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Once an important choice has been made and acted upon, this will have an effect on the realm of possibilities; in particular, it will shift to a greater or lesser extent the parameters delimiting what can happen in the future. Thus, once "a train of events has been set in motion", it will foreclose

3935:") are beyond the control of individuals, while some other conditions are under their control (arguably, one group of people could "impose parameters" on another, analogous to parents imposing constraints on children). Some things can under the circumstances be changed by human action, according to 3874:

In formal-logical determinism, human action is considered either rational, and hence logically explicable, or else arbitrary and random (in which case human actions can be comprehended at best only as patterns of statistical distributions, i.e. as degrees of variability relative to some constants).

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The essence of Marxism consists in this, that it approaches society concretely, as a subject for objective research, and analyzes human history as one would a colossal laboratory record. Marxism appraises ideology as a subordinate integral element of the material social structure. Marxism examines

4209:, when people exert themselves to the maximum and have to improvise, it is discovered that people can accomplish far more than they previously thought they could do (also captured in the saying "necessity is the mother of invention"). The whole way people think is suddenly changed. But in times of 4167:

Conscious human action, Mandel argues, is mainly non-arbitrary and practical, it has a certain "logic" to it even if people are not (yet) fully aware of this. The reality they face is ordered in basic ways, and therefore can be meaningfully understood. Masses of people might go into a "mad frenzy"

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The process of history is both determined, in that the given parameters delimit the possible outcomes, but also open-ended, insofar as human action (or inaction) can change the historical outcomes within certain limits. Human history-making is therefore a reciprocal interaction between what people

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While the past and the present rule out some courses of action, a human choice is always possible between a finite number of realistic options, which often enables the experienced analyst to specify the "most likely scenarios" of what could happen in the future. Some things cannot happen, and some

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was almost automatically confronted with the need to place matters in broader historical perspective. One had to understand deeply the limits, consequences and implications of human action. Likewise, politicians making decisions affecting large numbers of people could hardly do without a profound

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at every opportunity. We all know we will die eventually, but that says little yet about what we can achieve before that point. Skepticism has its uses, but what those uses are, can only be verified from experience; a universal skepticism would be just as arbitrary as the belief that "anything is

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theory aims to demonstrate this, by linking different "logical levels" together as a total picture, in a non-arbitrary way. "Different logical levels" means that particular determinants regarded as irrelevant at one level of analysis are excluded, but are relevant and included at another level of

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history" actively with a high awareness of what they are doing, changing the course of history, but they can also "be made by history" to the extent that they passively conform to (or are forced to conform to) a situation which is mostly not of their own making and which they may not understand.

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to find out what perceptions are realistic. By discovering what the determinism is, we can learn better how we can be free. Simply put, we could "bang our head against a wall", but we could also go over the wall, through a door in the wall, or around the wall. At crucial points, humans can "make

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According to the theory of parametric determinism, the "human problem" in this context is usually not that human beings lack free choice or free will, or that they cannot in principle change their situation (at least to some extent), but rather is their awareness of the options open to them, and

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In this process of making choices within a given objective framework of realistic options, plenty of illusions are also possible, insofar as humans may have all kinds of gradations of (maybe false) awareness about their true situation. They may, as Mandel argues, not even be fully aware of what

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The main reason for studying history is not because we should assign praise or blame, or simply because it is interesting, but because we need to study past experience to understand the present and the future. History can be seen as a "laboratory", the lab-record of which shows how, under given

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The concept of parametric determinism has as its corollary the concept of historical latency. It is not just that different historical outcomes are possible, but that each epoch of human history contains quite a few different developmental potentials. The indications of these potentials can be

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In historical analysis and portrayals, the analytical challenge is to understand what part of a course of events is attributable to conscious human actions and decisions, what part is shaped by the combination of given circumstances in which the human actors had to act, and what exactly is the

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A deeper problem, to which Mandel alludes with his book Trotsky: A study in the dynamic of his thought, is that if we regard certain conditions as possible to change for the better, we might be able to change them, even if currently people believe it is impossible—whereas if we regard them as

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Dialectical determinism as opposed to mechanical, or formal-logical determinism, is also parametric determinism; it permits the adherent of historical materialism to understand the real place of human action in the way the historical process unfolds and the way the outcome of social crises is

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Those given, objective parameters which are beyond people's control (and thus cannot normally be changed by them) limit the realm of possibilities in the future; they rule out some conceivable future developments or alternatively make them more likely to happen. In that sense human action is

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aspects of their situation. They might regard something as inevitable ("God's will") or judge "nothing could be done to prevent it" when the real point is that, for specific reasons, nobody was prepared to do anything about it—something could have been done, but it wasn't. Thus "historical

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In total, he published approximately 2,000 articles and around 30 books during his life in German, Dutch, French, English and other languages, which were in turn translated into many more languages. During the Second World War, he was one of the editors of the underground newspaper,

4321:). That is, we make things possible, by doing something about them rather than do nothing. This, however, implies that even when we try our best to be objective and realistic about history or anything else, we remain subjects influenced by subjective perceptions or elements of 4184:

But they are latent factors in the situation, insofar as they will not necessarily be realised or actualised. Their realisation depends on human action, on the recognition of the potential that is there, and the decision to do something about it. Thus, Mandel argues that both

4164:, they need some order and predictability. One can understand what really happened in history reasonably well, if one tries. Human beings can understand human experience because they are human, and the more relevant experience they obtain, the better they can understand it. 4198:

very difficult—is therefore to understand correctly what the real possibilities are, and which course of action would have the most fruitful effect. One can do only what one is able to do and no more, but much depends on choices about how to spend one's energies.

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other possibilities, and also it might open up some new ones. If masses of people make important new choices, whether in response to circumstances or in response to a new idea, a qualitative change occurs; in that case, most people begin to behave differently.

1515:. In addition, he edited or contributed to many books, maintained a voluminous correspondence, and was booked for speaking engagements worldwide. He considered it his mission to transmit the heritage of classical Marxist thought, deformed by the experience of 4341:

of theory and practice"). In other words, the will to change things can involve subjective perceptions of a kind for which even the best historical knowledge may offer no assistance or guide. And all perceptions of "history-making" may inescapably involve

4026:). With hindsight, it may be possible to trace out accurately why events necessarily developed in the way that they did, and not otherwise. But at the time they are happening, this is usually not, or not completely possible, and the 4416:

Mandel often reiterated that most people do not learn all that much from texts or from history, they learn from their own experience. They might be affected by history without knowing it. But anybody concerned with large-scale

4345:, thus—according to skeptics—casting some doubt on the very ability of people to distinguish objectively between what can be changed, and what cannot. The boundary between the two might be rather blurry. This is the basis of 4102:

motivates their own actions, quite aside from not knowing fully what the consequences of their actions will be. A revolutionary seeking to overthrow the old order to make way for a new one obviously faces many "unknowns".

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Mandel's reply to this skepticism essentially was to agree that there were always "unknowns" or "fuzzy" areas in human experience; for people to accomplish anything at all or "make their own history", required taking a

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and others. He gained respect as a prolific journalist with a clear and lively style, as an orthodox Marxist theoretician, and as a talented debater. He wrote for numerous media outlets in the 1940s and 1950s including

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for the better, except perhaps in very small ways. It just is what it is. This skeptical view does not necessarily imply a very "deterministic" view of history however; history could also be viewed as an unpredictable

1523:, to a new generation. And to a large extent he did influence a generation of scholars and activists in their understanding of important Marxist concepts. In his writings, perhaps most striking is the tension between 5302:

Ernest Mandel, "Die Dialektik von Produktivkraften, Produktionsverhaltenissen und Klassenkampf neben Kategorien der Latenz und des Parametrischen Determinismus in der Materialistischen Geschichtsauffassung". In:

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exist as broad "latent" developmental possibilities within modern capitalist society, even if they are not realised, and whether and which of these will be realised, depends on human choices and human actions.

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more substantive criticism is that many of Mandel's future scenarios were simply not realistic, and that in reality things turned out rather differently from what he thought. This raises several questions:

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era and after—and more generally, that his historical optimism distorted his political perspectives, so that he became too "certain" about a future that he could not be so certain about, or else crucially

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People make their own history, but they do not make it as they please; they do not make it under self-selected circumstances, but under circumstances existing already, given and transmitted from the past.

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in French in 1962, Mandel's Marxist articles were written mainly under a variety of pseudonyms and his activities as Fourth Internationalist were little known outside the left. After publishing

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This may all seem a trivial "academic" or "scholastic" debate, similar to retrospective speculations about "what could have been different", but it has very important implications for the

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could also be a given parameter. If for example most people follow a certain faith, this shapes their whole cultural life, and is something to be reckoned with that isn't easily changed.

