292:, which is distinguished by its cultural heritage, particularly its literature, language, dress and religious observances. After the Eskaya first came to public attention in 1980, these cultural practices were the subject of intense speculation on the part of local journalists and amateur historians who made diverse claims about the ethnolinguistic status of the Eskaya people. The unique Eskayan language and writing system in particular has been a source of fascination and controversy. Some journalists argued that the Eskaya were historically displaced from the Middle East, while others suggested that the community was a cult speaking an invented language. According to Eskaya mythology, the language and script was created through divine inspiration by the ancestor Pinay who based it on the human body. Suppressed by the Spanish colonists, Pinay's language was said to have resurfaced under the leadership of Mariano Datahan (ca. 1875–January 17,1949), a veteran of Bohol's republican army. Although the historical existence of Pinay cannot be confirmed, more recent studies that combined linguistic analysis with oral history and genealogical research provide evidence that the Eskaya language was most likely created and disseminated within a generation by a charismatic individual. Today, the Eskaya are officially classified as an
64:
161:
615:
435:, or bishop, is responsible for performing harvest ceremonies and other rituals such as house blessing. Before a house can be constructed, a ritual is performed in which a spiritual leader asks the permission of the spirits. If permission is not granted, the builder must select a new site. The Eskaya also retain spiritual traditions once widespread in lowland
137:
358:
is the dominantly used language among the languages spoken by the members of the
Eskayan tribe. This variety is used in their close familial interactions, in their conversations with their neighbors in the community, in their transactions in the barangay, school meetings, social gatherings, church
454:
Formerly, Eskaya men would wear shirts made of piña raffia with a
Chinese-style collar, black breeches, and cotton berets. Women wore piña dresses with bulging sleeves similar to the Spanish-influenced Boholano style (mostly in Biabas) and covered their hair with cotton habits (mostly in Taytay).
328:) was founded by Fabian Baja in accordance with Datahan's directions. Significant Eskaya populations are now also found in the nearby townships of Canta-ub, Lundag, Tambongan, Cadapdapan, and Fatimah. In 1996, the Eskaya community was awarded a certificate of Ancestral Domain Claim by President
455:
Traditionally, women were not permitted to cut their hair short nor wear trousers, and drinking and dancing were universally prohibited. For the most part these customs have been discontinued, however traditional dress is sometimes worn on
Sundays and special occasions.
622:
Although the Eskaya had been known to people living in the vicinity of Bohol's southeast highlands prior to World War II, it was only in the early 1980s that they came to wider public attention when government agricultural advisers toured the province to introduce
470:
Eskaya literature was first dictated for transcription by
Mariano Datahan whose words were recorded by personal scribes. These texts – which comprise local oral history and regional folklore – have sometimes been referred to by journalists as the
889:
An act to recognize, protect and promote the rights of indigenous cultural communities/indigenous people, creating a national commission of indigenous people, establishing implementing mechanisms, appropriating funds therefor, and for other
745:
in the lead role. The story concerns a wealthy, influential
American who is wrongfully implicated in a crime. To prove his innocence he tracks the only witness to the crime into the forests of Bohol where he encounters the Eskaya tribe.
659:
group and the classification of the
Eskayan language. Intense speculation in the 1980s and 1990s on the part of journalists and lay historians generated a number of theories that continue to be elaborated without resolution.
300:(Republic Act No. 8371). A number of reports have suggested that Eskaya linguistic and cultural education has been in steady decline since the mid-1980s, although promising revitalisation efforts have also been documented.
367:
which is used for prayers, songs, and formal speeches. Lexically, Eskayan shows no clear relationship with any known language (however, considered to be an encryption of
Cebuano) although there is strong but inconsistent
642:
in 1937; and the resistance hero Col. Esteban
Bernido records a meeting with Datahan in Biabas in 1944. A project to document the history of the Eskaya community via the Eskayan language is presently being undertaken at
458:
At weddings the parents of the bride offer the couple a glass of water and a comb. The comb is dipped in the water and run through the hair of both bride and groom. Rice is then showered on the couple, connoting plenty.
