760:) across the bay. Fearing for their lives, the population began calling each other and moving back from the coast along the road. Pliny's mother requested him to abandon her and save his own life, as she was too fleshy and aged to go further, but seizing her hand, he led her away as best he could. A rain of ash fell. Pliny needed to shake off the ash periodically to avoid being buried. Later that same day, the ash stopped falling, and the sun shone weakly through the cloud, encouraging Pliny and his mother to return home and wait for news of Pliny the Elder. The letter compares the ash to a blanket of snow. The earthquake and tsunami damage at that location were not severe enough to prevent continued use of the home.
301:
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to the fields with pillows tied to their heads to protect them from rockfall. They approached the beach again, but the wind had not changed. Pliny sat down on a sail spread for him and could not rise, even with assistance. His friends then departed, escaping ultimately by land. Very likely, he had collapsed and died, the most popular explanation for why his friends abandoned him, although
Suetonius offers an alternative story of his ordering a slave to kill him to avoid the pain of incineration. How the slave would have escaped remains a mystery. There is no mention of such an event in his nephew's letters.
1008:
the "graffito does not have a year listed the nature of the writing suggests it was done just before the eruption of
Vesuvius. It was found in an area of a house that was in the process of being renovated, likely just before the volcano erupted", while the charcoal writing itself is "fragile and unlikely to have been preserved for years prior to the utter destruction of Pompeii." However, "it is not known whether the Oct 17 graffito referred to that day, or a day in the past or the future." A collaborative study in 2022 has determined a date of October 24–25 for the eruption in 79 AD.
893:
found in the arched vaults on the seashore and the existence of carbonised wood in many of the buildings. These people were concentrated in the vaults at a density as high as three per square metre and were all caught by the first surge, dying of thermal shock and partly carbonised by later and hotter surges. The vaults were most likely boathouses, as the crossbeams overhead were probably for the suspension of boats used for the earlier escape of some of the population. As only 85 metres (279 ft) of the coast have been excavated, more casualties may be waiting to be unearthed.
621:(PDCs) resulting from the collapses of the Plinian column. The authors argue that fragments over 2–5 cm (0.8–2 in) were not in the current long enough to acquire its temperature, which would have been much higher. Therefore, they distinguish between the depositional temperatures, which they estimated, and the emplacement temperatures, which in some cases, based on the cooling characteristics of some types and fragment sizes of rocks they believed they also could estimate. The final figures are considered to be those of the rocks in the current just before deposition.
42:
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605:
407:
950:, originally written some 25 years after the event. Pliny was a witness to the eruption and provided the only known eyewitness account. Over fourteen centuries of manuscript hand-copying up to the 1508 printing of his letters, the date given in Pliny's original letter may have been corrupted. Manuscript experts believe that the date originally given by Pliny was one of August 24, October 30, November 1, or November 23. This odd scattered set of dates is due to the Romans'
702:
515:
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996:) and other honors, his administration issued coins enumerating his ever-growing accolades. Given the limited space on each coin, his achievements were stamped on the coins using an arcane encoding. Two of these coins, from early in Titus' reign, were found in a hoard recovered at Pompeii's House of the Golden Bracelet. Although the coins' minting dates are somewhat in dispute, a
861:
725:(Pliny the Younger's uncle) launched a rescue fleet and went himself to the rescue of a personal friend. His nephew declined to join the party. One of the nephew's letters relates what he could discover from witnesses of his uncle's experiences. In a second letter, the younger Pliny details his own observations after the departure of his uncle.
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100 °C (212 °F), the boiling point of water. The authors suggest that elements of the bottom of the flow were decoupled from the main flow by topographic irregularities and made cooler by introducing turbulent ambient air. In the second surge, the irregularities were gone, and the city was as hot as the surrounding environment.
681:
deposited a grey pumice with clastics up to 10 cm (4 in), temperature unsampled, but presumed to be higher, for 18 hours. These two falls were the
Plinian phase. The collapse of the edges of these clouds generated the first dilute PDCs, which must have been devastating to Herculaneum, but did not enter Pompeii.
1004:, Richard Abdy, concluded that the latest coin in the hoard was minted on or after June 24 (the first date of Titus' reign) and before September 1, 79 AD. Abdy states that it is "remarkable that both coins will have taken just two months after minting to enter circulation and reach Pompeii before the disaster."
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equilibrium temperature of the deposit. Considering the data for all the surge deposits arrived at a surge deposit estimate. The authors discovered that the city of
Pompeii was a relatively cool spot within a much hotter field, which they attributed to the interaction of the surge with the "fabric" of the city.
