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495:(Der Geistkämpfer), commissioned by the University Church of Kiel in northern Germany, was intended to be a memorial to humanistic and intellectual ideals in the aftermath of World War I (1914–18). The Nazis, angered by its anti-war message, removed it in 1937 and sawed the angel in parts—intending to melt it down. Instead, it was saved. In 1953, following World War II, it was repaired and installed outside the Church of St. Nicholas in Kiel (the University Church was destroyed during the war), but not before copies were made. The Minneapolis Institute of Art acquired one in 1959 and today it stands at the 24th Street entrance to the museum, the saw marks still visible.
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pain and desperation of the war, flanked by a mourning war widow covering her face in despair, a skeleton wearing a German army helmet, and a civilian (the face is that of
Barlach himself) with his eyes closed and blocking his ears in terror. This naturally created a controversy with the pro-war population (several nationalists and Nazis claimed that the soldiers must be foreign since true Germans would be more heroic), and the sculpture was removed. Friends of Barlach were able to hide the sculpture until after the war, when it was returned to the
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After returning from Russia, Barlach's financial situation improved considerably, as he received a fixed salary from the art dealer Paul
Cassirer in exchange for his sculptures. The formative experiences in Russia and the financial security helped him to develop his own style, focusing on the faces
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to be a memorial of World War I, and it was expected to show heroic German soldiers fighting for their glorious country. Barlach, however, created a sculpture with three German soldiers, a fresh recruit, a young officer and an old reservist, standing in a cemetery, all bearing marks of the horror,
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However, the lack of commercial success of his works depressed
Barlach. To lighten up, he decided to travel for eight weeks together with his brother Nikolaus and to visit his brother Hans in Russia. This trip to Russia in 1906 was one of the greatest influences on him and his artistic style. Also
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521:(Hamburg cenotaph). Barlach himself was prohibited from working as a sculptor, and his membership in the art academies was canceled. This rejection is reflected in his final works before his death from heart failure on 24 October 1938 in
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1897–1902, and made sculpture in a style close to Art
Nouveau, including some ceramic statues. Afterwards, he also worked as a teacher at a school for ceramics. His first solo exhibition took place at the Kunstsalon Richard Mutz,
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during his travels in Russia his son
Nikolaus was born on 20 August 1906, starting a two-year fight with the mother, Rosa Schwab, for the custody of the child, which Barlach was finally granted.
388:, Barlach was a patriotic and enthusiastic supporter of the war, awaiting a new artistic age from the war. This support for the war can also be seen in his works, as for example the statue
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217:, where Barlach attended primary school. When his father died, early in 1884, the family returned to Schönberg, where Barlach attended secondary school. Barlach came from a Lutheran home.
156:, his participation in the conflict made him change his position, and he is mostly known for his sculptures protesting against the war. This created many conflicts during the rise of the
1021:"Property from the Dr. Heinz F. Eichenwald Collection," lot 461. Christie's "Impressionist & Modern Art, Works on Paper and Day Sale," sale no. 2555 (Wednesday 2 May 2012): page 357.
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came for him when he volunteered to join the war between 1915 and 1916 as an infantry soldier. After three months of service he was discharged due to a heart ailment, returning as a
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From 1928 onward
Barlach also generated many anti-war sculptures based on his experiences in the war. This pacifist position went against the political trend during the rise of
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Art
Academy) in 1925. Barlach rejected a number of honorary degrees and teaching positions. In 1925 he also met Bernhard and Marga Böhmer for the first time. He received the
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205:, the oldest of the four sons of Johanna Luise Barlach (née Vollert, 1845–1920) and the physician Dr. Georg Barlach (1839–1884). His early childhood was spent in
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460:), an expressionist drama in which the eponymous squire almost succeeds in seducing a down-and-out young mother, before both achieve spiritual regeneration.
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In 1931 Barlach started to live with Marga Böhmer, whereas her ex-husband and
Barlach's friend Bernhard Böhmer lived with his new wife Hella.
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The
Magdeburger Ehrenmal (Magdeburg commemorative sculpture) (1929), which created a large controversy about Barlach's anti-war position (
363:, and in dramatic attitudes expressive of powerful emotions and a yearning for spiritual ecstasy. He also worked for the German journal
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1928, and had a distinguished oeuvre of woodcuts and lithographs from about 1910 onwards, including illustrations for his own plays.