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If one considered only one of these aspects, one might judge people's actions "irrational", but if all three aspects are taken into account, what people do may appear "very reasonable".

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critics (including his biographer Jan Willem Stutje) argue, with the benefit of hindsight, that he was far too optimistic and hopeful about the possibility of a workers' revolution in

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was "tout est possible" ("anything is possible"). Similarly, in the boom of the later 1990s, many people in rich countries believed that all human problems could finally be resolved.

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in 1967. Only from 1968 did Mandel become well known as a public figure and Marxist politician, touring student campuses in Europe and America giving talks on socialism,

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kind of thinking (and what kind of people) will produce the most accurate predictions, and what we can really predict with "usable accuracy". One reason why he favoured

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While Mandel himself made some successful predictions about the future of world society (for instance, he is famous for predicting at the beginning of the 1960s, like

1344:(also known as the USFI or USec). Until his death in 1995, Mandel remained the most prominent leader and theoretician of both the USFI and of its Belgian section, the 4093:

in the sense of a diminished belief in the ability to have control over one's own life, or feeling estranged from one's real nature and purpose in life. People might

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What this means is that in human situations typically several "logics" are operating at the same time which together determine the outcomes of those situations:

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Mandel campaigned on behalf of numerous dissident left-wing intellectuals suffering political repression, advocated for the cancellation of the

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Perceptions of what people can change or act upon may vary a great deal, they might overestimate it, or underestimate it. Thus it may take

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possible"—it did not lead to any new experience from which something could be learnt, including learning about the possibilities of human

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about the state of the world typically plays an important role in the perspectives people develop (Mandel refers here to an idea by

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find their rational solution in human practice, and in the comprehension of this practice.". Mandel believed, with Marx, that "

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unchangeable, we are unlikely to change them at all, even although they could possibly be changed ( a similar insight occurs in

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The general task of revolutionary science was to overcome ignorance about human life, and this could not very well be done by

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is to understand to what extent the results of human actions can be attributed to free choices and decisions people made (or

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on economic planning, after Guevara (who was fluent in French) had read the new book and encouraged Mandel's interventions.

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He was one of the main initiators of the 1963 reunification between the International Secretariat, which he led along with

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Some of these parameters refer to limits imposed by the physical world, others to limits imposed by the social set-up or

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analysis with a somewhat different (or enlarged) set of assumptions depending on the kind of problem being investigated.

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their belief in their own ability to act on them—influenced as they may be, by their ideology, experience and emotions.

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was because he believed it provided the best intellectual tools for predicting the future of society. He often cited

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is therefore to relativise all this, and place it in a more objective perspective by looking at the relevant facts.

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Paper submitted to the Bertrand Russell Centenary Symposium, Linz, Austria, 11 to 15 September 1972, published in

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Ernest Mandel, "Partially independent variables and internal logic in classical Marxist economic analysis’", in

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Mandel gained mainstream attention in the United States following the rejection of his visa by Attorney General

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Heinz D. Kurz, "Das Problem der nichtintendierten Konsequenzen; Zur Politischen Ökonomie von Karl Marx".

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After the 1946 World Congress of the Fourth International, Mandel was elected into the leadership of the

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To solve this problem theoretically, Mandel suggests that in almost any human situation, some factors ("

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Ernest Mandel 1923–1995: A Critical Assessment of His Role in the History of the Fourth International

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within given parameters, i.e. in a non-arbitrary (non-chaotic) environment, permitting at least some

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Mandel is probably best remembered for being a populariser of basic Marxist ideas, for his books on

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meaningful and gives them effect. Otherwise they would not be real choices, only imaginary choices.

3825: 3555: 1916: 1836: 1786: 1057: 782: 260: 5395:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge, 2004. Steve Keen, "My Friend Yanis, The Greek Minister Of Finance." 2240: 1216:. After the war, he became the youngest member of the Fourth International secretariat, alongside 5962: 4638: 3720: 3700: 2533: 2265: 2148: 2001: 1961: 1781: 1776: 1731: 1559: 1457: 1271: 714: 654: 479: 429: 355: 4181:

empirically identified, and are not simply a speculation about "what could conceivably happen".

5851:(= Historical Materialism Book Series, Volume: 279), Bill, Leiden 2023, ISBN 978-90-04-53349-3. 5625: 5053: 5033: 4461:, stated that Mandel had done much for the survival of Marxism in the German Federal Republic. 4377:

never helped anybody" except those who profited from its existence ("never underestimate human

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In mainstream social theory, the problem of "several logics" in human action is dealt with by

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2012-13, Internationale Marx-Engels-Stiftung, Berlin: Akademie Verlag GmbH, 2013, pp. 75–122.

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Die Versteinerten Verhaltenisse zum tanzen Bringen. Beitrage zur Marxistischen Theorie Heute

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about the ability of people to change the world for the better in any real and lasting way.

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inevitability" can also be twisted into a convenient apology to justify a course of events.

5987: 5982: 5972: 5028: 3928:), and to what extent they are a product of social or natural forces beyond their control. 3705: 3658: 3653: 3638: 3628: 3595: 3570: 3457: 3432: 3332: 3047: 2617: 2432: 2388: 2193: 2158: 2108: 2050: 1891: 1766: 1756: 1709: 1606: 1484: 1236: 1158: 962: 927: 882: 669: 566: 507: 119: 84: 4541:

Krisis in de ekonomiese theorie: lezingen en diskussies van het vesvu kongres vu-amsterdam

2502: 2006: 8: 5900: 5013: 4280:

how much we can really foresee anyway, and what distinguishes forecast from prophecy; and

3888:

the logic of the interactive (reflexive) relationship between actors and their situation.

3764: 3715: 3417: 3237: 2727: 2368: 2348: 2343: 2235: 2225: 2173: 2163: 2081: 2061: 1911: 1831: 1726: 1425: 1306: 1122: 1050: 977: 932: 202: 154: 69: 33: 4125:

casts doubt on the existence of progress in history as such—if e.g. Egyptians built the

3172: 2153: 5904: 5797: 5600: 5592: 5573:

Merton, Robert K. (1936). "The Unanticipated Consequences of Purposive Social Action".

5438:

Ernest Mandel, "The role of the individual in history: the case of world war two", in:

4604: 4210: 4157: 3853: 3777: 3759: 3737: 3663: 3600: 3590: 3545: 3540: 3497: 3202: 2927: 2897: 2762: 2732: 2592: 2418: 2398: 2338: 2086: 1989: 1946: 1806: 1209: 1126: 544: 539: 498: 459: 380: 4496:

La formation de la pensée économique de Karl Marx: de 1843 à la rédaction du "Capital"

3252: 400: 5804: 5451:

Ernest Mandel, " Anticipation and Hope as Categories of Historical Materialism", in:

5250: 5178: 5170: 5086: 5075: 5043: 4785:

Offener Marxismus: ein Gespräch über Dogmen, Orthodoxie und die Häresien der Realität

4330: 4258: 4090: 3801: 3730: 3690: 3668: 3397: 3382: 3362: 2952: 2872: 2797: 2607: 2538: 2512: 2464: 2393: 2373: 2245: 2208: 2188: 2178: 2168: 2141: 2103: 2046: 1472: 1417: 1182: 1114: 762: 134: 5937: 4296:

as an example of a good Marxist able to predict the future. In 1925, Trotsky wrote:

3192: 3097: 3032: 2982: 2847: 1389:(and several other countries at various times, including the United States, France, 659: 255: 5604: 5584: 4446: 4065: 4042: 4003:

In turn, future perspectives can importantly influence human action in the present.