487:. The Eskaya stories are fundamental to the community's understanding of itself, particularly its origins, belief systems, and practices. One legend tells of how the group first arrived in Bohol from
423:
in about 1902. Community members revere the entity Suno which is conflated with the Santo Niño, and in addition to weekly church services they are served by appointed spiritual leaders known as
1470:
495:
before moving east. Various other
Eskayan legends recount the stories of Boholano kings and heroes; a few of these stories even make reference to actual historical figures such as
598:. Identical texts sometimes go by different names and larger texts may subsume smaller ones. Brenda Abregana, a former curator of the Bohol Museum, has mentioned a folded book of
1342:
1789:
630:
As far as documented evidence is concerned, genealogies attest that many of the predecessors of those living in the communities today originally came from the town of
627:
policies. Local journalists and researchers have since suggested various theories on the origins of the Eskaya but there is still no broad consensus on the subject.
256:
1228:
332:. An official census of the Eskaya population has not yet been made. One report estimates that in 1991 there were 130 Eskaya families living in Bohol.
1308:. The 42nd Australian Linguistic Society Conference Proceedings – 2011 (Canberra, 2-4 Dec 2011). Canberra: ANU Research Repository. pp. 180–222.
1273:
Kelly, Piers (2012a). "Your word against mine: How a rebel language and script of the
Philippines was created, suppressed, recovered and contested".
729:
mentioned that he was interested in producing a feature film on the Eskaya. The following month, Montano announced a working title for his project,
1532:
634:
on Bohol's western coast; Mariano Datahan is reported to have arrived at the site of present-day Biabas at the turn of the twentieth century; The
206:
1524:
1782:
1381:
462:
Until recently, the Eskaya practised a form of communal farming in which a portion of land was tilled for the benefit of the whole community.
383:
of over 1,000 characters, all modeled on parts of the human body including internal organs. This unique script has been compared variously to
1459:
249:
663:
It has been argued variously that the Eskaya are a remnant of the original indigenous settlers on Bohol; that they migrated to Bohol from
1607:
678:
Some of the more unusual proposals are that the Eskaya people are a Semitic proto-Christian tribe; that they possess the lost book of
1775:
297:
1502:
1493:
787:"2010 Census of Population and Housing, Report No. 2A: Demographic and Housing Characteristics (Non-Sample Variables) - Philippines"
1450:
1398:
242:
945:
511:. As part of their cultural education, students must transcribe five of these texts into lined textbooks at the Eskaya schools.
2404:
2440:
2343:
1819:
293:
225:
2435:
2430:
1258:
2389:
1549:
1424:
Tirol, Jes B. (1991). "Eskaya of Bohol: Traces of Hebrew Influence Paving the Way For Easy Christianization of Bohol".
936:
Stella Marie de los Santos Consul. "Iniskaya: A linear linguistic description." Cebu Normal University. September, 2005
1798:
1514:
1306:
The morphosyntax of a created language of the Philippines: Folk linguistic effects and the limits of relexification
199:
2477:
1600:
171:
150:
2369:
2316:
1086:
Genealogy archives, Office of the President of the Philippines National Commission on Indigenous Peoples, Bohol
655:
The Eskaya community has been the object of ongoing controversy, particularly with regards to its status as an
644:
2338:
635:
420:
359:
rituals and in the trade and commerce. However, they are better known for their auxiliary language, known as
104:
2333:
192:
1475:
2399:
2374:
185:
1555:
2425:
2384:
2379:
2274:
2241:
1593:
733:, and discussed his casting preferences which included the possibility of A-list Hollywood actors like
786:
686:'s temple; that their existence proves the imminence of a second Messiah in Bohol; or that they guard
308:
Most members of the Eskaya community inhabit a mountainous area that intersects the municipalities of
320:
in the once-forested region of Bohol's southeast interior. The original Eskaya settlement in Biabas (
178:
675:
or secret society; or that they are a conscious reconstruction of an imagined pre-colonial society.
2394:
1469:
Martinez, Cristina Double Marginalization and Speaking Back: A Reading of Three Post-Colonial Texts
1456:
667:
in the seventh century A.D.; that they are descendants of the resistance groups that fought under
2472:
451:
in the volunteer schools is one of the few remaining cultural practices of the Eskaya community.
1346:
1321:
Logarta, Margarita Torralba (5 September 1981). "The Eskaya Cult: Children of a Lost Language".
1198:
713:, lending weight to the theory that Eskayan is actually an auxiliary variety of this language.
17:
2006:
1534:
Lexical Retrieval in L1, L2, L3, and L4 of the Bilingual Eskayan Tribe in Taytay, Duero, Bohol
1435:
Lexical Retrieval in L1, L2, L3, and L4 of the Bilingual Eskayan Tribe in Taytay, Duero, Bohol
1506:
1544:. Baguio City: Cordillera Studies Center, University of the Philippines. pp. 221–238.