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propaganda, Barlach was shunned by his fellow townspeople and was "condemned" (falsely) as a Jew and as a
Bolshevik. He died in
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969:"Kunstwerke Ernst Barlachs in der Antoniterkirche Köln - Schwebender, Kruzifix II und Lehrender Christus - AntoniterCityKirche"
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and hands of the people in his sculptures and reducing the other parts of the figures to a minimum. He also began to make wood
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Domprediger Giselher Quast (1992); Ilona Laudan, "Ernst Barlach, Das Denkmal des Krieges in Dom zu Magdeburg"
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In addition to his sculpture, Barlach also wrote eight Expressionist dramas, two novels and an autobiography
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Barlach's fame increased after the war, and he received many awards and became a member in the prestigious
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and a staunch opponent of war. The horror of the war influenced all of his subsequent works.
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In 1936, Barlach's works were confiscated during an exhibition together with the works of
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for $ 938,500, setting a new world auction record for a price paid for Barlach's work.
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259:(The Herb Plucker). He continued his studies for one more year in Paris at the
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between 1891 and 1895. He created his first major sculpture during this time,
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and writer. Although he was a supporter of the war in the years leading to
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1057:"Exceptional Results In Motion: Impressionist and Modern Art in New York"
813:. German Expressionism Ser. London: John Calder, Dallas: Riverrun, 1980.
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Johannes Reuchlin 400th Anniversary of his Death 1522 Medal 1922, obverse
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German expressionist sculptor, printmaker and writer (1870–1938)
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951:"BBC Radio 4 - Germany: Memories of a Nation, Barlach's Angel"
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style. He produced illustrations for the Art Nouveau magazine
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of figures swathed in heavy drapery like those in early
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Barlach studied from 1888 to 1891 at the Gewerbeschule
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Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. v 3, p. 242.
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Königliche Akademie der bildenden Künste zu Dresden
758:(nine wooden figures), Ernst Barlach Haus, Hamburg
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717:(The Ghost Fighter; The Fighter of the Spirit),
140:(2 January 1870 – 24 October 1938) was a German
1972:German expressionist dramatists and playwrights
794:Banham, Martin, ed. 1998. "Barlach, Ernst". In
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392:(The Avenger), from December 1914. His awaited
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2012:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
1957:People from the Province of Schleswig-Holstein
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1127:Online Bibliography of Secondary Literature
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1032:"Ernst Barlach (1870–1938), Weinende Frau"
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1151:Ernst Barlach: Goethe's Walpurgisnacht
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1083:in Elmar.Ed Elmar Jansen. Berlin 1963
898:See Banham (1998) and Ritchie (1968).
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1992:German Army personnel of World War I
877:Modlin, Yvonne. "Barlach, Ernst" In
809:Ritchie, James McPherson, ed. 1968
634:(Transfiguration of God: Third Day)
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1906:American Figurative Expressionism
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987:"Der Schwebende - Dom zu Güstrow"
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2007:Writers from Schleswig-Holstein
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480:) was ordered by the city of
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335:, illustration for the play
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1175:20th Century Press Archives
1121:Ernst Barlach Image Archive
858:"Barlach – academie julian"
707:(The Singing Man, bronze),
674:Staatliches Museum Schwerin
596:(Sleeping peasant couple),
517:(Güstrow cenotaph) and the
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1111:Retrieved 15 July 2007.
695:Antoniterkirche Cologne
620:(The Poor Cousin, play)
287:, working mainly in an
234:National Gallery of Art
189:The young Ernst Barlach
2022:Académie Julian alumni
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1234:Degenerate Art auction
1159:Works by Ernst Barlach
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879:The Dictionary of Art.
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725:Magdeburger Ehrenmal
687:Der schwebende Engel
639:Die echten Sedemunds
613:(The Dead Day, play)
474:Magdeburger Ehrenmal
384:In the years before
341:Dallas Museum of Art
193:Barlach was born in
1727:Expressionist dance
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765:(The Book Reader),
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570:Die Krautpflückerin
513:", for example the
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448:. In 1926 he wrote
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257:Die Krautpflückerin
2002:Lutheran pacifists
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1484:Gurlitt Collection
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975:. 6 December 2021.