3947: 3813: 3789: 3725: 3710: 3502: 3437: 3337: 3272: 3247: 3197: 3162: 3122: 2957: 2917: 2882: 2772: 2752: 2702: 2697: 2677: 2632: 2602: 2548: 2497: 2492: 2459: 2358: 2315: 2260: 2203: 1801: 1683: 1528: 1461: 1413: 1248: 1026: 1014: 988: 967: 184: 144: 139: 4161: 3512: 1531:. Due to his commitment to socialist democracy, he has even been characterised as 1196:, while still a teenager, he joined the Belgian Trotskyist organisation alongside 5943:

A film about life and times of Ernest Mandel, mostly in French, with some English

5835: 5162: 4915: 4881: 4860: 4842: 4806: 4788: 4712: 4684: 4660: 4627: 4586: 4519: 4442: 4406: 4394: 4310: 4238: 4023: 3742: 3633: 3585: 3580: 3492: 3427: 3407: 3347: 3242: 3217: 3182: 3177: 3167: 3137: 3092: 3082: 2947: 2887: 2842: 2807: 2787: 2747: 2722: 2568: 2487: 2183: 2113: 1846: 1495: 1451: 1333: 1275: 1178: 1038: 561: 275: 270: 265: 179: 164: 149: 5928: 4365:; they had to be discovered through the test of practice. This attitude recalls 3152: 1301:. He and his comrades were expelled from the Socialist Party not long after the 1298: 5757: 5727: 5281: 4615: 4458: 4410: 4250: 4226: 4222: 4134: 4056:

according to which the historical process as a whole has an overall purpose or

4010:

Because the ability to prove historical assessments scientifically is limited,

3747: 3575: 3477: 3412: 3402: 3392: 3387: 3307: 3287: 3277: 3267: 3257: 3227: 3207: 3147: 3142: 3127: 3112: 3102: 3022: 2992: 2987: 2977: 2902: 2877: 2867: 2862: 2837: 2827: 2802: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2682: 2363: 2295: 2250: 2026: 1866: 1429: 1213: 1174: 1085: 335: 325: 5325:, Supplementary Volume 15, 1989, The University of Calgary Press, pp. 105–132. 5128: 4970:

Revolutionary Marxism and Social Reality in the 20th Century: Collected Essays

3002: 5956: 5849:

Against Capitalism and Bureaucracy. Ernest Mandel’s Theoretical Contributions

5166: 5158: 4568: 4418: 4122: 3442: 3312: 3302: 3212: 3087: 2942: 2937: 2907: 2832: 2737: 2687: 2612: 2597: 2543: 2517: 2275: 2056: 1487:

and continued to support the idea of Revolution in the West until his death.

1476: 1310: 1201: 596: 390: 360: 350: 310: 5934:

Thirty Years After: A Critical Introduction to the Marxism of Ernest Mandel

5913: 5617: 5174: 5154: 5150: 4293: 4254: 3685: 3507: 3482: 3447: 3377: 3372: 3357: 3342: 3292: 3282: 3132: 3117: 3107: 3057: 3027: 3012: 2997: 2962: 2782: 2742: 2692: 2642: 2563: 2507: 1532: 1386: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1255: 1217: 1197: 1193: 1186: 972: 405: 365: 340: 300: 240: 235: 169: 64: 5881: 5867: 1185:. The beginning of Mandel's period at university was interrupted when the 5018: 4950:, trans. Alfred Kosing, 1992 (taken from Mandel's introduction to Marx's 4378: 4346: 4263: 4130: 4053: 4035: 3909: 3893: 3522: 3467: 3422: 3317: 3262: 3187: 3017: 3007: 2912: 2892: 2852: 2777: 2767: 2757: 2558: 2255: 2128: 1811: 1746: 1475:

era, spearheaded a petition for the rehabilitation of the accused in the

1390: 1379: 1364: 1295: 591: 581: 320: 280: 174: 4007:

relationship between them (the link between the "part" and the "whole").

1033: 5596: 5023: 4450: 4362: 4318: 4246: 4206: 4153: 4118: 3857: 3517: 3327: 3157: 3067: 3062: 3052: 2932: 2857: 2817: 2812: 2652: 2452: 2427: 2123: 1741: 1573: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1524: 1223: 1154: 1118: 370: 295: 290: 285: 207: 41: 5337:

Evolutionary explanation in the social sciences: an emerging paradigm.

4277:

whether Mandel's application of the theory in his analyses was faulty;

4175: 4146: 3882:

the logic of the actors themselves in their consciousness and actions;

5826: 4894:

Cash Crash & Crisis: Profitboom, Börsenkrach und Wirtschaftskrise

4870: 4750: 4454: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4358: 4306: 4190: 4186: 4061: 4057: 4019: 3963: 3932: 3925: 3752: 3695: 3643: 3623: 3452: 3077: 2672: 2627: 2437: 1665: 1516: 1394: 1370:

He resumed his university studies and graduated from what is now the

1146: 1090: 994: 385: 305: 245: 5588: 4761:

Revolutionäre Strategien im 20. Jahrhundert : politische Essays

1548: 5762:

Gerechtigkeit und Solidarität. Ernest Mandels Beitrag zum Marxismus

5352:, vol. 24 no. 3 (1985), pp. 487–88 (reprinted in Ulf Himmelstrand, 4769:, ed. by Jon Rothschild, 1979 (based on interviews and discussions) 4735:

De la Commune à Mai 68: Histoire du mouvement ouvrier international

4431: 4398: 4342: 4214: 4015: 4011: 3955: 3951: 3885:

the logic of the given parameters constraining their behaviour; and

3678: 3673: 3472: 2553: 1520: 1340:

that had withdrawn from the FI in 1953. The regroupment formed the

1283: 1240: 1094: 921: 330: 217: 114: 109: 5730:& Jürgen Hoffmann, "The West German State Derivation Debate." 4983:

50 Years of World Revolution 1917–1967: an International Symposium

4838:"The role of the individual in history: the case of World War Two" 4701:

The second slump: a Marxist analysis of recession in the seventies

4697:

Krise und Aufschwung der kapitalistischen Weltwirtschaft 1974–1977

4274:

whether the theory of parametric determinism in history is faulty;

5249:(Second revised ed.). London; New York: Verso. p. vii. 4402: 4389: 4289: 4169: 4082: 3921: 2447: 1691: 1657: 1244: 1162: 1150: 915: 4543:(Nijmegen, 1973), pp. 55–76, VESVU-kongreskommissie (ed.); 5861: 5831:"Tariq Ali interviews Ernest Mandel: the luck of a crazy youth" 4545: 3936: 2442: 1480: 1278:

socialist tendency, becoming editor of the socialist newspaper

1170: 1166: 957: 613: 5522:, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 1971, pp. 9–46. 3808: 1977:

Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice

1660:

interpretation of the course of history. It was formulated by

1527:

independent thinking and the desire for a strict adherence to

1021: 4349:'s famous philosophy of social change by "small steps" only. 4334: 1375: 1130: 4749:, Editions la Brèche, 1978 ("What is the bureaucracy?". In: 4509:

Decline of the Dollar: a Marxist view of the Monetary Crisis

4453:

movement. Despite critics claiming that he was "too soft on

3869: 5895: 4795:

La crise 1974–1982: les faits, leur interprétation marxiste

4649:

From class society to communism: an introduction to Marxism

4526: 4354: 4326: 4322: 4138: 4089:

As regards the latter, Mandel referred to the condition of

4031: 4027: 1942:

An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital

1360: 5221:"Ernest Mandel, 72, Is Dead; Marxist Economist and Writer" 4802:"The threat of nuclear war and the struggle for socialism" 4117:

Because terrible illusions can occur, some historians are

5317:

Ernest Mandel, "How To Make No Sense of Marx" (1989) in:

5149: 4989:

Arbeiterkontrolle, Arbeiterräte, Arbeiterselbstverwaltung

4361:

and human possibilities could not be fixed in advance by

4202: 3950:

that individuals and groups operate within. The dominant

1204:. He twice escaped after being arrested in the course of 4680:"Revolutionary strategy in Europe—a political interview" 1762:

The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State

1405:, and he subsequently gained a lecturer position at the 1401:

in 1972 (where he taught for some months), published as

5490:

Ernest Mandel, "The Marxist theory of alienation", in:

5875:

by Wolfgang Lubitz and Petra Lubitz, presented at the

4825:

Delightful Murder: A Social History of the Crime Story

4283:

whether and how much people learn from history anyway.

1290:), a member of the economic studies commission of the 4868:(159). New Left Review: 5–37. September–October 1986. 1538: 1479:

of 1936–1938. When in his seventies, he travelled to

1268:

International Secretariat of the Fourth International

4582:"Solzhenitsyn, Stalinism and the October Revolution" 4490:

Europe versus America: Contradictions of Imperialism

1428:

and had publicly spoken out against the invasion of

1208:

activities, and survived imprisonment in the German

5635:Ernest Mandel, "In Defence of Socialist Planning", 5319:

Analyzing Marxism. New essays on Analytical Marxism

4995:

Ricardo, Marx, Sraffa: the Langston Memorial Volume

4449:, and for his moral-intellectual leadership in the 4176:

Historical latency and the possibilities for change

4141:in 1969, this represents no progress for humanity. 1420:in 1969. Attorney General Mitchell acted under the 1330:

International Committee of the Fourth International

821:

International Committee of the Fourth International

738:

Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma

5796: 5561:Beyond Perestroika: The Future of Gorbachev's USSR 5339:Totown (New Jersey): Rowman and Littlefield, 1981. 5074: 4904:Beyond Perestroika: the future of Gorbachev's USSR 4635:(87–88). New Left Review. September–December 1974. 4551:International Institute for Research and Education 4501:The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx 811:Committee for a Workers' International (refounded) 5531:Ernest Mandel, "The economics of neocapitalism". 4928:Octobre 1917 – coup d'État ou révolution sociale? 5954: 5624:(New York), Vol.6 No.1, February 1940, pp.24-31. 5620:, “Dialectical Materialism and Science” (1925). 4964:Power and Money: A Marxist Theory of Bureaucracy 4934:, trans. by Penny Duggan and Steve Bloom, 1992.) 4757:. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984, pp. 60–94). 4413:and allowing definite experiential conclusions. 5391:Shaun P. Hargreaves-Heap and Yanis Varoufakis, 4932:October 1917: Coup d'état or Social Revolution? 4923:(196). New Left Review. November–December 1992. 4814:(141). New Left Review. September–October 1983. 4692:(100). New Left Review. November–December 1976. 6058:Jewish resistance members during the Holocaust 5650:Trotsky: A study in the dynamic of his thought 4779:Trotsky: A Study in the Dynamic of his Thought 4531:Spheres of Influence in the Age of Imperialism 3982:Ten implications of this view are as follows: 5518:Ernest Mandel, Introduction to Leon Trotsky, 4773:Réponse à Louis Althusser et Jean Elleinstein 4623:"Recession and its consequences (discussion)" 4221:much could be changed. An important role for 3991:things are more likely to happen than others. 3833: 1722:The Condition of the Working Class in England 1416:against the suggestion of Secretary of State 1058: 5354:Interfaces in Economic & Social Analysis 4559:Vervreemding en revolutionaire perspectieven 4388:people with their allegedly "predetermined" 4072: 1717:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 1097:), also known by various pseudonyms such as 6078:Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp survivors 5321:, edited by Robert Ware & Kai Nielsen, 5214: 5212: 5210: 4245:would end at the close of the decade), his 1165:. His parents, Henri and Rosa Mandel, were 953:List of Trotskyist organizations by country 665:Organisation of Communist Internationalists 5426:The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte 4401:could only occur through making conscious 3840: 3826: 1862:Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses 1737:The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte 1351:Until the publication of his massive book 1065: 1051: 864:Trotskyist Fraction – Fourth International 5783:Ernest Mandel: Rebel tussen Droom en Daad 5077:Young Sidney Hook: Marxist and Pragmatist 4720:(108). New Left Review. March–April 1978. 4656:"The industrial cycle in late capitalism" 4486:Die EWG und die Konkurrenz Europa-Amerika 3870:Formal rationality and dialectical reason 1633:Learn how and when to remove this message 1270:. In line with its policy, he joined the 816:Fourth International (post-reunification) 16:Belgian economist and Marxist philosopher 5703:"Economist Ernest Mandel Dies at Age 72" 5535:. London: Merlin Press, 1964, pp. 56-67. 5494:, Vol. 3, No. 31, 1970, pp.19-23, 49-50. 5410:Howard Sherman, "Marx and determinism". 5207: 4668:(90). New Left Review. March–April 1975. 4594:(86). New Left Review. July–August 1974. 4469: 1644: 1494: 1189:occupying forces closed the university. 768:Revolutionary Communist Party (UK, 1944) 20: 6018:Belgian people of Polish-Jewish descent 5925:A Systematic Biography of Ernest Mandel 5799:Ernest Mandel: A Rebel's Dream Deferred 5734:, No. 24, 1990, pp. 134–155, at p. 134. 5548:Ernest Mandel: a rebel's dream deferred 5520:The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany 5455:, Volume 10, Number 4 / December, 2002. 4976: 4819:Karl Marx: die Aktualität seines Werkes 3860:, Mandel explains the idea as follows: 1972:The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany 1422:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 650:Internationalist Workers' Left (Greece) 5955: 5794: 5780: 5756: 5572: 5292:from the original on 25 February 2021. 5280: 5244: 5072: 4889:(169). New Left Review. May–June 1989. 4850:(157). New Left Review. May–June 1986. 4060:(or "grand design") is rejected. With 2648:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 877:Committee for a Workers' International 710:Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition 619:1968–1969 Japanese university protests 5768: 5393:Game theory. A critical introduction. 5270:The Marxist Case for Revolution Today 5218: 5125:"Ernest Mandel, a revolutionary life" 4763:, trans. and ed. Gisela Mandel, 1978. 4539:, Mai, November 1972, pp. 7–14; 3561:Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory 1932:Change the World Without Taking Power 1243:, he publicly defended the merits of 1084: 859:Revolutionary Communist International 5467:"The Holy Family by Marx and Engels" 5247:Long waves of capitalist development 5081:. Cornell University Press. p. 4741:Long Waves of Capitalist Development 1664:and can be viewed as one variant of 1571:adding citations to reliable sources 1542: 1462:long waves of capitalist development 1305:for opposing its coalition with the 1292:General Federation of Belgian Labour 758:League for Socialist Action (Canada) 753:International Socialist Organization 5919:Ernest Mandel, A Revolutionary Life 5825: 4831:The meaning of the Second World War 4708:"On the nature of the Soviet State" 4527:"The Driving Forces of Imperialism" 4425: 3977: 1887:Marxism and the Oppression of Women 1817:Theses on the Philosophy of History 854:League for the Fourth International 834:International Socialist Alternative 695:Socialist Party (England and Wales) 13: 5864:(Online archive of Mandel's works) 5664:"Theses On Feuerbach by Karl Marx" 5001:New Findings in Long-Wave Research 4856:"In defense of socialist planning" 4337:that defy reason or practicality. 4112: 790:Workers Party of the United States 587:Minneapolis general strike of 1934 14: 6114: 6088:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery 5855: 5414:, Vol. 15 No. 1, 1981, pp. 61–71. 4675:, 1976 (a collection of articles) 4673:La longue marche de la revolution 4533:(Ken Coates, ed, Nottingham 1972) 4511:, 1972 (a collection of articles) 4105:Therefore, human action can have 3915: 1907:Time, Labor and Social Domination 1303:Belgian general strike of 1960–61 948:List of Trotskyist internationals 680:Socialist Alternative (Australia) 470:History of the Russian Revolution 6093:20th-century Belgian journalists 5884:(see also Gilbert Achcar (ed.), 5661: 5464: 5286:"The Actuality of Ernest Mandel" 4565:The Marxist Theory of Alienation 4537:La Dialectique de la Croissiance 4492:, trans. Martin Rossdale, 1970.) 3999:do, and the given circumstances. 3807: 3795: 3783: 3619:21st-century communist theorists 1957:Towards Socialism or Capitalism? 1872:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa 1792:Essays on Marx's Theory of Value 1698: 1547: 1385:Although officially barred from 1372:École Pratique des Hautes Études 1294:and an associate of the Belgian 1032: 1020: 1008: 849:Internationalist Communist Union 839:International Socialist Tendency 830:International Revolutionary Left 725:Workers Revolutionary Party (UK) 624:1970s Hong Kong student protests 48: 5721: 5695: 5690:The Place of Marxism in history 5681: 5655: 5642: 5629: 5611: 5566: 5559:Ernest Mandel, introduction to 5553: 5540: 5525: 5512: 5499: 5484: 5458: 5445: 5432: 5417: 5404: 5385: 5372: 5359: 5342: 5329: 5310: 4958:The Place of Marxism in History 4731:, trans. Jon Rothschild, 1978.) 4729:From Stalinism to Eurocommunism 4703:, trans. Jon Rothschild, 1978.) 4575:Why they invaded Czechoslovakia 4464: 4434:in 1995 after suffering from a 2321:Theory of historical trajectory 2199:Dictatorship of the proletariat 1897:Hegemony and Socialist Strategy 1797:History and Class Consciousness 1752:Critique of the Gotha Programme 1558:needs additional citations for 690:Socialist Equality Party (U.S.) 160:Uneven and combined development 105:Decentralized economic planning 5639:I/159, September–October 1986. 