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droplets, blood, or mother to fetus. As with all respiratory pathogens once presumed to transmit via respiratory droplets, it is highly likely to be carried by the aerosols generated during routine breathing, talking, and even singing. Fifth
Disease is most prevalent in children aged 5 to 15 years old. Fifth disease occurs at lower rates in adults. The virus spreads easily and once contracted, the body will begin developing lasting immunity to reinfection. The prevalence of antibodies is 50% in children and 70% to 85% in adults. The virus affects both men and women equally. During the spring and winter, epidemic outbreaks are most likely to occur. In the summer and fall, sporadic cases and outbreaks occur. The outbreaks most commonly occur in daycares and schools. The periodicity of the outbreak cycle is three-to-seven years. The risk of acquiring the viral illness increases when exposed to an infected person or contaminated blood. Individuals who have an occupation that requires close contact with infected people such as healthcare workers and teachers are at an increased risk of acquiring the viral illness. Another risk factor of fifth disease are immunocompromised individuals, those with anemia are at a higher risk of developing complications. Pregnant women are at risk for acquiring viral illness, especially during the first half of pregnancy. Though, complications are very rare and less than 5% of these cases will experience serious complications. The most common complication among pregnant women is anemia. In rare cases, severe anemia can occur, and a buildup of fluid can develop. A buildup of fluid can cause congestive heart failure or death. A blood infusion or induction may be necessary. No vaccine is available for human parvovirus B19, though attempts have been made to develop one.
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conditions, autoimmune disorders, etc. While parvovirus B19 is typically transmitted via respiratory secretions or hand to mouth contact, it has also been known to be passed from pregnant people to fetuses. Notably, there are some known complications associated with Fifth
Disease relating to pregnant people and fetuses that can range from mild to moderate, and in some cases, severe complications can affect both pregnant people and fetuses. Roughly 50-75% of all pregnant women are immune to parvovirus B19 while the remainder of women are susceptible to mild illness. In a 2024 review of parvovirus b19 infection and pregnancy, it is found that pregnant people who do not have immunity to parvovirus B19 are at higher risk of passing the infection to their baby, especially if they contract it during the first trimester or second trimester; which can lead to more serious complications. Although the potential consequences of erythema infectiosum can be quite serious in pregnancy, pregnant people can be tested for immunity via the presence of IgG antibodies and IgM antibodies. A majority of fetuses who do contract parvovirus B19 show either no significant symptoms or complete resolution of the virus. However, the following serious complications are rare but possible: miscarriage, stillbirth, fetal anemia, hepatic failure, and abnormal neurodevelopment outcome. In some cases, fetuses would develop hydrops fetalis due to congenital parvovirus B19. This condition was studied as a determinant of later fetal outcomes, such as miscarriage or perinatal death, in 2016 systematic review. The review showed that those born with parvovirus B19 that caused hydrops fetalis did have an association with higher mortality risk and higher risk of complications.
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infections. Many other viral rashes, like measles, rubella, roseola, and scarlet fever, can look similar to erythema infectiosum. In adults, for example, joint pain caused by parvovirus B19 infection might make doctor consider conditions like the flu and mononucleosis during initial diagnosis. Doctors may also look consider ruling out non-infectious causes like drug allergies and certain types of arthritis; which can present with similar symptoms as fifth disease. For this reason, blood samples testing can be definitive in confirming the diagnosis of Fifth
Disease. These blood tests are commonly referred to as "diagnostic assays". An antibody assay uses antibodies designed to detect parvovirus antigen or protein in blood circulation. For example, anti-parvovirus B19 IgM antibody serum assay is often the preferred method to detect previous infection. The assay can result positive one week after initial infection. Negative assay results may prompt retesting in the future to rule out early sampling of blood serum. A positive assay result can also be indicative of an infection within the previous two to six months. People acquire lifetime immunity if IgG antibodies are produced in response to parvovirus B19 exposure. Infection by parvovirus B19 can also be confirmed by isolation of viral DNA detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction (
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infection and the onset of symptoms) is usually between 4 and 21 days. Viremia (a condition which occurs when viruses enter the bloodstream and eventually spread to the rest of the body) occurs within 5 to 10 days from exposure to
Parvovirus B19, and the person remains contagious 5 days following Viremia. Typically, school children, day-care workers, teachers, and parents are most likely to be exposed to the virus making them high risk population. Rates of transmission of Parvovirus B19 is highest in household settings with people living with infected persons, leading to almost 50%, moderate among adults with a 40% transmission rate, and variable in people working at daycare centers and schools with about 10-60% of transmission risk. The most common time for infection to spread in children causing fifth disease is during late winters and early spring, with outbreaks occurring every 3–4 years.
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systematic review indicates that daycare workers are at an increased risk for infection. Another review also supports the finding that daycare workers have an increased risk of contracting parvovirus B19 infection. A 2019 meta-analysis examined rates of parvovirus B19 infection among those with Sickle Cell
Disease (SCD) using IgG and IgM antibody detection. Pooled data from Africa, Asia, and the Americas revealed a 48.8% parvovirus B19 infection prevalence among persons with Sickle Cell Disease. Prevalence of infection was also determined by geographic location, where areas with reduced access to adequate housing had higher prevalence (Africa was 55.5%). A 2020 literature review also supports the finding that persons with SCD, as well as those with the blood disorder
168:. Children infected typically go through 3 stages; first when the rash appears on the face. This is a defining symptom of the infection in children (hence the name "slapped cheek disease"). In addition to red cheeks, the second stage consists of children developing a red, lacy rash on the rest of the body, with the upper arms, torso, and legs being the most common locations. The rash typically lasts a few days and may itch; some cases have been known to last for several weeks. People are usually no longer infectious once the rash has appeared. Lastly the third stage consists of recurring rashes due to hot showers, sun exposure, or minor injuries lasting about 11 days.
273:. PCR tests are considered significantly more sensitive to detecting the viral antigen parvovirus B19 compared direct DNA hybridization. In order to diagnose Fifth Disease in a fetus, a PCR test is done using a sample taken from the amniotic fluid surrounding the baby (otherwise known as "amniocentesis"). A DNA hybridization assay can better detect variants of the parvovirus B19. There exists 3 biological similar genotypes of parvovirus B19, numbered one through three. The most common genotype circulating is genotype one. Laboratory tests can indicate complications of infection, including anemia, liver damage, and low platelet count.
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dividing cells or a weakened immune system than the typical person. These populations include pregnant people, fetuses, adults, and immunocompromised. Over the last few years, first-time infections in pregnant people have been increasing throughout the world. About 1-5% of pregnant people can become infected. Typically, having the virus will not impact the outcome of the pregnancy, and 90% of cases of infected fetuses do not lead to any serious outcomes. However, complications can still occur in both the fetus and pregnant person. For example, if fetuses contract parvovirus B19, possible complications can include
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studies covering complications in both the central and nervous system such as encephalitis, meningitis, and peripheral neuropathy. However, the specific pathophysiology of these complications has yet to be discovered but the review does encourage the use of antibody testing to determine a patient's risk. Infection of this virus is not limited to the nervous system. Parvovirus B19 has also been linked to cases of cardiac inflammation that can cause structural damage to the heart over time. If the damage progresses and is significant, cardiac cell death may occur.
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and 30% of infected males reported these symptoms. Out of these, 20% of the females may experience continuous joint stiffness for several months or years. Symptoms can persist up to 3 weeks since onset. Sometimes, fifth disease can also cause serious complications, especially if the person is pregnant, has anemia, or is immunocompromised; affecting the blood system, joints or nerves. Adults with fifth disease may have difficulty in walking and in bending joints such as wrists, knees, ankles, fingers, and shoulders.
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Individuals that are living with HIV are also susceptible to complications if infected due to being immunocompromised. This happens due to processes like molecular mimicry, cell death, and enzyme activation. While relatively rare, those who live with both HIV and parvovirus B19 infection will be unable to fight off the B19 virus. This can result in substantial loss of red blood cells and cause anemia.