8:
1485:
1333:
Gahum Ug Gubat: A Study Of Eskayan Texts, Symbolic Subversion And Cultural Constructivity
384:
128:
1890:
1682:
1390:
693:
Likewise, the Eskayan speech variety has been associated with languages as disparate as
2269:
2264:
2256:
2044:
1900:
1885:
1692:
1647:
1375:
656:
504:
1480:. Produced for the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples, Bohol, Philippines. 2006
2029:
2001:
1953:
1895:
1697:
1672:
1616:
1545:
702:
668:
508:
388:
321:
1531:
Tubac, Angelo (2014). Martinez, Darius Letigio; Pamintuan-Riva, M Paula Luz (eds.).
324:), was established in 1902. In 1951, the second township of Taytay (municipality of
2445:
2359:
2127:
1996:
1963:
1767:
1687:
1309:
1290:
1282:
1248:
1240:
710:
624:
603:
492:
484:
476:
369:
355:
351:
347:
230:
92:
88:
84:
31:
2059:
1720:
887:
403:, it is taught to both adults and children in volunteer-run cultural schools. The
2364:
2213:
2097:
1986:
1938:
1933:
1844:
1738:
1652:
1642:
1637:
1521:, edited by R. N. Villegas. Manila: National Commission for Culture and the Arts.
1463:
1148:
694:
436:
392:
317:
124:
1477:
Visayan-Eskaya Secondary Source Materials: Survey and Review Part One: 1980–1993
2420:
2190:
2180:
2122:
2049:
1991:
1958:
1943:
1928:
1910:
1870:
1860:
1855:
1677:
1662:
1657:
1632:
1415:
Tirol, Jes B. (1990b). "Butuan paleograph deciphered using the Eskaya script".
1363:
1356:
The Eskaya Communities of Taytay, Duero Bohol: A Study of Change and Continuity
742:
698:
281:
116:
2466:
2284:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2089:
2039:
2034:
1905:
1880:
1865:
1161:
Brenda S. Abregana. Open letter to Governor Rolando Butalid G. 12 March 1985.
726:
639:
500:
120:
2195:
2150:
2132:
2117:
2064:
1968:
1702:
1585:
683:
325:
313:
309:
1122:
475:
or "old books". The transcribed oral literature is mostly written in both
160:
2231:
2016:
1712:
631:
614:
373:
329:
289:
68:
63:
2236:
2054:
2024:
1756:
1286:
1244:
1218:
Abregana, B. S. (1984). "Eskaya: The Living Fossil Language in Bohol".
738:
638:
in Biabas was established in 1902; Datahan wrote a letter to President
2155:
1145:
Perseus Echeminada. "Ancient Tribe in Bohol Draws Savants, Psychics."
902:
Alberto A. Payot, Sr. "Bisayan Eskaya: Karaang Pinulongan sa Bohol?".
1809:
1313:
1295:
1253:
734:
380:
216:
136:
1542:
Unsettling Discourses: The Theory and Practice of Indigenous Studies
1331:
618:
Statue of Mariano Datahan outside the Eskaya cultural school, Taytay
2302:
2294:
2279:
1978:
1920:
1849:
1624:
687:
599:
491:. Their first leader, Dangko, had twelve children who settled near
278:
2246:
2223:
2205:
2185:
2165:
1748:
1730:
920:
Felicisimo B. Amparado. "Iniskaya: Karaang Pinulongan sa Bohol."
679:
664:
488:
480:
448:
404:
400:
360:
341:
1304:
Kelly, Piers (2012). Ponsonnet, M.; Dao, L.; Bowler, M. (eds.).
407:
language and script has been the object of ongoing controversy.
2175:
1875:
706:
396:
1580:
2170:
2160:
2142:
1836:
1814:
1540:. 2013 International Seminar-Workshop on Indigenous Studies.
514:
The Eskaya writings mentioned by researchers are as follows:
496:
372:
influence. A striking feature of the language is its unusual
285:
141:
72:
1343:"Cesar Montano: Intertwined life in the movies and politics"
415:
Under the direction of Mariano Datahan, the group converted
1179:
672:
1406:
Tirol, Jes B. (1990a). "Bohol and Its System of Writing".
