Western esotericism

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discovered through scientific or scholarly enquiry; this had led some to claim that it does not exist, though Hanegraaff thought it better to adopt a view based in methodological agnosticism by stating that "we simply do not know—and cannot know" if it exists or not. He noted that, even if such a true and absolute nature of reality really existed, it would only be accessible through "esoteric" spiritual practices, and could not be discovered or measured by the "exoteric" tools of scientific and scholarly enquiry. Hanegraaff pointed out that an approach that seeks a common inner hidden core of all esoteric currents masks that such groups often differ greatly, being rooted in their own historical and social contexts and expressing mutually exclusive ideas and agendas. A third issue was that many of those currents widely recognised as esoteric never concealed their teachings, and in the 20th century came to permeate popular culture, thus problematizing the claim that esotericism could be defined by its hidden and secretive nature. He noted that when scholars adopt this definition, it shows that they subscribe to the religious doctrines espoused by the very groups they are studying.

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higher knowledge", a claim to possessing "wisdom that is superior to other interpretations of cosmos and history" that serves as a "master key for answering all questions of humankind." Accordingly, he believed that esoteric groups placed a great emphasis on secrecy, not because they were inherently rooted in elite groups but because the idea of concealed secrets that can be revealed was central to their discourse. Examining the means of accessing higher knowledge, he highlighted two themes that he believed could be found within esotericism, that of mediation through contact with non-human entities, and individual experience. Accordingly, for Von Stuckrad, esotericism could be best understood as "a structural element of Western culture" rather than as a selection of different schools of thought.

1835: 1015:'Western esotericism' is not a natural term but an artificial category, applied retrospectively to a range of currents and ideas that were known by other names at least prior to the end of the eighteenth century. means that, originally, not all those currents and ideas were necessarily seen as belonging together:... it is only as recently as the later seventeenth century that we find the first attempts at presenting them as one single, coherent field or domain, and at explaining what they have in common. In short, 'Western esotericism' is a modern scholarly construct, not an autonomous tradition that already existed out there and merely needed to be discovered by historians. 1339:

dominating paradigm for a long while" and that it "still exerts influence among scholars outside the study of Western esotericism". The advantage of Faivre's system is that it facilitates comparing varying esoteric traditions "with one another in a systematic fashion." Other scholars criticised his theory, pointing out various weaknesses. Hanegraaff claimed that Faivre's approach entailed "reasoning by prototype" in that it relied upon already having a "best example" of what Western esotericism should look like, against which other phenomena then had to be compared. The scholar of esotericism

1295:, which she saw as an "enchanted" alternative to established religion and rationalistic science. The primary exponent of this view was Faivre, who published a series of criteria for how to define "Western esotericism" in 1992. Faivre claimed that esotericism was "identifiable by the presence of six fundamental characteristics or components", four of which were "intrinsic" and thus vital to defining something as being esoteric, while the other two were "secondary" and thus not necessarily present in every form of esotericism. He listed these characteristics as follows: 831:, the terms "esoteric" and "exoteric" were sometimes used by scholars not to denote that there was secrecy, but to distinguish two procedures of research and education: the first reserved for teachings that were developed "within the walls" of the philosophical school, among a circle of thinkers ("eso-" indicating what is unseen, as in the classes internal to the institution), and the second referring to those whose works were disseminated to the public in speeches and published ("exo-": outside). The initial meaning of this last word is implied when 2332: 84: 1241: 10870: 9397: 1943: 10860: 1667: 2390:

field, the study of which did not fit clearly within any particular discipline. As Hanegraaff noted, Western esotericism had to be studied as a separate field to religion, philosophy, science, and the arts, because while it "participates in all these fields" it does not squarely fit into any of them. Elsewhere, he noted that there was "probably no other domain in the humanities that has been so seriously neglected" as Western esotericism.

1403: 1798: 1343:(born 1966) noted that Faivre's taxonomy was based on his own areas of specialism—Renaissance Hermeticism, Christian Kabbalah, and Protestant Theosophy—and that it was thus not based on a wider understanding of esotericism as it has existed throughout history, from the ancient world to the contemporary period. Accordingly, Von Stuckrad suggested that it was a good typology for understanding "Christian esotericism in the 2421:, which was taken by Goodrick-Clarke, who headed the Exeter Center for the Study of Esotericism. Thus, by 2008 there were three dedicated university chairs in the subject, with Amsterdam and Exeter also offering master's degree programs in it. Several conferences on the subject were held at the quintennial meetings of the International Association for the History of Religions, while a peer-reviewed journal, 49: 2172: 1174: 9384: 2655:: "The Secret Doctrine, alas, is neither so ancient, so erudite, nor so authentic as it pretends to be. When it appeared, an elderly Californian scholar named William Emmette Coleman, outraged by Mme. Blavatsky's false pretensions to oriental learning, made an exegesis of her works. He showed that her main sources were H. H. Wilson's translation of the ancient Indian 3602:, p. 385, "14.1.A – 'Esotericism' as Technical Terminology". " in usage , the two terms roughly covered the traditional 'occult sciences' and a wide range of religious phenomena connected or loosely associated with it . Thus, he provided useful generic labels for a large and complicated group of historical phenomena that had long been perceived as sharing an 1189:

the heart of all world religions and cultures, reflecting a hidden esoteric reality. This use is closest to the original meaning of the word in late antiquity, where it applied to secret spiritual teachings that were reserved for a specific elite and hidden from the masses. This definition was popularised in the published work of 19th-century esotericists like

530:. A second perspective sees esotericism as a category of movements that embrace an "enchanted" worldview in the face of increasing disenchantment. A third views Western esotericism as encompassing all of Western culture's "rejected knowledge" that is accepted neither by the scientific establishment nor orthodox religious authorities. 2683:, in which her credo took permanent, if wildly confused, shape. This work, in six volumes, is a mass of plagiarism and fakery, based upon contemporary scientific, pseudoscientific, mythological, and occult works, cribbed without credit and used in a blundering way that showed only skin-deep acquaintance with the subjects discussed." 1595:(1433–1499) to translate Plato's works into Latin. Ficino went on to translate and publish the works of various Platonic figures, arguing that their philosophies were compatible with Christianity, and allowing for the emergence of a wider movement in Renaissance Platonism, or Platonic Orientalism. Ficino also translated part of the 2431:(ESSWE) being established shortly after. Within a few years, Michael Bergunder expressed the view that it had become an established field within religious studies, with Asprem and Granholm observing that scholars within other sub-disciplines of religious studies had begun to take an interest in the work of scholars of esotericism. 1858:. His writings focused on his visionary travels to heaven and hell and his communications with angels, claiming that the visible, materialist world parallels an invisible spiritual world, with correspondences between the two that do not reflect causal relations. Following his death, followers founded the Swedenborgian 1224:. Versluis for instance defined "Western esotericism" as "inner or hidden spiritual knowledge transmitted through Western European historical currents that in turn feed into North American and other non-European settings". He added that these Western esoteric currents all shared a core characteristic, "a claim to 2382:

research. In 1979 Faivre assumed Secret's chair at the Sorbonne, which was renamed the "History of Esoteric and Mystical Currents in Modern and Contemporary Europe". Faivre has since been cited as being responsible for developing the study of Western esotericism into a formalised field, with his 1992 work

1876:. Mesmer claimed that a universal life force permeated everything, including the human body, and that illnesses were caused by a disturbance or block in this force's flow; he developed techniques he claimed cleansed such blockages and restored the patient to full health. One of Mesmer's followers, the 2146:

as a clairvoyant "and was regularly consulting for help in setting up the symbolic and ceremonial aspects of the SS" but not for important political decisions. By 1939, Wiligut was "forcibly retired from the SS" due to being institutionalised for insanity. On the other hand, the German hermetic magic

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Emergent occult and esoteric systems found increasing popularity in the early 20th century, especially in Western Europe. Occult lodges and secret societies flowered among European intellectuals of this era who had largely abandoned traditional forms of Christianity. The spreading of secret teachings

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The Age of Enlightenment witnessed a process of increasing secularisation of European governments and an embrace of modern science and rationality within intellectual circles. In turn, a "modernist occult" emerged that reflected varied ways esoteric thinkers came to terms with these developments. One

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esotericism. Hanegraaff has characterised these as "recognisable world views and approaches to knowledge that have played an important though always controversial role in the history of Western culture". Historian of religion Henrik Bogdan asserted that Western esotericism constituted "a third pillar

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Many scholars of esotericism have come to be regarded as respected intellectual authorities by practitioners of various esoteric traditions. Many esotericism scholars have sought to emphasise that esotericism is not a single object, but practitioners who read this scholarship have begun to regard it

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Emic denotes the believer’s point of view. On the part of the researcher, the reconstruction of this emic perspective requires an attitude of empathy which excludes personal biases as far as possible. Scholarly discourse about religion, on the other hand, is not emic but etic. Scholars may introduce

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Faivre noted two significant obstacles to establishing the field. One was an ingrained prejudice toward esotericism within academia, resulting in the widespread perception that the history of esotericism was not worthy of academic research. The other was esotericism's status as a trans-disciplinary

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There are various problems with this model for understanding Western esotericism. The most significant is that it rests upon the conviction that there really is a "universal, hidden, esoteric dimension of reality" that objectively exists. The existence of this universal inner tradition has not been

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noted that "never a precise term, has begun to overflow its boundaries on all sides", with both Faivre and Karen-Claire Voss stating that Western esotericism consists of "a vast spectrum of authors, trends, works of philosophy, religion, art, literature, and music". Scholars broadly agree on which

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Various academics have emphasised that esotericism is a phenomenon unique to the Western world. As Faivre stated, an "empirical perspective" would hold that "esotericism is a Western notion." As scholars such as Faivre and Hanegraaff have pointed out, there is no comparable category of "Eastern" or

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began to disassociate themselves from the dominant Christianity in Western Europe. During the 19th and 20th centuries, scholars increasingly saw the term "esotericism" as meaning something distinct from Christianity—as a subculture at odds with the Christian mainstream from at least the time of the

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Writers interested in occult themes have adopted three different strategies for dealing with the subject: those who are knowledgeable on the subject including attractive images of the occult and occultists in their work, those who disguise occultism within "a web of intertextuality", and those who

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at the Centre for Magic and Esotericism that explores topics related to the history of magic, occult, and esoteric literatures. Research topics include witchcraft, Western Esotericism, Occult texts in Christianity, Islam, and Judaism, European folklore, magic in Greece and Rome, and the history of

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As an alternative to Faivre's framework, Kocku von Stuckrad developed his own variant, though he argued that this did not represent a "definition" but rather "a framework of analysis" for scholarly usage. He stated that "on the most general level of analysis", esotericism represented "the claim of

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to refer to "inner traditions" concerned with a "universal spiritual dimension of reality, as opposed to the merely external ('exoteric') religious institutions and dogmatic systems of established religions." This approach views Western esotericism as just one variant of a worldwide esotericism at

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The academic study of Western esotericism was pioneered in the early 20th century by historians of the ancient world and the European Renaissance, who came to recognise that—even though previous scholarship had ignored it—the effect of pre-Christian and non-rational schools of thought on European

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Faivre's form of categorisation has been endorsed by scholars like Goodrick-Clarke, and by 2007 Bogdan could note that Faivre's had become "the standard definition" of Western esotericism in use among scholars. In 2013 the scholar Kennet Granholm stated only that Faivre's definition had been "the

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Scholars established this category in the late 18th century after identifying "structural similarities" between "the ideas and world views of a wide variety of thinkers and movements" that, previously, had not been in the same analytical grouping. According to the scholar of esotericism Wouter J.