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respiratory particles, similar to the transmission of COVID-19, the CDC recommends following the general recommendations for respiratory viruses. Thus, much of the same NPI utilized during the COVID-19 pandemic can be used as preventive strategies for Fifth
Disease, such as practice good hand hygiene, coughing and sneezing into the elbow, proper mask etiquette, and isolating when sick/contagious.
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440:. Soon after, a Japanese research group also found a parvovirus B19 and named it "Nakatani virus." This virus turned out to be the same one discovered by Cossart's team. Throughout this process, the virus was labeled "serum parvovirus-like particle." This changed in 1985, after confirmation of the similarity between the two research groups' findings, to B19. Parvovirus B19 is a
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should also be advised on the transmission of the virus and educated on what other safety measures they could practice to avoid areas where transmission of the disease is typically high such as childcare centers, close contact with school-age children or even close contact with someone who works with school-aged children such as teachers, and healthcare settings such as hospitals.
289:, such as acetaminophen, are commonly used to reduce fevers. In cases of joint disease, such as those with arthritis or arthralgia, treatment options can include medications that reduce inflammation, like non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAID); or other anti-inflammatories can be used. It is essential to never give children aspirin for any of their symptoms due to the risk of
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There currently are no approved vaccinations for Fifth
Disease. More research needs to be done to develop of a safe, productive, and efficacious vaccine. However, clinical studies have shown that vaccinations for B19 carry possible additional benefits to high-risk people, such as those who are pregnant, immunocompromised, have had organ transplants, and children with anemia.
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gaining access to the host cell, B19V binds to glycosphingolipid globoside (blood group P antigen) targeting erythroid lineage in the bone marrow. Replication of viral genome and release of virus from infected cells lead to various complex effects on host's cellular environment such as induction of DNA damage, hijack of cell cycle and apoptosis (killing of infected cells).
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spread in the winter and spring seasons in children aged six to fourteen years old. Parvovirus B19 will start replicating from anywhere for four to eighteen days. Infected children will be most contagious during this time and before they develop the most notable sign, a red rash on their cheeks, and other symptoms.
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are more at risk of developing complications from the disease due to their bodies compromised state making it harder for the body to fight off the virus. Therefore, prevention of fifth disease is an important factor in decreasing the amount of people who become sick from the B19 virus resulting in Fifth
Disease.
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A 2019 systematic review examined the rates of parvovirus B19 infection among daycare workers. Since transmission typically occurs through respiratory secretions, it was thought that daycare workers would be at an increased risk of infection because young children can spread saliva through drool. The
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Recent research has found that children and adults who are infected with
Parvovirus B19 may develop acute arthritis, and in some cases, chronic joint problems. Studies have detected the presence of the Virus' DNA in the synovial tissue of people with rheumatoid arthritis, but other studies show mixed
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Primary prevention aims to prevent the virus from infecting the host's body and ultimately stop the disease from happening. In contrast, secondary prevention aims to detect the disease early on in its course and stop its progression. An example of a primary prevention strategy is the use of vaccines.
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Fifth disease is also known as human parvovirus B19V found all throughout the world, primarily during childhood. This virus spreads by breathing in the viral particles or in the womb during fetal development. The illness is very common and self-limiting. The modes of transmission include respiratory
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The rash usually does not itch but can be mildly painful. The rash itself is not considered contagious. The infection generally lasts about 5 to 10 days. Stress, hot temperatures, exercise, and exposure to sunlight can contribute to recurrence within months of the initial infection. Upon resolution,
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to cause disease in humans, especially in children. The most common disease derived from parvovirus B19 is fifth disease. This disease is spread in close contact through respiratory droplets, which can be from the nose, mouth, or direct contact with an infected person. Fifth disease is most commonly
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Fifth disease is transmitted primarily by respiratory droplets such as sneezing, coughing, etc.; by direct contact through the saliva or mucus, but can also be spread by contact with infected blood either directly or through blood transfusions. The incubation period (the time between exposure to an
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Recovery from parvovirus B19 infection is achieved by production of IgM antibodies which are specific for virus and are generated 10–12 days after infection. After day 16, when signs of fifth disease (red rashes) and arthralgia (pain in joints) becomes apparent, specific anti B19 IgG is produced by
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B19V DNA has been found in a wide range of tissues in healthy and diseased individuals indicates the persistence of B19V infection. According to a clinical microbiology review published by
Jianming Qiu "Persistence of viral DNA has been detected in up to 50% of biopsy specimens of the spleen, lymph
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Pregnant people - B19 infection in this population can lead to detrimental effects on the fetus, causing hydrops fetalis, as mentioned previously. The risk of fetal infection and harm to the fetus is not high, but if the child is infected, the outcome is not adverse. According to a study, pregnant
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In some cases, parvovirus B19 can mainly affect the bone marrow due to the virus's strong attraction to bone marrow receptors, often causing bone marrow function to decrease. This is why viral infection by parvovirus B19 can be particularly harmful to people with hemolytic anemia or blood cancers,
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Since there is no specific treatment for Fifth Disease, prevention is an important factor. Although fifth disease primarily occurs in children and will typically resolve on its own, similar to the cold, vulnerable populations such as those who are immunocompromised, pregnant, or people with anemia
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In children, the risk of Parovirus B19-related arthralgia (joint-stiffness) is less than 10%, but 19% of those with new-onset arthritis may have developed the B19 infection within the previous 10 weeks. Teenagers and adults may present with joint pain or swelling, out of which 60% infected females
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family is named after the Latin word "parvum," which means small. This is because before technological advancements, these viruses were considered to be one of the smallest viruses to infect mammals. However, these viruses are known to also infect invertebrates as well. So, additional genera were
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In Fifth Disease, parvovirus B19 has the potential to affect various parts of the body, including the skin, heart, brain, joints, liver and more. Thus, complications of Fifth Disease can be present in various populations with different conditions such as pregnancy, fetal development, neurological
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for pregnant people, due to the increased risk of severe complications both for them and the fetus, include increased awareness about the virus/disease to provide them with the knowledge and resources they need to take care of their health effectively, those who are at high-risk for complications
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Parvovirus B19 can also be transmitted through blood products such as frozen plasma or cellular blood components (Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets, as the virus is resistant to the common mechanism of solvent detergent techniques that is used to inactivate pathogens in these blood
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Parvovirus B19 (B19V) is a small, single-stranded, non-enveloped DNA virus. Binding of B19V capsid to the cellular receptor globoside (Gb4Cer) results in a cascade of structural changes and subsequent signal transduction processes facilitating the entry of parvovirus B19 into the host cell. After
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Since parvovirus B19 is a single stranded DNA virus, replication can only occur in dividing cells. This is also why other populations besides children can become infected with parvovirus B19, develop fifth disease, and have complications. Certain populations are at a higher risk if they have more
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Treatment for Fifth Disease is primarily symptomatic and supportive as the infection is frequently self-limiting. A self-limiting infection typically does not require treatment, such as medication, and will heal independently. While there is currently no specific therapy recommendation for Fifth
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In addition to fetuses, parvovirus B19 infection and its effects has been studied in adults as well. The parvovirus B19 infection has also been associated with the fetal development of neurological complications, as identified in a systematic review in 2014. This analysis included a total of 89
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Conservative treatment targeted to relieve people with symptoms of joint disease caused by Fifth Disease has also utilized acupuncture, physical therapy exercises, and chiropractic care along with pharmacologic management. Other forms of treatment include plenty of rest, increased daily fluids,
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Immunocompromised people are also at risk of being infected and having poor outcomes from the virus. These people with a weakened immune system either due to HIV, transplants or congenital immunodeficiencies, may be seen experiencing chronic anemia as their bodies are unable to fight the virus
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In people with weakened immune systems, parvovirus B19 infection often causes low blood cell counts and can lead to chronic infection. Sometimes, an acute parvovirus B19 infection can mimic or even trigger autoimmune disease because it can cause the body to produce antibodies against itself.