1099:
Wartime Recollections. Quezon City: Allied Printing, 1981
1068:
399:
paleograph. While there are no mother-tongue speakers of
30:
This article is about the people. For the language, see
1108:
Simplicio M. Apalisok. "Soldiers Start Showing Noses,"
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
1437:(Thesis). Cebu: Unpublished. University of San Carlos.
1112:
1937–1947. Quezon City: Surigao BB Press, 1992. 43–47.
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
1358:(PhD thesis). Davao City: Ateneo de Davao University.
985:
983:
885:
853:
851:
849:
847:
1797:
1169:
1167:
1027:
1025:
1023:
995:
970:
968:
966:
811:
809:
807:
1466:: An Ethnography of the Women of Escaya. Kinaadman.
1049:
821:
1127:
1037:
980:
844:
1164:
1020:
963:
951:
804:
2464:
1229:"Classification of the Eskaya language of Bohol"
762:For discussion of lowland Boholano customs, see
1500:
1340:
1185:
682:; that they are descended from the builders of
379:The Eskayan writing system takes the form of a
1501:Bohol Chronicle, Jes Tirol (15 October 2006).
1341:Manila Standard, Nickie Wang (25 March 2009).
277:, is the collective name for the members of a
27:Cultural minority found in Bohol, Philippines,
1783:
1601:
721:In an article written by Nickie Wang for the
709:of Eskayan is virtually identical to that of
650:
250:
1615:
606:but its existence has not been established.
1110:Bohol Without Tears: Bohol's Wartime Years,
465:
1790:
1776:
1608:
1594:
1380:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
916:
914:
912:
872:Author unknown. "Ramos's Visit to Bohol".
532:Ang mga hiyas ug Caague ni Mariano Datahan
395:, and even the undeciphered script of the
257:
243:
1294:
1252:
939:
1329:
1217:
1102:
1074:
1014:
946:"Philippine Civilization and Technology"
932:
930:
838:
705:. Recent studies have revealed that the
613:
135:
1353:
1320:
1089:
1062:
909:
868:
866:
857:
14:
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1483:
1414:
1405:
1388:
1362:
1275:The Australian Journal of Anthropology
1272:
1233:The Australian Journal of Anthropology
1133:
1043:
989:
815:
763:
335:
298:Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act of 1997
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1589:
1530:
1432:
1423:
1303:
1226:
1173:
1031:
974:
957:
927:
896:
863:
56:Regions with significant populations
2015:
1496:from the original on 27 March 2017.
1401:from the original on 27 March 2017.
886:Republic Act No. 8371 (1997),
24:
1443:
716:
645:The Australian National University
25:
2489:
1574:
1525:Promoting Sustainable Development
1486:"Butuan Silver Strip Deciphered?"
1336:(Thesis). Unpublished manuscript.
1199:Cesar Montano Hot on Going Global
792:. Philippine Statistics Authority
725:on 25 March 2009, Boholano actor
442:
1799:Ethnic groups in the Philippines
1330:Martinez, M Cristina J. (1993).
159:
62:
1457:Scribbling the Voice of a Tende
1191:
1155:
1139:
1115:
1080:
756:
172:Philippine Statistics Authority
879:
779:
13:
1:
1581:Eskaya Beach Resort & Spa
948:. Retrieved 30 November 2006.
773:
636:Philippine Independent Church
509:Francisco "Dagohoy" Sendrijas
421:Philippine Independent Church
294:Indigenous Cultural Community
273:, less commonly known as the
105:Philippine Independent Church
1354:Orcullo, Proceso L. (2004).
596:Unang Tao sa Bisaya sa Bohol
7:
1503:"The strange value of zero"
731:Eskaya: The Quick Brown Fox
483:; one is reported to be in
410:
10:
2494:
1513:Milan Ted Torralba (2003)
1419:(October–December): 6, 14.
1210:
651:Theories and controversies
609:
536:Ang pagtulun-an sa Bisayas
339:
29:
2413:
2352:
2326:
2315:
2293:
2255:
2222:
2204:
2141:
2088:
2081:
1977:
1919:
1835:
1828:
1805:
1747:
1729:
1711:
1623:
1519:Tubod: The heart of Bohol
140:locator map of Eskaya in
115:
110:
103:
98:
83:
78:
60:
55:
50:
45:
1617:Bisayan-speaking peoples
749:
466:Literature and mythology
1484:Santos, Hector (1996).
1410:(July–September): 4, 7.
1389:Santos, Hector (1997).