5492:International Socialist Review 5323:Canadian Journal of Philosophy 5296: 5274: 5263: 5238: 5143: 5117: 5106: 5066: 4911:"Willy Brandt and Petra Kelly" 4877:"The myth of market socialism" 4651:, trans. Louisa Sadler, 1977.) 4567:, 2nd ed, Ernest Mandel & 4523:, trans. Joris de Bres, 1975.) 3852:In an article critical of the 2119:Socially necessary labour time 2017:Philosophy in the Soviet Union 1902:The Sublime Object of Ideology 1827:A Critique of Soviet Economics 1342:reunified Fourth International 1149:, Mandel was recruited to the 826:International Communist League 778:Socialist Workers Party (U.S.) 1: 5873:Bibliography of Ernest Mandel 5785:. Antwerpen: Houtekiet/Amsab. 5307:. Berlin: Dietz Verlag, 1991. 5219:Stout, David (22 July 1995). 5059: 4948:Kontroversen um "Das Kapital" 4505:, trans. Brian Pearce, 1971.) 4482:, trans. Brian Pearce, 1968.) 4232: 2040:Critique of political economy 1346:Revolutionary Workers' League 1153:section of the international 898:Revolutionary Workers Ferment 888:Fourth International Posadist 844:International Workers' League 552:Joseph Stalin's rise to power 80:Critique of political economy 5921:by Barry Healy, 29 June 2009 5576:American Sociological Review 5188:The New York Review of Books 5073:Phelps, Christopher (1997). 4725:Critique de l'eurocommunisme 2077:Falling profit-rate tendency 1852:The Society of the Spectacle 1397:), he gained a PhD from the 700:Socialist Workers Party (UK) 685:Socialist Alternative (U.S.) 675:Socialist Action (Hong Kong) 130:Proletarian internationalism 7: 6038:German emigrants to Belgium 6033:Belgian non-fiction writers 5886:The Legacy of Ernest Mandel 5795:Stutje, Jan Willem (2009). 5781:Stutje, Jan Willem (2007). 5533:The Socialist Register 1964 5382:. London: NLB, 1975, p. 17. 5369:. London: NLB, 1975, p. 16. 5113:The Legacy of Ernest Mandel 5007: 4767:Revolutionary Marxism Today 4612:. Socialist Register. 1975. 4430:Mandel died at his home in 3551:Capitalism Nature Socialism 2067:Concrete and abstract labor 1952:Capital in the Anthropocene 1877:Social Justice and the City 1772:The Accumulation of Capital 1529:Marxist doctrinal orthodoxy 1490: 1407:Free University of Brussels 1309:and its acceptance of anti- 1274:where he was a leader of a 1261: 1121:activist and theorist, and 773:Socialist Appeal (UK, 1992) 748:International Marxist Group 743:Communist League of America 604:Proletarian Military Policy 10: 6119: 6083:Politicians from Frankfurt 6023:Belgian resistance members 6013:Belgian Marxist historians 5948:Lubitz Mandel Bibliography 5892:Ernest Mandel Study Center 5868:Marxist.org Mandel archive 5829:(September–October 1995). 5741: 5412:Journal of Economic Issues 5350:Social Science Information 4972:, ed. Stephen Bloom, 1994. 4944:, trans. Gus Fagan, 1992.) 4906:, trans. Gus Fagan, 1989.) 4900:Où va l'URSS de Gorbatchev 4821:, ed. Willy Boepple, 1984. 4476:Traité d'économie marxiste 4149:or too complex to fathom. 1822:Dialectic of Enlightenment 1449:In 1978, he delivered the 1332:, a public faction led by 1328:, and the majority of the 577:Bloc of Soviet Oppositions 95:Degenerated workers' state 5882:Symposia on Mandel's work 5793:Published in English as: 5764:. Köln: Neuer isp-Verlag. 4546:"The dialectic of growth" 4223:social scientific inquiry 4073:Perceptions and illusions 1967:Literature and Revolution 1927:Late Victorian Holocausts 1857:Pedagogy of the Oppressed 1842:The Wretched of the Earth 1399:Free University of Berlin 1173:, the former a member of 943:Leon Trotsky bibliography 440:Literature and Revolution 251:Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko 75:Bureaucratic collectivism 6003:Belgian male journalists 5862:Ernest Mandel Foundation 4645:Introduction au marxisme 4381:, including your own"). 1917:The Origin of Capitalism 1787:The State and Revolution 1539:"Parametric determinism" 1483:to defend his vision of 1363:and worked closely with 1086:[ˈɛrnəstmɑnˈdɛl] 983:Socialist Equality Party 783:Young Socialist Alliance 6043:Historians of communism 5843:(213). New Left Review. 5245:Mandel, Ernest (1995). 4938:Trotzki als Alternative 4618:'s Leninism Under Lenin 4480:Marxist Economic Theory 4107:unintended consequences 2623:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 2266:Relations of production 2149:Base and superstructure 2002:Dialectical materialism 1962:The Revolution Betrayed 1782:Terrorism and Communism 1777:Philosophical Notebooks 1732:The Communist Manifesto 1458:University of Cambridge 1357:Marxist Economic Theory 1353:Marxist Economic Theory 1338:Socialist Workers Party 1272:Belgian Socialist Party 1239:. At the height of the 1140: 938:Johnson–Forest Tendency 655:Lanka Sama Samaja Party 480:The Revolution Betrayed 430:Terrorism and Communism 90:Deformed workers' state 5978:Historical materialism 5968:Historical determinism 5563:. London: Verso, 1989. 5550:. London: Verso, 2009. 5453:Historical materialism 5054:Social constructionism 5034:Historical materialism 4942:Trotsky as Alternative 4600:"Liebman and Leninism" 4303: 3972: 3920:One common problem in 3867: 3566:Historical Materialism 2311:Proletarian revolution 2306:Primitive accumulation 2301:Historical determinism 1670:historical materialism 1654:Parametric determinism 1650: 1505: 1460:, on the topic of the 1359:, Mandel travelled to 1127:underground resistance 609:New York Intellectuals 376:Yevgeni Preobrazhensky 26: 5776:. Labour Press Books. 5442:I-157, May–June 1986. 5335:Philippe van Parijs, 5049:Philosophy of History 5039:Late stage capitalism 4470:Selected bibliography 4298: 4243:postwar economic boom 4129:in 2500 BC, and 4127:Great Pyramid of Giza 3968: 3862: 3802:Philosophy portal 3596:Science & Society 2214:Democratic centralism 2072:Factors of production 1937:Caliban and the Witch 1882:Women, Race and Class 1674:philosophy of history 1648: 1498: 1443:Kleindienst v. Mandel 1282:(and writing for its 1135:occupation of Belgium 705:The Struggle Pakistan 629:Militant in Liverpool 572:Trotskyism in Vietnam 557:The Declaration of 46 518:The Dilemmas of Lenin 100:Democratic centralism 24: 6103:Socialist economists 6008:Belgian male writers 5877:Lubitz TrotskyanaNet 5652:. London: NLB, 1979. 5507:Marx-Engels Jahrbuch 5029:Economic determinism 4977:Books he (co-)edited 4755:The Stalinist Legacy 4515:Der Spätkapitalismus 3814:Socialism portal 3790:Communism portal 3659:History of communism 3654:Economic determinism 3639:Criticism of Marxism 3629:Creative destruction 2389:Marxism and religion 2109:Scientific socialism 2012:Philosophy of nature 1892:Imagined Communities 1757:Dialectics of Nature 1567:improve this article 1485:democratic socialism 1286:sister publication, 1247:in debates with the 1237:Agence France-Presse 1159:Fourth International 1027:Socialism portal 1015:Communism portal 928:Democracy in Marxism 893:Permanent Revolution 883:Fourth International 715:Workers' Cause Party 670:People Before Profit 508:The Stalinist Legacy 490:Transitional Program 125:Political revolution 120:Permanent revolution 85:Cross-class alliance 6063:Marxist journalists 6048:Imperialism studies 6028:Belgian Trotskyists 5707:The Washington Post 5546:Jan-Willem Stutje, 5014:Bounded rationality 4158:political activists 3922:historical analysis 3546:Capital & Class 2226:False consciousness 2174:Commodity fetishism 2164:Class consciousness 2082:Means of production 1912:The Age of Extremes 1832:The Long Revolution 1767:What Is to Be Done? 1727:The German Ideology 1307:Christian Democrats 1125:. He fought in the 1039:Politics portal 978:Socialist economics 933:Fifth International 720:Workers' Left Front 203:Orthodox Trotskyism 155:Transitional demand 6098:Marxian economists 5993:Belgian communists 5905:Andre Gunder Frank 5399:, 31 january 2015. 