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The most common manifestation of Fifth Disease is marked by a red, "slapped cheek" look on the face and a lace-like rash on the body and limbs. The "slapped cheek" appearance of the rash can be suggestive of fifth disease, however, the rash can be mistaken with other skin related disease or
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The abbreviation NPI stands for non-pharmaceutical interventions. As discussed in the 'Transmission' content above, Fifth Disease can be spread from human to human through blood respiratory particles, and from mother to baby during pregnancy. Since somebody can spread Fifth Disease through
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One of the populations that is at high risk for severe complications from contracting Fifth Disease, as discussed in the complications section, is pregnant people and their fetuses. The primary prevention for pregnant people is to reduce the exposure or contact with Fifth Disease.
113:. This virus was discovered in 1975 and can cause other diseases besides fifth disease. Fifth disease typically presents as a rash and is most common in children. While parvovirus B19 can affect people of all ages, only two out of ten individuals will present with symptoms.
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immunity is considered life-long. Populations at greater risk of complications (see below) may need referral to a specialist. Anemia is a more severe complication that could result from parvovirus B19 infection and requires a blood transfusion as part of therapy.
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The symptoms of fifth disease are usually mild and may start as a fever, headache or a runny nose. These symptoms pass, then a few days later, the rash appears. The bright red rash most commonly appears in the face, particularly the
509:, which is known to infect dogs and cause inflammation of the small intestine and heart muscle. While all of these viruses are known to cause diseases, only parvovirus infects humans. Specifically, parvovirus B19 attacks the
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Fifth disease, also known as erythema infectiosum, is caused by parvovirus B19, which only infects humans. Infection by parvovirus B19 can lead to multiple clinical manifestations, but the most common is fifth disease.
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Xiong YQ, Tan J, Liu YM, He Q, Li L, Zou K, et al. (May 2019). "The risk of maternal parvovirus B19 infection during pregnancy on fetal loss and fetal hydrops: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
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The clinical presentation most often associated with parvovirus B19 infection is a red rash on the face, also called a "slapped cheek" rash. This is also known as Fifth Disease (or Erythema Infectiosum).
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immune cells. Production of serum anti B19 IgG keeps infection under control and facilitates the recovery of erythroid cell production in erythroid lineage cells that were targeted by parvovirus B19.
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Bascietto F, Liberati M, Murgano D, Buca D, Iacovelli A, Flacco ME, et al. (November 2018). "Outcome of fetuses with congenital parvovirus B19 infection: systematic review and meta-analysis".
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Aside from diagnosing Fifth Disease with laboratory tests, it is crucial to monitor fetal blood flow in the brain. This involves looking for signs of moderate to severe anemia using an ultrasound.
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In less than 5% of women with parvovirus B19 infection, a baby may develop severe anemia leading to miscarriage. This occurs most often during the first half of pregnancy.
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Yoto Y, Kudoh T, Suzuki N, Matsunaga Y, Chiba S (2003). "Retrospective study on the influence of human parvovirus B19 infection among children with malignant diseases".
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3357:"Risks for adverse pregnancy outcomes and infections in daycare workers: an overview of current epidemiological evidence and implications for primary prevention"
549:. Fifth disease can also be known as "slapped cheek disease" due to the red rash that spreads on the cheeks after several days of infection with parvovirus B19.
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143:, or joint pain. Also, a specific group of immunocompromised people with bone marrow failure and infected with parvovirus B19 have been shown to develop
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425:. This virus was officially discovered in 1975 by Yvonne Cossart and research group. They accidentally discovered the virus while analyzing
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Fifth disease's name comes from its numerical position after the top four childhood rash-causing diseases. The first four include
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people infected with Parvovirus B19 carry a 30% chance of infecting the fetus with only 9% of them experiencing adverse outcomes.
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is.considered more detrimental for the mother but contraction of the infection in the second trimester has been linked to
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Slapped cheek syndrome (also called fifth disease) is common in children and should get better on its own within 3 weeks.
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Attwood LO, Holmes NE, Hui L (December 2020). "Identification and management of congenital parvovirus B19 infection".
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Obeid Mohamed SO, Osman Mohamed EM, Ahmed Osman AA, Abdellatif MohamedElmugadam FA, Abdalla Ibrahim GA (2019-12-09).
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Atkinson J, Chartier Y, Pessoa-Silva CL, Jensen P, Li Y, Seto WH (14 January 2009). "Annex E, Respiratory droplets".
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The disease is usually mild, but in certain risk groups and rare circumstances, it can have serious consequences:
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147:. Other notable complications caused by infection from parvovirus B19 can include gloves and sock syndrome.
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3306:"Are Daycare Workers at a Higher Risk of Parvovirus B19 Infection? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
3090:"Are Daycare Workers at a Higher Risk of Parvovirus B19 Infection? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
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Ralston SL, Lieberthal AS, Meissner HC, Alverson BK, Baley JE, Gadomski AM, et al. (November 2014).
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Soltani S, Zakeri A, Tabibzadeh A, Zandi M, Ershadi E, Akhavan Rezayat S, et al. (December 2020).
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nodes, tonsils, liver, heart, synovial tissues, skin, brain, and testes, for decades after infection."
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3457:"A literature review on the parvovirus B19 infection in sickle cell anemia and β-thalassemia patients"
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Mendes-de-Almeida DP, Bokel JP, Alves AD, Vizzoni AG, Tavares IC, Silva MS, et al. (2023-05-08).
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Romero Starke K, Kofahl M, Freiberg A, Schubert M, Groß ML, Schmauder S, et al. (April 2019).
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Romero Starke K, Kofahl M, Freiberg A, Schubert M, Groß ML, Schmauder S, et al. (April 2019).
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2313:"Preparing for uncertainty: endemic paediatric viral illnesses after COVID-19 pandemic disruption"
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3406:"A Meta-Analysis on the Seroprevalence of Parvovirus B19 among Patients with Sickle Cell Disease"
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Wang CC, Prather KA, Sznitman J, Jimenez JL, Lakdawala SS, Tufekci Z, et al. (August 2021).
2150:"Clinical Presentation of Parvovirus B19 Infection in Adults Living with HIV/AIDS: A Case Series"
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Dittmer FP, Guimarães Cd, Peixoto AB, Pontes KF, Bonasoni MP, Tonni G, et al. (2024-01-26).
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Dittmer FP, Guimarães Cd, Peixoto AB, Pontes KF, Bonasoni MP, Tonni G, et al. (2024-01-26).
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surface antigen panels. The name, B19, comes from its label among a panel in row B and number 19.
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3012:"Parvovirus B19 Infection Medication: Antipyretic agents, Immunologic effectors, Antihistamines"
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Yan J, Xu B (May 2021). "Rare cutaneous manifestations of parvovirus B19 infection in a child".
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or intrauterine fetal death. Additionally, infected adults have been documented to develop
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2066:"Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis"
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Photo of a 14-month old child with fifth disease, also known as "slapped cheeks disease."
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399:, wherein the bone marrow of the individual will suddenly stop producing red blood cells.
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2922:"Clinical management of an adult with erythema infectiosum: a retrospective case report"
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Jacquot R, Gerfaud-Valentin M, Mekki Y, Billaud G, Jamilloux Y, Sève P (December 2022).
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2017:"Clinical management of an adult with erythema infectiosum: a retrospective case report"
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3111:
3101:
3060:
3052:
2982:
2974:
2933:
2883:
2844:
2801:
2760:
2752:
2711:
2703:
2656:
2618:
2577:
2525:
2517:
2451:
2399:
2381:
2340:
2324:
2311:
Messacar K, Baker RE, Park SW, Nguyen-Tran H, Cataldi JR, Grenfell B (2022-11-12).
2252:
2179:
2161:
2122:
2085:
2077:
2036:
1954:
1936:
1892:
1851:
1833:
1779:
1733:
1691:
1595:
1554:
1546:
1502:
1492:
1440:
1432:
1364:
1335:
1300:
1256:
1191:
1187:
1140:
1093:
1044:
998:
948:
796:
742:
405:
392:
127:
90:
3619:
2430:
Algwaiz G, Alharbi A, Alsehaim K, Alahmari A, El Fakih R, Aljurf M (23 May 2023).
