35:
403:
in general is known to act destructively toward to the symbiotic relationship between the ant colonies and their fungus gardens. It was only established as a symbiont of this ant-fungus mutualism proceeding studies that consistently isolated the fungus. However, the leafcutter ants have a defense
394:
This genus describes a parasitic fungus capable of horizontally transmitting between colonies, which can affect any of the 47 species of ants commonly known as the leafcutter ants, which are widespread in parts of the
Americas. The fungus transmits itself between colonies by utilizing infected
441:, some more virulent than others, while the fungal cultivar only created a single cluster or clade. This means that the ants in the colonies would be able to reduce, eliminate, and defend against the fungal cultivar much easier and quicker than it would be able to for
460:
colonies have a hierarchal system of workers and use chemical secretions through metapleural glands, which are capable of producing much phenylacetic acid, an antimicrobial agent. A study demonstrated how the smallest worker ants were able to lower growth rates of
763:
Fernandez-Marin, Hermogenes, et al. "Functional Role of
Phenylacetic Acid from Metapleural Gland Secretions in Controlling Fungal Pathogens in Evolutionarily Derived Leaf-Cutting Ants."
351:
231:
469:
from leafcutter ants is not as affected by the acid than that from more basic fungus-growing ants, meaning that there is a need to control the growth of the parasitic
335:
207:
225:
43:
323:
213:
382:
201:
317:
219:
195:
456:
Leafcutter ants communicate through exchanges of chemicals and secrete chemicals made from actinomycete bacteria in order to protect their colonies. The
329:
237:
897:
586:
149:
689:
923:
153:
629:
884:
54:
mono- and polycephalous without “swollen cells” C–F Conidiophores mono- and polycephalous with “swollen cells” (red arrows) G, H
380:
such as the type and physicality of the conidiophores and conidiogenous cells and the DNA sequences. They named the species
361:. It was determined to be a species independent of the other five species because of its complex branch system and varying
671:
Meirelles, L. A., et al. "New Light on the
Systematics of Fungi Associated with Attine Ant Gardens and the Description of
421:
in Costa Rica are "better suited" to invade and induce their parasitic effects on the ant colonies (specifically from the
928:
964:
746:
Wallace, D. E. E., J. G. V. Asensio, and A. A. P. Tomas. "Correlation between
Virulence and Genetic Structure of
55:
34:
690:
http://www.zompopas.com/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D9%26Itemid%3D7%26lang%3Den
453:
agent for the population of these leafcutter ants, which are considered agricultural pests in these areas.
47:
717:
465:
spores that were placed into the ants’ fungus garden with this phenylacetic acid. Bioassays showed that
289:
578:
341:
189:
876:
780:
969:
414:
311:, four of which came from ant colonies in Brazil and the fifth of which came from Trinidad. These
609:
798:
902:
941:
974:
858:
836:
376:. The scientists that conducted this research also noticed distinguishable features of the
732:"Insect Symbioses: A Case Study of Past, Present, and Future Fungus-Growing Ant Research."
8:
357:
520:
493:
246:
70:
936:
845:
704:
560:
525:
404:
mechanism against the parasitic fungus, an antifungal actinobacteria from the genus
850:
552:
515:
505:
292:
with a single identified species in 1990; in 2013 three other species were added.
821:
105:
368:
A separate study published in
January 2015 also looked at the lower attine ant,
871:
786:
731:
406:
285:
510:
958:
556:
445:
strains. According to the scientists that undertook the study, the coevolved
259:
417:, San Pedro de Montes de Oca produced results that indicated how strains of
529:
362:
301:
162:
129:
51:
564:
433:) than selectively bred fungus. This was concluded from the fact that the
830:
281:
117:
889:
450:
307:
295:
In an early 2015 published study, scientists collected five species of
93:
543:
Kreisel H. (1972). "Pilze aus Pilzgärten von Atta insularis in Kuba".
492:
Montoya QV, Martiarena MJ, Polezel DA, Kakazu S, Rodrigues A (2019).
399:
have been formally made known, although the other rising species and
915:
792:
910:
815:
59:
63:
863:
571:
422:
491:
607:
438:
277:
81:
473:
fungus because of its virulence as a potential pathogen.
750:
Strains from Leaf-Cutting Ant
Colonies in Costa Rica."