5225:The New York Times 4747:De la bureaucratie 4605:Socialist Register 4211:cultural pessimism 4083:scientific inquiry 3854:analytical Marxism 3760:Worker cooperative 3738:Left-wing populism 3664:Left-wing politics 3601:Socialist Register 3591:Rethinking Marxism 2384:Literary criticism 2087:Mode of production 1947:Capitalist Realism 1807:The Black Jacobins 1651: 1506: 1436:was upheld in the 1210:concentration camp 1161:, in his youth in 1123:Holocaust survivor 1093:– 20 July 1995 in 1089:; 5 April 1923 in 1078:Ernest Ezra Mandel 545:October Revolution 540:Russian Revolution 499:Thesis of Pulacayo 460:Lessons of October 381:Christian Rakovsky 27: 6068:Marxist theorists 6053:Jewish socialists 5622:New International 5256:978-1-85984-037-5 5183:"The Mandel Case" 5171:Heilbroner, R. L. 5044:Overdetermination 4737:, 1978 (articles) 4503:, 1843 to Capital 4422:sense of history 4259:Mikhail Gorbachev 3850: 3849: 3691:Political ecology 3669:Marxian economics 2608:Council communism 2576: 2575: 2503:Neue Marx-Lektüre 2465:Regulation school 2354:Cultural analysis 2246:Lumpenproletariat 2189:Cultural hegemony 2179:Communist society 2169:Classless society 2104:Productive forces 1837:Guerrilla Warfare 1710:Theoretical works 1643: 1642: 1635: 1617: 1473:Mikhail Gorbachev 1418:William P. Rogers 1183:Spartacist League 1115:Marxian economist 1075: 1074: 763:Militant tendency 567:Lenin's Testament 423:Theoretical works 135:Social revolution 6110: 5847:Manuel Kellner: 5844: 5814: 5802: 5786: 5777: 5765: 5735: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5699: 5693: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5659: 5653: 5646: 5640: 5633: 5627: 5615: 5609: 5608: 5570: 5564: 5557: 5551: 5544: 5538: 5529: 5523: 5516: 5510: 5503: 5497: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5462: 5456: 5449: 5443: 5436: 5430: 5421: 5415: 5408: 5402: 5389: 5383: 5376: 5370: 5363: 5357: 5346: 5340: 5333: 5327: 5314: 5308: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5284:(29 June 2005). 5278: 5272: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5216: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5131:on 1 August 2012 5127:. Archived from 5121: 5115: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5080: 5070: 4924: 4890: 4869: 4851: 4815: 4721: 4693: 4669: 4637:Discussion with 4636: 4613: 4595: 4555: 4447:Long-Wave theory 4426:Death and legacy 4066:Friedrich Engels 3978:Ten implications 3948:social structure 3842: 3835: 3828: 3812: 3811: 3800: 3799: 3798: 3788: 3787: 3786: 3765:Workers' council 3586:Race & Class 2493:Frankfurt School 2460:Neo-Gramscianism 2433:Marxism–Leninism 2415: 2414: 2359:Cultural Studies 2316:World revolution 2261:Private property 1802:Prison Notebooks 1702: 1679: 1678: 1638: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1618: 1616: 1575: 1551: 1543: 1469:Third World debt 1438:US Supreme Court 1414:John N. Mitchell 1382:and revolution. 1113:, was a Belgian 1088: 1083: 1067: 1060: 1053: 1037: 1036: 1025: 1024: 1013: 1012: 1011: 989:Socialist Worker 968:Orthodox Marxism 963:Marxism–Leninism 523: 513: 503: 495: 485: 475: 465: 455: 445: 435: 185:World revolution 145:State capitalism 140:Soviet democracy 52: 29: 28: 6118: 6117: 6113: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6108: 6107: 6073:Marxist writers 5953: 5952: 5858: 5836:New Left Review 5811: 5758:Achcar, Gilbert 5744: 5739: 5738: 5726: 5722: 5712: 5710: 5701: 5700: 5696: 5688:Ernest Mandel, 5686: 5682: 5672: 5670: 5660: 5656: 5648:Ernest Mandel, 5647: 5643: 5637:New Left Review 5634: 5630: 5616: 5612: 5589:10.2307/2084615 5583:(6): 894–904 . 5571: 5567: 5558: 5554: 5545: 5541: 5530: 5526: 5517: 5513: 5504: 5500: 5489: 5485: 5475: 5473: 5463: 5459: 5450: 5446: 5440:New Left Review 5437: 5433: 5422: 5418: 5409: 5405: 5390: 5386: 5380:Late Capitalism 5378:Ernest Mandel, 5377: 5373: 5367:Late Capitalism 5365:Ernest Mandel, 5364: 5360: 5356:, London 1992). 5347: 5343: 5334: 5330: 5315: 5311: 5301: 5297: 5282:Achcar, Gilbert 5279: 5275: 5268: 5264: 5257: 5243: 5239: 5229: 5227: 5217: 5208: 5198: 5196: 5148: 5144: 5134: 5132: 5123: 5122: 5118: 5111: 5107: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5071: 5067: 5062: 5010: 4979: 4916:New Left Review 4909: 4882:New Left Review 4875: 4861:New Left Review 4854: 4843:New Left Review 4836: 4807:New Left Review 4800: 4789:Johannes Agnoli 4713:New Left Review 4706: 4685:New Left Review 4678: 4661:New Left Review 4654: 4628:New Left Review 4621: 4598: 4587:New Left Review 4580: 4554:. 16 June 2020. 4544: 4520:Late Capitalism 4472: 4467: 4443:late capitalism 4428: 4311:planned economy 4239:Milton Friedman 4235: 4178: 4115: 4113:Skeptical reply 4075: 4024:Lucien Goldmann 3980: 3918: 3872: 3846: 3806: 3796: 3794: 3784: 3782: 3770: 3769: 3743:Universal class 3634:Conflict theory 3614: 3606: 3605: 3581:New Left Review 3536: 3528: 3527: 2668: 2658: 2657: 2588: 2578: 2577: 2488:Budapest School 2412: 2411:Common variants 2404: 2403: 2334: 2326: 2325: 2291: 2281: 2280: 2184:Critical theory 2144: 2134: 2133: 2114:Surplus product 2042: 2032: 2031: 1992: 1982: 1981: 1847:Reading Capital 1712: 1639: 1628: 1622: 1619: 1582:"Ernest Mandel" 1576: 1574: 1564: 1552: 1541: 1512:Het Vrije Woord 1501:Het Vrije Woord 1493: 1452:Alfred Marshall 1426:Communist Party 1403:Late Capitalism 1264: 1249:social democrat 1179:Karl Liebknecht 1143: 1081: 1071: 1031: 1019: 1009: 1007: 1000: 999: 911: 903: 902: 868: 803: 795: 794: 729: 642: 634: 633: 562:Left Opposition 535: 527: 526: 521: 511: 501: 493: 483: 473: 463: 453: 443: 433: 424: 416: 415: 276:Isaac Deutscher 271:James P. Cannon 266:Alex Callinicos 231: 223: 222: 198: 190: 189: 180:World communism 165:Union democracy 150:Substitutionism 60: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6116: 6106: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5963:Marxist theory 5951: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5938:Daniel Bensaïd 5931: 5922: 5916: 5907: 5898: 5889: 5879: 5870: 5865: 5857: 5856:External links 5854: 5853: 5852: 5845: 5822: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5815: 5809: 5788: 5787: 5778: 5766: 5760:, ed. (2003). 5753: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5728:Elmar Altvater 5720: 5709:. 22 July 1995 5694: 5680: 5654: 5641: 5628: 5610: 5565: 5552: 5539: 5524: 5511: 5498: 5483: 5457: 5444: 5431: 5416: 5403: 5384: 5371: 5358: 5341: 5328: 5309: 5295: 5273: 5262: 5255: 5237: 5206: 5142: 5116: 5105: 5091: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4945: 4935: 4925: 4907: 4897: 4891: 4873: 4852: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4798: 4792: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4722: 4704: 4694: 4676: 4670: 4652: 4642: 4619: 4616:Marcel Liebman 4596: 4578: 4572: 4562: 4556: 4534: 4524: 4512: 4506: 4493: 4483: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4459:Elmar Altvater 4427: 4424: 4411:predictability 4285: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4251:Eastern Europe 4241:did, that the 4234: 4231: 4227:historiography 4177: 4174: 4152:However, most 4137:landed on the 4135:Neil Armstrong 4114: 4111: 4074: 4071: 4070: 4069: 4052:The theory of 4050: 4046: 4039: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3979: 3976: 3917: 3916:Making history 3914: 3890: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3871: 3868: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3844: 3837: 3830: 3822: 3819: 3818: 3817: 3816: 3804: 3792: 3780: 3772: 3771: 3768: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3756: 3755: 3748:Vulgar Marxism 3745: 3740: 3735: 3734: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3682: 3681: 3676: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3615: 3613:Related topics 3612: 3611: 3608: 3607: 3604: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3576:Monthly Review 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3556:Constellations 3553: 3548: 3543: 3537: 3534: 3533: 3530: 3529: 3526: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 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2510: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2482: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2473: 2472: 2470:Third-worldist 2467: 2462: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2430: 2422: 2421: 2413: 2410: 2409: 2406: 2405: 2402: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2379:Historiography 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2324: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2296:Class struggle 2292: 2287: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2279: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2251:Metabolic rift 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2217: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2145: 2140: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2094: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2043: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2027:Marxist ethics 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1993: 1988: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1867:Ways of Seeing 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1713: 