871:
Thirty-eight percent of the 1,044 were found in the ash fall deposits, the majority inside buildings. This differs from modern experience over the last 400 years when ash falls have killed only around 4% of victims during explosive eruptions. This cohort was possibly sheltering in buildings when they
782:
at
Misenum and had meanwhile decided to investigate the phenomenon at close hand in a light vessel. As the ship was preparing to leave the area, a messenger came from his friend Rectina (wife of Bassus) living on the coast near the foot of the volcano, explaining that her party could only get away by
856:
By 2003, approximately 1,044 casts made from impressions of bodies in the ash deposits had been recovered in and around
Pompeii, with the scattered bones of another 100. The remains of about 332 bodies have been found at Herculaneum (300 in arched vaults discovered in 1980). The total number of
801:
Pliny and his party saw flames coming from several parts of the mountain, which Pliny and his friends attributed to burning villages. After staying overnight, the party was driven from the building by its violent shaking. They woke Pliny, who had been napping and snoring loudly. They elected to take
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These events and a request by messenger for an evacuation by sea prompted the elder Pliny to order rescue operations in which he sailed away to participate. His nephew attempted to resume a normal life, continuing to study and bathe, but that night a tremor woke him and his mother, prompting them to
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Early in the second morning, the grey cloud began to collapse to a greater degree. Two major surges struck and destroyed
Pompeii. Herculaneum and all its population no longer existed. The emplacement temperature range of the first surge was 180–220 °C (360–430 °F), minimum temperatures; of
659:
of temperatures rather than a single temperature. In the ideal sample, the PDC did not raise the temperature of the fragment beyond the highest blocking temperature. Some constituent materials retained the magnetism the Earth's field imposed when the item was formed. The temperature was raised above
492:
In an article published in 2002, Sigurðsson and Casey concluded that an early explosion produced a column of ash and pumice which rained on
Pompeii to the southeast but not on Herculaneum, which was upwind. Subsequently, the cloud collapsed as the gases densified and lost their capability to support
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deposits, which probably killed them. It was initially believed that due to the state of the bodies found at
Pompeii and the outline of clothes on the bodies, it was unlikely that high temperatures were a significant cause. Later studies indicated that during the fourth pyroclastic surge (the first
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In
October 2018, Italian archaeologists uncovered a charcoal inscription reading "the 16th day before the calends (first) of November," or October 17, that was probably "made by a worker renovating a home", and which has subsequently been suggested as "the most likely date for the eruption". While
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The variable temperature of the first surge was due to interaction with the buildings. Any population remaining in structural refuges could not have escaped, as gases of incinerating temperatures surrounded the city. The lowest temperatures were in rooms under collapsed roofs. These were as low as
476:
received the brunt of the surges and were buried in fine pyroclastic deposits, pulverized pumice and lava fragments up to 20 m (70 ft) deep. Surges 4 and 5 are believed to have destroyed and buried Pompeii. Surges are identified in the deposits by dune and cross-bedding formations, which
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falls by the wind direction but was buried under 23 metres (75 ft) of material deposited by pyroclastic surges. It is likely that most, or all, of the known victims in this town, were killed by the surges, particularly given evidence of high temperatures found on the skeletons of the victims
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On the first day of the eruption, a fall of white pumice containing clastic fragments of up to 3 centimetres (1 in) fell for several hours. It heated the roof tiles to 120–140 °C (250–280 °F). This period would have been the last opportunity to escape. Subsequently, a second column
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in the Bay of Naples. One or more earthquakes at this time were strong enough to cause buildings to collapse at least in Pompeii killing the occupants. By the evening of the second day, the eruption stopped affecting Misenum, with only haze in the atmosphere, screening sunlight. Pliny the Younger
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in the close vicinity of the volcano began; lights seen on the mountain were interpreted as fires, and people as far away as Misenum fled for their lives. The flows were rapid-moving, dense, and very hot, wholly or partly knocking down all structures in their path, incinerating or suffocating the
954:. The large majority of extant medieval manuscript copies (there are no surviving Roman copies) indicate a date corresponding to August 24. Since the discovery of the cities, this was accepted by most scholars and by nearly all books written about Pompeii and Herculaneum for the general public.
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the appearance of which I cannot give you a more exact description of than by likening it to that of a pine-tree, for it shot up to a great height in the form of a very tall trunk, which spread itself out at the top into a sort of branches. it appeared sometimes bright and sometimes dark and
980:
In 2007, a study of prevailing winds in Campania showed that the southeasterly debris pattern of the first-century eruption is quite consistent with an autumn event and inconsistent with an August date. During June, July, and August, the prevailing winds flow to the west – an arc between the
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from 100 °C (210 °F) until it reached the low unblocking temperature. Deprived of one of its components, the overall field changed direction. A plot of direction at each increment identified the increment at which the sample's resultant magnetism had formed. That was considered the
378:
Around 1:00 p.m., Mount Vesuvius erupted violently, spewing up a high-altitude column from which ash and pumice began to fall, blanketing the area. Over the next few hours, rescues and escapes occurred during this time. At some time in the night or early the next day,
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because it took place while Nero was in Naples performing for the first time in a public theater. Suetonius recorded that the emperor continued singing through the earthquake until he had finished his song, while Tacitus wrote that the theater collapsed shortly after being
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In the first letter to Tacitus, his nephew suggested that his death was due to the reaction of his weak lungs to a cloud of poisonous, sulphurous gas that wafted over the group. However, Stabiae was 16 km (9.9 mi) from the vent (roughly where the modern town of
957:
Since at least the late 18th century, a minority among archaeologists and other scientists have suggested that the eruption began after August 24, during the autumn, perhaps in October or November. In 1797, the researcher Carlo Rosini reported that excavations at
612:
A 2006 study by Zanella, Gurioli, Pareschi, and Lanza used the magnetic characteristics of over 200 samples of lithic, roof-tile, and plaster fragments collected from pyroclastic deposits in and around Pompeii to estimate the equilibrium temperatures of the
977:), the remains of victims of the eruption in heavy clothing, and large earthenware storage vessels laden with wine (at the time of their burial by Vesuvius). The wine-related discovery suggests that the eruption might have happened after the grape harvest.
500:
to send her messenger on a ride of several hours around the Bay of Naples, then passable, providing an answer to the paradox of how the messenger might miraculously appear at Pliny's villa so shortly after a distant eruption that would have prevented him.
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surge to reach Pompeii), the temperature reached 300 °C (572 °F), which was enough to kill people in a fraction of a second. The contorted postures of bodies as if frozen in suspended action were not the effects of long agony, but of the
667:
This type of sample made it possible to estimate the low unblocking temperature. Using special equipment that measured field direction and strength at various temperatures, the experimenters raised the temperature of the sample in increments of
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For more than five centuries, until approximately 2018, articles about the eruption of Vesuvius typically stated that the eruption began on August 24, 79 AD. This date came from a 1508 printed copy of a letter addressed by
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abandon the house for the courtyard. At another tremor at dawn, the population abandoned the village. After a third tremor, "the sea seemed to roll back upon itself, and to be driven from its banks", which is evidence of a
354:
Minor earthquakes were reported in the four days before the 79 AD eruption, but the warnings were not recognized. The inhabitants of the area surrounding Mount Vesuvius had been accustomed to minor tremors in the region;
685:
the second, 220–260 °C (430–500 °F). The depositional temperature of the first was 140–300 °C (280–570 °F). Upstream and downstream of the flow it was 300–360 °C (570–680 °F).