2256:
1600:
1583:
538:
525:
140:
4937:
4803:
4423:
4098:
4019:
2805:
1144:
1097:
952:
885:
249:
184:
2081:
1695:
1641:
1261:
1244:
849:
285:
Disease, symptom management can be attempted with over-the-counter medications.
4986:
4381:
4352:
4325:
4302:
4115:
3878:
3791:
3473:
3373:
3356:
2756:
2208:
1983:
1391:
1049:
1036:
422:
110:
4989:
4948:
4911:
3567:
2660:
2126:
987:"Successful use of interferon alfa-2a for persistent parvovirus B19 infection"
489:
genus since it does not need assistance to replicate, like the viruses of the
5016:
4853:
4774:
4711:
4699:
4460:
4181:
4072:
3817:
3729:
3627:
3575:
3282:
2895:
2813:
2692:"Neurological aspects of human parvovirus B19 infection: a systematic review"
2473:
2465:
2395:
2336:
2264:
2175:
2032:
1950:
1847:
1745:
1703:
1312:
1270:
1199:
1152:
1105:
1058:
1010:
960:
881:
754:
615:
290:
2978:
2848:
2789:
2456:
2431:
1721:
1481:"Advances in the Development of Antiviral Strategies against Parvovirus B19"
1218:
1128:
1081:
986:
936:
889:
824:
730:
666:
375:
Parvovirus B19 can cause serious complications in certain groups of people:
60:
16-month-old with erythema infectiosum, displaying characteristic red rashes
4787:
4510:
4342:
4265:
4255:
4202:
4162:
4153:
4001:
3737:
3672:
3645:
3583:
3492:
3441:
3422:
3382:
3341:
3322:
3290:
3240:
3125:
3106:
3056:
2996:
2947:
2903:
2856:
2821:
2774:
2725:
2668:
2632:
2591:
2539:
2481:
2413:
2354:
2272:
2220:
2193:
2134:
2099:
2050:
1995:
1968:
1906:
1865:
1791:
1753:
1653:
1609:
1568:
1516:
1454:
1403:
1160:
1113:
1066:
1018:
968:
810:
801:
784:
762:
662:
611:
546:
464:
458:
452:
446:
199:
123:
3790:
3074:
1347:
294:
nutritious daily meal intake, medication adherence and overall wellbeing.
4967:
4758:
4742:
4732:
4664:
4499:
2530:
1925:"Parvovirus B19 Infection and Pregnancy: Review of the Current Knowledge"
1822:"Parvovirus B19 Infection and Pregnancy: Review of the Current Knowledge"
1550:
384:
effectively. This can cause prolonged anemia in the affected individuals.
286:
188:
46:
Fifth disease, slapped cheek syndrome, slapcheek, slap face, slapped face
2113:
Ramdass P, Mullick S, Farber HF (December 2015). "Viral Skin Diseases".
1941:
1838:
1445:
159:
Appearance of the distinctive "slapped-cheek" rash seen in Fifth disease
4995:
4529:
4485:
4142:
4061:
3940:
3361:
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
1897:
1880:
534:
514:
4894:
2582:
2565:
2521:
2386:
2166:
1783:
1497:
1339:
4978:
4737:
4450:
4413:
4297:
3883:
3807:
3751:
2707:
1365:"Parvovirus B19 | Pregnancy and Fifth Disease | Human Parvovirus B19"
2238:
1715:
1713:
1436:
941:
European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology
4120:
4091:
4086:
4081:
3945:
3303:
3231:
3214:
3087:
2787:
1367:. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2019-11-26
195:
2147:
1881:"Parvovirus B19 infection during pregnancy and risks to the fetus"
1079:
873:
847:
4873:
4858:
4848:
4466:
4437:
4206:
4186:
4007:
3920:
3910:
3310:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
3213:
Ballou WR, Reed JL, Noble W, Young NS, Koenig S (February 2003).
3094:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
2063:
1710:
851:
Natural Ventilation for Infection Control in Health-Care Settings
563:
1035:
Kagan KO, Hoopmann M, Geipel A, Sonek J, Enders M (2024-07-29).
52:
4906:
4110:
3868:
3848:
2443:
1080:
Boissiere J, Watkins V, Kuller JA, Dotters-Katz SK (May 2024).
568:
2429:
473:
created depending on how the viruses replicate. These include
109:, is a common and contagious disease caused by infection with
3795:
3552:
Vafaie J, Schwartz RA (August 2005). "Erythema infectiosum".
2738:
1922:
1819:
1720:
Leung AK, Lam JM, Barankin B, Leong KF, Hon KL (2023-04-28).
318:
165:
3454:
2507:
2310:
1242:
782:
4251:
4103:
2689:
2960:
2425:
2423:
2367:
248:
from maternal infection may also occur, which can lead to
4792:
4674:
3041:"Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) occurrence in Iowa"
1532:
436:
and found viral particles with similar size and shape to
2432:"Hematologic Manifestations of Parvovirus B19 Infection"
1325:
1034:
2420:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
3661:"Taxonomy, Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses"
2954:
2690:
Barah F, Whiteside S, Batista S, Morris J (May 2014).
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
4631:
1719:
1533:
Qiu J, Söderlund-Venermo M, Young NS (January 2017).
783:
Rogo LD, Mokhtari-Azad T, Kabir MH, Rezaei F (2014).
395:, a blood disorder, the infection can precipitate an
4884:
3212:
2926:
The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association
2607:"Erythema infectiosum (Fifth disease) and pregnancy"
2112:
2021:
The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association
1624:
1176:"Fifth disease or erythema infectiosum for children"
984:
647:"Clinical presentations of parvovirus B19 infection"
408:, are at a higher risk of parvovirus B19 infection.
2448:
King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre
1806:
4833:
3354:
2604:
2241:"Generation of a parvovirus B19 vaccine candidate"
1639:
1478:
1289:"Parvovirus B19: a Clinical and Diagnostic Review"
937:"Parvovirus b19 infection in pregnancy - A review"
2563:
2503:
2501:
2499:
5014:
3009:
1474:
1472:
1422:
644:
2790:"[Parvovirus B19 infections in adults]"
2215:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1990:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
1677:
1648:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
1398:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
1243:Karaduran B, Kumaş Solak S, Koruyucu M (2024).
985:Mogensen TH, Skouboe MK, Mølle I (April 2023).
593:
82:Red rash, especially on cheeks and harsh coughs
3551:
3034:
3032:
2963:"Airborne transmission of respiratory viruses"
2559:
2557:
2496:
1213:
1211:
1209:
728:
645:Servey JT, Reamy BV, Hodge J (February 2007).
640:
638:
636:
634:
632:
517:that eventually develop into red blood cells.
202:) may be at risk for complications if exposed.
4819:
4617:
4566:Asymmetric periflexural exanthem of childhood
3776:
3601:
2915:
2913:
2645:
1469:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1286:
589:
587:
585:
583:
27:Red rash due to infection with parvovirus B19
3164:"Fifth Disease Complications and Prevention"
2598:
2564:Abbasi N, Johnson JA, Ryan G (August 2017).
1245:"Dental Treatments Under General Anesthesia"
421:Fifth disease is caused by a virus known as
121:Parvovirus B19 is the only virus within the
3297:
3029:
2605:Mankuta D, Bar-Oz B, Koren G (March 1999).
2554:
1975:
1765:
1763:
1528:
1526:
1206:
778:
776:
774:
772:
629:
4826:
4812:
4624:
4610:
4369:Papular purpuric gloves and socks syndrome
3783:
3769:
3756:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3512:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2910:
2206:
1981:
1878:
1722:"Erythema Infectiosum: A Narrative Review"
1665:United States National Library of Medicine
1640:Kostolansky S, Waymack JR (31 July 2023).
1389:
1378:
1173:
934:
909:United States National Library of Medicine
580:
319:High risk/vulnerable population prevention
51:
3690:
3635:
3555:Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery
3482:
3472:
3431:
3421:
3372:
3355:Radauceanu A, Bouslama M (October 2020).