654:
Sp Nov., Isolated from a Nest of the Lower Attine Ant
395:
external material. Only two species of the pathogenic
614:, a new genus from leaf cutting ant nests to replace
355:) isolated and derived from the lower attine ant,
956:
487:
485:
284:species that rely on other fungi to be their
601:
536:
498:species from fungus gardens of attine ants"
482:
372:, in Brazil and found four strains for the
542:
33:
519:
509:
299:from both genera of fungus-growing ants,
280:of seven formally acknowledged parasitic
545:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Allgemeine Mikrobiologie
585:. Species Fungorum. CAB International.
494:"More pieces to a huge puzzle: Two new
957:
724:
632:from the original on 23 September 2015
608:Muchovej JJ, Della Lucia TMC. (1990).
797:
796:
176:J.J.Muchovej & Della Lucia (1990)
589:from the original on 17 January 2022
437:strains created several clusters or
13:
14:
986:
773:
765:Proceedings: Biological Sciences
583:J.J. Muchovej & Della Lucia"
345:. The research revealed another
757:
365:, which lack typical swelling.
740:
682:
665:
644:
1:
476:
389:
650:Masiulionis, V. E., et al. "
7:
10:
991:
652:Escovopsis trichodermoides
805:
511:10.3897/mycokeys.46.30951
413:A study conducted at the
252:
245:
186:
181:
168:
161:
71:Scientific classification
69:
41:
32:
25:
735:Environmental Entomology
557:10.1002/jobm.19720120805
415:University of Costa Rica
767:282.1807 (2015). Print.
730:Caldera, E. J., et al.
660:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
352:E. trichodermoides
965:Sordariomycetes genera
342:E. aspergilloides
288:. This genus formally
44:Escovopsis multiformis
662:107.3 (2015): 731–40.
336:E. lentecrescens
754:160 (2014): 1727–36.
673:Escovopsis Kreiselii
383:Escovopsis kreiselii
370:Mycetophylax morschi
737:38.1 (2009): 78–92.
656:Mycocepurus Goeldii
358:Mycocepurus goeldii
324:E. microspora
232:E. trichodermoides
952:
951:
937:Open Tree of Life
799:Taxon identifiers
712:Missing or empty
449:can be used as a
425:tribe and genera
315:species included
269:
268:
263:
190:E. aspergilloides
171:Escovopsis weberi
982:
945:
944:
932:
931:
919:
918:
906:
905:
893:
892:
880:
879:
867:
866:
854:
853:
841:
840:
839:
826:
825:
824:
794:
793:
768:
761:
755:
752:Microbiology-Sgm
744:
738:
728:
722:
721:
715:
710:
708:
700:
698:
696:
686:
680:
679:10.1 (2015): 14.
669:
663:
648:
642:
641:
639:
637:
618:nomen invalidum"
605:
599:
598:
596:
594:
575:
569:
568:
540:
534:
533:
523:
513:
489:
318:E. moelleri
258:
208:E. lentecrescens
37:
23:
22:
990:
989:
985:
984:
983:
981:
980:
979:
970:Parasitic fungi
955:
954:
953:
948:
940:
935:
927:
922:
914:
909:
901:
896:
888:
883:
875:
870:
862:
857:
849:
844:
835:
834:
829:
820:
819:
814:
801:
776:
771:
762:
758:
745:
741:
729:
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713:
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702:
701:
694:
692:
688:
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683:
670:
666:
649:
645:
635:
633:
606:
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592:
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576:
572:
541:
537:
490:
483:
479:
392:
235:
229:
223:
217:
211:
205:
199:
193:
177:
174:
157:
147:
146:
132:
120:
108:
106:Sordariomycetes
96:
84:
19:
12:
11:
5:
988:
978:
977:
972:
967:
950:
949:
947:
946:
933:
920:
907:
894:
881:
868:
855:
842:
827:
811:
809:
803:
802:
791:
790:
787:Index Fungorum
775:
774:External links
772:
770:
769:
756:
739:
723:
681:
664:
643:
600:
570:
535:
480:
478:
475:
407:Pseudonocardia
391:
388:
330:E. weberi
267:
266:
265:
264:
250:
249:
243:
242:
226:E. multiformis
184:
183:
179:
178:
175:
166:
165:
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97:
92:
90:
86:
85:
80:
78:
74:
73:
67:
66:
39:
38:
30:
29:
18:Genus of fungi
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
987:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
962:
960:
943:
938:
934:
930:
925:
921:
917:
912:
908:
904:
899:
895:
891:
886:
882:
878:
873:
869:
865:
860:
856:
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847:
843:
838:
832:
828:
823:
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783:
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777:
766:
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753:
749:
743:
736:
733:
727:
719:
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691:
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678:
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647:
631:
627:
623:
619:
617:
613:
604:
588:
584:
582:
574:
566:
562:
558:
554:
551:(8): 643–54.
