Esophageal cancer - Knowledge

1516: 1134: 1209: 1446: 1110: 1003: 1198: 1564: 1122: 948: 932: 979: 1281:), although this is a difficult operation with a relatively high risk of mortality or post-operative difficulties. The benefits of surgery are less clear in early-stage ESCC than EAC. There are a number of surgical options, and the best choices for particular situations remain the subject of research and discussion. As well as characteristics and location of the tumor, other factors include the patient's condition, and the type of operation with which the surgical team is most experienced. 964: 609: 853: 1458: 42: 1182: 1190: 991: 843:, which seems to have a protective role against development of malignancy in people with celiac disease. However, the delay in diagnosis and initiation of a gluten-free diet seems to increase the risk of malignancy. Moreover, in some cases the detection of celiac disease is due to the development of cancer, whose early symptoms are similar to some that may appear in celiac disease. 1173:(a change in the cells lining the lower esophagus) are at much higher risk, and may receive regular endoscopic screening for the early signs of cancer. Because the benefit of screening for adenocarcinoma in people without symptoms is unclear, it is not recommended in the United States. Some areas of the world with high rates of squamous-carcinoma have screening programs. 1342:, followed by a right thoracotomy to excise the tumor and create an esophagogastric anastomosis. The three-stage McKeown approach adds a third incision in the neck to complete the cervical anastomosis. Recent approaches by some surgeons use what is called extended esophagectomy, where more surrounding tissue, including 1312:

Esophagectomy can be performed using several methods. The choice of the surgical approach depends on the characteristics and location of the tumor, and the preference of the surgeon. Clear evidence from clinical trials for which approaches give the best outcomes in different circumstances is lacking.

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Prevention includes stopping smoking or chewing tobacco. Overcoming addiction to areca chewing in Asia is another promising strategy for the prevention of esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma. The risk can also be reduced by maintaining a normal body weight. According to a 2022 umbrella review, calcium

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The location of the tumor is generally measured by the distance from the teeth. The esophagus (25 cm or 10 in long) is commonly divided into three parts for purposes of determining the location. Adenocarcinomas tend to occur nearer the stomach and squamous cell carcinomas nearer the throat,

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In Western countries, EAC has become the dominant form of the disease, following an increase in incidence over recent decades (in contrast to the incidence of ESCC, which has remained largely stable). In 2012, the global incidence rate for EAC was 0.7 per 100,000 with a strong male predominance (1.1

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is also used to estimate the extent of the disease and is regarded as more precise than CT alone. PET/MR as a novel modality has shown promising results in preoperative staging with fair feasibility and good correlation in comparison to PET/CT. It can enhance tissue differentiation with lowering the

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Female hormones may also have a protective effect, as EAC is not only much less common in women but develops later in life, by an average of 20 years. Although studies of many reproductive factors have not produced a clear picture, risk seems to decline for the mother in line with prolonged periods

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As of 2018, esophageal cancer was the eighth-most common cancer globally with 572,000 new cases during the year. It caused about 509,000 deaths that year, up from 345,000 in 1990. Rates vary widely among countries, with about half of all cases occurring in China. It is around three times more common

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The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has risen considerably in the UK in recent decades. Overall, esophageal cancer is the thirteenth most common cancer in the UK (around 8,300 people were diagnosed with the disease in 2011), and it is the sixth most common cause of cancer death (around 7,700

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ESCC (esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma) comprises 60–70% of all cases of esophageal cancer worldwide, while EAC (esophageal adenocarcinoma) accounts for a further 20–30% (melanomas, leiomyosarcomas, carcinoids and lymphomas are less common types). The incidence of the two main types of esophageal

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in their appearance and association with tobacco and alcohol consumption—and esophageal adenocarcinomas (EAC), which are often associated with a history of GERD and Barrett's esophagus. A rule of thumb is that a cancer in the upper two-thirds is likely to be ESCC and one in the lower one-third EAC.

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males with a history of heavy smoking or alcohol use. Until the 1970s, squamous-cell carcinoma accounted for the vast majority of esophageal cancers in the United States. In recent decades, incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus (which is associated with Barrett's esophagus) steadily rose in

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and became predominant in non-Hispanic whites. Esophageal cancer incidence and mortality rates for African Americans continue to be higher than the rate for Causasians. However, incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer has significantly decreased among African Americans since the early 1980s,

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procedure. The more recent transhiatial approach avoids the need to open the chest; instead the surgeon enters the body through an incision in the lower abdomen and another in the neck. The lower part of the esophagus is freed from the surrounding tissues and cut away as necessary. The stomach is

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expressing compartment that is more resistant to bile and acids as the normal squamous epithelium and that is prone to both intestinal differentiation as well as oncogenic transformation. Following GERD this HOXA13-expressing compartment outcompetes the normal squamous compartment, leading to the

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Esophageal cancer is the eighth-most frequently-diagnosed cancer worldwide, and because of its poor prognosis, it is the sixth most-common cause of cancer-related deaths. It caused about 400,000 deaths in 2012, accounting for about 5% of all cancer deaths (about 456,000 new cases were diagnosed,

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was better than other comparable regimens in advanced nonresectable cancer. Chemotherapy may be given after surgery (adjuvant, i.e. to reduce risk of recurrence), before surgery (neoadjuvant) or if surgery is not possible; in this case, cisplatin and 5-FU are used. Ongoing trials compare various

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of ESCC in 2012 was 5.2 new cases per 100,000 person-years, with a male predominance (7.7 per 100,000 in men vs. 2.8 in women). It was the common type in 90% of the countries studied. ESCC is particularly frequent in the so-called "Asian esophageal cancer belt", an area that passes through

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Ross P, Nicolson M, Cunningham D, Valle J, Seymour M, Harper P, et al. (April 2002). "Prospective randomized trial comparing mitomycin, cisplatin, and protracted venous-infusion fluorouracil (PVI 5-FU) With epirubicin, cisplatin, and PVI 5-FU in advanced esophagogastric cancer".

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The traditional transthoracic approach enters the body through the chest, and has a number of variations. The thoracoabdominal approach opens the abdominal and thoracic cavities together, the two-stage Ivor Lewis (also called Lewis–Tanner) approach involves an initial

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after treatment is a relevant factor when considering surgery. Surgical outcomes are likely better in large centers where the procedures are frequently performed. If the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, esophagectomy is nowadays not normally performed.

1492:(5YSR) in the United States is around 15%, with most people dying within the first year of diagnosis. The latest survival data for England and Wales (patients diagnosed during 2007) show that only one in ten people survives esophageal cancer for at least ten years. 1754:

men (over the age of 60) than it is in African Americans. Multiple reports indicate esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence has increased during the past 20 years, especially in non-Hispanic white men. Esophageal adenocarcinoma age-adjusted incidence increased in

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therapy is the use of high-intensity light to destroy tumor cells while affecting only the treated area. This is typically done if the cancer cannot be removed by surgery. The relief of a blockage can help with pain and difficulty swallowing.

832:(HPV) and esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma. The relationship is unclear. Possible relevance of HPV could be greater in places that have a particularly high incidence of this form of the disease, as in some Asian countries, including China. 1507:(muscle layer of the esophagus) suggests a 20% 5YSR, and extension to the structures adjacent to the esophagus predict a 7% 5YSR. Patients with distant metastases (who are not candidates for curative surgery) have a less than 3% 5YSR. 720:

infection (a common occurrence thought to have affected over half of the world's population) is not a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma and actually appears to be protective. Despite being a cause of GERD and a risk factor for

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In general, the prognosis of esophageal cancer is quite poor, because most patients present with advanced disease. By the time the first symptoms (such as difficulty swallowing) appear, the disease has already progressed. The overall

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Esophagectomy is the removal of a segment of the esophagus; as this shortens the length of the remaining esophagus, some other segment of the digestive tract is pulled up through the chest cavity and interposed. This is usually the

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is given before, during, or after chemotherapy or surgery, and sometimes on its own to control symptoms. In patients with localised disease but contraindications to surgery, "radical radiotherapy" may be used with curative intent.

1674:. In 2012, about 80% of ESCC cases worldwide occurred in central and south-eastern Asia, and over half (53%) of all cases were in China. The countries with the highest estimated national incidence rates were (in Asia) 725:, the infection seems to be associated with a reduced risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma of as much as 50%. The biological explanation for a protective effect is somewhat unclear. One explanation is that some strains of 339:

is used along with surgery. Larger tumors may have their growth slowed with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In the presence of extensive disease or if the affected person is not fit enough to undergo surgery,

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effect. Some data suggest that about half of all cases are due to tobacco and about one-third to alcohol, while over three-quarters of the cases in men are due to the combination of smoking and heavy drinking.

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of its association with this type of cancer, as well as with both GERD and Barrett's esophagus. This type of obesity is characteristic of men. Physiologically, it stimulates GERD and also has other chronic

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combinations of chemotherapy; the phase II/III REAL-2 trial – for example – compares four regimens containing epirubicin and either cisplatin or oxaliplatin, and either continuously infused fluorouracil or

815:(i.e. lack of the involuntary reflex in the esophagus after swallowing) appears to be a risk factor for both main types of esophageal cancer, at least in men, due to stagnation of trapped food and drink. 1764:

whereas with whites it has continued to increase. Between 1975 and 2004, incidence of the adenocarcinoma type increased among white American males by over 460% and among white American females by 335%.

2273:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 1157:, "diets high in cruciferous (cabbage, broccoli/broccolini, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts) and green and yellow vegetables and fruits are associated with a decreased risk of esophageal cancer." 3462:

Scherübl H, Steinberg J, Schwertner C, Mir-Salim P, Stölzel U, de Villiers EM (June 2008). "" [Coincidental squamous cell cancers of the esophagus, head, and neck: risk and screening].