1202:The Philippine Inquirer
524:Ang Damgo ni Hurayhaber
520:Ang Alpabeto sa Katsila
303:
2478:Ethnic groups in Bohol
1451:Eskaya Resource Folder
1433:Tubac, Angelo (2013).
1095:Col. Esteban Bernido.
924:April 15, 1981. 12, 55
906:June 3, 1981. 11, 55–6
619:
207:Country of citizenship
144:
1227:Kelly, Piers (2006).
723:Manila Standard Today
617:
602:knowledge written in
528:Ang Lingganay na UgĂs
139:
111:Related ethnic groups
1368:Bohol and Its People
1349:on 17 November 2009.
1186:Manila Standard 2009
346:The Eskayas speak a
129:Austronesian peoples
91:); auxiliary use of
1391:"The Eskaya Script"
439:rural communities.
336:Language and script
42:
1820:Indigenous peoples
1527:EU News June 2006.
1474:Piers Kelly (2006)
1462:2011-07-21 at the
1287:10.1111/taja.12005
1245:10.1111/taja.12005
1123:PhD thesis project
671:; that they are a
620:
505:Ferdinand Magellan
145:
40:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2311:
2310:
2303:Suludnon/Tumandok
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
1765:
1764:
1490:A Philippine Leaf
1395:A Philippine Leaf
1220:Focus Philippines
1152:. 1 March 1989. 3
1077:, pp. 13–14.
669:Francisco Dagohoy
552:Bisayan Declarado
473:karaang mga libro
267:
266:
134:
133:
16:(Redirected from
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2324:
2323:
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2085:
2013:
2012:
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1769:
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1587:
1586:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1554:. Archived from
1539:
1510:
1509:on 10 June 2007.
1505:. Archived from
1497:
1438:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1385:
1379:
1371:
1359:
1350:
1345:. Archived from
1337:
1326:
1317:
1300:
1298:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1257:. Archived from
1256:
1223:
1205:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1162:
1159:
1153:
1143:
1137:
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1097:People's Plight,
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876:7 February 1996,
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842:
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819:
813:
802:
801:
799:
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783:
767:
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711:Boholano Cebuano
625:Green Revolution
447:The teaching of
356:Boholano Cebuano
348:Boholano dialect
259:
252:
245:
163:
147:
146:
125:Filipino peoples
89:Boholano dialect
67:
66:
46:Total population
43:
39:
32:Eskayan language
21:
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2011:
1973:
1915:
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1801:
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1725:
1707:
1619:
1614:
1577:
1572:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1537:
1515:Bohol: Language
1464:Wayback Machine
1455:Regina Estorba
1446:
1444:Further reading
1441:
1373:
1372:
1364:Putong, Cecilio
1264:
1262:
1213:
1208:
1204:, 29 April 2009
1196:
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1149:Philippine Star
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874:Sun Star Daily.
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770:
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752:
719:
717:Popular culture
653:
612:
544:Askormos Meneme
468:
445:
419:to the nascent
413:
354:in daily life.
344:
338:
318:Sierra Bullones
306:
263:
153:the Philippines
152:
151:Demographics of
121:Visayan peoples
61:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2007:Zamboangueño
1948:
1667:
1563:. Retrieved
1556:the original
1541:
1533:
1518:
1507:the original
1489:
1476:
1434:
1428:: 50–51, 53.
1425:
1416:
1407:
1394:
1367:
1355:
1347:the original
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1259:the original
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858:Logarta 1981
794:. Retrieved
781:
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684:King Solomon
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378:
374:phonotactics
364:
345:
307:
274:
270:
268:
205:
198:
191:
184:
177:
170:
37:Ethnic group
2317:Immigrants
2045:Maguindanao
1901:Romblomanon
1886:Kapampangan
1693:Romblomanon
1134:Tirol 1990a
1044:Tirol 1990b
990:Santos 1997
816:Kelly 2012a
764:Putong 1965
330:Fidel Ramos
290:Philippines
69:Philippines
2467:Categories
2370:Indonesian
2030:Banguingui
2002:Surigaonon
1954:Hiligaynon
1896:Pangasinan
1698:Surigaonon
1673:Hiligaynon
1565:2016-10-31
1265:2017-09-09
1174:Kelly 2012
1032:Tirol 1991
975:Kelly 2006
958:Tubac 2013
774:References
739:Tom Cruise
657:indigenous
576:Pinulungan
540:Aritmetica
385:Phoenician
322:Guindulman
296:under The
226:Indigenous
2385:Malaysian
2339:Brazilian
2265:Agutaynen
2128:Kankanaey
1997:Sangirese
1964:Porohanon
1891:Masbateño
1852:(Ilongot)
1810:Filipinos
1688:Porohanon
1683:Masbateño
1648:Caluyanon
1417:UB Update
1408:UB Update
1376:cite book
1370:. Manila.