464:, to the west. Concentrated to the south and southeast, two pyroclastic surges engulfed Pompeii with a 1.8-metre-deep (6 ft) layer, burning and asphyxiating any living beings who had remained behind.
410:
Pompeii and Herculaneum, as well as other cities affected by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. The black cloud represents the general distribution of ash, pumice and cinders. Modern coast lines are shown;
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1288:
449:. This phase lasted 18 to 20 hours and spread pumice and ashes, forming a 2.8 m (9 ft) layer to the south, towards Pompeii. An earthquake caused buildings in Pompeii to collapse at this time.
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A black cloud obscured the early light through which shone flashes, which Pliny likens to sheet lightning, but more extensive. The cloud obscured Point Misenum near at hand and the island of Capraia (
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He set off across the bay but encountered thick showers of hot cinders, lumps of pumice, and pieces of rock in the shallows on the other side. Advised by the helmsman to turn back, he stated "
798:
was. Pomponianus had already loaded a ship with possessions and was preparing to leave, but the same onshore wind that brought Pliny's ship to the location had prevented anyone from leaving.
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is situated), and his companions were apparently unaffected by the fumes, and so it is more likely that the corpulent Pliny died from some other cause, such as a stroke or heart attack. An
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29 kilometres (18 mi) from the volcano across the Bay of Naples. The first day of the eruption had little effect on Misenum. Pompeii is never mentioned in Pliny the Younger's letter.
292:
The total population of both cities was over 20,000. The remains of over 1,500 people have been found at Pompeii and Herculaneum. The total death toll from the eruption remains unknown.
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Rolandi, G.; Paone, A.; De Lascio, M.; Stefani, G. (January 2008). "The 79 AD eruption of Somma: the relationship between the date of the eruption and the southeast tephra dispersion".
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sea and asking for rescue. Pliny ordered the immediate launching of the fleet galleys to the evacuation of the coast. He continued in his light ship to the rescue of Rectina's party.
397:, which the darkness of the night contributed to render still brighter and clearer... It was now day everywhere else, but there a deeper darkness prevailed than in the thickest night.
1579:
Sigurðsson, Haraldur; Cashdollar, Stanford; Sparks, R. Stephen J. (January 1982). "The Eruption of Vesuvius in A. D. 79: Reconstruction from Historical and Volcanological Evidence".
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might be applied to it only for the duration of the application. The authors term this phenomenon unblocking. Residual magnetism is considered to "block out" non-residual fields.
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Ubi dies redditus (is ab eo quem novissime viderat tertius), corpus inventum integrum illaesum opertumque ut fuerat indutus: habitus corporis quiescenti quam defuncto similior.
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the lowest blocking temperature; therefore, some minerals on recooling acquired the magnetism of the Earth as it was in 79 AD. The broad field of the sample was the
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undertook a detailed stratigraphic study of ash layers based on excavations and surveys, published in 1982. They concluded that the eruption unfolded in two phases,
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281:, are the most famous examples. Archaeological excavations have revealed much of the towns and the lives of the inhabitants leading to the area becoming the
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1925 edition) wrote that, "In Campania remarkable and frightful occurrences took place; for a great fire suddenly flared up at the very end of the summer."
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Sigurðsson, Haraldur; Carey, Steven (2002). "The Eruption of Vesuvius in AD 79". In Jashemski, Wilhelmina Mary Feemster; Meyer, Frederick Gustav (eds.).
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Reconstructions of the eruption and its effects vary considerably in the details but have the same overall features. The eruption lasted for two days.
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628:, as do Roman roof tiles and plaster. These materials may acquire a residual field from several sources. When individual molecules, which are
2800:"Influences of Urban Fabric on Pyroclastic Density Currents at Pompeii (Italy): Part II: Temperature of the Deposits and Hazard Implications"
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2082:
1247:
484:, i.e. a blast driven by energy from escaping steam produced by seawater seeping into the deep-seated faults and interacting with hot magma.
881:, a consequence of heat shock on corpses. The heat was so intense that organs and blood were vaporised, and at least one victim's brain was
114:
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Sigurðsson, Haraldur (2002). "Mount Vesuvius Before the Disaster". In Jashemski, Wilhelmina Mary Feemster; Meyer, Frederick Gustav (eds.).
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325:, particularly to Pompeii, on February 5, 62 AD. Some of the damage had still not been repaired when the volcano erupted in October 79 AD.
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The authors suggest that the first ash falls are to be interpreted as early-morning, low-volume explosions not seen from Misenum, causing
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644:, the vibration of the molecules is sufficient to disrupt the alignment; the material loses its residual magnetism and assumes whatever
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2720:"The 79 CE eruption of Vesuvius: A lesson from the past and the need of a multidisciplinary approach for developments in volcanology"
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Vesuvius and its destructive eruption are mentioned in first-century Roman sources, but not the day of the eruption. For example,
371:, author of the only surviving written testimony, described the morning before the eruption as normal; however, he was staying at
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attack is also not out of the question. His body was found with no apparent injuries the next day once the plume had dispersed.
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3282:
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1508:
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2024:
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Abdy, Richard (2013). "The Last Coin in Pompeii: A Re-evaluation of the Coin Hoard from the House of the Golden Bracelet".
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1116:"Past eruptions and future predictions: Analyzing ancient responses to Mount Vesuvius for use in modern risk management"
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projected a column of volcanic debris and hot gases between 15 km (9 mi) and 30 km (19 mi) into the
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1937:
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992:(reigning June 24, 79 AD to September 13, 81 AD) garnered victories on the battlefield (including his capture of the
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During the last surge, which was very dilute, an additional 1 metre (3.3 ft) of deposits fell over the region.