1451:. Some still debate whether Hermeticism was a purely literary phenomenon or had communities of practitioners who acted on these ideas, but it has been established that these texts discuss the true nature of God, emphasising that humans must transcend rational thought and worldly desires to find 1388:

Goodrick-Clarke was critical of this approach, believing that it relegated Western esotericism to the position of "a casualty of positivist and materialist perspectives in the nineteenth-century" and thus reinforces the idea that Western esoteric traditions were of little historical importance.

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Hanegraaff proposed an additional definition that "Western esotericism" is a category that represents "the academy's dustbin of rejected knowledge." In this respect, it contains all of the theories and world views rejected by the mainstream intellectual community because they do not accord with

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The concept of "Western esotericism" represents a modern scholarly construct rather than a pre-existing, self-defined tradition of thought. In the late 17th century, several European Christian thinkers presented the argument that one could categorise certain traditions of Western philosophy and

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either; his theosophy and anthroposophy and the Waldorf humanism in particular were considered pseudoscience or at best pedagogy, not a philosophical system. Steiner's credentials were not university-level professional work. German mainstream scholarship called him an 'autodidact, with a poor

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established the world's first academic post in the study of esotericism, with a chair in the History of Christian Esotericism. Its first holder was François Secret, a specialist in the Christian Kabbalah, though he had little interest in developing the wider study of esotericism as a field of

1316:"Experience of Transmutation": Faivre's fourth intrinsic characteristic of esotericism was the emphasis that esotericists place on fundamentally transforming themselves through their practice, for instance through the spiritual transformation that is alleged to accompany the attainment of 1112:

of Western culture" alongside "doctrinal faith and rationality", being deemed heretical by the former and irrational by the latter. Scholars nevertheless recognise that various non-Western traditions have exerted "a profound influence" over Western esotericism, citing the example of the

2659:; Alexander Winchell's World Life; or, Comparative Geology; Donnelly's Atlantis; and other contemporary scientific, pseudo-scientific, and occult works, plagiarized without credit and used in a blundering manner that showed but skin-deep acquaintance with the subjects under discussion." 2490:

Esotericism, given all its varied forms and its inherently multidimensional nature, cannot be conveyed without going beyond purely historical information: at minimum, the study of esotericism, and in particular mysticism, requires some degree of imaginative participation in what one is

2003:, and thus was more often of an anti-Christian bent that saw wisdom as emanating from the pre-Christian pagan religions of Europe. Various Spiritualist mediums came to be disillusioned with the esoteric thought available, and sought inspiration in pre-Swedenborgian currents, including 1703:, a Greek in the Roman Empire. Instead, Paracelsus urged doctors to learn medicine through an observation of the natural world, though in later work he also began to focus on overtly religious questions. His work gained significant support in both areas over the following centuries. 1061:

to what he saw as "true" Christianity. Despite his hostile attitude toward these traditions of thought, Colberg became the first to connect these disparate philosophies and to study them under one rubric, also recognising that these ideas linked back to earlier philosophies from

1494:, Neoplatonism held that the human soul had fallen from its divine origins into the material world, but that it could progress, through a number of hierarchical spheres of being, to return to its divine origins once more. The later Neoplatonists performed 1327:—that there is a fundamental unifying principle or root from which all world religions and spiritual practices emerge. The common esoteric principle is that attaining this unifying principle can bring the world's different belief systems together in unity. 2401:

under the rubric of the "Esotericism and Perennialism Group". By 1994, Faivre could comment that the academic study of Western esotericism had taken off in France, Italy, England, and the United States, but he lamented that it had not done so in Germany.

2207:, and it became increasingly commercialised as business entrepreneurs exploited a growth in the spiritual market. Conversely, other forms of esoteric thought retained the anti-commercial and counter-cultural sentiment of the 1960s and 1970s, namely the 2496:

and think of it as a singular object, with which they affiliate themselves. Thus, Asprem and Granholm noted that the use of the term "esotericism" among scholars "significantly contributes to the reification of the category for the general audience—

2366:, has been cited as "an important starting-point for modern scholarship on esotericism", succeeding "at one fell swoop in bringing scholarship onto a new track" by bringing wider awareness of the effect that esoteric ideas had on modern science. 1699:(1493/94–1541), who took inspiration from alchemy and folk magic to argue against the mainstream medical establishment of his time—which, as in Antiquity, still based its approach on the ideas of the second-century physician and philosopher, 5415: 1959:

emerged as various figures attempted to find a "third way" between Christianity and positivist science while building on the ancient, medieval, and Renaissance traditions of esoteric thought. In France, following the social upheaval of the

1612:(1463–1494), who achieved notability in 1486 by inviting scholars from across Europe to come and debate with him 900 theses that he had written. Pico della Mirandola argued that all of these philosophies reflected a grand universal wisdom. 6683: 2778:: "In Steiner’s view, “ordinary history” was “limited to external evidence” and hence no match for “direct spiritual perception.” "Indeed for anthroposophists, “conventional history” constitutes “a positive hindrance to occult research.” 1778:. Soon spreading into other parts of Europe, in England it largely rejected its esoteric character and embraced humanism and rationalism, while in France it embraced new esoteric concepts, particularly those from Christian theosophy. 899:

To express an external object not much is required, but to communicate an idea a capacity must be present, and this always remains something esoteric, so that there has never been anything purely exoteric about what philosophers say.

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The emic approach is that of the alchemist or theosopher. The etic approach is that of the scholar as an historian, a researcher, with a critical view. An empirical study of esotericism needs "emic material and etic interpretation":

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Another tradition of esoteric thought in Late Antiquity was Gnosticism. Various Gnostic sects existed, and they broadly believed that the divine light had been imprisoned within the material world by a malevolent entity known as the

876:, however, which states that the Lyceum's school texts were circulated internally, their publication was more controlled than the exoteric ones, and that these "esoteric" texts were rediscovered and compiled only with the efforts of 1085:, then in the process of developing, consistently rejected and ignored topics coming under "the occult", thus leaving research into them largely to enthusiasts outside of academia. Indeed, according to historian of esotericism 521:

developed in 17th-century Europe. Various academics have debated numerous definitions of Western esotericism. One view adopts a definition from certain esotericist schools of thought themselves, treating "esotericism" as a

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Wouter Hanegraaff: "The most important magical secret lodge of the 20th century in the German-speaking world." "Fraternitas Saturni" at Wouter Hanegraaff (ed). Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism. Brill. 2006. p.

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and instead adopt a belief that all parts of the universe are interrelated without a need for causal chains. It stands as a radical alternative to the disenchanted world views that have dominated Western culture since the

3003:) by 1828 and appeared in English in 1883. In short, 'Western esotericism' is a modern scholarly construct, not an autonomous tradition that already existed out there and merely needed to be discovered by historians." 2694:

According to critics, Steiner's work reveal his acquaintance with scholarly methodology and philosophy, but these are overtaken by unverifiable claims based on “direct spiritual perception” and "occult research”:

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in 1720 would state that the so-called nowadays "esoteric distinction" was a universal phenomenon, present in both the West and the East. As for the noun "esotericism", probably the first mention in German of

1313:, and mediations—"such as rituals, symbolic images, mandalas, intermediary spirits"—and mantras as tools that provide access to worlds and levels of reality existing between the material world and the divine. 628:

The idea that these disparate movements could be classified as "Western esotericism" developed in the late 18th century, but these esoteric currents were largely ignored as a subject of academic enquiry. The

1891:, which emerged in the United States in the 1840s and spread throughout North America and Europe. Spiritualism was based on the concept that individuals could communicate with spirits of the deceased during 1299:"Correspondences": This is the idea that there are both real and symbolic correspondences existing between all things within the universe. As examples for this, Faivre pointed to the esoteric concept of the 1520:

and philosophy and other aspects of the tradition were largely preserved in the Arab and Near Eastern world and reintroduced into Western Europe by Jews and by the cultural contact between Christians and

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refer to two kinds of field research done and viewpoints obtained, emic, from within the social group (from the perspective of the subject) and etic, from outside (from the perspective of the observer).

2995:, p. 3, "What is Western esotericism?". "The adjective 'esoteric' first appeared in the second century CE, but the substantive is of relatively recent date: it seems to have been coined in German ( 1306:"Living Nature": Faivre argued that all esotericists envision the natural universe as being imbued with its own life force, and that as such they understand it as being "complex, plural, hierarchical". 2442:

and the study of new religious movements. On the basis that "English culture and literature have been traditional strongholds of Western esotericism", in 2011 Pia Brînzeu and György Szönyi urged that

2047:(1861–1925). According to Maria Carlson, ""Both turned out to be 'positivistic religions,' offering a seemingly logical theology based on pseudoscience." Another form of esoteric Christianity is the 1504:. Scholars are still unsure of precisely what theurgy involved, but know it involved a practice designed to make gods appear, who could then raise the theurgist's mind to the reality of the divine. 1568:" (that is, not Christian) philosophies, which were then being made available through Arabic translations, with Christian thought and the Jewish kabbalah. The earliest of these individuals was the 1216:, those who study different religions in search of an inner universal dimension to them all are termed "religionists". Such religionist ideas also exerted an influence on more recent scholars like 2386:

having been cited as marking "the beginning of the study of Western esotericism as an academic field of research". He remained in the chair until 2002, when he was succeeded by Jean-Pierre Brach.

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in opposition to the growing visibility of Wicca and these claim older roots than the system proposed by Gardner. Other trends that emerged in western occultism in the later 20th century included

1228:, or direct spiritual insight into cosmology or spiritual insight", and accordingly he suggested that these currents could be referred to as "Western gnostic" just as much as "Western esoteric". 6680: 2301:

and compared to its neighbors) practice or adhere to new currents of Western Esotericism. In April 1997, the Fifth Esoteric Spiritual Forum was held for two days in the country and was attended

1303:, often presented as the dictum of "as above, so below", as well as the astrological idea that the actions of the planets have a direct corresponding influence on the behaviour of human beings. 981:

Probably based on the "exôtikos/esôtikos" dichotomy, the Hellenic world developed the classical distinction between exoteric/esoteric, stimulated by criticism from various currents such as the

950:

was a very ingenious person who threw out this obscure utterance for the unwashed like us but reserved the truth as a secret doctrine (ἐν ἀπορρήτῳ τὴν ἀλήθειαν) to be revealed to his disciples?

756:, but the concept was particularly sedimentated by two streams of discourses: speculations about the influences of the Egyptians on ancient philosophy and religion, and their associations with 1193:, who sought to combine their own mystical beliefs with a historical interpretation of esotericism. It subsequently became a popular approach within several esoteric movements, most notably 1128:

into its doctrines. Given these influences and the imprecise nature of the term "Western", the scholar of esotericism Kennet Granholm has argued that academics should cease referring to "

2535:. Granholm has argued that there are problems with the field in that it draws a distinction between esotericism and non-esoteric elements of culture that draw upon esotericism. He cites 1548:. Many of the grimoires seem to have kabbalistic influence. Figures in alchemy from this period seem to also have authored or used grimoires. Medieval sects deemed heretical such as the 993:, at that time it was a common practice among philosophers to keep secret writings and teachings. A parallel secrecy and reserved elite was also found in the contemporary environment of 2539:

as an example, noting that it is extremely difficult to differentiate between artists who were "properly occult" and those who superficially referenced occult themes and aesthetics.