1314:1885/9401
1296:1885/9723
1254:1885/9723
890:purposes.
735:Brad Pitt
690:secrets.
568:Pamatasan
493:Antequera
381:syllabary
365:Ineskaya,
284:found in
217:Filipinos
193:Languages
186:Religions
79:Languages
2390:Nepalese
2375:Japanese
2334:American
2327:Americas
2295:Suludnon
2280:Tagbanua
2270:Palawano
2257:Palaweño
2214:Ratagnon
2161:Higaonon
2156:Bukidnon
2133:Tinguian
2098:Balangao
2082:Highland
1987:Butuanon
1979:Mindanao
1939:Capiznon
1934:Boholano
1850:Bugkalot
1845:Bicolano
1739:Ratagnon
1653:Capiznon
1643:Butuanon
1638:Boholano
1494:Archived
1460:Archived
1399:Archived
1366:(1965).
1325:: 22–27.
1222:: 13–14.
703:Etruscan
688:esoteric
600:esoteric
556:Daylinda
548:Atekeses
499:Christ,
437:Boholano
417:en masse
411:Religion
389:Etruscan
282:minority
279:cultural
231:Mestizos
127:, other
123:, other
119:, other
99:Religion
2446:Spanish
2441:Russian
2421:English
2400:Iranian
2360:Chinese
2344:Mexican
2247:Mamanwa
2224:Negrito
2206:Mangyan
2191:Teduray
2186:Tasaday
2181:Subanon
2171:Mandaya
2166:Mamanwa
2123:Kalinga
2050:Maranao
1992:Kalagan
1959:Karay-a
1944:Cebuano
1929:Aklanon
1921:Visayas
1911:Tagalog
1871:Ilocano
1861:Gaddang
1856:Cuyunon
1829:Lowland
1749:Negrito
1731:Mangyan
1721:Tau SĹ«g
1678:Karay-a
1658:Cebuano
1633:Aklanon
1625:Visayan
1211:Sources
922:Bisaya.
904:Bisaya.
741:, with
665:Sumatra
610:History
604:Spanish
584:Simplet
580:Rangnan
560:Grinada
516:Abedeja
489:Sumatra
485:Spanish
481:Eskayan
477:Cebuano
449:Eskayan
405:Eskayan
401:Eskayan
370:Spanish
361:Eskayan
352:Cebuano
342:Eskayan
117:Cebuano
93:Eskayan
85:Cebuano
2436:Polish
2426:German
2414:Europe
2405:Jewish
2380:Korean
2365:Indian
2285:Molbog
2176:Manobo
2113:Ifugao
2108:Ibaloi
2103:Bontoc
2090:Igorot
2060:Tausug
2040:Iranun
2035:Kaagan
1949:Eskaya
1906:Sambal
1881:Ivatan
1876:Itawes
1866:Ibanag
1668:Eskaya
1663:Cuyans
1548:
796:19 May
707:syntax
701:, and
695:Hebrew
564:Kwadra
507:, and
431:. The
429:beriki
397:Butuan
393:Hebrew
271:Eskaya
179:Census
41:Eskaya
18:Eskaya
2431:Greek
2275:Batak
2242:Batak
2196:Tboli
2151:Blaan
2143:Lumad
2118:Isneg
2065:Yakan
2055:Samal
2025:Bajau
1969:Waray
1837:Luzon
1815:Pinoy
1703:Waray
1559:(PDF)
1538:(PDF)
1517:. In
790:(PDF)
750:Notes
699:Greek
680:Enoch
592:Tumao
572:Pinay
497:Jesus
363:, or
326:Duero
314:Pilar
310:Duero
286:Bohol
142:Bohol
73:Bohol
51:2,285
2395:Arab
2353:Asia
2232:Aeta
2017:Moro
1713:Moro
1546:ISBN
1382:link
1147:The
798:2020
737:and
673:cult
632:Loon
594:and
588:Suno
479:and
433:biki
427:and
425:biki
316:and
304:Area
269:The
2237:Ati
1757:Ati
1323:Who
1310:hdl
1291:hdl
1283:doi
1249:hdl
1241:doi
350:of
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