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simply says that, "There were some dreadful disasters during his reign, such as the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in
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structure, the small fields reinforce each other to form the rock's residual field. Heating the material adds
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1408:. Pompeii Forum Project, Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities (IATH), University of Virginia.
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More recently, in 1990 and 2001, archaeologists discovered more remnants of autumnal fruits (such as the
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The number of confirmed deaths is currently 1,500, with that many bodies having been found thus far.
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is a mixture of minerals, each with its own Curie temperature; the authors, therefore, looked for a
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2878:— animation demonstrating what it would have looked like to see the eruption's effects on the city.
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Giacomelli, Lisetta; Perrotta, Annamaria; Scandone, Roberto; Scarpati, Claudio (September 2003).
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Apart from Pliny the Elder, the only casualties of the eruption to be known by name were the
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Analysing the Rural Landscape around Pompeii before the Eruption of Somma-Vesuvius in AD 79
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across the Bay of Naples from the volcano, approximately 29 kilometres (18 mi) away,
8:
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Mastrolorenzo, Giuseppe; Petrone, Pierpaolo; Pappalardo, Lucia; Guarino, Fabio M (2010).
1539:(Penguin, translated by B. Radice, notes by A. Futrell ed.). University of Arizona.
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Petrone, Pierpaolo; Pucci, Piero; Niola, Massimo; Baxter, Peter J.; et al. (2020).
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wrote that they "were not particularly alarming because they are frequent in Campania".
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His 18th year by Roman reckoning, as they counted the first 12 months as the first year
1682:"New victims from Pompeii emerge from the excavation of the House of the Chaste Lovers"
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Pliny the Younger saw an extraordinarily dense cloud rising rapidly above the mountain:
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Delphi Complete Works of Pliny the Younger, 2014, Volume 28 of Delphi Ancient Classics
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type of volcanic eruption, characterised by columns of hot gases and ash reaching the
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2784:. Cambridge, UK: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. pp. 29–36.
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spotted, according as it was either more or less impregnated with earth and cinders.
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2793:. Cambridge UK: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. pp. 37–64.
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Information on the eruption, the locations destroyed, and subsequent rediscovery.
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2214:"The eruption of Vesuvius of 79 AD and its impact on human environment in Pompei"
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2278:"Lethal Thermal Impact at Periphery of Pyroclastic Surges: Evidences at Pompeii"
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Delphi Complete Works of Pliny the Younger, Volume 28 of Delphi Ancient Classics
1085:"3 – Vesuvius in 79 AD Ranks Way Down the List of History's Deadliest Eruptions"
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Vogel, Sebastian; Esposito, Domenico; Seiler, Florian; Märker, Michael (2012).
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The only surviving eyewitness account of the event consists of two letters by
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remaining population. These were accompanied by additional tremors and a mild
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1357:. Italy: Instituto Poligrafico Dello Stato, Libreria Dello Stato. p. 13.
1281:"Mount Vesuvius Boiled Its Victims' Blood and Caused Their Skulls to Explode"
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at 1.5 million tons per second, ultimately releasing 100,000 times the
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of the fields of the high-blocking material and the low-blocking material.
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some 25 years after the event. Observing the first volcanic activity from
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The investigators reconstruct the sequence of volcanic events as follows:
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2364:"Heat-Induced Brain Vitrification from the Vesuvius Eruption in c.e. 79"
1994:
1963:
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1473:. The Lives of the Caesars. Loeb Classical Library, William P. Thayer.
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were overcome. The remaining 62% of bodies found at Pompeii lay in the
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753:. There is, however, no evidence of extensive damage from wave action.
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Playing the Farmer: Representations of Rural Life in Vergil's Georgics
1600:
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The casts of some victims in the so-called "Garden of the Fugitives",
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2054:. The Volcano Information Center, Department of Geological Sciences,
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Writing well over a century after the actual event, Roman historian
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All crystal rock contains some iron or iron compounds, rendering it
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Doronzo, DM; Di Vito, MA; Arienzo, I; Bini, M; et al. (2022).
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Another smaller earthquake took place in 64 AD; it was recorded by
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2083:"Lecture 19: Greek, Carthaginian, and Roman Agricultural Writers"
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Herculaneum, which was much closer to the crater, was saved from
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Zanella, E.; Gurioli, L.; Pareschi, M.T.; Lanza, R. (2007).
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2689:"Archaeological find changes date of Pompeii's destruction"
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and her son Agrippa, who was born in her marriage with the
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1578:
2717:
2663:"New Pompeii evidence rewrites Vesuvius eruption history"
2604:"New Pompeii Graffiti May Rewrite History In A Major Way"
1168:
2156:
Also known to have been mentioned in a section now lost.
1374:. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia. 2004.
2361:
2337:"Pompeiians Flash-Heated to Death—'No Time to Suffocate
794:(about 4.5 km or 2.8 mi from Pompeii), where
1927:
1210:
2528:
2526:
2524:
203:, the best-known is its eruption in 79 AD, which was
1507:. Modern Library, The Internet Sacred Text Archive.
911:
mentions that the eruption occurred "in the days of
460:
of molten rock and hot gases that reached as far as
2521:
981:southwest and northwest – virtually all the time.
27:Volcanic eruption in Italy during the Roman Empire
1992:
1961:
1723:
864:The skeleton called the "Ring Lady" unearthed in
705:Pompeii, with Vesuvius towering in the background
222:to a height of 33 km (21 mi), ejecting
3331:
2247:"Pompeii, Stories from an eruption: Herculaneum"
1402:"Chapter 2: Identifying Potential Damage Events"
1242:
1240:
1182:. Vol. Special Volume 3. pp. 377–382.
2788:
2507:. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. p. 20.