1330:"Transmission": Faivre's second secondary characteristic was the emphasis on the transmission of esoteric teachings and secrets from a master to their disciple, through a process of 883:

Plato would have orally transmitted intramural teachings to his disciples, the supposed "esoteric" content of which regarding the First Principles is particularly highlighted by the

1467:. It was the Gnostic belief that people, who were imbued with the divine light, should seek to attain gnosis and thus escape from the world of matter and rejoin the divine source. 2360:

began arguing that esoteric thought had had a greater effect on Renaissance culture than had been previously accepted. The work of Yates in particular, most notably her 1964 book

7178: 764:, which since the 17th century identified the presence of mysteries, secrets or esoteric "ancient wisdom" in Persian, Arab, Indian and Far Eastern texts and practices (see also 1389:

Bogdan similarly expressed concern regarding Hanegraaff's definition, believing that it made the category of Western esotericism "all inclusive" and thus analytically useless.

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Western Esotericism and the Science of Religion: Selected Papers Presented at the 17th Congress of the International Association for the History of Religions, Mexico City 1995

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stated "esoteric ontology and anthropology would hardly exist without Platonic philosophy." In his dialogues, he uses expressions that refer to cultic secrecy (for example,

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as an outlet for American scholars interested in Western esotericism. From 1986 to 1990 members of the Hermetic Academy participated in panels at the annual meeting of the

2011:(1831–1891), the latter of whom called for the revival of the "occult science" of the ancients, which could be found in both the East and West. Authoring the influential 860:, taught during a walk with his students. Furthermore, the term "exoteric" for Aristotle could have another meaning, hypothetically referring to an extracosmic reality, 6747: 1204:

This definition, originally developed by esotericists themselves, became popular among French academics during the 1980s, exerting a strong influence over the scholars

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Somewhat crudely, esotericism can be described as a Western form of spirituality that stresses the importance of the individual effort to gain spiritual knowledge, or

1895:. Most forms of Spiritualism had little theoretical depth, being largely practical affairs—but full theological worldviews based on the movement were articulated by 1027: 5363: 3350: 6134: 1251:

card displaying the Hermetic concept of "as above, so below". Faivre connected this concept to 'correspondences', his first defining characteristic of esotericism.

1862:—though his writings influenced a wider array of esoteric philosophies. Another major figure within the esoteric movement of this period was the German physician 12906: 6809:

Redwood, William (2013). "F(r)iends in Low Places: Monstrous Identities in Contemporary Esotericism". In Stasiewicz-Bienkowska, Agnieszka; Graham, Karen (eds.).

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A real initiatory brotherhood was established in late 16th-century Scotland through the transformation of Medieval stonemason guilds to include non-craftsmen:

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of the 18th century led to the development of new forms of esoteric thought. The 19th century saw the emergence of new trends of esoteric thought now known as

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was founded on Easter 1928 and it is one of the oldest continuously running magical groups in Germany. In 1936, the Fraternitas Saturni was prohibited by the

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Strube, Julian (2016b). "Socialist Religion and the Emergence of Occultism: A Genealogical Approach to Socialism and Secularization in 19th-Century France".

4549:"Arte separatoria e hijos del arte en las prácticas y representaciones de Diego de Santiago (Sevilla, 1598) y el lugar de España en el Esoterismo Occidental" 2428: 1093:

Hanegraaff, the term provided a "useful generic label" for "a large and complicated group of historical phenomena that had long been perceived as sharing an

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as either "exoteric" mathematicians or "esoteric" acousmatics, the latter being those who disseminated enigmatic teachings and hidden allegorical meanings.

12896: 5869: 1089:(born 1961), rejection of "occult" topics was seen as a "crucial identity marker" for any intellectuals seeking to affiliate themselves with the academy. 2305:; In August of the same year, the International Shaman Expo began, being broadcast on live TV and ultimately taking place for two months wherein various 1323:"Practice of Concordance": The first of Faivre's secondary characteristics of esotericism was the belief—held by many esotericists, such as those in the 2508:

In 2013, Asprem and Granholm highlighted that "contemporary esotericism is intimately, and increasingly, connected with popular culture and new media."

12771: 5904:

Asprem, Egil; Granholm, Kennet (2013b). "Constructing Esotericisms: Sociological, Historical and Critical Approaches to the Invention of Tradition".

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However, Aristotle never employed the term "esoteric" and there is no evidence that he dealt with specialized secrets; there is a dubious report by

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examining contemporary forms of esotericism, a situation that they were attempting to correct through building links with scholars operating in

1771:(1586–1654). They interested the public, so several people described themselves as "Rosicrucian", claiming access to secret esoteric knowledge. 1755:

were published in Germany. These texts purported to represent a secret, initiatory brotherhood founded centuries before by a German adept named

12911: 5164: 12936: 2066:—an initiatory order devoted to magic based on kabbalah—was founded in the latter years of the century. One of the members of that order was 1927:

in the 20th century, these disciplines distanced themselves from esotericism. Also influenced by artificial somnambulism was the religion of

748:; this author rejected everything that is characterized today as an "esoteric corpus". In this 18th century context, these terms referred to 1255:

Another approach to Western esotericism treats it as a world view that embraces "enchantment" in contrast to world views influenced by post-

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esotericism" altogether, instead simply favouring "esotericism" as a descriptor of this phenomenon. Egil Asprem has endorsed this approach.

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and other forms of Celtic revivalism. In response to Wicca there has also appeared literature and groups who label themselves followers of

1429:

One component of this was Hermeticism, an Egyptian Hellenistic school of thought that takes its name from the legendary Egyptian wise man,

7338: 4602: 4564: 3711:, p. 5. "Why can we not have a comparative study of esotericism on a truly global rather than a narrowly conceived 'Western' scale?" 1964:, various figures emerged in this occultist milieu who were heavily influenced by traditional Catholicism, the most notable of whom were 1069:

In 18th-century Europe, during the Age of Enlightenment, these esoteric traditions came to be regularly categorised under the labels of "

3418: 8181: 2427:

began publication in 2001. 2001 also saw the foundation of the North American Association for the Study of Esotericism (ASE), with the

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have undergone a radiative and varied religious revival, with a large number of occult and new religious movements gaining popularity.

6845: 6547: 12851: 10833: 8459: 2362: 2058:

New esoteric understandings of magic also developed in the latter part of the 19th century. One of the pioneers of this was American

1651:, a more accurate understanding of the cosmos was established. Copernicus' theories were adopted into esoteric strains of thought by 6498: 12125: 10906: 10844: 7165: 5923:

Bergunder, Michael (2010). "What is Esotericism? Cultural Studies Approaches and the Problems of Definition in Religious Studies".

5322:

Colin Duggan. "Perennialism and iconoclasm. Chaos magick and the legitimacy of innovation". Egil Asprem and Kennet Granholm (eds).

1647:. The work of Agrippa and other esoteric philosophers had been based in a pre-Copernican worldview, but following the arguments of 6558: 5076:

Hroncek, Susan (2017). "From Egyptian Science to Victorian Magic: On the Origins of Chemistry in Victorian Histories of Science".

2078:. Some of their contemporaries developed esoteric schools of thought that did not entail magic, namely the Greco-Armenian teacher 2035:(1854–1934) interpreted modern theosophy as a form of ecumenical esoteric Christianity, resulting in their proclamation of Indian 1722:, and that God himself was composed of a wrathful core, surrounded by the forces of light and love. Though condemned by Germany's 1418:. This was a milieu that mixed religious and intellectual traditions from Greece, Egypt, the Levant, Babylon, and Persia—in which 11765: 6978: 5239:

Fire & Ice: The History, Structure and Rituals of Germany's Most Influential Modern Magical Order: The Brotherhood of Saturn.

2606: 2450: 12213: 9827: 6536: 9096: 5284:

Robert Cochrane and the Gardnerian Craft: Feuds, Secrets, and Mysteries in Contemporary British Witchcraft Ethan Doyle White.

2090:

and magical practices found enthusiastic adherents in the chaos of Germany during the interwar years. Notable writers such as

760:

discourses and other secret societies, who claimed to keep such ancient secrets until the Enlightenment; and the emergence of

12791: 6834: 6803: 6788: 6736: 6620: 6593: 6450: 6431: 6412: 6343: 6213: 6191: 6172: 6123: 6100: 6043: 6024: 5972: 5953: 5913: 5894: 5409: 5050: 4634: 4596: 3486: 3388: 2825: 2764: 2710: 2374: 2326: 1447: 958:

intensified the search for a "hidden truth" under the surface of teachings, myths and texts, developing the hermeneutics and

852:

and ethics to the general public in the afternoon, while he reserved the morning for "akroatika" (acroamatics), referring to

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Sozialismus, Katholizismus und Okkultismus im Frankreich des 19. Jahrhunderts: Die Genealogie der Schriften von Eliphas Lévi

4640: 2434:

Asprem and Granholm noted that the study of esotericism had been dominated by historians and thus lacked the perspective of

1057:—in his book he labelled all of these traditions under the category of "Platonic–Hermetic Christianity", portraying them as 936:, one of the Ancient Greek expressions referring to the prohibition of revealing a secret, in the context of mysteries). In 10949: 9427: 7070: 7061: 3458: 959: 819:

discourses. "Esotericism" and "occultism" were often employed as synonyms until later scholars distinguished the concepts.

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knowledge "from within the circle", involving the intracosmic physics that surrounds everyday life. There is a report by

775:"esotericism", in its French form "ésotérisme", first appeared in 1828 in the work by Protestant historian of gnosticism 6149: 5389: 1271:" the world. That approach understands esotericism as comprising those world views that eschew a belief in instrumental 1165:

itself remains a controversial term, with scholars specialising in the subject disagreeing as to how best to define it.

9719: 9702: 7665: 6887: 6773: 6524: 6324: 6305: 2511:

Granholm noted that esoteric ideas and images appear in many aspects of Western popular media, citing such examples as

1787: 8722: 2062:(1825–1875), who argued that sexual energy and psychoactive drugs could be used for magical purposes. In England, the 12956: 11702: 10964: 10246: 8747: 7251: 6711: 6391: 4996: 3430: 3334: 3254: 3221: 3131: 3104: 3077: 2676: 2652: 2063: 1643: 1045:(1690–91). A hostile critic of various currents of Western thought that had emerged since the Renaissance—among them 598: 281: 2479:

their own terminology and make theoretical distinctions which are different from those of the believers themselves.

792:(3 vols.). The term "esotericism" thus came into use in the wake of the Age of Enlightenment and of its critique of 12786: 12147: 9279: 3094: 864:, superior to and beyond Heaven, requiring abstraction and logic. This reality stood in contrast to what he called 12886: 12821: 11866: 11364: 10873: 10531: 10444: 9420: 9309: 7331: 5205: 2881:, p. 3, "What is Western esotericism?". "The adjective 'esoteric' first appeared in the second century CE ." 2294: 765: 590: 9643: 8917: 5849: 3446: 1834: 12077: 9335: 8495: 6727: 5189: 4475: 2857: 2588: 2335:

London's Warburg Institute was one of the first centres to encourage the academic study of Western esotericism.