3331:
3321:
3230:
3115:
3105:
3064:
2986:
2937:
2919:
2764:
2715:
2622:
2581:
2570:Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology
2529:
2510:Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology
2455:
2436:Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Therapy
2403:
2385:
2370:"An Outbreak of Parvovirus B19 in Israel"
2344:
2183:
2165:
2089:
2040:
2014:
1958:
1940:
1896:
1855:
1837:
1599:
1558:
1506:
1496:
1444:
1287:Reno ML, Cox CR, Powell EA (2022-06-15).
1260:
1048:
800:
493:do. However, parvovirus B19 only infects
370:
1760:
1523:
1126:
769:
524:
485:. Parvovirus B19 used to be part of the
225:
154:
4040:Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
3658:
1772:Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health
1359:
1357:
14:
5015:
3519:from the original on 13 September 2024
3038:
2834:
1479:Manaresi E, Gallinella G (July 2019).
1086:Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey
729:Vafaie J, Schwartz RA (October 2004).
594:Sabella C, Goldfarb J (October 1999).
4807:
4605:
3764:
3703:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3256:
3252:
3250:
3140:"Fifth Disease | Winchester Hospital"
2869:
1918:
1916:
1769:
1282:
1280:
1129:"Exanthematous Eruptions in Children"
1041:Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics
1030:
1028:
935:Gigi CE, Anumba DO (September 2021).
438:parvoviruses that infect only animals
179:In pregnant people, infection in the
150:
4869:Fifth Disease (Erythema Infectiosum)
4764:Congenital cytomegalovirus infection
4655:Congenital cytomegalovirus infection
4571:Post-vaccination follicular eruption
3499:
1678:Botgros A, MacMahon E (2021-12-01).
1581:
1354:
980:
978:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
735:International Journal of Dermatology
724:
722:
720:
718:
3602:Heegaard ED, Brown KE (July 2002).
2285:
1319:
1225:. U.S. National Library of Medicine
1037:"Prenatal parvovirus B19 infection"
24:
5023:Virus-related cutaneous conditions
4240:
3590:
3534:
3247:
3219:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
1913:
1277:
1167:
1025:
25:
5044:
4633:Vertically transmitted infections
3745:
3045:American Journal of Public Health
2872:"Parvovirus-associated arthritis"
1738:10.2174/1573396320666230428104619
1305:10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2022.06.003
975:
915:
715:
700:from the original on 16 July 2024
416:
194:Those who are immunocompromised (
4586:Viral-associated trichodysplasia
3971:Modified varicella-like syndrome
3794:, symptoms and signs related to
2888:10.1097/00002281-200007000-00010
2292:Parvovirus B19 and Fifth Disease
1929:Journal of Personalized Medicine
1826:Journal of Personalized Medicine
1293:Clinical Microbiology Newsletter
785:"Human parvovirus B19: a review"
747:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02413.x
116:
4864:Fourth Disease (Dukes' Disease)
4293:Epidermodysplasia verruciformis
3652:
3448:
3397:
3348:
3206:
3181:
3156:
3132:
3081:
3003:
2876:Current Opinion in Rheumatology
2863:
2828:
2781:
2732:
2683:
2639:
2361:
2304:
2279:
2232:
2200:
2141:
2106:
2057:
2008:
1879:Ornoy A, Ergaz Z (March 2017).
1872:
1671:
1575:
1416:
1236:
1127:Young TK, Oza VS (2020-03-01).
1120:
1073:
991:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
361:
238:
4854:Second Disease (Scarlet Fever)
4835:Numbered Diseases of Childhood
4308:Verrucae palmares et plantares
3193:American Pregnancy Association
2920:Gryfe D, Wong C (April 2019).
2015:Gryfe D, Wong C (April 2019).
1192:10.5958/2249-3190.2019.00018.x
841:
817:
680:
354:leading to a condition called
13:
1:
4670:Congenital varicella syndrome
4525:Hand, foot, and mouth disease
4020:Cytomegalic inclusion disease
3722:10.1016/S0733-8635(01)00013-4
3620:10.1128/CMR.15.3.485-505.2002
3608:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
3410:BioMed Research International
3275:10.1016/S0733-8635(01)00013-4
3189:"Fifth Disease and Pregnancy"
2329:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01277-6
2257:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.06.062
1601:10.1136/jclinpath-2015-203455
1588:Journal of Clinical Pathology
1539:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1180:The Journal of Nursing Trendz
1082:"Parvovirus B19 in Pregnancy"
1003:10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00685-5
574:
301:
4537:Foot-and-mouth disease virus
3461:Tropical Medicine and Health
3039:Naides SJ (September 1988).
2806:10.1016/j.revmed.2022.08.005
2794:La Revue de Médecine Interne
2649:Journal of Clinical Virology
1680:"Erythrovirus B19 infection"
1145:10.3928/19382359-20200220-01
1098:10.1097/OGX.0000000000001263
953:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2021.07.046
559:List of cutaneous conditions
279:
259:
7:
4650:Congenital rubella syndrome
4581:Eruptive pseudoangiomatosis
4472:Congenital rubella syndrome
4217:Molluscum contagiosum virus
2696:Reviews in Medical Virology
2288:"Preventing Parvovirus B19"
2207:Kisling LA, Das JM (2024),
2082:10.1007/978-3-030-21267-4_9
1696:10.1016/j.mpmed.2021.09.012
1262:10.5505/yeditepe.2024.90377
731:"Parvovirus B19 infections"
596:"Parvovirus B19 infections"
552:
497:, so it is now part of the
332:
10:
5049:
3961:Disseminated herpes zoster
3899:Herpetic gingivostomatitis
3706:"Parvovirus B19: a review"
3474:10.1186/s41182-020-00284-x
3374:10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01549
3259:"Parvovirus B19: a review"
3144:www.winchesterhospital.org
2837:AIDS Patient Care and STDs
2757:10.1038/s41569-020-00435-x
2745:Nature Reviews. Cardiology
1982:Macri A, Crane JS (2021).
1390:Macri A, Crane JS (2021).
1050:10.1007/s00404-024-07644-6
411:
391:or other forms of chronic
4958:
4888:
4841:
4772:
4751:
4720:
4639:
4558:
4508:
4483:
4448:
4421:
4412:
4379:
4340:
4316:
4229:
4195:
4172:Bovine papular stomatitis
4151:
4070:
4059:
4028:
3983:
3929:
3907:
3837:
3826:
3815:
3806:
3802:
3568:10.1007/s10227-005-0101-8
2661:10.1016/j.jcv.2019.03.004
2611:Canadian Family Physician
2127:10.1016/j.pop.2015.08.006
1726:Current Pediatric Reviews
856:World Health Organization
651:American Family Physician
600:American Family Physician
442:single-stranded DNA virus
209:
86:
76:
64:
59:
50:
42:
37:
4591:Gianotti–Crosti syndrome
4392:Merkel cell polyomavirus
4278:Laryngeal papillomatosis
3864:Herpes simplex keratitis
3665:Encyclopedia of Virology
688:"Slapped cheek syndrome"
4874:Sixth Disease (Roseola)
4859:Third Disease (Rubella)
4849:First Disease (Measles)
4660:Neonatal herpes simplex
4542:Boston exanthem disease
4212:Yaba monkey tumor virus
3894:Herpetiform esophagitis
3874:Neonatal herpes simplex
2979:10.1126/science.abd9149
2870:Moore TL (2000-07-12).
2849:10.1089/108729100318082
2457:10.56875/2589-0646.1031
2209:"Prevention Strategies"
1249:Yeditepe Dental Journal
693:National Health Service
520:
450:family, which includes
3966:Zoster-associated pain
3704:Katta R (2002-04-01).
3673:10.1006/rwvi.1999.0277
3604:"Human Parvovirus B19"
3507:"About Parvovirus B19"
3323:10.3390/ijerph16081392
3257:Katta R (2002-04-01).
3107:10.3390/ijerph16081392
3057:10.2105/ajph.78.9.1230
1885:Birth Defects Research
1642:"Erythema Infectiosum"
1582:Kerr JR (April 2016).