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691:Güstrower Ehrenmal
572:(The Herb Plucker)
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25:Ernst Barlach
22:
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1890:Erich Heckel
1884:
1869:Anton Webern
1821:Erich Heckel
1800:Egon Schiele
1764:Ștefan Baciu
1716:Robert Wiene
1711:F. W. Murnau
1676:Architecture
1662:
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1629:Blue Horse I
1627:
1607:Jules Pascin
1587:Marc Chagall
1567:Edvard Munch
1438:Egon Schiele
1413:Otto Mueller
1388:August Macke
1363:Alfred Kubin
1323:Erich Heckel
1318:George Grosz
1313:Otto Griebel
1273:Marc Chagall
1268:Max Beckmann
1262:
1258:Jankel Adler
1086:
1080:
1065:. Retrieved
1063:. 8 May 2012
1060:
1051:
1039:. Retrieved
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85:(1938-10-24)
38:
18:
1947:1938 deaths
1942:1870 births
1859:Marij Kogoj
1816:Fritz Bleyl
1746:Mary Wigman
1736:Pina Bausch
1253:Jussuf Abbo
1166:(in German)
840:"ArtWay.eu"
789:Works cited
527:Mecklenburg
476:(Magdeburg
458:Boozer Boll
386:World War I
379:Mecklenburg
302:, in 1904.
289:Art Nouveau
253:Robert Diez
230:The Avenger
221:Study years
211:Mecklenburg
154:World War I
106:Nationality
95:Mecklenburg
1936:Categories
1899:Influenced
1849:Alban Berg
1809:Die Brücke
1795:Franz Marc
1757:Literature
1706:Fritz Lang
1688:Bruno Taut
1664:The Scream
1418:Emil Nolde
1393:Franz Marc
1328:Karl Hofer
1061:Christie's
1036:Christie's
826:References
783:Christie's
604:Der Rächer
404:Popularity
390:Der Rächer
361:Gothic art
158:Nazi Party
150:printmaker
144:sculptor,
57:1870-01-02
1699:in Cinema
1621:Paintings
1348:Paul Klee
1288:Max Ernst
935:4 January
930:0040-781X
733:Magdeburg
542:Ratzeburg
482:Magdeburg
438:mysticism
434:The Flood
215:Ratzeburg
207:Schönberg
176:Biography
146:medallist
1557:El Greco
1283:Otto Dix
1153:(German)
1130:Archived
781:sold at
767:Schwerin
709:Nürnberg
588:Nürnberg
478:cenotaph
444:and the
414:Prussian
398:pacifist
371:Florence
353:carvings
339:, 1919,
232:, 1914,
199:Holstein
122:Movement
69:Holstein
1650:Pierrot
1467:Related
1246:Artists
1177:of the
1173:in the
1102:at the
1067:14 July
1041:14 July
750:Hamburg
660:Der Tod
598:Rostock
538:Rostock
523:Rostock
375:Güstrow
357:bronzes
267:Seeking
249:Dresden
241:Hamburg
166:Realism
126:Realism
99:Germany
91:Rostock
928:
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817:
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761:1936:
754:1935:
744:1931:
737:1930:
723:1929:
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685:1927:
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658:1925:
651:1924:
644:1921:
637:1921:
630:1920:
623:1919:
616:1919:
609:1917:
602:1914:
592:1912:
582:1908:
575:1907:
568:1894:
470:Nazism
422:Munich
300:Berlin
294:Jugend
285:Altona
109:German
41:(1928)
1842:Music
773:Sales
713:1928
195:Wedel
181:Youth
65:Wedel
1069:2021
1043:2021
937:2021
926:ISSN
922:Time
883:ISBN
815:ISBN
800:ISBN
719:Kiel
697:and
534:Nazi
505:and
442:Noah
355:and
168:and
80:Died
47:Born
1179:ZBW
1161:at
955:BBC
689:or
456:or
446:Ark
377:in
317:or
1938::
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432:(
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55:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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