577:(chemical compounds found both in tobacco smoke and certain foodstuffs) also appear to be a relevant risk factor. Unfavorable dietary patterns seem to involve exposure to nitrosamines through 411:. The pain can frequently be severe, worsening when food of any sort is swallowed. Another sign may be an unusually husky, raspy, or hoarse-sounding cough, a result of the tumor affecting the 1369:(feeding hole in the skin that gives direct access to the stomach). The latter two are especially important if the patient tends to aspirate food or saliva into the airways, predisposing for 947: 3676:

Syrjänen K (January 2013). "Geographic origin is a significant determinant of human papillomavirus prevalence in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: systematic review and meta-analysis".

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infection in Western populations over recent decades, which have been linked to less overcrowding in households, could be a factor in the concurrent increase in esophageal adenocarcinoma.

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Tobacco smoking increases risk, but the effect in esophageal adenocarcinoma is slight compared to that in squamous cell carcinoma, and alcohol has not been demonstrated to be a cause.

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Linder G, Korsavidou-Hult N, Bjerner T, Ahlström H, Hedberg J (September 2019). "F-FDG-PET/MRI in preoperative staging of oesophageal and gastroesophageal junctional cancer".

1439:, a type of laser therapy, involves the use of drugs that are absorbed by cancer cells; when exposed to a special light, the drugs become active and destroy the cancer cells. 2817:

Prabhu A, Obi KO, Rubenstein JH (June 2014). "The synergistic effects of alcohol and tobacco consumption on the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis".

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is particularly strong in this type of esophageal cancer, which occurs about 7 to 10 times more frequently in men. This imbalance may be related to the characteristics and

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Stahl M, Mariette C, Haustermans K, Cervantes A, Arnold D (October 2013). "Oesophageal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up".

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the United States to the point that it has now surpassed squamous-cell carcinoma. In contrast to squamous-cell carcinoma, esophageal adenocarcinoma is more common in

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If the cancer has been diagnosed while still in an early stage, surgical treatment with a curative intention may be possible. Some small tumors that only involve the

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Loomis D, Guyton KZ, Grosse Y, Lauby-Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, et al. (International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working) (July 2016).

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and esophageal cancer. People with untreated celiac disease have a higher risk, but this risk decreases with time after diagnosis, probably due to the adoption of a

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Bruzzi JF, Munden RF, Truong MT, Marom EM, Sabloff BS, Gladish GW, et al. (November 2007). "PET/CT of esophageal cancer: its role in clinical management".

6220: 5568: 2428:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010" 1479:

Patients are followed closely after a treatment regimen has been completed. Frequently, other treatments are used to improve symptoms and maximize nutrition.

1036:, or surface lining, of the esophagus. Most esophageal cancers fall into one of two classes: esophageal squamous-cell carcinomas (ESCC), which are similar to 391:

is often an initial sign in cases of squamous-cell carcinoma, though not usually in cases of adenocarcinoma. Eventual weight loss due to reduced appetite and

5627: 4827: 4616:(September 2008). "The role of health-related quality of life outcomes in clinical decision making in surgery for esophageal cancer: a systematic review". 2927: 2271:

Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016).

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Mendenhall WM, Werning JW, Pfister DG (2011). "Ch Chapter 72: Treatment of head and neck cancer". In DeVita Jr VT, Lawrence TS, Rosenberg SA (eds.).

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Kim TJ, Kim HY, Lee KW, Kim MS (2009). "Multimodality assessment of esophageal cancer: preoperative staging and monitoring of response to therapy".

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and location, together with the person's general condition and individual preferences. Small localized squamous-cell cancers may be treated with

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Akhtar S (February 2013). "Areca nut chewing and esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma risk in Asians: a meta-analysis of case-control studies".

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gene, present on chromosome 17: it involves thickening of the skin of the palms and soles and a high lifetime risk of squamous cell carcinoma.

5596: 1243:: in such cases a combined approach that includes surgery may be considered. Disease that is widespread, metastatic or recurrent is managed 5858: 5268:

Sun L, Yu S (November 2011). "Meta-analysis: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma".

4475:"Efficacy and complication of endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial esophageal carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 4044: 3338: 1734:

In the United States, esophageal cancer is the seventh-leading cause of cancer-related deaths among males (making up 4% of the total). The

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is thought to be protective, especially against esophageal adenocarcinoma. There is no evidence that vitamin supplements change the risk.

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per 100,000 in men vs. 0.3 in women). Areas with particularly high incidence rates include northern and western Europe, North America and

6384: 3554: 3405: 2736: 2412: 1992: 1121: 5734: 5143: 2969: 1208: 2381: 1934: 978: 688:.The risk of developing adenocarcinoma in the presence of Barrett's esophagus is unclear, and may in the past have been overestimated. 1015:

appearance of an esophageal adenocarcinoma (dark blue – upper-left of image) and normal squamous epithelium (upper-right of image) at

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Rare histologic types of esophageal cancer include different variants of squamous-cell carcinoma, and non-epithelial tumors, such as

963: 6391: 5620: 900:(CT) of the chest, abdomen and pelvis can evaluate whether the cancer has spread to adjacent tissues or distant organs (especially 877:. This involves the passing of a flexible tube with a light and camera down the esophagus and examining the wall, and is called an 6108: 446:(windpipe). Early signs of this serious complication may be coughing on drinking or eating. The tumor surface may be fragile and 4890: 660:

intestinal aspect of the esophagus and increased propensity to the development of esophageal cancer. Having symptomatic GERD or

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Mayer RJ (2008). "Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer". In Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J (eds.).

2249: 1925:. Esophageal adenocarcinoma is characterized by complex tumor genomes with heterogeneity within the tumor micro-environment. 4546: 4404: 4007: 3976: 3548: 3399: 2963: 2801: 2730: 2697: 2596: 2563: 2406: 2375: 2066: 1986: 569:

Other relevant risk factors include regular consumption of very hot drinks (over 65 °C or 149 °F) and ingestion of

5653: 6408: 5062: 1877: 1428:(EMR) and mucosal ablation using radiofrequency ablation, photodynamic therapy, Nd-YAG laser, or argon plasma coagulation. 4758:"Trends in survival for both histologic types of esophageal cancer in US surveillance, epidemiology and end results areas" 4432:

Fernández-Esparrach G, Calderón A, de la Peña J, Díaz Tasende JB, Esteban JM, Gimeno-García AZ, et al. (April 2014).

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Rutegård M, Lagergren P, Nordenstedt H, Lagergren J (July 2011). "Oesophageal adenocarcinoma: the new epidemic in men?".

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Sultan R, Haider Z, Chawla TU (January 2016). "Diagnostic accuracy of CT scan in staging resectable esophageal cancer".

3629:"InterSCOPE study: Associations between esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and human papillomavirus serological markers" 3505: 695:

both appear to be associated with increased risk. The association with obesity seems to be the strongest of any type of

6374: 4258:"Dietary fiber and the risk of precancerous lesions and cancer of the esophagus: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 4158:"Diet and Esophageal Cancer Risk: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Observational Studies" 6401: 6334: 6329: 6270: 6265: 5720: 4805: 1742:

estimated that during 2014, about 18,170 new esophageal cancer cases would be diagnosed, resulting in 15,450 deaths.

704: 5565: 1091:. To help guide clinical decision making, this system also incorporates information on cell type (ESCC, EAC, etc.), 921:

can provide staging information regarding the level of tumor invasion, and possible spread to regional lymph nodes.

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Priante AV, Castilho EC, Kowalski LP (April 2011). "Second primary tumors in patients with head and neck cancer".

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must be assured, and appropriate dental care is essential. Factors that influence treatment decisions include the

6448: 6285: 6260: 3778:"Association Between Coeliac Disease and Risk of Any Malignancy and Gastrointestinal Malignancy: A Meta-Analysis" 2916: 1738:

estimated that there were about 18,000 new cases and more than 15,000 deaths from esophageal cancer in 2013; the

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and barbecued meats, pickled vegetables, etc., and a low intake of fresh foods. Other associated factors include

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Montgomery EA, Basman FT, Brennan P, Malekzadeh R (2014). "Oesophageal Cancer". In Stewart BW, Wild CP (eds.).

1463: 796: 644: 1277:(EMR). Otherwise, curative surgery of early-stage lesions may entail removal of all or part of the esophagus ( 6423: 6255: 5829: 5357:"Multi-omic features of oesophageal adenocarcinoma in patients treated with preoperative neoadjuvant therapy" 497:). Lung metastasis can cause, among other symptoms, impaired breathing due to excess fluid around the lungs ( 5178: 1228:

and cellular type of cancer (EAC, ESCC, and other types), along with the person's general condition and any

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Lao-Sirieix P, Caldas C, Fitzgerald RC (June 2010). "Genetic predisposition to gastro-oesophageal cancer".

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Individualized prognosis depends largely on stage. Those with cancer restricted entirely to the esophageal

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in October 2015 stated he has the disease and has described his experience when he first heard he had it.

6344: 6307: 6290: 6087: 5863: 5839: 3721:"Association between human papillomavirus (HPV) and oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis" 2892: 1915: 1365:

may be necessary to continue feeding while treatment for the tumor is given, and some patients require a

818: 616: 459: 5305:"The landscape of selection in 551 esophageal adenocarcinomas defines genomic biomarkers for the clinic" 563: 6428: 6324: 6103: 5844: 5825: 5698: 3570:"The aetiological role of human papillomavirus in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis" 1844: 878: 559: 522: 49: 533:. Tobacco is a risk factor for both types. Both types are more common in people over 60 years of age. 6413: 6011: 5940: 5636: 4709:"Endoscopic mucosal resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection in esophageal and gastric cancers" 1735: 1154: 431: 412: 4911:"Esophageal cancer: A Review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, staging workup and treatment modalities" 6443: 6354: 6312: 6280: 6230: 5963: 5817: 5487: 1922: 1638:

cancer varies greatly between different geographical areas. In general, ESCC is more common in the

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Causes of the squamous-cell type include tobacco, alcohol, very hot drinks, poor diet, and chewing

2558:. Vol. 1 (18th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division. pp. 764–5. 6433: 6396: 6369: 6359: 6152: 5901: 5670: 4859:

Conteduca V, Sansonno D, Ingravallo G, Marangi S, Russi S, Lauletta G, Dammacco F (August 2012).