802:10.4149/av_2014_03_199
530:
501:genus. One well-known
371:Vulnerable populations
231:
160:
107:slapped cheek syndrome
4398:Merkel cell carcinoma
4321:Bovine papillomavirus
1174:Leelavathy S (2019).
528:
356:pure red cell aplasia
326:Prevention strategies
246:Vertical transmission
230:Parvovirus B19 (B19V)
229:
158:
4495:Alphavirus infection
4359:Erythema infectiosum
4136:Progressive vaccinia
4126:Generalized vaccinia
3951:Herpes zoster oticus
3710:Dermatologic Clinics
3423:10.1155/2019/2757450
3263:Dermatologic Clinics
2323:(10364): 1663–1665.
1551:10.1128/CMR.00040-16
1535:"Human Parvoviruses"
271:direct hybridization
103:erythema infectiosum
38:Erythema infectiosum
18:Erythema infectiosum
4690:Congenital syphilis
3996:Human herpesvirus 6
3659:Fauquet CM (1999).
1942:10.3390/jpm14020139
1839:10.3390/jpm14020139
434:electron microscopy
389:sickle-cell disease
4959:External resources
4474:("German measles")
4288:Bowenoid papulosis
3859:Herpes gladiatorum
2286:CDC (2024-06-05).
2076:(5): e1474–e1502.
1898:10.1002/bdra.23588
1425:Prenatal Diagnosis
1328:Acta Haematologica
858:. pp. 77–82.
531:
232:
161:
151:Signs and symptoms
71:Infectious disease
5010:
5009:
4882:
4881:
4801:
4800:
4599:
4598:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4520:Coxsackie A virus
4500:Chikungunya fever
4408:
4407:
4364:Reticulocytopenia
4336:
4335:
4225:
4224:
4131:Eczema vaccinatum
4055:
4054:
4008:Exanthema subitum
3979:
3978:
3956:Ophthalmic zoster
3921:B virus infection
3889:Eczema herpeticum
3682:978-0-12-227030-7
2583:10.1002/uog.17555
2522:10.1002/uog.19092
2387:10.3390/v15112261
2251:(37): 3872–3878.
2167:10.3390/v15051124
1784:10.1111/jpc.15030
1498:10.3390/v11070659
1431:(13): 1722–1731.
1340:10.1159/000204365
696:. 18 April 2024.
507:Canine parvovirus
427:hepatitis B virus
96:
95:
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
5040:
4886:
4885:
4828:
4821:
4814:
4805:
4804:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4603:
4602:
4419:
4418:
4245:
4238:
4237:
4232:Papillomaviridae
4068:
4067:
4045:Kaposi's sarcoma
4013:Roseola vaccinia
3934:
3914:
3869:Herpetic sycosis
3854:Herpetic whitlow
3842:
3835:
3834:
3824:
3823:
3813:
3812:
3804:
3803:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3762:
3761:
3741:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3639:
3599:
3588:
3587:
3549:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3524:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3486:
3476:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3435:
3425:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3376:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3335:
3325:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3254:
3245:
3244:
3234:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3168:News-Medical.net
3160:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3119:
3109:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3068:
3051:(9): 1230–1231.
3036:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2990:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2941:
2917:
2908:
2907:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2768:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2719:
2708:10.1002/rmv.1782
2687:
2681:
2680:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2626:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2585:
2561:
2552:
2551:
2533:
2505:
2494:
2493:
2459:
2427:
2418:
2417:
2407:
2389:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2348:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2187:
2169:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2093:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2044:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1962:
1944:
1920:
1911:
1910:
1900:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1859:
1841:
1817:
1804:
1803:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1717:
1708:
1707:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1660:
1637:
1622:
1621:
1603:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1562:
1530:
1521:
1520:
1510:
1500:
1476:
1467:
1466:
1448:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1387:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1284:
1275:
1274:
1264:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1215:
1204:
1203:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1139:(3): e116–e123.
1133:Pediatric Annals
1124:
1118:
1117:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1052:
1032:
1023:
1022:
997:(4): e160–e165.
982:
973:
972:
932:
913:
912:
906:
904:
845:
839:
838:
836:
835:
821:
815:
814:
804:
780:
767:
766:
726:
713:
712:
707:
705:
684:
678:
677:
675:
674:
665:. Archived from
642:
627:
626:
624:
623:
614:. Archived from
606:(5): 1455–1460.
591:
444:and part of the
406:beta thalassemia
393:hemolytic anemia
291:Reye's syndrome.
101:, also known as
91:Human parvovirus
55:
35:
34:
21:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5005:
4954:
4953:
4897:
4883:
4878:
4837:
4832:
4802:
4797:
4768:
4747:
4716:
4635:
4630:
4600:
4595:
4576:Lipschütz ulcer
4546:
4504:
4479:
4444:
4424:Paramyxoviridae
4404:
4375:
4332:
4312:
4241:
4221:
4191:
4167:Milker's nodule
4147:
4099:Monkeypox virus
4051:
4024:
3975:
3930:
3925:
3908:
3903:
3838:
3798:
3792:Skin infections
3789:
3748:
3700:
3683:
3657:
3653:
3600:
3591:
3550:
3535:
3522:
3520:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3453:
3449:
3402:
3398:
3353:
3349:
3302:
3298:
3255:
3248:
3211:
3207:
3198:
3196:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3173:
3171:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3148:
3146:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3086:
3082:
3037:
3030:
3021:
3019:
3008:
3004:
2959:
2955:
2918:
2911:
2868:
2864:
2833:
2829:
2800:(12): 713–726.
2786:
2782:
2737:
2733:
2688:
2684:
2644:
2640:
2603:
2599:
2562:
2555:
2506:
2497:
2428:
2421:
2366:
2362:
2309:
2305:
2296:
2294:
2284:
2280:
2237:
2233:
2225:
2223:
2205:
2201:
2146:
2142:
2111:
2107:
2062:
2058:
2013:
2009:
2000:
1998:
1980:
1976:
1921:
1914:
1877:
1873:
1818:
1807:
1768:
1761:
1718:
1711:
1690:(12): 785–789.
1676:
1672:
1658:
1656:
1638:
1625:
1580:
1576:
1531:
1524:
1477:
1470:
1437:10.1002/pd.5819
1421:
1417:
1408:
1406:
1388:
1379:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1324:
1320:
1299:(12): 107–114.
1285:
1278:
1241:
1237:
1228:
1226:
1219:"Fifth Disease"
1217:
1216:
1207:
1172:
1168:
1125:
1121:
1078:
1074:
1033:
1026:
983:
976:
933:
916:
902:
900:
866:
846:
842:
833:
831:
829:medlineplus.gov
825:"Fifth Disease"
823:
822:
818:
789:Acta Virologica
781:
770:
741:(10): 747–749.
727:
716:
703:
701:
686:
685:
681:
672:
670:
643:
630:
621:
619:
592:
581:
577:
555:
523:
495:erythroid cells
432:The group used
419:
414:
397:aplastic crisis
387:In people with
373:
364:
335:
321:
304:
282:
262:
250:hydrops fetalis
241:
212:
185:hydrops fetalis
181:first trimester
153:
145:aplastic crisis
119:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5046:
5036:
5035:
5033:Viral diseases
5030:
5025:
5008:
5007:
5004:
5003:
4992:
4975:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4940:
4929:
4914:
4898:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:Classification
4880:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4838:
4831:
4830:
4823:
4816:
4808:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4779:
4777:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4755:
4753:
4752:Late pregnancy
4749:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4707:transplacental
4704:
4703:
4702:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4636:
4629:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4606:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4527:
4516:
4514:
4511:Picornaviridae
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4491:
4489:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4469:
4456:
4454:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4429:
4427:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4387:
4385:
4382:Polyomaviridae
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4353:Parvovirus B19
4348:
4346:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4326:Equine sarcoid
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4303:Pigmented wart
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4283:Butcher's wart
4280:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4263:
4261:Heck's disease
4258:
4248:
4246:
4235:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4159:
4157:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4116:Vaccinia virus
4113:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4078:
4076:
4065:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4036:
4034:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4010:
3991:
3989:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3937:
3935:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3917:
3915:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3879:Genital herpes
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3849:Herpes simplex
3845:
3843:
3832:
3821:
3810:
3800:
3799:
3788:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3752:Parvovirus B19
3747:
3746:External links
3744:
3743:
3742:
3716:(2): 333–342.