1708: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1695: 1694: 1688: 1687: 1641: 1640: 1555: 1553: 1546: 1540: 1537: 1533:"Luxemburgist" 1504:, October 1940 1492: 1489: 1471:, and, in the 1430:Czechoslovakia 1263: 1260: 1175:Rosa Luxemburg 1157:movement, the 1142: 1139: 1103:Pierre Gousset 1099:Ernest Germain 1073: 1072: 1070: 1069: 1062: 1055: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1029: 1017: 1002: 1001: 998: 997: 992: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 918: 912: 910:Related topics 909: 908: 905: 904: 901: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 867: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 828: 823: 818: 813: 804: 802:Internationals 801: 800: 797: 796: 793: 792: 787: 786: 785: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 728: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 660:Lutte Ouvrière 657: 652: 643: 640: 639: 636: 635: 632: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 600: 599: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 548: 547: 536: 533: 532: 529: 528: 525: 524: 514: 504: 496: 486: 476: 466: 456: 446: 436: 425: 422: 421: 418: 417: 414: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 336:Pierre Lambert 333: 328: 326:C. L. R. James 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 256:Daniel Bensaïd 253: 248: 243: 238: 232: 229: 228: 225: 224: 221: 220: 215: 210: 205: 199: 196: 195: 192: 191: 188: 187: 182: 177: 175:Vanguard party 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 70:Anti-Stalinism 67: 61: 58: 57: 54: 53: 45: 44: 38: 37: 25:Mandel in 1970 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6115: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5887: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5837: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5812: 5810:9781844673162 5806: 5801: 5800: 5792: 5791: 5790: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5754: 5751: 5750: 5746: 5745: 5733: 5729: 5724: 5708: 5704: 5698: 5692: 5691: 5684: 5669: 5665: 5658: 5651: 5645: 5638: 5632: 5626: 5623: 5619: 5614: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5577: 5569: 5562: 5556: 5549: 5543: 5537: 5534: 5528: 5521: 5515: 5508: 5502: 5496: 5493: 5487: 5472: 5468: 5461: 5454: 5448: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5427: 5420: 5413: 5407: 5401: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5381: 5375: 5368: 5362: 5355: 5351: 5345: 5338: 5332: 5326: 5324: 5320: 5313: 5306: 5299: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5277: 5271: 5266: 5258: 5252: 5248: 5241: 5226: 5222: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5194: 5190: 5189: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5146: 5130: 5126: 5120: 5114: 5109: 5094: 5092:9780801433283 5088: 5084: 5079: 5078: 5069: 5065: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5002: 4999: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4987: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4949: 4946: 4943: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4929: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4908: 4905: 4901: 4898: 4895: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4883: 4878: 4874: 4872: 4867: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4787:, 1980 (with 4786: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4726: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4686: 4681: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4662: 4657: 4653: 4650: 4646: 4643: 4640: 4634: 4630: 4629: 4624: 4620: 4617: 4611: 4607: 4606: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4588: 4583: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4569:George Novack 4566: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4553: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4462: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4423: 4420: 4419:social change 4414: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4350: 4348: 4344: 4338: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4271: 4267: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4201:Typically in 4199: 4195: 4192: 4188: 4182: 4173: 4171: 4165: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4148: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4123:Postmodernism 4120: 4110: 4108: 4103: 4099: 4096: 4092: 4087: 4084: 4079: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4044: 4040: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3984: 3983: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3966:had written: 3965: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3944: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3913: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3895: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3879: 3876: 3866: 3861: 3859: 3855: 3843: 3838: 3836: 3831: 3829: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3803: 3793: 3791: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3775: 3774: 3773: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3754: 3751: 3750: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3721:Revolutionary 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3701:Authoritarian 3699: 3698: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3503:Moufawad-Paul 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 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2587: 2582: 2581: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2544:Communization 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2531: 2530: 2529: 2525: 2524: 2519: 2518:Praxis School 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2485: 2484: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2476: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2416: 2408: 2407: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2290: 2285: 2284: 2277: 2276:Working class 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 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1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1711: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1662:Ernest Mandel 1659: 1655: 1647: 1637: 1634: 1626: 1615: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1598: 1594: 1591: 1587: 1584: – 1583: 1579: 1578:Find sources: 1572: 1568: 1562: 1561: 1556:This section 1554: 1550: 1545: 1544: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1513: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1477:Moscow Trials 1474: 1470: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1453: 1447: 1445: 1444: 1439: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1313:legislation. 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1253:Dutch premier 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1233:l'Observateur 1230: 1226: 1225: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1202:Martin Monath 1199: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1169:emigres from 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1079: 1068: 1063: 1061: 1056: 1054: 1049: 1048: 1046: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1016: 1006: 1005: 1004: 1003: 996: 993: 991: 990: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 923: 919: 917: 914: 913: 907: 906: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 878: 875: 874: 873: 872: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 808: 807: 799: 798: 791: 788: 784: 781: 780: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 735: 734: 733: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 647: 646: 638: 637: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 598: 597:Moscow trials 595: 594: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 546: 543: 542: 541: 538: 537: 531: 530: 520: 519: 515: 510: 509: 505: 500: 497: 492: 491: 487: 482: 481: 477: 472: 471: 467: 462: 461: 457: 452: 451: 447: 442: 441: 437: 432: 431: 427: 426: 420: 419: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 391:Max Shachtman 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 361:George Novack 359: 357: 354: 352: 351:Nahuel Moreno 349: 347: 346:Ernest Mandel 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 316:Joseph Hansen 314: 312: 311:Duncan Hallas 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 233: 227: 226: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 200: 194: 193: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 