1814: 884: 471:, is a term scholars use to classify a wide range of loosely related ideas and movements that developed within 6281: 2850:"The Ritual Dimension of Western Esotericism: The Rebirth Motif and the Transformation of Human Consciousness" 12230: 11183: 10823: 10656: 10449: 10308: 10159: 7909: 7494: 7286: 7052: 1609: 1381:"normative conceptions of religion, rationality and science." His approach is rooted within the field of the 168: 5746:

Arthur Versluis, “Methods in the Study of Esotericism, Part II: Mysticism and the Study of Esotericism”, in

2134:. After their rise to power, the Nazis persecuted occultists. While many Nazi Party leaders like Hitler and 1726:

authorities, Böhme's ideas spread and formed the basis for a number of small religious communities, such as

1433:. In the 2nd and 3rd centuries, a number of texts attributed to Hermes Trismegistus appeared, including the 12987: 12841: 12826: 12721: 11600: 10959: 10899: 10798: 9314: 9219: 8867: 7584: 7306: 7200: 2398: 1903:(1804–1869). Scientific interest in the claims of Spiritualism resulted in the development of the field of 1309:"Imagination and Mediations": Faivre believed that all esotericists place great emphasis on both the human 6568:

Bogdan, Henrik (2014). "Freemasonry and Western Esotericism". In Bodgan, Henrik; Snoek, Jan A. M. (eds.).

3123:

Early Modern Aristotelianism and the Making of Philosophical Disciplines: Metaphysics, Ethics and Politics

1619:

Pico della Mirandola's increased interest in Jewish kabbalah led to his development of a distinct form of

1455:

and be reborn into a spiritual body of immaterial light, thereby achieving spiritual unity with divinity.

661:("belonging to an inner circle"); the earliest known example of the word appeared in a satire authored by 12992: 12247: 11758: 11005: 10934: 10210: 10167: 9697: 9687: 9118: 8832: 7461: 6971: 5455: 2196: 1026:

thought together, thus establishing the category now labelled "Western esotericism". The first to do so,

618: 5479: 4061: 4037: 2629:

was a work full of plagiarism, based on religious, contemporary scientific, and pseudoscientific works:

12118: 11841: 11549: 11467: 11462: 11329: 11189: 10172: 9837: 9802: 9598: 8985: 8654: 7960: 7736: 7324: 6951: 6927: 4464:"Alkimia Operativa and Alkimia Speculativa. Some Modern Controversies on the Historiography of Alchemy" 4109: 2032: 1634: 1616:

condemned these ideas, criticising him for attempting to mix pagan and Jewish ideas with Christianity.

1032: 801:

Renaissance. After being introduced by Jacques Matter in French, the occultist and ceremonial magician

83: 7370: 6846:"American Occultism and Japanese Buddhism. Albert J. Edmunds, D. T. Suzuki, and Translocative History" 12766: 12726: 12167: 11273: 11236: 10391: 9852: 9191: 7403: 7393: 7279: 6317:

Against the Modern World: Traditionalism and the Secret Intellectual History of the Twentieth Century

3953: 2667: 2271: 1637:(1486–1535/36), who used it as a framework to explore the philosophical and scientific traditions of 737: 573:. The 17th century saw the development of initiatory societies professing esoteric knowledge such as 436: 31: 17: 6460:

Von Stuckrad, Kocku (2005b). "Western Esotericism: Towards an Integrative Model of Interpretation".

4085: 4013: 3977: 12866: 12594: 12356: 12316: 12306: 12254: 11378: 10509: 10439: 10260: 10025: 9954: 9949: 9648: 9294: 8857: 8107: 7947: 7944: 7670: 7504: 7489: 5159: 2513: 2199:, whose adherents understood themselves in participating in a spiritual revolution that marked the 2111: 2059: 2040: 1939:"—believing that illness and other negative conditions could be cured through the power of belief. 1580:

represented an example of a superior religion of ancient humanity that had been passed down by the

1217: 828: 345: 6509: 1410:

The origins of Western esotericism are in the Hellenistic Eastern Mediterranean, then part of the

557:

Europe saw increasing interest in many of these older ideas, with various intellectuals combining

12644: 12552: 11851: 11846: 11641: 11503: 11264: 11175: 11115: 11065: 10892: 10706: 10421: 10361: 10353: 10050: 10045: 9832: 9817: 9682: 8872: 8813: 8766: 8624: 8587: 7955: 7870: 7860: 7784: 7650: 7622: 7114: 7006: 5944:

Bogdan, Henrik (2013). "Reception of Occultism in India: The Case of the Holy Order of Krishna".

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and others. Plutarch, for example, developed the justification of a theological esotericism, and

708: 517:

The idea of grouping a wide range of Western traditions and philosophies together under the term

53: 6062:

Faivre, Antoine; Voss, Karen-Claire (1995). "Western Esotericism and the Science of Religions".

5605: 5356:

Independent Scientology: How Ron's Org and Dror Center schismed out of the Church of Scientology

4403: 12816: 12806: 12395: 12326: 12311: 11792: 11751: 11727: 11243: 10303: 10122: 9739: 9734: 9443: 9005: 8937: 8017: 7855: 7433: 7408: 7398: 7220: 6964: 4364: 3475:

Markschies, Christoph (2020-06-29). "Esoteric Knowledge in Platonism and in Christian Gnosis".

2155:

regime. The leaders of the lodge emigrated to avoid imprisonment, but in the course of the war

1751: 1529:

and southern Italy. The 12th century saw the development of the Kabbalah in southern Italy and

1483: 904:

In any case, drawing from the tradition of discourses that supposedly revealed a vision of the

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society and culture was worthy of academic attention. One of the key centres for this was the

1877: 12926: 12901: 12831: 12514: 12242: 12015: 11973: 11943: 11682: 11534: 11110: 10838: 10793: 10731: 10721: 10060: 9924: 9769: 9759: 9744: 9692: 9242: 9181: 9161: 8995: 8907: 8887: 8877: 8510: 8359: 7992: 7924: 7832: 7799: 7627: 7607: 7413: 7242: 6012: 4496:

Langermann, Tzvi Y. (2013). "An Alchemical Treatise Attributed to Joseph Solomon Delmedigo".

3324: 3238: 3121: 3067: 2298: 2004: 1977: 1756: 1743: 1660: 1324: 1277: 1198: 990: 938: 905: 534: 203: 1854:(1688–1772), who attempted to reconcile science and religion after experiencing a vision of 12982: 12921: 12676: 12589: 12567: 12490: 12486: 12415: 12331: 12276: 12271: 12094: 11938: 11827: 11717: 11437: 11343: 11215: 11160: 11145: 11090: 11030: 10954: 10828: 10273: 10205: 10148: 10132: 10117: 10097: 10055: 9929: 9774: 9764: 9749: 9714: 9709: 9677: 9259: 9214: 9176: 9123: 9052: 8808: 8604: 8515: 8338: 8308: 8049: 7577: 7423: 7418: 6860: 6544: 6160: 3447:«From the Esoteric to the Exoteric and Back Again: Themes from Antiquity to Post-Modernity» 3381:

Secrecy and Concealment: Studies in the History of Mediterranean and Near Eastern Religions

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trance in which they claimed to enter visionary states and communicate with spirit beings.

1727: 1671: 1588: 1244: 1178: 1113: 1086: 1074: 877: 793: 745: 704: 594: 582: 523: 480: 429: 307: 133: 67: 10471: 920:, Plato and his philosophy began the Western perception of esotericism, to the point that 887:

as distinct from the apparent written teachings conveyed in his books or public lectures.

8: 12946: 12811: 12681: 12471: 12400: 12157: 12113: 12101: 11923: 11879: 11626: 11195: 11125: 11100: 10990: 10939: 10813: 10514: 10386: 10265: 9857: 9847: 9724: 9608: 9603: 9400: 9355: 9345: 9304: 9252: 9237: 9166: 9146: 9128: 8960: 8927: 8788: 8775: 8582: 8379: 8290: 8245: 8151: 8037: 7850: 7698: 7125: 6796:

Le Symbolisme Esotérique Actuel – au Quotidien, dans le Langage et pour l'Auto-initiation

3214:

History of Ancient Greek Scholarship: From the Beginnings to the End of the Byzantine Age

2626: 2564: 2394: 2378: 2251: 2148: 2019: 1711: 1692: 1638: 1629: 1602: 1464: 1430: 1344: 1054: 729: 570: 503: 475:. These ideas and currents are united since they are largely distinct both from orthodox 415: 370: 243: 103: 42: 8112: 3933: 1976:(1886–1951), whose concern with tradition led him to develop an occult viewpoint termed 12666: 12582: 12572: 12405: 12368: 12298: 12237: 12220: 12174: 12084: 11998: 11812: 11646: 11447: 11322: 11287: 11070: 11050: 10985: 10803: 10761: 10671: 10636: 10411: 10376: 10278: 10220: 10182: 10177: 10013: 10003: 9807: 9779: 9729: 9520: 9480: 9350: 9319: 9299: 9247: 9229: 9204: 9199: 9151: 9138: 9105: 9000: 8902: 8837: 8793: 8737: 8577: 8406: 8300: 8208: 8012: 7891: 7882: 7845: 7840: 7746: 7741: 7718: 7637: 7451: 7378: 7147: 6721: 6668: 6555: 6477: 6370: 6240: 6079: 5999: 5101: 4529: 4521: 3299: 3184: 2936: 2756:

Between Occultism and Nazism: Anthroposophy and the Politics of Race in the Fascist Era

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In September 2024, the University of Exeter began offering a Masters of Arts degree in

2331: 2143: 2036: 1904: 1863: 1851: 1688: 1620: 1613: 1340: 1094: 971: 921: 853: 662: 566: 511: 507: 487: 10566: 10519: 3510: 2297:. In Hungary, a significant number of citizens (relative to the size of the country's 12796: 12698: 12686: 12671: 12651: 12562: 12509: 12481: 12463: 12266: 12142: 12135: 11948: 11896: 11874: 11802: 11590: 11422: 11357: 11350: 11208: 11075: 11060: 11025: 10863: 10859: 10741: 10726: 10396: 10343: 10323: 10225: 10215: 10142: 9971: 9961: 9754: 9542: 9462: 9388: 9289: 9284: 9269: 9209: 9171: 9156: 9113: 8684: 8644: 8562: 8490: 8473: 8451: 8079: 8054: 7865: 7685: 7428: 7209: 7158: 6883: 6830: 6799: 6784: 6769: 6707: 6672: 6616: 6599: 6589: 6481: 6446: 6427: 6408: 6387: 6374: 6339: 6320: 6301: 6296:

Laurant, Jean-Pierre (1998). "Esotericism in Freemasonry". In Faivre, Antoine (ed.).

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Hanegraaff, Wouter J. (2013b). "Textbooks and Introductions to Western Esotericism".