3699:
3698:
3681:
3651:
3614:(3): 485–505.
3589:
3562:(4): 159–161.
3533:
3498:
3447:
3396:
3367:(6): 733–756.
3347:
3296:
3269:(2): 333–342.
3246:
3232:10.1086/368382
3225:(4): 675–678.
3205:
3180:
3155:
3131:
3080:
3028:
3002:
2953:
2909:
2882:(4): 289–294.
2862:
2827:
2780:
2751:(3): 169–193.
2731:
2702:(3): 154–168.
2682:
2638:
2597:
2576:(2): 145–153.
2566:"Fetal anemia"
2553:
2516:(5): 569–576.
2495:
2419:
2360:
2303:
2278:
2231:
2199:
2140:
2121:(4): 517–567.
2105:
2056:
2007:
1984:"Parvoviruses"
1974:
1912:
1891:(5): 311–323.
1871:
1805:
1778:(5): 749–750.
1759:
1732:(4): 462–471.
1709:
1670:
1623:
1594:(4): 279–291.
1574:
1522:
1468:
1415:
1392:"Parvoviruses"
1377:
1353:
1318:
1276:
1235:
1205:
1166:
1119:
1092:(5): 281–289.
1072:
1024:
974:
914:
865:978-9241547857
864:
840:
816:
795:(3): 199–213.
768:
714:
679:
657:(3): 373–376.
628:
578:
576:
573:
572:
571:
566:
561:
554:
551:
547:Duke's disease
522:
519:
423:Parvovirus B19
418:
417:Parvovirus B19
415:
413:
410:
401:
400:
385:
381:
372:
369:
363:
360:
334:
331:
320:
317:
303:
300:
281:
278:
261:
258:
240:
237:
211:
208:
207:
206:
203:
192:
152:
149:
118:
115:
111:parvovirus B19
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
80:
74:
73:
68:
62:
61:
57:
56:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5045:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5002:
5001:Fifth disease
4998:
4997:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4985:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4969:
4965:
4964:
4961:
4957:
4950:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4899:
4896:
4891:
4887:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4829:
4824:
4822:
4817:
4815:
4810:
4809:
4806:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4783:Breastfeeding
4781:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4775:breastfeeding
4771:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4728:transcervical
4726:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4713:
4712:TORCH complex
4710:
4708:
4705:
4701:
4700:Toxoplasmosis
4698:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4680:Fifth disease
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4627:
4622:
4620:
4615:
4613:
4608:
4607:
4604:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4557:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4461:Rubella virus
4458:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4451:Matonaviridae
4447:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4298:Verruca plana
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3946:Herpes zoster
3944:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3928:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3818:Herpesviridae
3814:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3786:
3781:
3779:
3774:
3772:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3702:
3701:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3667:: 1730–1756.
3666:
3662:
3655:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3530:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3502:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3451:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3300:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3251:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
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3035:
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3017:
3013:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2989:
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2964:
2957:
2949:
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2927:
2923:
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2897:
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2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2823:
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2767:
2762:
2758:
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2746:
2742:
2735:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2558:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2531:11392/2395182
2527:
2523:
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2500:
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2483:
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2441:
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2426:
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2415:
2411:
2406:
2401:
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2379:
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2250:
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2222:
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2203:
2195:
2191:
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2177:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
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2067:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1917:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1886:
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1875:
1867:
1863:
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1849:
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1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1545:(1): 43–113.
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1527:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1486:
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1397:
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1314:
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1306:
1302:
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1281:
1272:
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1138:
1134:
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1123:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
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1068:
1064:
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1056:
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1038:
1031:
1029:
1020:
1016:
1012:
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1004:
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992:
988:
981:
979:
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966:
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950:
946:
942:
938:
931:
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927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
910:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
861:
857:
853:
852:
844:
830:
826:
820:
812:
808:
803:
798:
794:
790:
786:
779:
777:
775:
773:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
725:
723:
721:
719:
711:
699:
695:
694:
689:
683:
669:on 2008-08-21
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
618:on 2008-05-14
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
590:
588:
586:
584:
579:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
556:
550:
548:
544:
540:
539:scarlet fever
536:
527:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
471:
467:
466:
461:
460:
455:
454:
449:
448:
443:
439:
435:
431:
428:
424:
409:
407:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
377:
376:
368:
359:
357:
351:
347:
343:
339:
330:
327:
316:
312:
308:
299:
295:
292:
288:
277:
274:
272:
268:
257:
253:
251:
247:
236:
228:
224:
220:
216:
204:
201:
197:
193:
190:
186:
182:
178:
177:
176:
173:
169:
167:
157:
148:
146:
142:
138:
132:
129:
126:
125:
117:Pathogenicity
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
99:Fifth disease
92:
89:
85:
81:
79:
75:
72:
69:
67:
63:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
4994:
4977:
4966:
4942:
4931:
4916:
4901:
4868:
4788:Tuberculosis
4721:During birth
4679:
4509:
4484:
4459:
4449:
4422:
4390:
4380:
4358:
4351:
4343:Parvoviridae
4341:
4266:Genital wart
4256:plantar wart
4230:
4203:Yatapoxvirus
4177:Pseudocowpox
4163:Farmyard pox
4152:
4071:
4060:
4029:
4002:Roseolovirus
4000:
3994:
3984:
3909:
3827:
3816:
3713:
3709:
3664:
3654:
3611:
3607:
3559:
3553:
3528:
3523:14 September
3521:. Retrieved
3510:
3501:
3464:
3460:
3450:
3413:
3409:
3399:
3364:
3360:
3350:
3313:
3309:
3299:
3266:
3262:
3222:
3218:
3208:
3197:. Retrieved
3195:. 2014-07-25
3192:
3183:
3172:. Retrieved
3170:. 2018-10-16
3167:
3158:
3147:. Retrieved
3143:
3134:
3097:
3093:
3083:
3048:
3044:
3020:. Retrieved
3015:
3005:
2970:
2966:
2956:
2932:(1): 44–50.
2929:
2925:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2797:
2793:
2783:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2573:
2569:
2513:
2509:
2439:
2435:
2380:(11): 2261.
2377:
2373:
2363:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2295:. Retrieved
2291:
2281:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2224:, retrieved
2212:
2202:
2157:
2153:
2143:
2118:
2115:Primary Care
2114:
2108:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2027:(1): 44–50.
2024:
2020:
2010:
1999:. Retrieved
1987:
1977:
1932:
1928:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1829:
1825:
1775:
1771:
1729:
1725:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1663:– via
1657:. Retrieved
1645:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1542:
1538:
1488:
1484:
1446:11343/276375
1428:
1424:
1418:
1407:. Retrieved
1395:
1369:. Retrieved
1331:
1327:
1321:
1296:
1292:
1255:(2): 60–64.
1252:
1248:
1238:
1227:. Retrieved
1222:
1183:
1179:
1169:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1089:
1085:
1075:
1040:
994:
990:
944:
940:
907:– via
901:. Retrieved
850:
843:
832:. Retrieved
828:
819:
792:
788:
738:
734:
709:
702:. Retrieved
691:
682:
671:. Retrieved
667:the original
654:
650:
620:. Retrieved
616:the original
603:
599:
532:
506:
502:
499:Erythrovirus
498:
491:Dependovirus
490:
486:
483:Erythrovirus
482:
479:Dependovirus
478:
474:
470:Parvoviridae
469:
465:Densovirinae
463:
459:Parvovirinae
457:
453:Parvoviridae
451:
447:Parvoviridae
445:
430:
420:
402:
374:
365:
362:Epidemiology
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
322:
313:
309:
305:
296:
287:Antipyretics
283:
275:
263:
254:
242:
239:Transmission
233:
221:
217:
213:
200:chemotherapy
174:
170:
162:
133:
124:Parvoviridae
122:
120:
106:
102:
98:
97:
29:
4968:MedlinePlus
4759:Listeriosis
4743:Listeriosis
4733:Candidiasis
4665:Hepatitis B
4640:Gestational
4486:Togaviridae
3416:: 2757450.