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Retrieved 5706: 5697: 5689: 5683: 5671:. Retrieved 5668:Marxists.org 5667: 5662:Marx, Karl. 5657: 5649: 5644: 5636: 5631: 5621: 5618:Leon Trotsky 5613: 5580: 5574: 5568: 5560: 5555: 5547: 5542: 5532: 5527: 5519: 5514: 5506: 5501: 5491: 5486: 5474:. Retrieved 5471:Marxists.org 5470: 5465:Marx, Karl. 5460: 5452: 5447: 5439: 5434: 5425: 5419: 5411: 5406: 5396: 5392: 5387: 5379: 5374: 5366: 5361: 5353: 5349: 5344: 5336: 5331: 5322: 5318: 5312: 5304: 5298: 5276: 5265: 5246: 5240: 5228:. Retrieved 5224: 5197:. Retrieved 5192: 5186: 5179:Wolff, R. P. 5167:Mayer, A. J. 5145: 5133:. Retrieved 5129:the original 5119: 5108: 5096:. Retrieved 5076: 5068: 5000: 4994: 4988: 4982: 4969: 4963: 4957: 4951: 4947: 4941: 4937: 4931: 4927: 4920: 4914: 4903: 4899: 4893: 4886: 4880: 4865: 4859: 4847: 4841: 4830: 4824: 4818: 4811: 4805: 4794: 4784: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4724: 4717: 4711: 4700: 4696: 4689: 4683: 4672: 4665: 4659: 4648: 4644: 4632: 4626: 4609: 4603: 4591: 4585: 4574: 4564: 4558: 4549: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4518: 4514: 4508: 4499: 4495: 4489: 4485: 4479: 4475: 4465:Bibliography 4440: 4436:heart attack 4429: 4415: 4383: 4351: 4339: 4315: 4304: 4299: 4294:Leon Trotsky 4286: 4268: 4255:Soviet Union 4236: 4219: 4200: 4196: 4183: 4179: 4166: 4151: 4143: 4116: 4104: 4100: 4088: 4080: 4076: 4018:or a social 3981: 3973: 3969: 3960: 3945: 3941: 3930: 3919: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3891: 3877: 3873: 3863: 3851: 3686:Municipalism 3498:Bhattacharya 2967: 2643:Situationist 2618:Instrumental 2271:State theory 2236:Immiseration 2231:Human nature 2221:Exploitation 2051:accumulation 1661: 1653: 1652: 1649:Ernst Mandel 1629: 1620: 1610: 1603: 1596: 1589: 1577: 1565:Please help 1560:verification 1557: 1510: 1507: 1499: 1466: 1450: 1448: 1441: 1434: 1411: 1402: 1387:West Germany 1384: 1369: 1356: 1352: 1350: 1334:James Cannon 1326:Livio Maitan 1322:Pierre Frank 1318:Michel Pablo 1315: 1299:André Renard 1287: 1279: 1265: 1256:Joop den Uyl 1232: 1228: 1222: 1218:Michel Pablo 1198:Abraham Leon 1194:World War II 1191: 1144: 1129:against the 1110: 1107:Henri Vallin 1106: 1102: 1098: 1077: 1076: 987: 973:Shachtmanism 920: 870: 869: 805: 731: 730: 644: 516: 506: 488: 478: 468: 458: 448: 438: 428: 406:Peter Taaffe 396:Ivan Smirnov 366:Michel Pablo 345: 341:Livio Maitan 301:Pierre Frank 241:Martin Abern 236:Leon Trotsky 170:United front 65:Anti-fascism 18: 5988:1995 deaths 5983:1923 births 5973:Determinism 5747:Biographies 5732:Social Text 5424:Karl Marx, 5163:Poirier, R. 5155:Chomsky, N. 5019:Determinism 4639:Bill Warren 4397:. And such 4386:reconciling 4379:gullibility 4347:Karl Popper 4257:during the 4207:revolutions 4154:politicians 4131:Buzz Aldrin 4054:historicism 4036:Ernst Bloch 3910:game theory 3894:Dialectical 3649:Communalism 3048:Wallerstein 2638:Revisionist 2369:Film theory 2349:Criminology 2344:Archaeology 2256:Proletariat 2241:Imperialism 2154:Bourgeoisie 2129:Wage labour 2022:Reification 1812:On Practice 1391:Switzerland 1380:imperialism 1365:Che Guevara 1296:syndicalist 1251:and future 1133:during the 879:(1974–2019) 592:Great Purge 582:French Turn 401:Tạ Thu Thâu 356:David North 321:Gerry Healy 281:Ross Dowson 261:Hugo Blanco 5957:Categories 5827:Ali, Tariq 5151:Sontag, S. 5060:References 5024:Dialectics 4614:Review of 4451:Trotskyist 4363:philosophy 4319:pragmatism 4309:idea of a 4264:ambivalent 4247:Trotskyist 4233:Criticisms 4091:alienation 3933:parameters 3858:Jon Elster 3706:Democratic 3571:Mediations 3183:Przeworski 3123:Poulantzas 2973:Sivanandan 2928:Bettelheim 2828:Horkheimer 2823:Mariátegui 2798:Pashukanis 2723:Liebknecht 2653:Wertkritik 2593:Analytical 2453:Trotskyism 2428:Autonomist 2419:Structural 2399:Philosophy 2339:Aesthetics 2124:Value-form 2092:Capitalist 1997:Alienation 1990:Philosophy 1742:Grundrisse 1623:March 2023 1593:newspapers 1224:Het Parool 1206:resistance 1155:Trotskyist 1119:Trotskyist 871:Historical 732:Historical 450:New Course 411:Alan Woods 371:J. Posadas 296:Tony Cliff 291:Chen Duxiu 286:Hal Draper 208:Third camp 42:Trotskyism 5803:. Verso. 5159:Kolko, G. 4940:, 1992. ( 4930:, 1992. ( 4902:, 1989. ( 4751:Tariq Ali 4727:, 1978. ( 4699:, 1977. ( 4647:, 1975. ( 4517:, 1972. ( 4498:, 1970. ( 4488:, 1968. ( 4478:, 1962. ( 4455:Stalinism 4407:decisions 4375:ignorance 4371:mysticism 4359:knowledge 4307:socialist 4191:barbarism 4187:socialism 4119:skeptical 4062:Karl Marx 4058:teleology 4020:mentality 3964:Karl Marx 3926:free will 3753:Economism 3716:Reformist 3696:Socialism 3644:Communism 3624:Anarchism 3478:Coulthard 3403:McDonnell 3363:Screpanti 3273:Rowbotham 3138:Harnecker 2948:Althusser 2888:Deutscher 2728:Kollontai 2718:Luxemburg 2698:Plekhanov 2628:Nkrumaism 2539:Classical 2513:Political 2438:Guevarism 2394:Sociology 2374:Geography 2194:Democracy 2142:Sociology 2097:Socialist 2062:Commodity 1666:Karl Marx 1517:Stalinism 1432:in 1968. 1395:Australia 1280:La Gauche 1229:Le Peuple 1147:Frankfurt 1091:Frankfurt 995:Stalinism 386:Lev Sedov 306:Ted Grant 246:Tariq Ali 5910:Obituary 5901:Obituary 5772:(1997). 5673:16 April 5476:16 April 5428:, Part 1 5290:Archived 5181:(1969). 5175:Falk, R. 5008:See also 4432:Brussels 4399:learning 4343:ideology 4253:and the 4215:May 1968 4016:mind-set 4012:ideology 3956:religion 3952:ideology 3679:Old Left 3674:New Left 3541:Antipode 3535:Journals 3438:Heinrich 3413:Roediger 3408:Douzinas 3398:Hennessy 3353:Holloway 3268:Hartsock 3258:Eagleton 3243:Federici 3218:Bannerji 3193:Therborn 3173:Rancière 3168:Easthope 3148:Anderson 3143:Altvater 3043:O'Connor 3038:Mészáros 3033:Guattari 2988:Thompson 2978:Miliband 2958:Williams 2943:Hobsbawm 2918:Emmanuel 2898:Beauvoir 2863:Lefebvre 2808:Benjamin 2773:Bukharin 2753:Zinoviev 2748:Grossman 2733:Bogdanov 2708:Connolly 2688:Lafargue 2633:Orthodox 2603:Centrist 2554:Leninism 2549:Feminist 2498:Humanist 2479:Hegelian 2007:Ideology 1684:a series 1682:Part of 1672:or as a 1525:creative 1521:Cold War 1519:and the 1491:Writings 1454:Lectures 1276:militant 1262:Activity 1241:Cold War 1145:Born in 1095:Brussels 922:Chavismo 331:Lal Khan 218:Pabloism 213:Posadism 197:Branches 115:Leninism 110:Entryism 59:Concepts 34:a series 32:Part of 5894:at the 5742:Sources 5713:23 July 5605:8005707 5597:2084615 5230:23 July 5135:10 July 5098:17 July 4966:, 1994. 4960:, 1994, 4952:Capital 4833:, 1986. 4827:, 1985. 4797:, 1982. 4781:, 1979. 4775:, 1979. 4753:(ed.), 4743:, 1978. 4577:, 1974. 4561:, 1973. 4403:choices 4395:freedom 4290:Marxism 4170:fascism 4162:survive 3778:Outline 3731:Utopian 3508:Srnicek 3493:Toscano 3488:Seymour 3443:Prashad 3393:Sankara 3388:Berardi 3373:Hampton 3348:Burawoy 3318:Panitch 3313:Haraway 3303:Cleaver 3288:Brenner 3253:Balibar 3208:Postone 3198:Losurdo 3128:Vattimo 3098:Gonzalo 3093:Jameson 3083:Parenti 3023:Liebman 3018:Guevara 2908:Nkrumah 2903:Sombart 2878:Padmore 2848:Kalecki 2843:Marcuse 2803:Bordiga 2788:Gramsci 2743:Trotsky 2703:Du Bois 2693:Kautsky 2569:Western 2448:Titoism 2333:Aspects 2289:History 2209:Radical 2047:Capital 1747:Capital 1692:Marxism 1658:Marxist 1607:scholar 1456:at the 1284:Flemish 1245:Marxism 1192:During 1177:'s and 1163:Antwerp 1151:Belgian 916:Campism 806:Current 645:Current 641:Parties 534:History 5807: 5603: 5595: 5397:Forbes 5253: 5199:7 June 5089: 5003:, 1992 4997:, 1984 4991:, 1971 4985:, 1968 4896:, 1989 4571:, 1973 4043:praxis 3937:choice 3726:Social 3711:Market 3513:Horvat 3468:Fisher 3463:Linera 3458:Lordon 3448:Kelley 3433:Marcos 3428:Ghandy 3418:Foster 3343:Fraser 3338:Wright 3328:Jessop 3323:Clarke 3308:Bishop 3298:Massey 3278:Mouffe 3228:Newton 3223:Spivak 3213:Rodney 3178:Berman 3133:Badiou 3113:Laclau 3108:Harvey 3103:Dussel 3063:Debord 3058:Tronti 3028:Heller 3013:Castro 3008:Berger 2993:Bauman 2983:Cabral 2968:Mandel 2963:Freire 2953:Hinton 2933:Draper 2913:Sweezy 2883:Sartre 2873:Adorno 2838:Brecht 2793:Galiev 2768:Korsch 2763:Lukács 2738:Stalin 2683:Morris 2678:Engels 2666:People 2443:Maoism 2364:Ethics 2204:Soviet 1922:Empire 1609: 1602: 1595: 1588: 1580: 1481:Russia 1393:, and 1311:strike 1187:German 1171:Poland 1167:Jewish 1111:Walter 1082:Dutch: 958:Maoism 614:May 68 522:(2017) 512:(1984) 502:(1946) 494:(1938) 484:(1936) 474:(1930) 464:(1924) 454:(1924) 444:(1924) 434:(1920) 230:People 5601:S2CID 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