1739: 1694:. The problem of esophageal cancer has long been recognized in the eastern and southern parts of 1489: 514: 254: 182: 111: 5593: 4036: 6438: 6245: 6225: 6215: 5993: 5781: 5743: 3997: 3966: 2687: 2588: 1339: 1170: 648: 368:

over 60% of the circumference of the esophageal tube, by which time the tumor is already in an

365: 282: 5527: 5154: 3536: 3387: 2718: 2396: 1974: 1650: 5853: 5440: 2953: 954: 918: 677: 640: 383:, which is often experienced first with solid foods and later with softer foods and liquids. 278: 6168: 2580: 2365: 5998: 5368: 3581: 3098: 1888: 1827: 1436: 1370: 1217: 1037: 829: 757: 635:

The long-term erosive effects of acid reflux (an extremely common condition, also known as

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Janmaat VT, Nesteruk K, Spaander MC, Verhaar AP, Yu B, Silva RA, et al. (June 2021).

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Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. (December 2012).

908:). The sensitivity of a CT scan is limited by its ability to detect masses (e.g. enlarged 639:

or GERD) have been strongly linked to this type of cancer. Longstanding GERD can induce a

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The two major risk factors for esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma are tobacco (smoking or

454:. Compression of local structures occurs in advanced disease, leading to such problems as 8: 5541: 5538: 5465: 5303:

Frankell AM, Jammula S, Li X, Contino G, Killcoyne S, Abbas S, et al. (March 2019).

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Lauby-Secretan B, Scoccianti C, Loomis D, Grosse Y, Bianchini F, Straif K (August 2016).

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Sitas F, Egger S, Urban MI, Taylor PR, Abnet CC, Boffetta P, et al. (January 2012).

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Physical trauma may increase the risk. This may include the drinking of very hot drinks.

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Cancer arising at the junction between the esophagus and stomach is often classified as

3585: 3102: 2462: 1247:: in this case, chemotherapy may be used to lengthen survival, while treatments such as 6058: 6040: 5980: 5809: 5805: 5560: 5329: 5304: 5120: 5095: 5036: 5011: 4937: 4910: 4787: 4733: 4708: 4641: 4589: 4564: 4541:(9th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 729–780. 4501: 4474: 4328: 4301: 4234: 4182: 4157: 4133: 4108: 3947: 3802: 3777: 3758: 3745: 3720: 3701: 3653: 3628: 3604: 3569: 3568:

Liyanage SS, Rahman B, Ridda I, Newall AT, Tabrizi SN, Garland SM, et al. (2013).

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M Naeini M, Newell F, Aoude LG, Bonazzi VF, Patel K, Lampe G, et al. (May 2023).

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DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg's Cancer: Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology

2880: 2655: 2638: 2443: 2288: 2091:"Epidemiologic differences in esophageal cancer between Asian and Western populations" 6125: 6077: 6068: 5791: 5693: 5498: 5394: 5334: 5285: 5281: 5125: 5096:"Changing pattern of esophageal cancer incidence in New Mexico: a 30-year evaluation" 5041: 4992: 4942: 4882: 4860: 4779: 4738: 4689: 4633: 4594: 4542: 4506: 4455: 4400: 4374: 4333: 4279: 4256:

Coleman HG, Murray LJ, Hicks B, Bhat SK, Kubo A, Corley DA, et al. (July 2013).

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Lagergren J (June 2011). "Influence of obesity on the risk of esophageal disorders".

3216: 3195:"A meta-analysis of body mass index and esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma" 3175: 3126: 3067: 3003: 2959: 2884: 2846: 2834: 2797: 2789: 2770: 2726: 2693: 2660: 2592: 2581: 2559: 2520: 2467: 2452: 2402: 2371: 2302: 2220: 2162: 2120: 2062: 1982: 1895: 1861: 1400:(5-FU) either continuously or every three weeks. In more recent studies, addition of 1323: 1314: 1012: 938: 776: 700: 336: 170: 150: 57: 5576: 5470: 4645: 3951: 3762: 3705: 3268: 2999: 2672: 2241: 2174: 1305:. Reconnection of the stomach to a shortened esophagus is called an esophagogastric 269:. A number of less common types also occur. Squamous-cell carcinoma arises from the 218:—the food pipe that runs between the throat and the stomach. Symptoms often include 5926: 5800: 5715: 5703: 5384: 5376: 5324: 5316: 5277: 5115: 5107: 5031: 5023: 4982: 4932: 4922: 4872: 4791: 4769: 4728: 4720: 4681: 4625: 4584: 4576: 4496: 4486: 4445: 4364: 4323: 4313: 4269: 4238: 4218: 4177: 4169: 4128: 4120: 4079: 3931: 3896: 3861: 3797: 3789: 3740: 3732: 3685: 3648: 3640: 3599: 3589: 3491: 3471: 3428: 3353: 3306: 3248: 3206: 3165: 3157: 3116: 3106: 3057: 3049: 3041: 2995: 2876: 2826: 2762: 2650: 2512: 2479: 2457: 2447: 2439: 2292: 2284: 2212: 2154: 2110: 2102: 1873: 1746: 1639: 1362: 1354: 1092: 1053: 840: 800: 681: 673: 498: 486: 258: 62: 5768: 5751: 5600: 5583: 5572: 5555: 5492: 4724: 4431: 4369: 4352: 3689: 3594: 3030:"Barrett's oesophagus: epidemiology, cancer risk and implications for management" 2370:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 4. 2351: 1798: 1792: 1643: 1467: 1298: 542: 526: 341: 277:

cells present in the lower third of the esophagus, often where they have already

266: 231: 127: 88: 65: 4828:"Esophageal Cancer Treatment | How We Treat Esophageal Cancer | KAIZEN Hospital" 4084: 4067: 3793: 680:, appears to contribute to esophageal adenocarcinoma carcinogenesis by inducing 668:

that can ultimately lead to adenocarcinoma. Bile reflux containing unconjugated

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The risk of esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma may be reduced in people using

803:

with autosomal dominant inheritance that has been linked to a mutation in the

6468: 6026: 5708: 5605: 5012:"Systematic review: epidemiology of oesophageal cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa" 4318: 3252: 1867: 1839: 1278: 1264: 1236: 1229: 1202: 1158: 786: 761: 742: 651:, seems to appear about 20 years later in women than in men, possibly due to 463: 328: 155: 5455: 5027: 4685: 4565:"Esophageal cancer: staging system and guidelines for staging and treatment" 3211: 3194: 3144:

Režen T, Rozman D, Kovács T, Kovács P, Sipos A, Bai P, Mikó E (April 2022).

2216: 608: 348:

in men than in women. Outcomes are related to the extent of the disease and

6200: 5988: 5398: 5338: 5289: 5129: 5045: 4996: 4946: 4927: 4886: 4783: 4742: 4693: 4637: 4613: 4612:

Parameswaran R, McNair A, Avery KN, Berrisford RG, Wajed SA, Sprangers MA,

4598: 4510: 4491: 4459: 4450: 4433: 4378: 4337: 4283: 4230: 4191: 4142: 4093: 3943: 3908: 3873: 3838: 3811: 3754: 3697: 3662: 3613: 3483: 3440: 3365: 3320: 3260: 3220: 3179: 3130: 3071: 3007: 2888: 2838: 2774: 2664: 2524: 2471: 2306: 2224: 2166: 2124: 1854: 1679: 1412: 1406: 1397: 1381: 1248: 1216:

Treatment is best managed by a multidisciplinary team covering the various

1016: 892:

Additional testing is needed to assess how much the cancer has spread (see

730: 709: 590: 574: 392: 332: 316: 166: 4877: 4124: 3644: 2106: 1870:, singer and reality TV star, died of esophageal cancer in 2022, aged 50. 1330:) and is joined to the remaining upper part of the esophagus at the neck. 852: 6053: 6006: 5949: 5893: 5522: 3900: 3865: 2516: 1883: 1723: 1711: 1667: 1393: 1389: 1366: 1343: 1306: 1100: 1076: 969: 870: 661: 546: 530: 451: 419: 396: 388: 384: 349: 297: 292:. The most common causes of the adenocarcinoma type are smoking tobacco, 243: 223: 143: 122: 96: 4971:"Global incidence of oesophageal cancer by histological subtype in 2012" 2917:"Q&A on Monographs Volume 116: Coffee, maté, and very hot beverages" 2830: 1864:, attorney and businessman, died of esophageal cancer in 2003, aged 59. 856:

Esophageal cancer as shown by a filling defect during an upper GI series

828:

There is some evidence suggesting a possible causal association between

664:

makes Barrett's esophagus more likely, which in turn raises the risk of

6139: 4274: 4257: 3311: 3294: 1756: 1401: 1335: 1244: 1240: 1080: 1033: 1008: 909: 905: 769: 692: 669: 474: 447: 404: 400: 312: 239: 227: 131: 84: 5423: 5239:"Morrissey Talks Trump, Cancer Diagnosis, TSA Groping With Larry King" 4774: 4757: 3053: 3028:

de Jonge PJ, van Blankenstein M, Grady WM, Kuipers EJ (January 2014).