550:
547:(in German).
546:
539:
531:
527:
522:
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512:
507:
503:
499:
497:
488:
486:
481:
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472:
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448:
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436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
408:
402:
398:
387:
385:
384:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
363:conidiophores
360:
359:
354:
353:
348:
344:
343:
338:
337:
332:
331:
326:
325:
320:
319:
314:
310:
309:
304:
303:
298:
293:
291:
290:circumscribed
287:
283:
279:
275:
274:
261:
257:
254:
253:
251:
248:
244:
241:
240:
239:
234:
233:
228:
227:
222:
221:
216:
215:
214:E. microspora
210:
209:
204:
203:
198:
197:
192:
191:
185:
180:
173:
172:
167:
164:
160:
155:
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139:
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127:
124:
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119:
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107:
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99:
95:
91:
88:
87:
83:
79:
76:
75:
72:
68:
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:Conidiophores
49:
46:
45:
40:
36:
31:
28:
24:
21:
16:
806:
785:
779:
764:
759:
751:
747:
742:
734:
726:
714:|title=
693:. Retrieved
684:
676:
672:
667:
659:
655:
651:
646:
634:. Retrieved
625:
621:
616:Phialocladus
615:
611:
603:
591:. Retrieved
580:
573:
548:
544:
538:
504:(46): 1–22.
501:
495:
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346:
340:
334:
328:
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296:
294:
272:
271:
270:
256:Phialocladus
255:
236:
230:
224:
218:
212:
206:
202:E. kreiselii
200:
194:
188:
187:
170:
169:
163:Type species
150:J.J.Muchovej
142:
141:
130:Hypocreaceae
50:images A, B
42:
26:
20:
15:
975:Myrmecology
831:Wikispecies
628:: 191–195.
579:"Synonymy:
282:microfungus
220:E. moelleri
154:Della Lucia
118:Hypocreales
959:Categories
837:Escovopsis
807:Escovopsis
781:Escovopsis
748:Escovopsis
612:Escovopsis
581:Escovopsis
496:Escovopsis
477:References
471:Escovopsis
467:Escovopsis
463:Escovopsis
451:biocontrol
447:Escovopsis
443:Escovopsis
435:Escovopsis
431:Acromyrmex
419:Escovopsis
401:Escovopsis
397:Escovopsis
390:Parasitism
378:Escovopsis
374:Escovopsis
347:Escovopsis
313:Escovopsis
308:Acromyrmex
297:Escovopsis
273:Escovopsis
196:E. clavata
143:Escovopsis
94:Ascomycota
89:Division:
27:Escovopsis
822:Q10489035
622:Mycotaxon
349:species (
238:E. weberi
77:Kingdom:
60:Phialides
911:MycoBank
872:Fungorum
816:Wikidata
705:cite web
677:PLOS ONE
675:Sp Nov."
630:Archived
587:Archived
530:30814906
502:MycoKeys
247:Synonyms
182:Species
125:Family:
56:Vesicles
903:1325420
890:2562243
565:4664531
521:6389644
260:Kreisel
137:Genus:
113:Order:
101:Class:
64:Conidia
942:920213
929:150372
864:100237
695:1 June
636:2 June
593:2 June
563:
528:
518:
439:clades
423:Attini
339:, and
262:(1972)
156:(1990)
152:&
916:11249
898:IRMNG
877:11249
851:62RDC
286:hosts
278:genus
276:is a
82:Fungi
924:NCBI
885:GBIF
718:help
697:2015
638:2015
595:2015
561:PMID
526:PMID
458:Atta
429:and
427:Atta
305:and
302:Atta
859:EoL
846:CoL
784:in
658:."
553:doi
516:PMC
506:doi
48:SEM
961::
939::
926::
913::
900::
887::
874::
861::
848::
833::
818::
709::
707:}}
703:{{
626:37
624:.
620:.
559:.
549:12
524:.
514:.
500:.
484:^
410:.
386:.
333:,
327:,
321:,
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58:I
720:)
716:(
699:.
640:.
610:"
597:.
567:.
555::
532:.
508::
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