6209: 6201: 6187: 6168: 6119: 6096: 6039: 6020: 6003: 5968: 5949: 5936: 5909: 5890: 5861: 5405: 5105: 5093: 4992: 4630: 4592: 4556: 4533: 4525: 4513: 3482: 3426: 3384: 3330: 3291: 3250: 3217: 3176: 3127: 3100: 3073: 2940: 2928: 2821: 2760: 2706: 2672: 2648: 2594: 2467: 2341: 2048: 1965: 1932: 1760: 1677:

A distinct strain of esoteric thought developed in Germany, where it became known as

1624: 1597: 1435: 1213: 1001:

would present his definition (close to the modern one), as he classified the ancient

917: 781: 606: 495: 385: 186: 143: 12941: 10366: 6533: 4389: 4387: 1980:; it espoused the idea of an original, universal tradition, and thus a rejection of 1915:; esoteric ideas pervade the work of many early figures in this field, most notably 1759:. There is no evidence that Rosenkreutz was a genuine historical figure, nor that a 1256: 649:

The concept of the "esoteric" originated in the 2nd century with the coining of the

12557: 12547: 12373: 12321: 12225: 12089: 11978: 11928: 11906: 11901: 11832: 11732: 11712: 11662: 11554: 11539: 11508: 11493: 11442: 11257: 11080: 11020: 10995: 10766: 10629: 10599: 10589: 10584: 10481: 10466: 10112: 10008: 9842: 9662: 9633: 9572: 9510: 9340: 9274: 9264: 8965: 8912: 8862: 8842: 8803: 8798: 8639: 8567: 8285: 8196: 8087: 8059: 8044: 8007: 7713: 7693: 7660: 7565: 7527: 7081: 7077: 6822: 6818: 6660: 6639: 6581: 6577: 6473: 6469: 6362: 6265: 6232: 6071: 5991: 5948:. Henrik Bogdan and Gordan Djurdjevic (editors). Durham: Acumen. pp. 177–201. 5932: 5397: 5085: 4505: 3478:

Christian Teachers in Second-Century Rome: Schools and Students in the Ancient City

3283: 3168: 2920: 2558: 2302: 2243: 2220: 2216: 2204: 2159:, one of their main leaders, was arrested for a year by the Nazi government. After 2139: 2119: 2079: 2067: 2052: 2008: 1973: 1936: 1916: 1868: 1679: 1569: 1500: 1423: 1382: 761: 602: 553:

developed as schools of thought distinct from what became mainstream Christianity.

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New Age Religion and Western Culture: Esotericism in the Mirror of Secular Thought

5401: 2238:. Wicca was adopted by members of the second-wave feminist movement, most notably 2102:. Many influential and wealthy Germans were drawn to secret societies such as the 12931: 12871: 12756: 12604: 12599: 12577: 12497: 12451: 12208: 12162: 12060: 12037: 12020: 11993: 11778: 11677: 11544: 11513: 11452: 11432: 11407: 11336: 11155: 11140: 11035: 10969: 10773: 10756: 10711: 10701: 10646: 10619: 10556: 10551: 10536: 10461: 10197: 10187: 9822: 9812: 9613: 9490: 9046: 9015: 8980: 8945: 8823: 8674: 8572: 8530: 8441: 8429: 8414: 8389: 8364: 8134: 8002: 7997: 7914: 7899: 7572: 7456: 7272: 7216: 7154: 7121: 7013: 6687: 6681:

The Study of Western Esotericism: New Approaches to Christian and Secular Culture

6664: 6562: 6551: 6540: 6528: 6513: 6402: 6236: 6118:. Henrik Bogdan and Gordan Djurdjevic (editors). Durham: Acumen. pp. 17–36. 5995: 5168: 4982: 4624: 4439: 4384: 4332: 3476: 2754: 2643: 2570: 2483: 2470:

follows a distinction between an emic and an etic approach to religious studies.

2443: 2423: 2259: 2227: 2212: 2200: 2135: 2131: 1993: 1961: 1715: 1592: 1537: 1221: 610: 476: 472: 405: 302: 271: 238: 8186: 6744:

Correspondences: An Online Journal for the Academic Study of Western Esotericism

6532:, East Lansing, Michigan State University (MSU). An online resource since 1999. 6142:

Correspondences: An Online Journal for the Academic Study of Western Esotericism

5854:

Correspondences: An Online Journal for the Academic Study of Western Esotericism

3157:

in the Corpus Aristotelicum and the Origin of the Idea of the Enkyklios Paideia"

3069:

The Other Plato: The Tübingen Interpretation of Plato's Inner-Academic Teachings

2195:

In the 1960s and 1970s, esotericism came to be increasingly associated with the

802: 695:) were common in the scholar discourse on ancient philosophy. The categories of 565:

and Christian philosophy, resulting in the emergence of esoteric movements like

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Atlantis and the Cycles of Time: Prophecies, Traditions, and Occult Revelations

2435: 2353: 2235: 2091: 2083: 2044: 1920: 1859: 1684: 1652: 1530: 1415: 1268: 1150: 1141: 1107:

esotericism was nevertheless primarily devised to distinguish the field from a

1063: 1046: 797: 749: 638: 574: 538: 410: 291: 8396: 8171: 6945: 6826: 6585: 4348: 2203:. By the 1980s, these millenarian currents had come to be widely known as the 1707: 1287:

An early exponent of this definition was the historian of Renaissance thought

330: 12976: 12916: 12801: 12716: 12661: 12521: 12441: 12336: 12186: 12179: 12072: 12025: 11918: 11774: 11687: 11667: 11427: 11150: 11135: 11130: 11045: 11000: 10716: 10641: 10524: 10504: 10416: 10371: 9582: 9010: 8922: 8852: 8594: 8384: 8318: 8275: 8144: 7769: 7555: 7537: 7110: 7099: 6987: 6603: 6277: 6075: 5908:. Egil Asprem and Kennet Granholm (editors). Durham: Acumen. pp. 25–48. 5865: 5097: 4560: 4517: 3295: 3180: 2932: 2536: 2462: 2439: 2345: 2263: 2156: 2103: 2013: 1842: 1718:. Böhme argued that God had been created out of an unfathomable mystery, the 1419: 1288: 1205: 1125: 955: 845: 805:(1810–1875) popularized the term in the 1850s. Lévi also introduced the term 650: 634: 499: 365: 191: 27:

Range of related ideas and movements that have developed in the Western world

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Anatomyzing Divinity: Studies in Science, Esotericism and Political Theology

6521: 6269: 5889:. Egil Asprem and Kennet Granholm (editors). Durham: Acumen. pp. 1–24. 5005: 4866: 4810: 4766: 4423: 3876: 3351:"Some Remarks on the Meaning of Esotericism and Plato's Unwritten Doctrines" 3287: 1887:

These somnambulic trance-states heavily influenced the esoteric religion of

848:, according to which Aristotle disclosed the exoteric subjects of politics, 12951: 12751: 12656: 12502: 12476: 12385: 12067: 12055: 12003: 11963: 11958: 11822: 11817: 11457: 11385: 11120: 10929: 10661: 10651: 10614: 10604: 10594: 10486: 10401: 10333: 10230: 9894: 9618: 9567: 9041: 9031: 8990: 8970: 8742: 8705: 8664: 8550: 8500: 8161: 8139: 8117: 8064: 8032: 7904: 7764: 7675: 7471: 7293: 7196: 3377:"The ΑΠΟΡΡΗΤΟΣ ΘΕΩΡΙΑ and the Roles of Secrecy in the History of Platonism" 2370: 2357: 2314: 2306: 2290: 2278: 2277:

Additionally, since the start of the 1990s, countries inside of the former

2208: 2160: 2127: 2028: 1985: 1924: 1907:. Somnambulism also exerted a strong influence on the early disciplines of 1900: 1881: 1855: 1735: 1687:

and medieval Kabbalah, it only acknowledged two main sources of authority:

1513: 1471: 1411: 1260: 1209: 1070: 1050: 1002: 892: 550: 350: 266: 233: 5850:"Beyond the West: Towards a New Comparativism in the Study of Esotericism" 5503: 5089: 4509: 4181: 2884: 2702:

The Flickering Mind: Saving Education from the False Promise of Technology

12891: 12639: 12634: 12626: 12611: 12436: 12341: 12152: 11988: 11953: 11933: 11913: 11891: 11856: 11722: 11672: 11610: 11488: 11371: 11301: 11280: 11250: 11095: 11055: 11040: 10681: 10666: 10546: 10541: 10087: 10020: 9939: 9904: 9884: 9552: 9412: 9036: 8975: 8847: 8827: 8732: 8669: 8629: 8609: 8535: 8505: 8166: 8102: 7794: 7779: 7655: 7645: 7594: 7560: 7499: 6900: 4782: 2600: 2552: 2486:

proposes approaching esotericism through an "imaginative participation":

2282: 2267: 2247: 2123: 2107: 1928: 1775: 1723: 1561: 1549: 1545: 1402: 1310: 1038: 816: 720: 578: 554: 542: 483: 276: 138: 123: 9473: 5625: 4678: 3403:

Stein, Charles (2016). «Ancient Mysteries». In: Magee, Glenn Alexander.

2724:: "In Dugan's view, Steiner's theories are simply "cult pseudoscience"." 1240: 12422: 12410: 12380: 12346: 12286: 11968: 11636: 11580: 11315: 11165: 11015: 10609: 10406: 10328: 10313: 10102: 10072: 10035: 9993: 9988: 9919: 9557: 8882: 8710: 8659: 8649: 8520: 8424: 8369: 8176: 8156: 8022: 7789: 7703: 7532: 7479: 7443: 7347: 6083: 5591: 5589: 3621: 3423:

Hidden Wisdom: Esoteric Traditions and the Roots of Christian Mysticism

3303: 3271: 3188: 3148: 2924: 2525: 2349: 2176: 2115: 1984:. His Traditionalist ideas strongly influenced later esotericists like 1912: 1908: 1764: 1739: 1696: 1648: 1581: 1487: 1331: 1281: 1264: 1190: 998: 994: 982: 947: 913: 744:

had already existed at least since 1731–1736, as found in the works of

546: 400: 395: 228: 223: 218: 198: 6651:

Granholm, Kennet (2013). "Esoteric Currents as Discursive Complexes".

6404:

A Science for the Soul: Occultism and the Genesis of the German Modern

5982:

Brînzeu, Pia; Szönyi, György (2011). "The Esoteric in Postmodernism".

5112: 4899: 4850: 1892: 1811:

the section should possibly be split by century, and is lacking focus.

12856: 12693: 12428: 12390: 11983: 11797: 11692: 11631: 11518: 11472: 10751: 10476: 10298: 10127: 10092: 10077: 10040: 9457: 8897: 8892: 8752: 8679: 8614: 8485: 8419: 8231: 8221: 8216: 8191: 7987: 7547: 7509: 6905: 6811:

Monstrous Manifestations: Realities and the Imaginings of the Monster

5388:

Shterin, Marat (2012-08-30), Hammer, Olav; Rothstein, Mikael (eds.),

2908: 2619: 2310: 2188: 2039:(1895–1986) as world messiah. In rejection of this was the breakaway 2000: 1999:

In the Anglophone world, the burgeoning occult movement owed more to

1981: 1955: 1946: 1731: 1452: 1441: 1272: 1194: 931: 909: 832: 812: 656: 653: 586: 527: 491: 380: 375: 286: 248: 208: 163: 148: 113: 11402: 8122: 6921: 6135:"Ritual Black Metal: Popular Music as Occult Mediation and Practice" 5586: 4463: 3172: 2849: 811:, a notion that he developed against the background of contemporary 613:

developed within occultism and includes religious movements such as

12846: 12542: 12363: 12191: 12106: 12045: 12008: 11308: 10818: 10808: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10235: 10082: 9998: 9966: 9879: 9871: 9562: 9537: 9505: 9500: 8727: 8634: 8599: 8557: 8545: 8333: 8127: 8027: 7970: 7774: 7728: 7612: 6999: 6254:"Psychic Phenomena, Neoshamanism, and the Cultic Milieu in Hungary" 6253: 4942: 2500:

the explicated contrary intentions of most scholars in the field."