1754:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1424:
1178:. Landscape Archaeology Conference (LAC 2012).
817:
3201:Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum
2535:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
2335:Valsecchi, Maria Cristina (November 2, 2010).
2245:Soprintendenza archeologica di Pompei (2007).
1528:
1526:
1433:"Visiting Pompeii – AD 79 – Vesuvius explodes"
1120:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
393:broad flames shone out in several places from
2897:
2456:
1622:Foss, Pedar W (2022). "Chapter 3: Two Days".
1532:
1369:"Catalogo Parametrico dei Terrimoti Italiani"
1237:
1206:
1204:
2001:. The Harvard Classics. New York: Bartleby.
1970:. The Harvard Classics. New York: Bartleby.
1732:. The Harvard Classics. New York: Bartleby.
1555:
1495:
632:, are held in alignment by being bound in a
541:introducing citations to additional sources
273:, obliterated and buried underneath massive
2633:"Pompeii's destruction date could be wrong"
2496:
2207:
2205:
1523:
1211:Andrew Wallace-Hadrill (October 15, 2010).
2904:
2890:
2779:
1766:
1201:
1042:inspired by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius
48:The Destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum
40:
2753:
2743:
2601:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2431:
2425:
2379:
2334:
2311:
2301:
2229:
2165:
1957:
1955:
1461:
362:
321:caused widespread destruction around the
240:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
2867:A Day in Pompeii - Full-length animation
2602:Killgrove, Kristina (October 16, 2018).
2396:
2202:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1310:Maiuri, Amedeo (April 1958). "Pompeii".
952:convention for describing calendar dates
859:
821:
700:
603:
531:Relevant discussion may be found on the
405:
401:
299:
295:
210:Mount Vesuvius violently spewed forth a
2123:from the original on September 25, 2023
2056:University of California, Santa Barbara
1676:
1674:
1655:. University of California, San Diego.
1543:from the original on September 17, 2018
1399:
896:
487:
14:
3332:
2627:
2625:
2588:
2475:from the original on November 22, 2022
2465:"Roman History, Book LXVI, section 21"
2080:
1986:
1952:
1940:from the original on December 25, 2010
1649:"The A.D. 79 Eruption at Mt. Vesuvius"
1352:
1309:
1113:
1095:from the original on December 18, 2022
970:indicative of autumn, not the summer.
3283:Naples National Archaeological Museum
3191:Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum
2885:
2502:
2005:from the original on January 25, 2021
1974:from the original on January 25, 2021
1736:from the original on January 25, 2021
1704:
1430:
1406:Patterns of Reconstruction at Pompeii
1291:from the original on October 10, 2018
1278:
919:, a second-century historian, in his
552:"Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD"
480:The eruption is considered primarily
2669:from the original on October 1, 2020
2567:
2561:
2409:. Tufts University Perseus archive.
2402:
2144:
1671:
1621:
1225:from the original on January 8, 2021
1114:Martin, Stephanie C. (May 1, 2020).
728:
508:
3340:Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD
2942:Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD
2622:
2462:
2368:The New England Journal of Medicine
2251:The Field Museum of Natural History
2089:. Purdue University. Archived from
1692:from the original on March 27, 2024
1659:from the original on April 19, 2024
1180:ETopoi, Journal for Ancient Studies
966:had uncovered traces of fruits and
504:
265:towns and settlements in the area.
250:, although the event also included
35:Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD
24:
2699:from the original on June 18, 2020
2444:from the original on July 13, 2021
2413:from the original on July 31, 2020
2166:Thibodeau, Philip (June 5, 2011).
2062:from the original on July 18, 2011
2052:"Derivation of the name "Plinian""
2050:Richard V. Fisher and volunteers.
1624:Pliny and the Eruption of Vesuvius
1477:from the original on June 10, 2023
1431:Jones, Rick (September 28, 2007).
1381:from the original on July 31, 2020
1256:. October 15, 1956. Archived from
1189:from the original on June 14, 2022
763:
242:. The event gives its name to the
185:1,500–3,500, possibly up to 16,000
25:
3416:
2834:
2643:from the original on July 6, 2023
2434:"The Lives of the Twelve Caesars"
2190:from the original on July 6, 2023
1646:
1511:from the original on June 7, 2023
1412:from the original on May 17, 2014
1332:10.1038/scientificamerican0458-68
1279:Daley, Jason (October 10, 2018).
790:" and ordered him to continue to
696:
3023:House of Marcus Lucretius Fronto
2858:AD79 Destruction and Rediscovery
2840:
2555:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.08.020
1400:Martini, Kirk (September 1998).
1140:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.106851
849:. It is also said that the poet
524:relies largely or entirely on a
513:
159:Buried the Roman settlements of
18:Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79
2807:Journal of Geophysical Research
2773:
2745:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104072
2711:
2681:
2655:
2487:
2355:
2328:
2269:
2238:
2231:10.18814/epiiugs/2003/v26i3/014
2159:
2138:
2105:
2074:
2043:
2017:
1921:
1912:
1903:
1891:
1879:
1867:
1855:
1843:
1831:
1819:
1807:
1795:
1783:
1771:
1760:
1748:
1640:
1615:
1581:American Journal of Archaeology
1489:
1455:
1393:
1361:
1213:"Pompeii: Portents of Disaster"
205:one of the deadliest in history
2791:The Natural History of Pompeii
2782:The Natural History of Pompeii
2665:. Phys.org. October 16, 2018.
2174:University of California Press
2113:"Letter 16, para [20]"
2027:. July 3, 2019. Archived from
1997:. In Eliot, Charles W. (ed.).
1966:. In Eliot, Charles W. (ed.).
1728:. In Eliot, Charles W. (ed.).
1346:
1303:
1272:
1162:
1107:
1077:
1058:
438:, which alternated six times.
13:
1:
3355:1st-century natural disasters
3038:House of the Prince of Naples
2947:Foreign influences on Pompeii
2403:Josephus. Whitson, W. (ed.).