1759:

from 1973 to 2002. This increase was found in non-Hispanic whites and

1424:

Forms of endoscopic therapy have been used for stage 0 and I disease:

6035: 5958: 5776: 5533: 3394:. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 157–161. 2985: 1833: 1830:, author and journalist, died of esophageal cancer in 2011, aged 62. 1821: 1760: 1500: 1385: 1221: 1096: 1029: 886: 874: 812: 764:

in the region, including esophageal squamous-cell carcinomas, due to

665: 594: 408: 308: 289: 274: 219: 215: 177: 135: 80: 41: 4106: 3921: 3461: 3027: 2427: 1519:

Incidence of oesophageal cancer in both sex per 100.000 population (

1189: 1181: 1075:, which classifies the amount of tumor invasion (T), involvement of 957:

images of a submucosal tumor in the central portion of the esophagus

643:

in the lower portion of the esophagus in response to erosion of its

529:

and alcohol. Adenocarcinoma has been linked to effects of long-term

352:, but generally tend to be fairly poor, as diagnosis is often late. 6098: 3087:"HOXA13 in etiology and oncogenic potential of Barrett's esophagus" 1810: 1806: 1675: 1057: 1049: 652: 545:) and alcohol. The combination of tobacco and alcohol has a strong 490: 438:

due to food entering the airways through the abnormal connections (

427: 373: 235: 92: 68: 4858: 2862:"Carcinogenicity of drinking coffee, mate, and very hot beverages" 1503:

involvement brings this down to less than 50%. Extension into the

4611: 4068:"A cancer staging primer: esophagus and esophagogastric junction" 2202: 2056: 1921:

The genomics of esophageal adenocarcinoma is being studied using

1907: 1898:, chef YouTube star, died of esophageal cancer in 2024, aged 67. 1719: 1715: 1703: 1302: 1294: 624: 612:

Esophageal cancer (lower part) as a result of Barrettʼs esophagus

525:. Squamous-cell carcinoma is linked to lifestyle factors such as 502: 494: 455: 439: 324: 293: 139: 5481: 2859: 5450: 5435: 5209:"Christopher Hitchens' widow on his death: "God never came up"" 4968: 4700: 4031: 3999:

Perez and Brady's Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology

1691: 1683: 1671: 1659: 1496: 1318: 1313:

A first decision, regarding the point of entry, is between a

1270: 1255:

may be used to relieve symptoms and make it easier to swallow.

882: 805: 656: 423: 304: 211: 100: 16:

Gastrointestinal system cancer that is located in the esophagus

4109:"Body Fatness and Cancer--Viewpoint of the IARC Working Group" 3192: 3084: 2637:

Pennathur A, Gibson MK, Jobe BA, Luketich JD (February 2013).

2401:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 697. 364:

Prominent symptoms usually do not appear until the cancer has

6198: 1911: 1687: 1431: 1358: 1252: 1103:), and tumor location (upper, middle, lower, or junctional). 901: 789:

to the esophagus by accidentally or intentionally swallowing

780: 482: 478: 4969:

Arnold M, Soerjomataram I, Ferlay J, Forman D (March 2015).

655:. At a mechanistic level, in the esophagus there is a small 6095: 5153:. National Cancer Institute. September 2006. Archived from 4670: 3193:

Turati F, Tramacere I, La Vecchia C, Negri E (March 2013).

2752: 2636: 2583:

Oxford American Handbook of Gastroenterology and Hepatology

1849: 1802: 1663: 984:

Contrast CT scan showing an esophageal tumor (coronal view)

315:

camera). Prevention includes stopping smoking and eating a

5354: 873:, the diagnosis is best made with an examination using an 3567: 1880:

in 1923 and died of throat cancer shortly after aged 65.

1567:

Death from esophageal cancer per million persons in 2012

505:(the feelings often associated with impaired breathing). 434:

of food and coughing. There is also an increased risk of

257:(often abbreviated to ESCC), which is more common in the 5302: 4861:"Barrett's esophagus and esophageal cancer: an overview" 4536: 4425: 3964: 1981:. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby (Elsevier). pp. 389–391. 1212:

Typical scar lines after the two main methods of surgery

1099:– an indication of the biological aggressiveness of the 1083:(M). The currently preferred classification is the 2010 793:

substances is a risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma.

469:

If the cancer has spread elsewhere, symptoms related to

3886: 3418: 3143: 2425: 1886:, host of the prominent self-titled television program 1707: 733:, thereby reducing damage by GERD. Decreasing rates of 623:

of other known risk factors, including acid reflux and

4255: 2578: 1892:, died of esophageal cancer in 1974 at the age of 73. 1745:

The squamous-cell carcinoma type is more common among

4002:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1137–. 3971:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 2047–. 3827:

JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association

3626: 3543:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 224. 1824:

died of esophageal cancer in 2002, at the age of 60.

1795:, actor, died of esophageal cancer in 1957, aged 57. 1706:. The countries with highest recorded rates were the 912:

or involved organs) generally larger than 1 cm.

5413: 4399:(6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 257. 3392:

Epidemiology of Chronic Disease: Global Perspectives

2796:(6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 254. 2394: 1858:

as Aku, died of esophageal cancer in 2006, aged 72.

1239:

is restricted to localized disease, without distant

273:

that line the esophagus. Adenocarcinoma arises from

4908: 4065: 3965:Shields TW, LoCicero JW, Reed CE, Feins RH (2009). 3958: 3718: 2816: 2367:

Gastrointestinal oncology: principles and practices

2270: 941:– a frequent precursor of esophageal adenocarcinoma 4207:"Diet and oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal cancer" 4072:The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 3995: 3824: 3295:"Recent developments in esophageal adenocarcinoma" 3292: 2721:. In Posner MC, Vokes EE, Weichselbaum RR (eds.). 2632: 2630: 2628: 865:Although an occlusive tumor may be suspected on a 473:may appear. Common sites of spread include nearby 4854: 4852: 4605: 3989: 3539:. In Adami HO, Hunter DJ, Trichopoulos D (eds.). 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3241:Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology 3234: 3232: 3230: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 1326:(the hole where the esophagus passes through the 442:) that may develop between the esophagus and the 418:The presence of the tumor may disrupt the normal 379:The first and the most common symptom is usually 6466: 5093: 4394: 3339:"Risk factors for esophageal cancer development" 2981: 2979: 2951: 2787: 1813:, who collaborated with bandleader and composer 1376: 925:but either may arise anywhere in the esophagus. 5577:Cancer Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach 4066:Rice TW, Blackstone EH, Rusch VW (March 2010). 3712: 3620: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 2579:Cheifetz AS, Brown A, Curry M, Moss AC (2011). 2061:. World Health Organization. pp. 528–543. 1817:, died of esophageal cancer in 1967 at age 51. 783:is a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. 703:seems to be of particular relevance, given the 573:substances. High levels of dietary exposure to 5635: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4849: 4706: 4350: 4156:Qin X, Jia G, Zhou X, Yang Z (December 2022). 4155: 3719:Hardefeldt HA, Cox MR, Eslick GD (June 2014). 3275: 3227: 2716: 2605: 885:taken of suspicious lesions are then examined 699:, though the reasons for this remain unclear. 6184: 5621: 4472: 3669: 3561: 3455: 2976: 2755:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 2572: 2495: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 1273:or lining of the esophagus may be removed by 972:scan showing an esophageal tumor (axial view) 597:(areca) is an important risk factor in Asia. 5003: 4707:Wang KK, Prasad G, Tian J (September 2010). 4295: 4293: 4249: 3851: 3776:Han Y, Chen W, Li P, Ye J (September 2015). 3769: 3412: 3332: 3330: 3014: 2952:Jobe BA, Thomas CR, Hunter JG, eds. (2009). 2318: 2316: 2088: 1357:may be inserted to keep the esophagus open; 1150:intake could be associated with lower risk. 1139:Esophageal cancer with spread to lymph nodes 222:and weight loss. Other symptoms may include 5094:Vega KJ, Jamal MM, Wiggins CL (June 2010). 4953: 4909:Napier KJ, Scheerer M, Misra S (May 2014). 4897: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4390: 4388: 4204: 3775: 3678:Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 3379: 2853: 2748: 2746: 2710: 2679: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2491: 2489: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1451:Internal radiotherapy for esophageal cancer 1384:depends on the tumor type, but tends to be 376:due to the physical presence of the tumor. 6191: 6177: 5628: 5614: 5057: 5055: 4915:World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 4344: 3534: 3528: 3346:Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America 3146:"The role of bile acids in carcinogenesis" 2723:Cancer of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract 2692:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1590–1. 2556:Harrison's principles of internal medicine 2242:"SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Esophageal Cancer" 2236: 2234: 2131: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 1115:T1, T2, and T3 stages of esophageal cancer 917:radiation dose to the patient. Esophageal 536: 40: 5884:Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer 5388: 5328: 5119: 5035: 4986: 4936: 4926: 4876: 4773: 4732: 4588: 4500: 4490: 4449: 4368: 4327: 4317: 4290: 4273: 4181: 4132: 4083: 4059: 4037:"C16 - Malignant neoplasm of the stomach" 3801: 3744: 3652: 3603: 3593: 3327: 3310: 3238: 3210: 3169: 3120: 3110: 3061: 2955:Esophageal cancer principles and practice 2654: 2461: 2451: 2395:Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni J, eds. (2006). 2313: 2296: 2264: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2114: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 1935:Esophagogastric junctional adenocarcinoma 1361:may also assist in occluding fistulas. A 466:(excess calcium in the blood) may occur. 372:. Onset of symptoms is usually caused by 6221:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 5589:Oesophageal Cancer at Cancer Research UK 4806:"Oesophageal cancer survival statistics" 4755: 4749: 4517: 4473:Sun F, Yuan P, Chen T, Hu J (May 2014). 4466: 4385: 3996:Halperin EC, Perez CA, Brady LW (2008). 3675: 3633:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 3498: 2819:The American Journal of Gastroenterology 2743: 2538: 2486: 2075: 1947: 1562: 1514: 1353:If the person cannot swallow at all, an 1207: 1196: 1188: 1180: 851: 607: 6109:Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm 5136: 5052: 5009: 2958:. New York: Demos Medical. p. 93. 2496:Enzinger PC, Mayer RJ (December 2003). 2419: 2231: 2089:Zhang HZ, Jin GF, Shen HB (June 2012). 1634:representing about 3% of all cancers). 768:(i.e. a regional reaction to long-term 631:GERD or Gastroesophageal reflux disease 6467: 3385: 3186: 2685: 2363: 2181: 2144: 1999: 1918:the current evidence is inconclusive. 1901: 1788:Category:Deaths from esophageal cancer 1776: 1193:Esophageal stent for esophageal cancer 1185:Esophageal stent for esophageal cancer 860: 6172: 5609: 5594:National Comprehensive Cancer Network 5350: 5348: 5267: 5144:"Incidence and Mortality Rate Trends" 4658: 4562: 4419: 4299: 2553: 1972: 1698:, where ESCC appears to predominate. 751: 359: 52:image of an esophageal adenocarcinoma 5249:from the original on 9 December 2015 5219:from the original on 30 October 2015 4553:Online edition, with updates to 2014 4353:"Controversies in Barrett esophagus" 4351:Dunbar KB, Spechler SJ (July 2014). 4047:from the original on 2 November 2015 3336: 3150:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 1878:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 1087:for cancer of the esophagus and the 6318:Epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease 6158:Desmoplastic small round cell tumor 5189:from the original on 6 October 2014 4713:Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 4581:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.03.11 4302:"Epidemiology of esophageal cancer" 4113:The New England Journal of Medicine 3516:from the original on 19 August 2014 3388:"Epidemiology of Esophageal Cancer" 2587:. Oxford University Press. p. 2505:The New England Journal of Medicine 1419: 279:transformed to intestinal cell type 265:(EAC), which is more common in the 13: 5859:Polymerase proofreading-associated 5345: 5075:from the original on 29 April 2014 4434:"Endoscopic submucosal dissection" 2398:Cancer epidemiology and prevention 422:when swallowing. This can lead to 14: 6486: 5721:Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer 5409: 4865:International Journal of Oncology 4479:Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery 4306:World Journal of Gastroenterology 3293:Lagergren J, Lagergren P (2013). 2719:"Palliation of Esophageal Cancer" 1767: 1028:Esophageal cancers are typically 603: 6017:Nodular regenerative hyperplasia 5282:10.1111/j.1442-2050.2011.01198.x 4893:from the original on 2013-05-17. 4816:from the original on 2014-10-08. 4395:Tobias JS, Hochhauser D (2010). 4245:from the original on 2008-04-30. 4016:from the original on 2015-10-19. 3985:from the original on 2015-10-25. 3557:from the original on 2015-10-25. 3506:"Tylosis with esophageal cancer" 3408:from the original on 2015-09-25. 3375:from the original on 2014-08-12. 2972:from the original on 2017-09-10. 2933:from the original on 5 July 2016 2739:from the original on 2015-10-30. 2706:from the original on 2015-09-20. 2415:from the original on 2015-10-31. 2384:from the original on 2015-09-25. 2252:from the original on 6 July 2014 1995:from the original on 2015-09-19. 1781: 1729: 1642:, and EAC is more common in the 1456: 1444: 1132: 1120: 1108: 1001: 989: 977: 962: 946: 930: 835:There is an association between 5296: 5261: 5231: 5201: 5179:"Oesophageal cancer statistics" 5171: 5151:A Snapshot of Esophageal Cancer 5100:Digestive Diseases and Sciences 5087: 5063:"Cancer Facts and Figures 2014" 4820: 4798: 4762:International Journal of Cancer 4664: 4652: 4556: 4413: 4198: 4149: 4100: 4020: 3915: 3880: 3845: 3818: 3541:Textbook of Cancer Epidemiology 3137: 3078: 3000:10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.04.003 2945: 2909: 2810: 2781: 2388: 2357: 1510: 1464:Self-expandable metallic stents 637:gastroesophageal reflux disease 566:are relatively common in Asia. 6119:Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm 5922:Gastrointestinal stromal tumor 5879:Familial adenomatous polyposis 2717:Gerdes H, Ferguson MK (2002). 2344: 1558: No data / Not applicable 821:(a rare disease that involves 797:Tylosis with esophageal cancer 253:of the disease are esophageal 1: 5927:Krukenberg tumor (metastatic) 5561:Cancer.Net: Esophageal Cancer 4043:. World Health Organization. 2881:10.1016/s1470-2045(16)30239-x 2656:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60643-6 2444:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 2324:"Esophageal Cancer Factsheet" 2289:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 1979:Ferri's clinical advisor 2013 1940: 1377:Chemotherapy and radiotherapy 1235:In general, treatment with a 1176: 1144: 552:Risks associated with alcohol 420:contractions of the esophagus 6148:Primary peritoneal carcinoma 5822:traditional serrated adenoma 5010:Kachala R (September 2010). 4725:10.1097/MOG.0b013e32833e4712 4674:Journal of Clinical Oncology 4370:10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.01.022 3690:10.3109/00365548.2012.702281 3595:10.1371/journal.pone.0069238 2689:Textbook of Gastroenterology 1916:randomized controlled trials 1499:have about an 80% 5YSR, but 1482: 1474: 1426:endoscopic mucosal resection 1275:endoscopic mucosal resection 1164: 914:Positron emission tomography 893: 847: 779:for other conditions in the 647:. This phenomenon, known as 558:and to mutations in certain 319:. Treatment is based on the 303:The disease is diagnosed by 238:, a dry cough, and possibly 7: 6088:Pancreatic ductal carcinoma 5068:. American Cancer Society. 