2255: 2239: 2099: 1989: 1942: 1666: 1541: 1479: 1460: 1154: 1121: 1117: 1082: 873: 849: 562: 340: 213: 128: 6630:

Giegerich, Eric (2001). "Antoine Faivre: Studies in Esotericism".

6184:

Esotericism and the Academy: Rejected Knowledge in Western Culture

5546: 633:

only emerged in the late 20th century, pioneered by scholars like

12761: 12616: 12528: 11697: 11595: 10915: 10067: 9978: 9899: 9889: 9532: 9485: 8354: 8328: 8323: 8265: 8260: 8092: 7980: 7975: 7934: 7756: 7602: 7484: 6110:

Granholm, Kennet (2013a). "Locating the West: Problematizing the

5765: 2071: 1573: 1517: 1495: 1491: 1474:, a school of thought influenced by the ideas of the philosopher 1361:, whereby man is confronted with the divine aspect of existence. 1158: 967: 841:), perhaps to refer to the speeches he gave outside his school. 757: 753: 622: 158: 108: 57: 6956: 1385:, and stresses the role of change and transformation over time. 796:

religion, during which alternative religious groups such as the

12781: 11585: 10137: 10030: 9909: 8619: 8540: 8270: 7929: 7919: 7617: 7519: 6932: 6814: 6573: 5658: 5656: 5428: 4310: 4308: 4133: 1656: 1526: 1522: 1317: 1225: 1078: 1058: 869: 297: 153: 118: 48: 6906:

Center for History of Hermetic Philosophy and Related Currents

6781:

Esoterische Symbolik heute – in Alltag. Sprache und Einweihung

5777: 5753: 5704: 5445: 5443: 4281: 3743: 3741: 3023: 3013: 3011: 3009: 2820:. Wiley Blackwell Companions to Religion. Wiley. p. 237. 2688: 1850:

of the esotericists of this period was the Swedish naturalist

533:

The earliest traditions of Western esotericism emerged in the

12746: 12736: 12731: 12203: 12198: 11707: 11575: 11417: 9914: 9467: 8435: 8097: 7383: 7316: 6917:

European Society for the Study of Western Esotericism (ESSWE)

5825: 5716: 5641: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5128: 5028: 5026: 5024: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4932: 4930: 4915: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4826: 4798: 4718: 4706: 3815: 3813: 3554: 2231: 2180: 2171: 2095: 1969: 1880:, discovered that mesmeric treatment could induce a state of 1706:

One of those influenced by Paracelsus was the German cobbler

1700: 1627:(1455–1522) who authored an influential text on the subject, 1565: 1475: 1248: 1212:, and the early work of Faivre. Within the academic field of 986: 963: 925: 888: 857: 836: 676: 614: 558: 5789: 5692: 5653: 5396:(1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 286–302, 4305: 3852: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3753: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3583: 3581: 3044: 3042: 1633:. Christian Kabbalah was expanded in the work of the German 1173: 1149:—ranging from ancient Gnosticism and Hermeticism through to 891:

commented on the analysis of this distinction in the modern

12876: 11605: 11570: 9495: 6507:

Aries Book Series: Texts and Studies in Western Esotericism

6506: 6424:

Magic and Mysticism: An Introduction to Western Esotericism

6055:

Stealing Fire from Heaven: The Rise of Modern Western Magic

5574: 5562: 5519: 5440: 5286:

The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies

4269: 4257: 4245: 4221: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3738: 3726: 3500: 3498: 3405:

The Cambridge Handbook of Western Mysticism and Esotericism

3006: 2976: 2974: 2152: 772: 10884: 6093:

The Western Esoteric Traditions: A Historical Introduction

5261: 5244: 5140: 5021: 4958: 4927: 4882: 4838: 4754: 4742: 4730: 4694: 4209: 4197: 4169: 3921: 3810: 3690: 2293:

since the cultural and political shift resulting from the

9577: 8280: 6941:

The Secret History of Western Esotericism Podcast (SHWEP)

6916: 6911: 6572:. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 8. 6445:. Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke (translator). Durham: Acumen. 5813: 4666: 4654: 3864: 3798: 3786: 3765: 3649: 3578: 3566: 3542: 3419:"Myth as Enigma: Cultural Hermeneutics in Late Antiquity" 3039: 2947: 2591: – Overview and topical guide to Western esotericism 2246:. Wicca also greatly influenced the development of Pagan 1544:, which offered often elaborate formulas for theurgy and 486:. It has influenced, or contributed to, various forms of 6443:

Western Esotericism: A Brief History of Secret Knowledge

5801: 5728: 5536: 5534: 5057: 3909: 3892: 3830: 3828: 3530: 3495: 3326:

History of Ancient Philosophy II, A: Plato and Aristotle

2971: 2585: – System of tribunals enforcing Catholic orthodoxy 2393:

In 1980, the U.S.-based Hermetic Academy was founded by

1168: 942:

152c, there is an example of this concealment strategy:

711:, between 1655 and 1660, would refer to the Pythagorean 12861: 6690:”, in Peter Antes, Armin W. Geertz and Randi R. Warne, 5885:

Asprem, Egil; Granholm, Kennet (2013). "Introduction".

5680: 5038: 4626:

Pacifism in Britain, 1914–1945: The Defining of a Faith

4293: 4001: 2909:"The Emergence of "Esoteric" as a Comparative Category" 2679:: "Three years later, she published her chef d'oeuvre, 6615:. Christine Rhone (translator). New York: SUNY Press. 6208:. Guides for the Perplexed. London: Bloomsbury Press. 5668: 4157: 2818:

The Wiley Blackwell Companion to the Study of Religion

2413:, which was occupied by Hanegraaff, while in 2005 the 2226:

This trend was accompanied by the increased growth of

1781: 1601:, though the rest was translated by his contemporary, 1555: 6940: 5531: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5304: 3840: 3825: 3678: 2959: 2816:. In Segal, Robert A.; Roubekas, Nickolas P. (eds.). 2429:

European Society for the Study of Western Esotericism

2126:

were listed as "guests" of the Thule Society, as was

2070:(1875–1947), who went on to proclaim the religion of 1767:

are likely literary creations of Lutheran theologian

1564:, a number of European thinkers began to synthesize " 1020:— The scholar of esotericism Wouter Hanegraaff, 2013. 4320: 4145: 3609: 2317:

congregations and figures were among the attendees.

1608:

Another core figure in this intellectual milieu was

1498:, a ritual practice attested in such sources as the 675:

In the 15th and 16th centuries, differentiations in

6928:

Aries: Journal for the Study of Western Esotericism

6499:

Aries: Journal for the Study of Western Esotericism

4233: 3714: 3666: 3637: 2424:

Aries: Journal for the Study of Western Esotericism

2411:

History of Hermetic Philosophy and Related Currents

2027:in 1875. Subsequent leaders of the Society, namely 6167:. Numen Book Series. Vol. 72. Leiden: Brill. 5394:The Cambridge Companion to New Religious Movements 5329: 4578: 2800:Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction 2579: – Magic as understood during the Middle Ages 2446:also have a role in this interdisciplinary field. 1587:Plethon's ideas interested the ruler of Florence, 1470:A third form of esotericism in Late Antiquity was 589:. Significant groups in this century included the 4629:. Oxford historical monographs. Clarendon Press. 4591:. Dover Occult. Dover Publications. p. 425. 3370: 3368: 3366: 1552:were thought to have utilized esoteric concepts. 12974: 7104:The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles 6632:The San Francisco Jung Institute Library Journal 2555: – Magic used for evil and selfish purposes 1935:(1802–1866). It revolved around the concept of " 621:and later cultural tendencies, which led to the 6090: 5903: 5783: 5771: 5759: 5647: 5513: 5434: 5186:. London: Tauris Parke Paperbacks 2005, p. 149. 4981: 4445: 4433: 4413: 4393: 4374: 4354: 4338: 4314: 4139: 3061: 3059: 3057: 30:"Esoteric" redirects here. For other uses, see 6912:Association for the Study of Esotericism (ASE) 6879:American Transcendentalism and Asian Religions 6798:. Basel: Edition Oriflamme, 2011, illustrated 6783:. Basel: Edition Oriflamme, 2010, illustrated 6704:Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism I 6206:Western Esotericism: A Guide for the Perplexed 5884: 5795: 5710: 5698: 4616: 4553:Anales de historia antigua, medieval y moderna 3363: 3243:in Hellenistic philosophy: A hidden treasure?" 2731:Shengren: Above Philosophy and Beyond Religion 2705:. Random House Publishing Group. p. 384. 2597: – Magical science during the Renaissance 2094:spread neo-pagan, nationalist ideas, based on 1145:currents of thought fall within a category of 766:Early Western reception of Eastern esotericism 11773: 11759: 10900: 9428: 7332: 6972: 6698:, Berlin / New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2004. 6696:Regional, Critical, and Historical Approaches 6459: 6440: 6407:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 6017:A Reader's Guide to Andrei Bely's "petersburg 5981: 5965:Western Esotericism and Rituals of Initiation 5831: 5722: 5662: 5631: 5615: 5611: 5493: 5489: 5469: 5465: 5449: 4287: 4275: 4263: 4251: 4227: 4215: 4187: 4175: 4123: 4099: 4075: 4051: 4027: 3991: 3963: 3939: 3886: 3747: 3516: 3379:. In Kippenberg, Hans; Stroumsa, Guy (eds.). 3017: 2953: 2890: 2609: – Prosecutions for witchcraft in Europe 2567: – Esoteric beliefs in the Eastern world 2289:have found their way into much of the former 1235: 1157:and on to more recent phenomenon such as the 437: 5750:, Michigan State University, V, 2003, 27–40. 5390:"New religious movements in changing Russia" 5299:Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism 3054: 2573: – English Qaballa system of James Lees 2219:, which built on the work of anthropologist 1872:, which later became known more commonly as 1695:. The primary exponent of this approach was 1366:— Historian of religion Henrik Bogdan, 2007. 1280:, and must therefore always be at odds with 806: 787: 6222: 6200: 5580: 5568: 5525: 5272: 5255: 5146: 5134: 5122: 5032: 5015: 4969: 4952: 4936: 4921: 4909: 4893: 4876: 4860: 4844: 4832: 4820: 4804: 4792: 4776: 4760: 4748: 4736: 4724: 4712: 4700: 4688: 4672: 4660: 4449: 4417: 4397: 4378: 4358: 4342: 4203: 4191: 3971: 3947: 3927: 3915: 3903: 3870: 3858: 3819: 3792: 3780: 3759: 3660: 3631: 3524: 3504: 3092: 2999:) in 1792, migrated to French scholarship ( 2992: 2894: 2878: 2802:, Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 298. 2369:In 1965, at the instigation of the scholar 2055:(1890-1981) who is popular in Scandinavia. 1763:had ever existed before then. Instead, the 1714:movement through his attempts to solve the 1426:were bringing about socio-cultural change. 1406:A later illustration of Hermes Trismegistus 54:tree of life as represented in the Kabbalah 11766: 11752: 10907: 10893: 9442: 9435: 9421: 7339: 7325: 6979: 6965: 6908:, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands 6734: 6701: 6381: 6181: 6159: 6061: 5925:Method and Theory in the Study of Religion 5734: 5599: 5063: 5049:sfn error: no target: CITEREFCarlson2015 ( 4495: 4119: 4095: 4071: 4047: 4023: 3987: 3882: 3804: 3732: 3599: 3587: 3572: 3560: 3548: 3536: 3474: 3048: 2980: 2457: 1807:needs attention from an expert in Religion 1663:, which eventually publicly executed him. 444: 430: 10834:Relationship between religion and science 6629: 6186:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6132: 6109: 5922: 5819: 5807: 5686: 5619: 5497: 5473: 5152: 4299: 4163: 3967: 3696: 3374: 3272:"Plato's Enigmatic Lecture 'On the Good'" 2363:Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition 1866:(1734–1814), who developed the theory of 1463:, who was served by demonic helpers, the 1008: 707:. Perhaps for the first time in English, 6876: 6650: 6421: 6314: 5674: 5635: 5556: 5509: 5352: 4370: 4127: 4103: 4079: 4055: 4031: 3995: 3846: 3834: 3463:Esotericism and the Control of Knowledge 3416: 2632: 2603: – Magic used for selfless purposes 2330: 2170: 1941: 1833: 1665: 1401: 1375: 1239: 1172: 1103:"Oriental" esotericism. The emphasis on 47: 6808: 6692:New Approaches to the Study of Religion 6400: 6384:Martinus, Darwin and intelligent design 6352: 6333: 6295: 6114:in Western Esotericism and Occultism". 6010: 5387: 5297:"Satanism" at Wouter Hannegraaff (ed). 5211: 5195: 5075: 5044: 4948: 4546: 3237:Nielsen, Karen Margrethe (2012-12-13). 3236: 3207: 3065: 3033: 3029: 2965: 2759:. Aries Book Series. Brill. p. 8. 2607:Witch trials in the early modern period 2163:they reformed the Fraternitas Saturni. 1683:. Though influenced by traditions from 601:. Also important in this connection is 14: 12975: 9760:Proper basis and Reformed epistemology 6924:, University of Exeter, United Kingdom 6613:Western Esotericism: A Concise History 6610: 6567: 6033: 5962: 5943: 5931:. Kenneth Fleming (translator): 9–36. 5847: 5595: 5552: 5540: 5485: 5461: 5241:St Paul, MN: Llewellyn, 1994 pp. 23–24 5118: 5011: 4905: 4872: 4856: 4816: 4788: 4772: 4684: 4622: 4584: 4461: 4429: 4409: 4326: 4239: 4151: 4115: 4091: 4067: 4043: 4019: 4007: 3983: 3959: 3943: 3720: 3708: 3684: 3672: 3643: 3627: 3615: 3520: 3461:1444-5158. In Crangle, Edward (2004). 3445:Trompf, Garry W. (19 September 2008). 3269: 2906: 2543:oppose it and seek to deconstruct it. 1817:may be able to help recruit an expert. 1623:. His work was built on by the German 1350: 822: 11747: 10888: 9416: 9078: 7820: 7358: 7320: 6960: 6853:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 6843: 6251: 6052: 5872:from the original on 27 February 2021 5340: 5310: 3322: 3119: 2841: 2811: 2503: 2327:Academic study of Western esotericism 2166: 1953:In Europe, a movement usually termed 1655:(1548–1600), whose ideas were deemed 1576:(1355/60–1452?), who argued that the 1448:The Discourse on the Eighth and Ninth 1169:As a universal secret inner tradition 835:coined the term "exoteric speeches" ( 631:academic study of Western esotericism 39:Academic study of Western esotericism 10950:Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn 7071:Magic, Witchcraft and the Otherworld 7062:Witchcraft and Paganism in Australia 6426:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. 3349:Coniglione, Francesco (April 2018). 2860:from the original on 25 October 2022 2847: 2230:, a movement initially dominated by 1931:, founded by the American mesmerist 1791: 1081:"—terms often used interchangeably. 1043:Platonisch-Hermetisches Christianity 6702:Hanegraaff, Wouter J., ed. (2005). 6095:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5984:European Journal of English Studies 5369:from the original on 28 August 2021 5353:Hellesøy, Kjersti (November 2015). 3323:Reale, Giovanni (8 November 1990). 3247:The Reception of Aristotle's Ethics 3146: 2805: 2749:teacher' and 'gypsy-intellectual.'" 2561: – Variety of rituals of magic 2258:, as exposed by groups such as the 2197:growing counter-culture in the West 1782:18th, 19th and early 20th centuries 1556:Renaissance and Early Modern period 985:. According to examples in Lucian, 24: 6737:"The Globalization of Esotericism" 6490: 6091:Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (2008). 2848:Eddy, Glenys (19 September 2008). 2734:. LoD Press, New York. p. 125 2625:According to critics, Blavatsky's 2082:(1866–1949) and his Russian pupil 1972:(1865–1916). Also significant was 1788:Esotericism in Germany and Austria 1591:, who employed Florentine thinker 1347:" but lacked utility beyond that. 25: 13004: 12957:Western European and Others Group 11703:Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn 10965:Thelemic Order of the Golden Dawn 7252:Modern Paganism in World Cultures 6986: 6947:13 questions to Wouter Hanegraaff 6894: 6386:. Scientia Intuitiva. p. 7. 6116:Occultism in a Global Perspective 6019:. University of Wisconsin Press. 6013:"Petersburg and Modern Occultism" 5946:Occultism in a Global Perspective 4468:Annual of Medieval Studies at CEU 2320: 2064:Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn 1644:De occulta philosophia libri tres 1397: 974:wrote "On the Secrets of Plato" ( 599:Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn 10869: 10868: 10858: 9396: 9395: 9382: 7044:Persuasions of the Witch's Craft 6922:Centre for Magic and Esotericism 5937:10.1163/094330510X12604383550882 5740: 5381: 5346: 5316: 5291: 5278: 5231: 5221: 5174: 5069: 4975: 3375:Lamberton, Robert (2018-11-13). 2744:: "Worse, he couldn't be a real 2375:École pratique des hautes études 1796: 789:Histoire critique du gnosticisme 82: 11365:The Stratagem and other Stories 7207:Scarboro, Campbell and Stave's 6753:from the original on 2016-08-22 6746:. Vol. 3. pp. 55–91. 6284:from the original on 2023-03-05 5418:from the original on 2023-07-02 4643:from the original on 2023-07-02 4605:from the original on 2023-01-26 4567:from the original on 2019-11-06 4540: 4489: 4478:from the original on 2019-11-06 4455: 3702: 3593: 3468: 3439: 3410: 3397: 3343: 3316: 3263: 3230: 3201: 3161:Journal of the History of Ideas 3140: 3113: 3099:. University of Chicago Press. 3086: 2986: 2344:in London, where scholars like 2118:; some Nazi Party members like 2110:was one of the founders of the 1478:. Advocated by such figures as 976:Peri tôn para Platoni aporrhèta 617:. Esoteric ideas permeated the 591:Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia 7346: 7240:Pearson, Roberts and Samuel's 6735:Hanegraaff, Wouter J. (2015). 6474:10.1016/j.religion.2005.07.002 4462:Calian, Florin George (2010). 3407:. : Cambridge University Press 3249:. Cambridge University Press. 3212:. In Montanari, Franco (ed.). 3208:Montana, Fausto (2020-06-15). 3066:Nikulin, Dmitri (2012-12-11). 2900: 2872: 2792: 2728:Pattberg, Thorsten J. (2012). 2589:Outline of Western esotericism 1507: 1177:A colored version of the 1888 13: 1: 11184:Aleister Crowley bibliography 9079: 7287:Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft 7179:Introduction to Pagan Studies 7053:Never Again the Burning Times 6441:Von Stuckrad, Kocku (2005a). 6367:10.1080/0048721X.2016.1146926 6338:. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter. 6036:Access to Western Esotericism 5402:10.1017/ccol9780521196505.019 4588:An Encyclopaedia of Occultism 2907:Strube, Julian (2023-07-20). 2786: 2647:. Dover Publications. p. 57. 2285:, New Age organizations, and 2234:, the religion propagated by 1841:. Painting by Swedish artist 1749:From 1614 to 1616, the three 1710:(1575–1624), who sparked the 1610:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola 1140:The historian of esotericism 1135: 960:allegorical exegesis of Plato 666: 308:List of magical organizations 10960:Society Ordo Templi Orientis 10799:Desacralization of knowledge 8868:Ordinary language philosophy 7359: 6859:(2): 249–281, archived from 6665:10.1080/0048721x.2013.742741 6517:, Leiden: Brill, since 2006. 