1071:
608:Inside the crater of Vesuvius
477:are not produced by fallout.
77:
52:
2303:10.1371/journal.pone.0011127
1995:"LXVI. To Cornelius Tacitus"
1928:C. Plinii Caecilii Secundi.
857:fatalities remains unknown.
818:Casualties from the eruption
619:pyroclastic density currents
617:The deposits were placed by
261:The event destroyed several
7:
3375:Volcanic eruptions in Italy
3053:House of the Small Fountain
3048:House of the Silver Wedding
3018:House of Loreius Tiburtinus
3013:House of the Greek Epigrams
3008:The Garden of the Fugitives
2911:
1930:"Liber Sextus; 16 & 20"
1755:Sigurðsson & Carey 2002
1626:(1st ed.). Routledge.
1011:
10:
3421:
3213:Pompeii in popular culture
2610:. New Jersey: Forbes Media
1993:Pliny the Younger (1909).
1962:Pliny the Younger (1909).
1724:Pliny the Younger (1909).
1497:Tacitus, Publius Cornelius
767:
732:
3296:
3275:
3268:
3221:
3186:Portrait of Terentius Neo
3163:
3133:
3097:
3076:
3033:House of Octavius Quartio
2983:
2962:
2955:
2919:
2471:. University of Chicago.
2440:. University of Chicago.
2253:. Chicago. Archived from
1463:Suetonius, C. Tranquillus
1248:"Science: Man of Pompeii"
1046:Villa of Agrippa Postumus
191:Of the many eruptions of
179:
155:
145:
103:
87:
73:
63:
39:
34:
3063:House of the Tragic Poet
2937:AD 62 Pompeii earthquake
2847:Vesuvius eruptions in 79
2570:The Numismatic Chronicle
2345:National Geographic News
1999:Vol. IX, Part 4: Letters
1968:Vol. IX, Part 4: Letters
1730:Vol. IX, Part 4: Letters
1051:
788:Fortune favors the brave
778:, was in command of the
3370:Ancient volcanic events
3365:70s in the Roman Empire
2406:Antiquities of the Jews
2087:History of Horticulture
1353:Maiuri, Amedeo (1977).
946:to the Roman historian
908:Antiquities of the Jews
808:Castellammare di Stabia
670:40 °C (70 °F)
306:The Last Day of Pompeii
3385:Pompeii (ancient city)
3181:Plato's Academy mosaic
2993:House of the Centenary
2975:Villa of the Mysteries
2503:Berry, Joanne (2013).
2081:Janick, Jules (2002).
936:Loeb Classical Library
934:(as translated in the
868:
853:died in the eruption.
831:
746:
706:
609:
493:their solid contents.
420:
399:
363:Nature of the eruption
314:
283:Vesuvius National Park
3288:Secret Museum, Naples
3222:Other sites destroyed
2724:Earth-Science Reviews
2117:BIBLIOTHECA AUGUSTANA
1936:. The Latin Library.
1536:Letters 6.16 and 6.20
863:
825:
768:Further information:
741:
733:Further information:
704:
607:
409:
402:Stratigraphic studies
391:
303:
296:Precursor earthquakes
130:40.82139°N 14.44278°E
3350:1st century in Italy
3171:Achilles and Briseis
3058:House of the Surgeon
3003:House of Julia Felix
2874:by ZERO ONE and the
2849:at Wikimedia Commons
2827:10.1029/2006JB004775
2695:. October 16, 2018.
2639:. October 16, 2018.
2505:The Complete Pompeii
2381:10.1056/NEJMc1909867
1285:Smithsonian Magazine
1260:on December 14, 2008
1018:Buildings at Pompeii
897:Date of the eruption
885:by the temperature.
537:improve this article
488:Timing of explosions
332:in his biography of
3316:(CIL IV 8123, 8623)
3236:Villa of the Papyri
3089:Macellum of Pompeii
3068:House of the Vettii
2819:2007JGRB..112.5214Z
2736:2022ESRv..23104072D
2547:2008JVGR..169...87R
2351:on August 14, 2019.
2294:2010PLoSO...511127M
2031:on October 19, 2020
1898:Zanella et al. 2007
1886:Zanella et al. 2007
1874:Zanella et al. 2007
1862:Zanella et al. 2007
1850:Zanella et al. 2007
1838:Zanella et al. 2007
1826:Zanella et al. 2007
1814:Zanella et al. 2007
1802:Zanella et al. 2007
1790:Zanella et al. 2007
1778:Zanella et al. 2007
1653:SIO15 lecture notes
1533:Pliny the Younger.
1324:1958SciAm.198d..68M
1312:Scientific American
1132:2020JVGR..39606851M
994:Temple of Jerusalem
287:World Heritage Site
126: /
3224:in the 79 eruption
2432:Suetonius (1914).
2151:Jewish Antiquities
2025:"Gallery: Pompeii"
1437:Current Archeology
1091:. August 7, 2017.
1089:History Collection
869:
832:
707:
610:
458:pyroclastic surges
426:, Cashdollar, and
421:
315:
275:pyroclastic surges
135:40.82139; 14.44278
3405:Volcanic tsunamis
3395:Plinian eruptions
3327:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3206:Pompeian frescoes
3159:
3158:
3151:Temple of Jupiter
3028:House of Menander
2998:House of the Faun
2970:Villa of Diomedes
2845:Media related to
2257:on March 18, 2009
2146:Josephus, Flavius
1964:"LXV. To Tacitus"
1757:, pp. 42–43.