4618:Annals of Surgical Oncology 4569:Journal of Thoracic Disease 4085:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.11.002 3794:10.1097/MD.0000000000001612 2147:Cancer Causes & Control 1928: 554:appear to be linked to its 460:superior vena cava syndrome 193:746,000 affected as of 2015 134:, very hot drinks, chewing 10: 6491: 6104:Serous microcystic adenoma 5699:Signet ring cell carcinoma 5637:Digestive system neoplasia 5381:10.1038/s41467-023-38891-x 4988:10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308124 4300:Zhang Y (September 2013). 4223:10.1207/S15327914NC4402_01 3936:10.1016/j.crad.2019.05.016 3725:Epidemiology and Infection 3535:Nyrén O, Adami HO (2008). 3162:10.1007/s00018-022-04278-2 3112:10.1038/s41467-021-23641-8 3046:10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305490 1845:Avatar: The Last Airbender 1785: 1262: 1258: 1127:Stage T4 esophageal cancer 1063: 879:esophagogastroduodenoscopy 760:is associated with second 6208: 6138: 6067: 6025: 6012:Focal nodular hyperplasia 5948: 5939: 5914: 5892: 5790: 5767: 5742: 5733: 5684: 5661: 5652: 5643: 5513: 5417: 5321:10.1038/s41588-018-0331-5 5270:Diseases of the Esophagus 5112:10.1007/s10620-009-0918-x 4630:10.1245/s10434-008-0042-8 4397:Cancer and its Management 3737:10.1017/S0950268814000016 3510:rarediseases.info.nih.gov 3476:10.1007/s00106-007-1616-7 3433:10.1007/s11912-010-0147-7 3358:10.1016/j.soc.2009.03.005 2794:Cancer and its management 2767:10.1016/j.gde.2010.03.002 2725:. PMPH-USA. p. 184. 2331:Global Cancer Observatory 2246:National Cancer Institute 2159:10.1007/s10552-012-0113-9 2095:Chinese Journal of Cancer 1736:National Cancer Institute 1396:) every three weeks with 1201:Before and after a total 1155:National Cancer Institute 889:for signs of malignancy. 513:The two main types (i.e. 508: 413:recurrent laryngeal nerve 405:region around the stomach 327:alone with the hope of a 197: 189: 176: 161: 149: 121: 106: 74: 56: 48: 39: 31: 26: 6392:Motor vehicle collisions 6114:Mucinous cystic neoplasm 5964:Hepatocellular carcinoma 5818:sessile serrated adenoma 4756:Polednak AP (May 2003). 4319:10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598 4174:10.1093/advances/nmac087 3968:General Thoracic Surgery 3421:Current Oncology Reports 3253:10.1038/nrgastro.2011.73 2350:Even by those using the 2059:World Cancer Report 2014 1923:cancer genome sequencing 1914:, but in the absence of 1322:then pushed through the 1089:esophagogastric junction 1023: 825:) is also a risk factor. 583:nutritional deficiencies 521:) have distinct sets of 493:and abdominal swelling ( 456:upper airway obstruction 387:is less usual at first. 381:difficulty in swallowing 354:Five-year survival rates 350:other medical conditions 220:difficulty in swallowing 183:Five-year survival rates 6475:Gastrointestinal cancer 6153:Peritoneal mesothelioma 5902:Squamous cell carcinoma 5671:Squamous cell carcinoma 5028:10.4314/mmj.v22i3.62190 4686:10.1200/JCO.2002.08.105 4357:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2639:"Oesophageal carcinoma" 1740:American Cancer Society 1490:five-year survival rate 1466:are sometimes used for 819:Plummer–Vinson syndrome 537:Squamous-cell carcinoma 515:squamous-cell carcinoma 356:are around 13% to 18%. 331:. In most other cases, 255:squamous-cell carcinoma 112:squamous-cell carcinoma 6241:Cardiovascular disease 5994:Hepatocellular adenoma 5782:Pseudomyxoma peritonei 5016:Malawi Medical Journal 4928:10.4251/wjgo.v6.i5.112 4832:www.kaizenhospital.com 4575:(Suppl 3): S289–S297. 4492:10.1186/1749-8090-9-78 4451:10.1055/s-0034-1364921 4205:Chainani-Wu N (2002). 2211:(Suppl 6): vi51–vi56. 1973:Ferri FF, ed. (2012). 1773:people died in 2012). 1630: 1560: 1338:and construction of a 1213: 1205: 1194: 1186: 857: 697:obesity-related cancer 613: 344:is often recommended. 281:(a condition known as 234:("glands") around the 6419:Risky sexual behavior 6203:of medical conditions 5556:NCI esophageal cancer 5361:Nature Communications 4878:10.3892/ijo.2012.1481 4563:Berry MF (May 2014). 4162:Advances in Nutrition 4125:10.1056/NEJMsr1606602 3337:Falk GW (July 2009). 3212:10.1093/annonc/mds244 3091:Nature Communications 2453:10536/DRO/DU:30050819 2354:spelling "oesophagus" 2217:10.1093/annonc/mdt342 2107:10.5732/cjc.011.10390 1566: 1518: 1263:Further information: 1211: 1200: 1192: 1184: 955:endoscopic ultrasound 953:Endoscopy and radial 919:endoscopic ultrasound 855: 678:chenodeoxycholic acid 611: 374:narrowing of the tube 81:Difficulty swallowing 6409:Periodontal diseases 5999:Cavernous hemangioma 5850:Familial adenomatous 5837:Polyposis syndromes: 5215:. 7 September 2012. 4211:Nutrition and Cancer 4041:ICD-10 Version: 2015 3901:10.1148/rg.276065742 3866:10.1148/rg.292085106 2869:The Lancet. Oncology 2517:10.1056/NEJMra035010 2283:(10053): 1545–1602. 1889:The Ed Sullivan Show 1828:Christopher Hitchens 1437:Photodynamic therapy 1371:aspiration pneumonia 1220:involved. Adequate 1038:head and neck cancer 1032:that arise from the 937:Endoscopic image of 830:human papillomavirus 758:Head and neck cancer 587:socioeconomic status 436:aspiration pneumonia 385:Pain when swallowing 232:enlarged lymph nodes 224:pain when swallowing 89:enlarged lymph nodes 5373:2023NatCo..14.3155M 3645:10.1093/jnci/djr499 3586:2013PLoSO...869238L 3537:"Esophageal Cancer" 3103:2021NatCo..12.3354J 2831:10.1038/ajg.2014.71 2498:"Esophageal cancer" 2438:(9859): 2095–2128. 1902:Research directions 1805:composer, pianist, 1777:Society and culture 1171:Barrett's esophagus 1085:AJCC staging system 898:Computed tomography 861:Clinical evaluation 766:field cancerization 717:Helicobacter pylori 649:Barrett's esophagus 641:change of cell type 556:aldehyde metabolite 283:Barrett's esophagus 6375:Metabolic syndrome 6059:Gallbladder cancer 6041:Cholangiocarcinoma 5981:Liver angiosarcoma 5915:Upper and/or lower 5864:Serrated polyposis 5599:2019-03-31 at the 5582:2009-05-15 at the 5571:2009-07-12 at the 5514:External resources 5183:Cancer Research UK 4810:Cancer Research UK 4275:10.1111/nure.12032 3924:Clinical Radiology 3386:Harris RE (2013). 3312:10.3322/caac.21185 3199:Annals of Oncology 2205:Annals of Oncology 1842:, voice actor for 1696:Sub-Saharan Africa 1631: 1561: 1505:muscularis propria 1237:curative intention 1232:that are present. 1214: 1206: 1195: 1187: 1073:TNM staging system 1050:malignant melanoma 858: 752:Related conditions 614: 471:metastatic disease 360:Signs and symptoms 101:blood in the stool 35:Oesophageal cancer 6462: 6461: 6449:Teenage pregnancy 6335:Domestic violence 6330:Diabetes mellitus 6166: 6165: 6134: 6133: 6126:Pancreatoblastoma 6078:exocrine pancreas 5935: 5934: 5910: 5909: 5729: 5728: 5694:Gastric carcinoma 5566:Esophageal Cancer 5551: 5550: 4775:10.1002/ijc.11029 4548:978-1-4511-0545-2 4406:978-1-118-71325-9 4312:(34): 5598–5606. 4262:Nutrition Reviews 4009:978-0-7817-6369-1 3978:978-0-7817-7982-1 3550:978-0-19-531117-4 3401:978-0-7637-8047-0 2965:978-1-935281-17-7 2803:978-1-118-71325-9 2732:978-1-55009-101-4 2699:978-1-4443-5941-1 2686:Yamada T (2011). 2649:(9864): 400–412. 2598:978-0-19-983012-1 2565:978-0-07-174889-6 2511:(23): 2241–2252. 2408:978-0-19-974797-9 2377:978-0-7817-7617-2 2364:Kelsen D (2007). 2068:978-92-832-0429-9 1988:978-0-323-08373-7 1896:Lynn Yamada Davis 1862:Robert Kardashian 1682:and (in Africa) 1324:esophageal hiatus 1153:According to the 1079:(N), and distant 1013:histopathological 996:Esophageal cancer 939:Barrett esophagus 777:radiation therapy 701:Abdominal obesity 617:Male predominance 562:. Such metabolic 452:vomiting of blood 407:often feels like 337:radiation therapy 261:, and esophageal 214:arising from the 208:Esophageal cancer 205: 204: 171:radiation therapy 151:Diagnostic method 27:Esophageal cancer 21:Medical condition 6482: 6380:Mental disorders 6193: 6186: 6179: 6170: 6169: 5946: 5945: 5845:MUTYH-associated 5830:Cronkhite–Canada 5801:Colorectal polyp 5740: 5739: 5716:Linitis plastica 5704:Gastric lymphoma 5659: 5658: 5650: 5649: 5630: 5623: 5616: 5607: 5606: 5415: 5414: 5403: 5402: 5392: 5352: 5343: 5342: 5332: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5165: 5159: 5148: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5123: 5106:(6): 1622–1626. 5091: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5074: 5067: 5059: 5050: 5049: 5039: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4990: 4966: 4951: 4950: 4940: 4930: 4906: 4895: 4894: 4880: 4856: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4834:. Archived from 4824: 4818: 4817: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4777: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4736: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4680:(8): 1996–2004. 4668: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4624:(9): 2372–2379. 4609: 4603: 4602: 4592: 4560: 4554: 4552: 4534: 4515: 4514: 4504: 4494: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4453: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4392: 4383: 4382: 4372: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4331: 4321: 4297: 4288: 4287: 4277: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4185: 4168:(6): 2207–2216. 4153: 4147: 4146: 4136: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4087: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4024: 4018: 4017: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3895:(6): 1635–1652. 3884: 3878: 3877: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3805: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3748: 3731:(6): 1119–1137. 3716: 3710: 3709: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3656: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3607: 3597: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3374: 3343: 3334: 3325: 3324: 3314: 3290: 3273: 3272: 3236: 3225: 3224: 3214: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3173: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3124: 3114: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3065: 3025: 3012: 3011: 2983: 2974: 2973: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2932: 2921: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2903: 2897: 2891:. Archived from 2866: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2750: 2741: 2740: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2658: 2634: 2603: 2602: 2586: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2551: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2527:. Archived from 2502: 2493: 2484: 2483: 2465: 2455: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2361: 2355: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2328: 2320: 2311: 2310: 2300: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2238: 2229: 2228: 2200: 2179: 2178: 2142: 2129: 2128: 2118: 2086: 2073: 2072: 2054: 1997: 1996: 1970: 1874:Andrew Bonar Law 1747:African American 1662:, north-eastern 1640:developing world 1626: 1620: 1614: 1608: 1602: 1596: 1590: 1584: 1578: 1572: 1557: 1551: 1545: 1539: 1533: 1527: 1521:age-standardized 1460: 1448: 1420:Other approaches 1363:nasogastric tube 1355:esophageal stent 1136: 1124: 1112: 1071:is based on the 1060:, among others. 