3316:(8): 1392.
3100:(8): 1392.
3018:. WebMD LLC
2843:(1): 7–11.
2617:: 603–605.
2450:: 316–322.
2160:(5): 1124.
1646:StatPearls
1334:(1): 8–12.
1223:MedlinePlus
947:: 358–362.
189:miscarriage
141:arthralgias
137:miscarriage
43:Other names
5028:Pediatrics
5017:Categories
4996:Patient UK
4944:DiseasesDB
4530:Herpangina
4143:Buffalopox
4062:Poxviridae
3941:Chickenpox
3199:2021-12-02
3174:2021-12-02
3149:2021-12-02
3022:2021-12-02
2297:2024-07-30
2226:2024-07-30
2213:StatPearls
2070:Pediatrics
2001:2021-07-30
1988:StatPearls
1935:(2): 139.
1832:(2): 139.
1491:(7): 659.
1409:2021-07-30
1396:StatPearls
1371:2020-10-29
1229:2020-10-29
874:2010411056
834:2024-08-01
673:2009-11-06
622:2009-11-06
575:References
515:stem cells
503:Parvovirus
487:Parvovirus
475:Parvovirus
302:Prevention
256:products.
4984:emerg/378
4979:eMedicine
4738:Gonorrhea
4686:Bacteria
4559:Ungrouped
4414:RNA virus
4104:Monkeypox
3884:Cold sore
3808:DNA virus
3730:0733-8635
3628:0893-8512
3576:1203-4754
3467:(1): 96.
3391:222214665
3283:0733-8635
2896:1040-8711
2814:1768-3122
2655:: 12–20.
2490:259238819
2474:1658-3876
2466:2589-0646
2396:1999-4915
2337:0140-6736
2265:0264-410X
2176:1999-4915
2033:0008-3194
1951:2075-4426
1848:2075-4426
1800:220850754
1746:1875-6336
1704:1357-3039
1659:19 August
1463:221365636
1313:0196-4399
1271:1307-8593
1200:2229-6255
1186:(2): 34.
1153:1938-2359
1106:1533-9866
1059:1432-0711
1011:1474-4457
961:1872-7654
890:25137197M
882:531098294
755:0011-9059
704:18 August
513:on human
511:P-antigen
505:includes
350:results.
280:Treatment
260:Diagnosis
66:Specialty
4987:derm/136
4842:Diseases
4646:Viruses
4121:Vaccinia
4092:Alastrim
4087:Smallpox
3738:12120446
3646:12097253
3584:16502203
3517:Archived
3493:33292852
3442:31886191
3383:33029027
3342:30999694
3291:12120446
3241:12599085
3126:30999694
3016:Medscape
2997:34446582
2973:(6558).
2948:31057177
2904:10910181
2857:12240888
2822:36088203
2775:33046850
2726:24459081
2677:85445732
2669:30897374
2633:10099795
2592:28782230
2548:29170698
2540:29785793
2482:37363985
2414:38005937
2405:10674631
2355:35843260
2273:23827313
2221:30725907
2194:37243210
2185:10223798
2135:26612372
2100:25349312
2051:31057177
1996:29489222
1969:38392573
1960:10890458
1907:28398685
1866:38392573
1857:10890458
1792:32722887
1754:37132144
1684:Medicine
1654:30020681
1618:30319239
1610:26644521
1569:27806994
1517:31323869
1455:32860469
1404:29489222
1161:32155277
1114:38764205
1067:39073431
1019:36436534
969:34391051
903:1 August
898:71112629
811:25283854
763:15485533
698:Archived
663:17304869
612:10524489
553:See also
333:Outcomes
196:HIV/AIDS
78:Symptoms
4990:ped/192
4938:D016731
4467:Rubella
4438:Measles
4207:Tanapox
4187:Sealpox
4082:Variola
3911:B virus
3796:viruses
3754:at the
3692:7149719
3515:. n.d.
3484:7709306
3433:6925911
3333:6517978
3117:6517978
3075:2841879
3066:1349405
2988:8721651
2967:Science
2939:6493208
2766:7548534
2717:4238837
2624:2328398
2374:Viruses
2346:9282759
2245:Vaccine
2154:Viruses
2091:7123921
2042:6493208
1560:5217800
1508:6669595
1485:Viruses
1348:8237278
564:Roseola
543:rubella
535:measles
468:. The
456:family
412:History
4973:000977
4696:Other
4111:Cowpox
4073:Ortho.
4031:Gamma.
3829:Alpha.
3736:
3728:
3689:
3679:
3644:
3637:118081
3634:
3626:
3582:
3574:
3491:
3481:
3440:
3430:
3389:
3381:
3340:
3330:
3289:
3281:
3239:
3124:
3114:
3073:
3063:
2995:
2985:
2946:
2936:
2902:
2894:
2855:
2820:
2812:
2773:
2763:
2724:
2714:
2675:
2667:
2631:
2621:
2590:
2546:
2538:
2488:
2480:
2472:
2464:
2444:Riyadh
2412:
2402:
2394:
2353:
2343:
2335:
2317:Lancet
2271:
2263:
2219:
2192:
2182:
2174:
2133:
2098:
2088:
2049:
2039:
2031:
1994:
1967:
1957:
1949:
1905:
1864:
1854:
1846:
1798:
1790:
1752:
1744:
1702:
1652:
1616:
1608:
1567:
1557:
1515:
1505:
1461:
1453:
1402:
1346:
1311:
1269:
1198:
1159:
1151:
1112:
1104:
1065:
1057:
1017:
1009:
967:
959:
896:
888:
880:
872:
862:
809:
761:
753:
661:
610:
569:Virals
545:, and
481:, and
210:Causes
166:cheeks
128:family
87:Causes
4927:057.0
4912:B08.3
4271:giant
4196:Other
4154:Para.
3986:Beta.
3387:S2CID
2673:S2CID
2544:S2CID
2486:S2CID
2462:eISSN
2442:(4).
1796:S2CID
1614:S2CID
1459:S2CID
894:S2CID
269:) or
4949:4442
4933:MeSH
4922:9-CM
4252:Wart
3734:PMID
3726:ISSN
3677:ISBN
3642:PMID
3624:ISSN
3580:PMID
3572:ISSN
3525:2024
3489:PMID
3438:PMID
3414:2019
3379:PMID
3338:PMID
3287:PMID
3279:ISSN
3237:PMID
3122:PMID
3071:PMID
2993:PMID
2944:PMID
2900:PMID
2892:ISSN
2853:PMID
2818:PMID
2810:ISSN
2771:PMID
2722:PMID
2665:PMID
2629:PMID
2588:PMID
2536:PMID
2478:PMID
2470:ISSN
2410:PMID
2392:ISSN
2351:PMID
2333:ISSN
2269:PMID
2261:ISSN
2217:PMID
2190:PMID
2172:ISSN
2131:PMID
2096:PMID
2047:PMID
2029:ISSN
1992:PMID
1965:PMID
1947:ISSN
1903:PMID
1862:PMID
1844:ISSN
1788:PMID
1750:PMID
1742:ISSN
1700:ISSN
1661:2024
1650:PMID
1606:PMID
1565:PMID
1513:PMID
1451:PMID
1400:PMID
1344:PMID
1309:ISSN
1267:ISSN
1196:ISSN
1157:PMID
1149:ISSN
1110:PMID
1102:ISSN
1063:PMID
1055:ISSN
1015:PMID
1007:ISSN
965:PMID
957:ISSN
905:2024
878:OCLC
870:LCCN
860:ISBN
807:PMID
759:PMID
751:ISSN
706:2024
659:PMID
608:PMID
521:Name
462:and
105:and
4918:ICD
4903:ICD
4793:HIV
4773:By
4675:HIV
4433:MeV
4243:HPV
4182:Orf
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