1726:"LXV. To Tacitus"
1038:, a 2013 song by
944:Pliny the Younger
874:pyroclastic surge
735:Pliny the Younger
729:Pliny the Younger
711:Pliny the Younger
642:Curie temperature
602:
601:
587:
413:Pliny the Younger
381:pyroclastic flows
369:Pliny the Younger
357:Pliny the Younger
252:pyroclastic flows
189:
188:
16:(Redirected from
3412:
3400:Peléan eruptions
3273:
3272:
3260:Villa Boscoreale
3176:Alexander Mosaic
3141:Temple of Apollo
3043:House of Sallust
2960:
2959:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2883:
2882:
2876:Melbourne Museum
2868:
2861:
2844:
2830:
2804:
2794:
2785:
2768:
2767:
2757:
2747:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2629:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2599:
2586:
2585:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2530:
2519:
2518:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2383:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2347:. Archived from
2340:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2315:
2305:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2209:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2163:
2157:
2155:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2093:on July 18, 2012
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1828:, pp. 9–10.
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1721:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1688:. May 16, 2023.
1686:pompeiisites.org
1678:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1576:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1530:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1471:The Life of Nero
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1443:on March 8, 2012
1439:. Archived from
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1380:
1373:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1244:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1208:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1188:
1177:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1081:
1065:
1062:
1036:"Pompeii" (song)
1024:Villa Boscoreale
671:
630:magnetic dipoles
616:
597:
594:
588:
586:
545:
517:
509:
505:Magnetic studies
319:major earthquake
279:ashfall deposits
256:Pelean eruptions
254:associated with
214:of super-heated
141:
140:
138:
137:
136:
131:
127:
124:
123:
122:
119:
82:
79:
54:
44:
32:
31:
21:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3390:VEI-5 eruptions
3330:
3329:
3328:
3319:
3309:Pompeii Lakshmi
3292:
3264:
3223:
3217:
3196:Pompeian Styles
3155:
3129:
3093:
3072:
2979:
2951:
2915:
2910:
2866:
2852:
2837:
2813:(112): B05214.
2802:
2776:
2771:
2716:
2712:
2702:
2700:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2646:
2644:
2631:
2630:
2623:
2613:
2611:
2600:
2589:
2566:
2562:
2531:
2522:
2515:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2478:
2476:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2430:
2426:
2416:
2414:
2401:
2397:
2360:
2356:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2274:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2243:
2239:
2210:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2184:
2176:. p. 252.
2164:
2160:
2143:
2139:
2126:
2124:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2006:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1960:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1767:Sigurðsson 2002
1765:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1722:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1662:
1660:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1620:
1616:
1577:
1556:
1546:
1544:
1531:
1524:
1514:
1512:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1413:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1351:
1347:
1308:
1304:
1294:
1292:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1228:
1226:
1209:
1202:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1014:
990:Flavian dynasty
899:
879:cadaveric spasm
820:
776:Pliny the Elder
774:Pliny's uncle,
772:
770:Pliny the Elder
766:
764:Pliny the Elder
737:
731:
723:Pliny the Elder
699:
669:
638:internal energy
614:
598:
592:
589:
546:
544:
530:
518:
507:
490:
482:phreatomagmatic
404:
365:
298:
134:
132:
128:
125:
120:
117:
115:
113:
112:
111:
80:
59:
55: 1821) by
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3418:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3345:Mount Vesuvius
3342:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3311:
3306:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3270:
3269:Archaeological
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3227:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
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1996:
1989:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1956:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1900:, p. 15.
1899:
1894:
1888:, p. 14.
1887:
1882:
1876:, p. 13.
1875:
1870:
1864:, p. 12.
1863:
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1029:Villa Poppaea
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986:Emperor Titus
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921:Life of Titus
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593:February 2019
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564:
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557:
554: –
553:
549:
548:Find sources:
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528:
527:
526:single source
522:This section
520:
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459:
455:
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443:Plinian phase
439:
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323:Bay of Naples
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285:and a UNESCO
284:
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229:
226:, pulverized
225:
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197:stratovolcano
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38:
33:
30:
19:
3314:Sator Square
3125:Theatre Area
3105:Amphitheatre
3098:Recreational
3084:Aqua Augusta
2941:
2857:
2810:
2806:
2790:
2781:
2774:Bibliography
2755:2158/1347436
2727:
2723:
2713:
2701:. Retrieved
2693:The Guardian
2692:
2683:
2671:. Retrieved
2657:
2645:. Retrieved
2636:
2612:. Retrieved
2607:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2541:(1): 87–98.
2538:
2534:
2504:
2498:
2489:
2479:February 19,
2477:. Retrieved
2468:
2463:Dio (1925).
2458:
2448:February 19,
2446:. Retrieved
2437:
2427:
2417:February 20,
2415:. Retrieved
2405:
2398:
2371:
2367:
2357:
2349:the original
2344:
2330:
2285:
2281:
2271:
2259:. Retrieved
2255:the original
2250:
2240:
2221:
2217:
2192:. Retrieved
2168:
2161:
2150:
2148:. "xx.7.2".
2140:
2132:
2125:. Retrieved
2116:
2107:
2095:. Retrieved
2091:the original
2086:
2076:
2064:. Retrieved
2045:
2033:. Retrieved
2029:the original
2019:
2007:. Retrieved
1998:
1988:
1976:. Retrieved
1967:
1942:. Retrieved
1933:
1923:
1914:
1905:
1893:
1881:
1869:
1857:
1852:, p. 3.
1845:
1840:, p. 1.
1833:
1821:
1816:, p. 8.
1809:
1797:
1792:, p. 6.
1785:
1780:, p. 5.
1773:
1762:
1750:
1738:. Retrieved
1729:
1696:February 11,
1694:. Retrieved
1685:
1661:. Retrieved
1652:
1642:
1623:
1617:
1587:(1): 39–51.