1054:rhabdomyosarcoma 1017:H&E staining 1005: 993: 981: 966: 950: 934: 841:gluten-free diet 801:familial disease 787:Corrosive injury 682:oxidative stress 674:deoxycholic acid 653:hormonal factors 499:pleural effusion 487:Liver metastasis 335:with or without 271:epithelial cells 259:developing world 63:Gastroenterology 44: 24: 23: 6490: 6489: 6485: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6465: 6464: 6463: 6458: 6204: 6197: 6167: 6162: 6130: 6063: 6021: 5931: 5906: 5888: 5786: 5763: 5752:Duodenal cancer 5744:Small intestine 5725: 5680: 5639: 5634: 5601:Wayback Machine 5584:Wayback Machine 5573:Wayback Machine 5552: 5547: 5546: 5509: 5508: 5426: 5412: 5407: 5406: 5353: 5346: 5309:Nature Genetics 5301: 5297: 5266: 5262: 5252: 5250: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5222: 5220: 5207: 5206: 5202: 5192: 5190: 5177: 5176: 5172: 5163: 5161: 5157: 5146: 5142: 5141: 5137: 5092: 5088: 5078: 5076: 5072: 5065: 5061: 5060: 5053: 5008: 5004: 4967: 4954: 4907: 4898: 4857: 4850: 4841: 4839: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4804: 4803: 4799: 4754: 4750: 4705: 4701: 4669: 4665: 4657: 4653: 4610: 4606: 4561: 4557: 4549: 4535: 4518: 4471: 4467: 4430: 4426: 4418: 4414: 4407: 4393: 4386: 4349: 4345: 4298: 4291: 4254: 4250: 4203: 4199: 4154: 4150: 4105: 4101: 4064: 4060: 4050: 4048: 4035: 4025: 4021: 4010: 3994: 3990: 3979: 3963: 3959: 3920: 3916: 3885: 3881: 3850: 3846: 3823: 3819: 3774: 3770: 3717: 3713: 3674: 3670: 3625: 3621: 3566: 3562: 3551: 3533: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3460: 3456: 3417: 3413: 3402: 3384: 3380: 3372: 3341: 3335: 3328: 3291: 3276: 3237: 3228: 3191: 3187: 3142: 3138: 3083: 3079: 3026: 3015: 2984: 2977: 2966: 2950: 2946: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2919: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2864: 2858: 2854: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2786: 2782: 2751: 2744: 2733: 2715: 2711: 2700: 2684: 2680: 2635: 2606: 2599: 2577: 2573: 2566: 2552: 2539: 2531: 2500: 2494: 2487: 2424: 2420: 2409: 2393: 2389: 2378: 2362: 2358: 2352:British English 2349: 2345: 2335: 2333: 2326: 2322: 2321: 2314: 2269: 2265: 2255: 2253: 2240: 2239: 2232: 2201: 2182: 2143: 2132: 2087: 2076: 2069: 2055: 2000: 1989: 1971: 1948: 1943: 1931: 1904: 1799:Billy Strayhorn 1793:Humphrey Bogart 1790: 1784: 1779: 1770: 1732: 1644:developed world 1629: 1628: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1559: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1513: 1485: 1477: 1470: 1468:palliative care 1461: 1452: 1449: 1422: 1379: 1299:large intestine 1297:or part of the 1286:quality of life 1267: 1261: 1179: 1167: 1147: 1140: 1137: 1128: 1125: 1116: 1113: 1097:differentiation 1066: 1026: 1019: 1006: 997: 994: 985: 982: 973: 967: 958: 951: 942: 935: 863: 850: 823:esophageal webs 754: 691:Being obese or 666:further changes 645:squamous lining 606: 560:related enzymes 539: 511: 362: 342:palliative care 267:developed world 128:Smoking tobacco 83:, weight loss, 66:General surgery 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6488: 6478: 6477: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6405: 6404: 6394: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6321: 6320: 6310: 6305: 6304: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6243: 6238: 6236:Binge drinking 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6212: 6210: 6206: 6205: 6196: 6195: 6188: 6181: 6173: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6144: 6142: 6136: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6091: 6090: 6085: 6083:Adenocarcinoma 6073: 6071: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6061: 6049: 6048: 6046:Klatskin tumor 6043: 6031: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6019: 6014: 6002: 6001: 5996: 5984: 5983: 5978: 5976:Hepatoblastoma 5973: 5972: 5971: 5954: 5952: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5929: 5924: 5918: 5916: 5912: 5911: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5904: 5898: 5896: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5874:Adenocarcinoma 5867: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5847: 5842: 5833: 5832: 5796: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5784: 5779: 5773: 5771: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5761: 5760: 5759: 5757:Adenocarcinoma 5748: 5746: 5737: 5731: 5730: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5712: 5711: 5701: 5696: 5690: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5678: 5676:Adenocarcinoma 5673: 5667: 5665: 5656: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5633: 5632: 5625: 5618: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5591: 5586: 5563: 5558: 5549: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5542:article/368206 5539:article/277930 5530: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5495: 5484: 5473: 5458: 5443: 5427: 5422: 5421: 5419: 5418:Classification 5411: 5410:External links 5408: 5405: 5404: 5344: 5315:(3): 506–516. 5295: 5276:(8): 544–549. 5260: 5245:. 2015-08-19. 5230: 5200: 5185:. 2015-05-14. 5170: 5135: 5086: 5051: 5002: 4981:(3): 381–387. 4952: 4921:(5): 112–120. 4896: 4871:(2): 414–424. 4848: 4819: 4812:. 2015-05-15. 4797: 4748: 4719:(5): 453–458. 4699: 4663: 4661:, p. S293 4651: 4604: 4555: 4547: 4516: 4465: 4444:(4): 361–370. 4424: 4422:, p. S292 4412: 4405: 4384: 4363:(7): 973–984. 4343: 4289: 4268:(7): 474–482. 4248: 4217:(2): 104–126. 4197: 4148: 4119:(8): 794–798. 4099: 4078:(3): 527–529. 4058: 4028:stomach cancer 4019: 4008: 3988: 3977: 3957: 3930:(9): 718–725. 3914: 3879: 3860:(2): 403–421. 3844: 3817: 3768: 3711: 3668: 3639:(2): 147–158. 3619: 3560: 3549: 3527: 3497: 3470:(6): 603–608. 3454: 3427:(2): 132–137. 3411: 3400: 3378: 3352:(3): 469–485. 3326: 3305:(4): 232–248. 3274: 3247:(6): 340–347. 3226: 3205:(3): 609–617. 3185: 3136: 3077: 3040:(1): 191–202. 3013: 2994:(3): 244–248. 2975: 2964: 2944: 2926:. IARC / WHO. 2908: 2875:(7): 877–878. 2852: 2825:(6): 822–827. 2809: 2802: 2780: 2761:(3): 210–217. 2742: 2731: 2709: 2698: 2678: 2604: 2597: 2571: 2564: 2537: 2534:on 2014-07-14. 2485: 2418: 2407: 2387: 2376: 2356: 2343: 2312: 2263: 2230: 2180: 2153:(2): 257–265. 2130: 2101:(6): 281–286. 2074: 2067: 1998: 1987: 1945: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1937: 1930: 1927: 1903: 1900: 1815:Duke Ellington 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1769: 1768:United Kingdom 1766: 1752:white American 1731: 1728: 1656:northern China 1651:incidence rate 1649:The worldwide 1623: 1617: 1611: 1605: 1599: 1593: 1587: 1581: 1575: 1569: 1568: 1554: 1552: 4.2–17.9 1548: 1542: 1536: 1530: 1524: 1523:rate) in 2022 1512: 1509: 1484: 1481: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1471: 1462: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1443: 1421: 1418: 1378: 1375: 1260: 1257: 1230:other diseases 1178: 1175: 1166: 1163: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1107: 1065: 1062: 1046:leiomyosarcoma 1025: 1022: 1021: 1020: 1007: 1000: 998: 995: 988: 986: 983: 976: 974: 968: 961: 959: 952: 945: 943: 936: 929: 894:§ Staging 887:histologically 867:barium swallow 862: 859: 849: 846: 845: 844: 837:celiac disease 833: 826: 816: 810: 794: 784: 773: 762:primary tumors 753: 750: 723:gastric cancer 605: 604:Adenocarcinoma 602: 538: 535: 519:adenocarcinoma 510: 507: 393:undernutrition 370:advanced stage 361: 358: 321:cancer's stage 263:adenocarcinoma 244:vomiting blood 203: 202: 201:509,000 (2018) 199: 195: 194: 191: 187: 186: 180: 174: 173: 163: 159: 158: 153: 147: 146: 125: 119: 118: 116:adenocarcinoma 108: 104: 103: 97:vomiting blood 78: 72: 71: 60: 54: 53: 46: 45: 37: 36: 33: 29: 28: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6487: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6424:Schizophrenia 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6207: 6202: 6194: 6189: 6187: 6182: 6180: 6175: 6174: 6171: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6137: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6100: 6097: 6093: 6092: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6051: 6050: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6027:Biliary tract 6024: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6004: 6003: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5986: 5985: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5970: 5969:Fibrolamellar 5967: 5966: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5913: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5891: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5831: 5827: 5826:Peutz–Jeghers 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5789: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5766: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5732: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5710: 5709:MALT lymphoma 5707: 5706: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5683: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5631: 5626: 5624: 5619: 5617: 5612: 5611: 5608: 5602: 5598: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5543: 5540: 5536: 5535: 5531: 5529: 5525: 5524: 5520: 5519: 5516: 5512: 5505: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5489: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5478: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5457: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5442: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5428: 5425: 5420: 5416: 5400: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5351: 5349: 5340: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5299: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5264: 5248: 5244: 5243:Rolling Stone 5240: 5234: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5204: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5160:on 2007-03-16 5156: 5152: 5145: 5139: 5131: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5090: 5071: 5064: 5058: 5056: 5047: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4855: 4853: 4838:on 2021-01-21 4837: 4833: 4829: 4823: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4768:(1): 98–100. 4767: 4763: 4759: 4752: 4744: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4703: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4667: 4660: 4655: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4608: 4600: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4559: 4550: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4469: 4461: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4421: 4416: 4408: 4402: 4398: 4391: 4389: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4347: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4296: 4294: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4252: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4201: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4152: 4144: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4103: 4095: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4015: 4011: 4005: 4001: 4000: 3992: 3984: 3980: 3974: 3970: 3969: 3961: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3889:Radiographics 3883: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3854:Radiographics 3848: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3788:(38): e1612. 3787: 3783: 3779: 3772: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3672: 3664: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3580:(7): e69238. 3579: 3575: 3571: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3531: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3466:(in German). 3465: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3382: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3340: 3333: 3331: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3081: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 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1517: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1491: 1480: 1469: 1465: 1459: 1454: 1447: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1427: 1417: 1414: 1410: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1349: 1346:, is removed 1345: 1341: 1337: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1319:transthoracic 1316: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1290: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1279:esophagectomy 1276: 1272: 1266: 1265:Esophagectomy 1256: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1210: 1204: 1203:esophagectomy 1199: 1191: 1183: 1174: 1172: 1162: 1160: 1159:Dietary fiber 1156: 1151: 1135: 1130: 1123: 1118: 1111: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1004: 999: 992: 987: 980: 975: 971: 965: 960: 956: 949: 944: 940: 933: 928: 927: 926: 922: 920: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 854: 842: 838: 834: 831: 827: 824: 820: 817: 814: 811: 808: 807: 802: 798: 795: 792: 788: 785: 782: 778: 774: 771: 767: 763: 759: 756: 755: 749: 746: 744: 743:breastfeeding 738: 736: 732: 728: 724: 719: 718: 713: 711: 706: 702: 698: 694: 689: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 633: 632: 628: 626: 622: 618: 610: 601: 598: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 567: 565: 561: 557: 553: 548: 544: 534: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 506: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 467: 465: 464:Hypercalcemia 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 432:regurgitation 429: 425: 421: 416: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 377: 375: 371: 367: 357: 355: 351: 345: 343: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 301: 299: 295: 291: 286: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 249:The two main 247: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 181: 179: 175: 172: 168: 164: 160: 157: 156:Tissue biopsy 154: 152: 148: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 126: 124: 120: 117: 114:, esophageal 113: 109: 105: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 79: 77: 73: 70: 67: 64: 61: 59: 55: 51: 47: 43: 38: 34: 30: 25: 19: 6454:Tuberculosis 6365:Malnutrition 6209:Health topic 6201:epidemiology 6094: 6076: 6052: 6034: 6005: 5987: 5957: 5870: 5836: 5810:hyperplastic 5799: 5792:Colon/rectum 5662: 5532: 5521: 5497: 5486: 5475: 5460: 5445: 5430: 5364: 5360: 5312: 5308: 5298: 5273: 5269: 5263: 5251:. 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Retrieved 2245: 2208: 2204: 2150: 2146: 2098: 2094: 2058: 1978: 1920: 1905: 1894: 1887: 1882: 1876:resigned as 1872: 1866: 1860: 1855:Samurai Jack 1853: 1843: 1838: 1832: 1826: 1819: 1797: 1791: 1771: 1744: 1733: 1700: 1680:Turkmenistan 1670:and eastern 1648: 1636: 1632: 1627: 76-142 1511:Epidemiology 1494: 1486: 1478: 1430: 1423: 1413:Radiotherapy 1411: 1407:capecitabine 1398:fluorouracil 1382:Chemotherapy 1380: 1352: 1347: 1340:gastric tube 1332: 1315:transhiatial 1311: 1291: 1283: 1268: 1249:radiotherapy 1245:palliatively 1234: 1215: 1169:People with 1168: 1152: 1148: 1101:cancer cells 1067: 1043: 1027: 923: 891: 864: 804: 770:carcinogenic 747: 739: 734: 731:stomach acid 726: 715: 714: 710:inflammatory 690: 672:, including 634: 630: 629: 621:interactions 615: 599: 591:oral hygiene 575:nitrosamines 568: 540: 523:risk factors 512: 468: 417: 378: 363: 346: 333:chemotherapy 317:healthy diet 302: 287: 248: 228:hoarse voice 207: 206: 167:chemotherapy 123:Risk factors 85:hoarse voice 18: 6345:Hepatitis D 6340:Hepatitis C 6308:Chikungunya 6054:gallbladder 6007:hyperplasia 5523:MedlinePlus 5367:(1): 3155. 5253:11 November 5223:11 November 4051:14 November 3684:(1): 1–18. 3097:(1): 3354. 2924:www.iarc.fr 2788:Tobias JS, 1910:or related 1884:Ed Sullivan 1848:as General 1801:, American 1724:New Zealand 1712:Netherlands 1668:Afghanistan 1666:, northern 1658:, southern 1621: 60-75 1615: 46-59 1609: 37-45 1603: 27-36 1597: 16-26 1591: 11-15 1534: 1–1.8 1394:oxaliplatin 1390:carboplatin 1388:-based (or 1367:gastrostomy 1344:lymph nodes 1307:anastomosis 1301:(colon) or 1284:The likely 1218:specialties 1095:(degree of 1077:lymph nodes 970:Contrast CT 910:lymph nodes 906:lymph nodes 871:barium meal 775:History of 662:bile reflux 589:, and poor 547:synergistic 531:acid reflux 485:and bone. 475:lymph nodes 399:behind the 395:is common. 389:Weight loss 366:infiltrated 307:done by an 298:acid reflux 240:coughing up 144:acid reflux 110:Esophageal 91:around the 32:Other names 6429:Snakebites 6325:Depression 6271:esophageal 6266:colorectal 6140:Peritoneum 5499:DiseasesDB 5164:2007-03-21 4842:2021-01-17 4659:Berry 2014 4614:Blazeby JM 4420:Berry 2014 3156:(5): 243. 3054:1765/67455 2902:2016-10-03 2336:8 November 1941:References 1786:See also: 1757:New Mexico 1585: 7-10 1501:submucosal 1402:epirubicin 1336:laparotomy 1241:metastasis 1177:Management 1145:Prevention 1081:metastasis 1034:epithelium 1030:carcinomas 1009:Micrograph 896:, below). 799:is a rare 772:exposure). 693:overweight 686:DNA damage 670:bile acids 593:. Chewing 489:can cause 450:, causing 403:or in the 401:breastbone 313:fiberoptic 236:collarbone 93:collarbone 50:Endoscopic 6414:Pneumonia 6402:childhood 6099:neoplasms 6036:bile duct 5959:malignant 5941:Accessory 5871:Neoplasm: 5854:Gardner's 5777:Carcinoid 5663:Esophagus 5534:eMedicine 5193:3 October 4438:Endoscopy 3520:16 August 3449:207335139 2988:Maturitas 2937:3 October 2847:205103765 1834:Morrissey 1822:John Thaw 1761:Hispanics 1579: 5-6 1573: 0-4 1528: 0–1 1483:Prognosis 1475:Follow-up 1386:cisplatin 1328:diaphragm 1222:nutrition 1165:Screening 875:endoscope 848:Diagnosis 813:Achalasia 735:H. pylori 727:H. pylori 712:effects. 705:closeness 595:betel nut 579:processed 409:heartburn 309:endoscope 290:betel nut 275:glandular 251:sub-types 216:esophagus 190:Frequency 178:Prognosis 165:Surgery, 162:Treatment 136:betel nut 58:Specialty 6469:Category 6444:Syphilis 6355:HIV/AIDS 6313:Dementia 6286:prostate 6281:lymphoma 6261:cervical 6231:Bed bugs 6069:Pancreas 5840:Juvenile 5814:juvenile 5769:Appendix 5645:GI tract 5597:Archived 5580:Archived 5569:Archived 5399:37258531 5390:10232490 5339:30718927 5290:21539676 5247:Archived 5217:Archived 5213:CBS News 5187:Archived 5130:19688596 5079:28 April 5070:Archived 5046:21977849 4997:25320104 4947:24834141 4891:Archived 4887:22615011 4814:Archived 4784:12672037 4743:20703112 4694:11956258 4646:19933001 4638:18626719 4599:24876933 4511:24885614 4460:24671864 4379:24867396 4338:24039351 4284:23815145 4243:Archived 4231:12734057 4192:36041184 4143:27557308 4094:20176201 4045:Archived 4030:, as in 4014:Archived 3983:Archived 3952:80059143 3944:31221468 3909:18025508 3874:19325056 3839:26712189 3812:26402826 3782:Medicine 3763:21457534 3755:24721187 3706:22862509 3698:22830571 3663:22228147 3614:23894436 3574:PLOS ONE 3555:Archived 3514:Archived 3484:17928979 3441:21234721 3406:Archived 3370:Archived 3366:19500737 3321:23818335 3269:31598439 3261:21643038 3221:22898040 3180:35429253 3131:34099670 3072:24092861 3008:21602001 2970:Archived 2928:Archived 2889:27318851 2839:24751582 2792:(2013). 2775:20347291 2737:Archived 2704:Archived 2673:13550805 2665:23374478 2525:14657432 2472:23245604 2463:10790329 2413:Archived 2382:Archived 2307:27733282 2250:Archived 2225:24078662 2175:14356684 2167:23224324 2125:22507220 1993:Archived 1975:"Tumors" 1929:See also 1811:arranger 1807:lyricist 1676:Mongolia 1253:stenting 1058:lymphoma 1011:showing 883:Biopsies 564:variants 491:jaundice 440:fistulas 428:vomiting 76:Symptoms 69:oncology 6434:Suicide 6397:Obesity 6370:Measles 6360:Leprosy 6301:ovarian 6296:stomach 6251:bladder 6199:Global 5806:adenoma 5686:Stomach 5493:D004938 5369:Bibcode 5330:6420087 5121:2882567 5037:3345777 4938:4021327 4792:6539230 4734:3215503 4590:4037413 4502:4052291 4329:3769895 4239:1546319 4183:9776643 4134:6754861 4034:. See: 3803:4635766 3746:9151180 3654:3260131 3605:3722293 3582:Bibcode 3492:9504791 3171:9013344 3122:8184780 3099:Bibcode 3063:6597262 2480:1541253 2298:5055577 2256:18 June 2116:3777490 1908:aspirin 1720:Iceland 1716:Ireland 1704:Oceania 1348:en bloc 1303:jejunum 1295:stomach 1259:Surgery 1069:Staging 1064:Staging 791:caustic 729:reduce 625:obesity 571:caustic 543:chewing 527:smoking 503:dyspnea 501:), and 495:ascites 444:trachea 325:surgery 294:obesity 140:obesity 132:alcohol 6439:Stroke 6350:Herpes 6256:breast 6246:Cancer 6226:Autism 6216:Asthma 6096:cystic 5989:benign 5528:000283 5482:133239 5397: 5387: 5337: 5327: 5288: 5128: 5118: 5044: 5034: 4995: 4945: 4935: 4885: 4790: 4782: 4741: 4731: 4692: 4644: 4636: 4597: 4587: 4545: 4509: 4499: 4485:: 78. 4458: 4403: 4377: 4336: 4326: 4282: 4237: 4229: 4190: 4180: 4141: 4131: 4092: 4032:ICD-10 4006: 3975: 3950: 3942: 3907: 3872: 3837: 3810: 3800: 3761: 3753: 3743: 3704: 3696: 3661: 3651: 3612: 3602: 3547: 3490: 3482: 3447: 3439: 3398: 3364: 3319: 3267: 3259: 3219: 3178: 3168: 3129: 3119: 3070: 3060: 3006: 2962: 2887: 2845: 2837: 2800: 2773: 2729: 2696: 2671: 2663: 2643:Lancet 2595: 2562: 2523: 2478: 2470: 2460: 2432:Lancet 2405: 2374: 2305: 2295: 2277:Lancet 2223: 2173: 2165: 2123: 2113: 2065: 1985: 1912:NSAIDs 1820:Actor 1809:, and 1692:Uganda 1684:Malawi 1672:Turkey 1660:Russia 1625: 1619: 1613: 1607: 1601: 1595: 1589: 1583: 1577: 1571: 1556: 1550: 1544: 1538: 1532: 1526: 1497:mucosa 1359:stents 1317:and a 1271:mucosa 806:RHBDF2 657:HOXA13 585:, low 509:Causes 477:, the 424:nausea 305:biopsy 296:, and 212:cancer 198:Deaths 6385:child 6276:liver 5950:Liver 5735:Lower 5654:Upper 5575:From 5158:(PDF) 5147:(PDF) 5073:(PDF) 5066:(PDF) 4788:S2CID 4642:S2CID 4235:S2CID 3948:S2CID 3759:S2CID 3702:S2CID 3488:S2CID 3445:S2CID 3373:(PDF) 3342:(PDF) 3265:S2CID 2931:(PDF) 2920:(PDF) 2896:(PDF) 2865:(PDF) 2843:S2CID 2669:S2CID 2532:(PDF) 2501:(PDF) 2476:S2CID 2327:(PDF) 2171:S2CID 1690:and 1688:Kenya 1432:Laser 1226:stage 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