1584:
1580:
1545:. Retrieved
1535:
1513:. Retrieved
1504:
1501:"Book 15.22"
1491:
1481:February 19,
1479:. Retrieved
1470:
1457:
1445:. Retrieved
1441:the original
1436:
1426:
1414:. Retrieved
1405:
1395:
1385:February 23,
1383:. Retrieved
1363:
1354:
1348:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1293:. Retrieved
1284:
1274:
1262:. Retrieved
1258:the original
1251:
1227:. Retrieved
1216:
1191:. Retrieved
1179:
1171:
1164:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1099:November 22,
1097:. Retrieved
1088:
1079:
1060:
1020:, including
1006:
983:
979:
972:
956:
940:
929:
920:
913:Titus Caesar
906:
900:
887:
870:
855:
833:
804:
800:
785:
773:
755:
747:
742:
738:
708:
692:
688:
675:
666:
650:
623:
611:
590:
580:
573:
566:
559:
547:
523:
495:
491:
479:
454:Pelean phase
451:
447:stratosphere
440:
422:
392:
377:
366:
353:
341:
327:
316:
311:Karl Brullov
304:
291:
260:
248:stratosphere
209:
190:
46:
29:
3380:Herculaneum
3231:Herculaneum
2647:October 16,
2035:October 18,
1934:Epistularum
1355:Herculaneum
1264:February 4,
1229:February 4,
1218:BBC History
975:pomegranate
964:Herculaneum
932:Cassius Dio
866:Herculaneum
796:Pomponianus
780:Roman fleet
634:crystalline
466:Herculaneum
313:, 1830–1833
271:Herculaneum
224:molten rock
165:Herculaneum
133: /
57:John Martin
3334:Categories
3304:CIL 4.5296
2730:: 104072.
2673:August 20,
2194:August 20,
1505:The Annals
1295:August 15,
1126:: 106851.
1072:References
998:numismatic
844:procurator
662:vector sum
563:newspapers
424:Sigurðsson
195:, a major
121:14°26′34″E
118:40°49′17″N
3297:Artefacts
2956:Buildings
2764:249349095
2703:March 31,
2576:: 79–83.
2127:April 11,
2009:April 30,
1978:April 30,
1944:April 30,
1740:April 30,
1663:April 21,
1515:April 30,
1465:(1914) .
1416:April 30,
1318:(4): 70.
1156:216194471
1148:0377-0273
917:Suetonius
883:vitrified
838:princess
812:asthmatic
615:deposits.
533:talk page
456:produced
349:evacuated
336:, and by
330:Suetonius
3243:Oplontis
2697:Archived
2667:Archived
2641:Archived
2637:BBC News
2582:43859727
2473:Archived
2469:Penelope
2442:Archived
2438:Penelope
2411:Archived
2390:31971686
2322:20559555
2282:PLOS ONE
2218:Episodes
2188:Archived
2121:Archived
2060:Archived
2003:Archived
1972:Archived
1938:Archived
1734:Archived
1690:Archived
1657:Archived
1609:11714919
1541:Archived
1509:Archived
1475:Archived
1447:June 20,
1410:Archived
1376:Archived
1340:24940972
1289:Archived
1223:Archived
1184:Archived
1093:Archived
1040:Bastille
1012:See also
968:braziers
925:Campania
903:Josephus
840:Drusilla
836:Herodian
657:spectrum
474:Oplontis
441:A first
432:Vesuvian
244:Vesuvian
169:Oplontis
108:Campania
104:Location
3276:Museums
3255:Stabiae
3134:Temples
3110:Lupanar
2920:History
2913:Pompeii
2872:YouTube
2815:Bibcode
2732:Bibcode
2543:Bibcode
2313:2886100
2290:Bibcode
2261:May 12,
2097:May 15,
2066:May 15,
1320:Bibcode
1193:June 8,
1128:Bibcode
988:of the
960:Pompeii
948:Tacitus
905:in his
828:Pompeii
792:Stabiae
751:tsunami
719:Misenum
715:Tacitus
577:scholar
498:Rectina
470:Pompeii
462:Misenum
417:Misenum
415:was at
389:wrote:
386:tsunami
373:Misenum
343:Annales
338:Tacitus
267:Pompeii
238:of the
232:hot ash
173:Stabiae
161:Pompeii
110:, Italy
94:Plinian
83:, 79 AD
64:Volcano
3077:Public
2963:Villas
2927:Pompei
2854:"Home"
2762:
2608:Forbes
2580:
2511:
2388:
2320:
2310:
2180:
1630:
1607:
1601:504292
1599:
1338:
1154:
1146:
890:tephra
579:
572:
565:
558:
550:
472:, and
436:Pelean
428:Sparks
228:pumice
216:tephra
181:Deaths
171:, and
156:Impact
98:Peléan
2985:Domus
2803:(PDF)
2760:S2CID
2578:JSTOR
2339:'
1605:S2CID
1597:JSTOR
1379:(PDF)
1372:(PDF)
1336:JSTOR
1187:(PDF)
1176:(PDF)
1152:S2CID
1052:Notes
758:Capri
584:JSTOR
570:books
263:Roman
220:gases
212:cloud
2705:2020
2675:2020
2649:2018
2616:2024
2509:ISBN
2481:2021
2450:2021
2419:2021
2386:PMID
2318:PMID
2263:2010
2196:2019
2178:ISBN
2129:2024
2099:2010
2068:2010
2037:2020
2011:2012
1980:2012
1946:2012
1742:2012
1698:2024
1665:2024
1628:ISBN
1549:2018
1517:2012
1483:2021
1467:"20"
1449:2017
1418:2012
1387:2020
1297:2022
1266:2011
1253:Time
1231:2011
1195:2022
1144:ISSN
1101:2020
962:and
653:rock
556:news
434:and
334:Nero
277:and
269:and
230:and
218:and
89:Type
74:Date
3164:Art
2870:on
2823:doi
2811:112
2750:hdl
2740:doi
2728:231
2574:173
2551:doi
2539:169
2376:doi
2372:382
2308:PMC
2298:doi
2226:doi
1589:doi
1328:doi
1316:198
1136:doi
1124:396
984:As
927:."
915:."
539:by
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