6502:, Leiden: Brill, since 2001. 6237:10.1080/0048721x.2012.733245 5996:10.1080/13825577.2011.626934 5362:(MA). University of Tromsø. 4547:Bubello, Juan Pablo (2015). 3120:Facca, Danilo (2020-05-14). 2753:Staudenmaier, Peter (2014). 2671:. Prometheus Books. p. 193. 2399:American Academy of Religion 2211:promoted by figures such as 1988:(1898–1974), founder of the 1540:also saw the publication of 932: 762:orientalist academic studies 657: 644: 37:For the academic field, see 7: 10935:Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica 10914: 10211:Best of all possible worlds 10168:Eschatological verification 9725:Fine-tuning of the universe 8918:Contemporary utilitarianism 8833:Internalism and externalism 6319:. Oxford University Press. 6182:Hanegraaff, Wouter (2012). 5784:Asprem & Granholm 2013b 5772:Asprem & Granholm 2013b 5760:Asprem & Granholm 2013b 2546: 2409:established a chair in the 2287:Scientology splinter groups 2138:were hostile to occultism, 2023:(1888), she co-founded the 1809:. The specific problem is: 728:appeared in a 1779 work by 619:counterculture of the 1960s 10: 13009: 11330:Little Essays Toward Truth 8182:Svatantrika and Prasangika 7821: 7139:and theological approaches 6726:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 6706:. Leiden / Boston: Brill. 6644:10.1525/jung.1.2001.20.2.7 6133:Granholm, Kennet (2013b). 6057:. Oxford University Press. 6015:. In Livak, Leonid (ed.). 5840: 5796:Asprem & Granholm 2013 5711:Asprem & Granholm 2013 5699:Asprem & Granholm 2013 5326:. Equinox Publishing. 2013 5183:The Occult Roots of Nazism 5180:Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke: 3451:Sydney Studies in Religion 3093:Aristóteles (2010-02-15). 2854:Sydney Studies in Religion 2699:Oppenheimer, Todd (2007). 2324: 2242:, and developing into the 2033:Charles Webster Leadbeater 1785: 1635:Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa 1392: 1236:As an enchanted world view 926: 837: 36: 29: 12727:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 12707: 12625: 12462: 12297: 12168:Standard Average European 12036: 11865: 11785: 11655: 11619: 11563: 11527: 11481: 11395: 11274:The Holy Books of Thelema 11237:The Diary of a Drug Fiend 11174: 10978: 10922: 10854: 10786: 10690: 10575: 10495: 10430: 10352: 10259: 10244: 10196: 10158: 9870: 9795: 9670: 9661: 9591: 9528: 9519: 9450: 9376: 9328: 9228: 9190: 9137: 9104: 9095: 9091: 9074: 9024: 8936: 8774: 8765: 8698: 8481: 8472: 8450: 8405: 8347: 8299: 8253: 8244: 8207: 8078: 7943: 7890: 7881: 7831: 7827: 7816: 7755: 7727: 7684: 7636: 7593: 7546: 7518: 7470: 7442: 7404:Philosophy of mathematics 7394:Philosophy of information 7369: 7365: 7354: 7303: 7262: 7231: 7189: 7136: 7092: 7030: 6994: 6881:, Oxford University Press 6877:Versluis, Arthur (1993), 6844:Tweed, Thomas A. (2005), 6827:10.1163/9781848882027_009 6586:10.1163/9789004273122_016 6422:Versluis, Arthur (2007). 6401:Treitel, Corinna (2004). 6148:(1): 5–33. Archived from 5832:Brînzeu & Szönyi 2011 5723:Brînzeu & Szönyi 2011 3417:Stroumsa, Guy G. (2005). 3210:"Hellenistic Scholarship" 3126:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2668:The Fringe of the Unknown 2272:Illuminates of Thanateros 2114:, which later became the 2106:. Thule Society activist 1919:—though with the rise of 738:Johann Gottfried Eichhorn 625:phenomenon in the 1970s. 469:Western mystery tradition 41:. For Eastern forms, see 32:Esoteric (disambiguation) 12867:Lancaster House Treaties 12357:Christian existentialism 12317:Ancient Roman philosophy 12307:Ancient Greek philosophy 11379:The Vision and the Voice 10440:Friedrich Schleiermacher 10026:Theories about religions 9828:Inconsistent revelations 7204:(1979, 1986, 1996, 2006) 6679:Hanegraaff, Wouter J., “ 6611:Faivre, Antoine (2010). 6382:Therkelsen, Ole (2016). 6334:Strube, Julian (2016a). 6076:10.1163/1568527952598756 6038:. New York: SUNY Press. 6034:Faivre, Antoine (1994). 5967:. New York: SUNY Press. 5906:Contemporary Esotericism 5887:Contemporary Esotericism 5324:Contemporary esotericism 3245:. In Miller, Jon (ed.). 2613: 2514:Buffy the Vampire Slayer 2451:Magic and Occult Science 2209:techno-shamanic movement 2060:Paschal Beverly Randolph 2041:Anthroposophical Society 2001:Enlightenment libertines 1291:in her discussions of a 1218:Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke 1184:Some scholars have used 1161:movement. Nevertheless, 895:of Plato and Aristotle: 829:Ancient Greek philosophy 477:Judeo-Christian religion 12645:Equality before the law 11852:Romano-Germanic culture 11504:Eroto-comatose lucidity 11265:The Equinox of the Gods 11066:Charles Stansfeld Jones 8873:Postanalytic philosophy 8814:Experimental philosophy 7263:Academic, peer-reviewed 7190:Sociological approaches 7115:The Triumph of the Moon 7033:folkloristic approaches 6570:Handbook of Freemasonry 6315:Sedgwick, Mark (2004). 6270:10.1525/nr.2001.4.2.322 6011:Carlson, Maria (2018). 5963:Bogdan, Henrik (2007). 3288:10.1163/156852880X00025 3270:Gaiser, Konrad (1980). 2577:Medieval European magic 2458:Emic and etic divisions 2407:University of Amsterdam 2295:dissolution of the USSR 2074:and become a member of 1769:Johann Valentin Andreae 1730:'s Angelic Brethren in 1301:macrocosm and microcosm 1028:Ehregott Daniel Colberg 12807:Eastern European Group 12396:Continental philosophy 12327:Judeo-Christian ethics 12312:Hellenistic philosophy 11793:Cradle of civilization 11244:Eight Lectures on Yoga 10304:Gaunilo of Marmoutiers 9444:Philosophy of religion 9006:Social constructionism 8018:Hellenistic philosophy 7434:Theoretical philosophy 7409:Philosophy of religion 7399:Philosophy of language 7221:A Community of Witches 6252:Kurti, Laszlo (2001). 6053:Drury, Nevill (2011). 5600:Faivre & Voss 1995 5301:. Brill. 2006. p. 1035 4991:. Simon and Schuster. 3733:Faivre & Voss 1995 2493: 2481: 2454:science and medicine. 2336: 2313:, neo-Pagan, and even 2252:traditional witchcraft 2192: 1950: 1846: 1752:Rosicrucian Manifestos 1674: 1407: 1363: 1252: 1181: 1037:(1659–1698), a German 1017: 1009:Conceptual development 952: 946:Can it be, then, that 902: 807: 788: 561:philosophies with the 60: 12927:Three Seas Initiative 12902:Pacific Islands Forum 12767:British–Irish Council 12515:Greek Orthodox Church 11974:Industrial Revolution 11944:Scientific Revolution 10839:Faith and rationality 10794:Criticism of religion 10732:Robert Merrihew Adams 10722:Nicholas Wolterstorff 9925:Divine command theory 9389:Philosophy portal 8908:Scientific skepticism 8888:Reformed epistemology 7414:Philosophy of science 7243:Nature Religion Today 7201:Drawing Down the Moon 7093:Historical approaches 7007:Contemporary paganism 6161:Hanegraaff, Wouter J. 5848:Asprem, Egil (2014). 5090:10.1353/vcr.2017.0032 4526:10.2979/aleph.13.1.77 4510:10.2979/aleph.13.1.77 2488: 2476: 2334: 2174: 2112:German Workers' Party 2051:of the Danish mystic 2005:Emma Hardinge Britten 1945: 1837: 1786:Further information: 1757:Christian Rosenkreutz 1744:Philadelphian Society 1669: 1661:Roman Catholic Church 1405: 1376:As rejected knowledge 1355: 1325:Traditionalist School 1278:scientific revolution 1243: 1176: 1013: 991:Clement of Alexandria 944: 908:and truth present in 897: 535:Eastern Mediterranean 204:Esoteric transmission 51: 12922:Special Relationship 12332:Christian philosophy 12277:Western Christianity 11939:Age of Enlightenment 11813:Hellenistic Kingdoms 11718:Magical organization 11344:Magick Without Tears 11216:Clouds without Water 11146:Wilfred Talbot Smith 11091:Grady Louis McMurtry 11031:Jeanne Robert Foster 10955:Ordo Templi Orientis 10829:Religious philosophy 10309:Pico della Mirandola 10274:Anselm of Canterbury 10206:Augustinian theodicy 10118:Religious skepticism 9451:Concepts in religion 8809:Critical rationalism 8516:Edo neo-Confucianism 8360:Acintya bheda abheda 8339:Renaissance humanism 8050:School of the Sextii 7424:Practical philosophy 7419:Political philosophy 6580:. pp. 277–305. 5648:Goodrick-Clarke 2008 5514:Goodrick-Clarke 2008 5435:Goodrick-Clarke 2008 5288:. 2011. pp. 205–206. 5237:Stephen E. Flowers. 4446:Goodrick-Clarke 2008 4434:Goodrick-Clarke 2008 4414:Goodrick-Clarke 2008 4394:Goodrick-Clarke 2008 4375:Goodrick-Clarke 2008 4355:Goodrick-Clarke 2008 4339:Goodrick-Clarke 2008 4315:Goodrick-Clarke 2008 4140:Goodrick-Clarke 2008 4074:, pp. 399–340; 4050:, pp. 398–399; 3383:(in German). BRILL. 2812:Baier, Karl (2021). 2583:Medieval Inquisition 2415:University of Exeter 2185:Museum of Witchcraft 2076:Ordo Templi Orientis 2025:Theosophical Society 1897:Andrew Jackson Davis 1815:WikiProject Religion 1728:Johann Georg Gichtel 1672:Square and Compasses 1422:, urbanisation, and 1179:Flammarion engraving 1116:'s incorporation of 1114:Theosophical Society 1087:Wouter J. Hanegraaff 878:Andronicus of Rhodes 746:Johann Jakob Brucker 705:Cambridge Platonists 595:Theosophical Society 583:Age of Enlightenment 481:Age of Enlightenment 467:, and sometimes the 12988:Western esotericism 12947:West Nordic Council 12812:Eastern Partnership 12401:Analytic philosophy 12102:Classical tradition 11924:Early modern period 11880:Classical antiquity 11875:European Bronze Age 11627:Number of the beast 11528:Ceremony and ritual 11448:Holy Guardian Angel 11197:The Book of the Law 11126:Helen Parsons Smith 11101:Marcelo Ramos Motta 10940:Fraternitas Saturni 10814:History of religion 10515:Friedrich Nietzsche 10392:Gottfried W Leibniz 10387:Nicolas Malebranche 10319:King James VI and I 9599:Abrahamic religions 8380:Nimbarka Sampradaya 8291:Korean Confucianism 8038:Academic Skepticism 7307:Pagan studies books 7126:Her Hidden Children 7031:Anthropological and 7021:Western esotericism 6901:An Esoteric Archive 6768:, Trine Day, 2011, 4623:Ceadel, M. (1980). 4585:Spence, L. (2003). 3563:, pp. 107–108. 3147:Bos, A. P. (1989). 2681:The Secret Doctrine 2627:The Secret Doctrine 2565:Eastern esotericism 2419:Western Esotericism 2417:created a chair in 2395:Robert A. McDermott 2283:Gnostic revivalists 2149:Fraternitas Saturni 2020:The Secret Doctrine 1878:Marquis de Puységur 1712:Christian theosophy 1630:De Arte Cabalistica 1603:Lodovico Lazzarelli 1431:Hermes Trismegistus 1351:As higher knowledge 1345:early modern period 1186:Western esotericism 1055:Christian theosophy 823:Philosophical usage 730:Johann Georg Hamann 571:Christian theosophy 457:Western esotericism 371:Hermes Trismegistus 244:Ritual purification 104:Eastern esotericism 99:Western esotericism 43:Eastern esotericism 12993:Schools of thought 12406:Post-structuralism 12369:Christian humanism 11999:Universal suffrage 11647:Unicursal hexagram 11463:Stele of Revealing 11396:Concepts and ideas 11323:Liber Trigrammaton 11288:The Law is for All 11201:Liber AL vel Legis 11071:George Cecil Jones 11051:Lady Frieda Harris 10986:List of Thelemites 10824:Religious language 10804:Ethics in religion 10762:William Lane Craig 10637:Charles Hartshorne 10377:Desiderius Erasmus 10279:Augustine of Hippo 10221:Inconsistent triad 10183:Apophatic theology 10178:Logical positivism 10160:Religious language 9780:Watchmaker analogy 9745:Necessary existent 9521:Conceptions of God 9481:Intelligent design 9001:Post-structuralism 8903:Scientific realism 8858:Quinean naturalism 8838:Logical positivism 8794:Analytical Marxism 8013:Peripatetic school 7925:Chinese naturalism 7452:Aesthetic response 7379:Applied philosophy 7148:Enchanted Feminism 6821:. pp. 77–83. 6764:Kelley, James L., 6686:2023-07-02 at the 6561:2015-09-24 at the 6550:2015-09-24 at the 6539:2015-09-24 at the 6527:2015-09-24 at the 6512:2007-10-11 at the 6202:Hanegraaff, Wouter 5663:Von Stuckrad 2005b 5632:Von Stuckrad 2005a 5616:Von Stuckrad 2005b 5612:Von Stuckrad 2005a 5494:Von Stuckrad 2005b 5490:Von Stuckrad 2005a 5470:Von Stuckrad 2005b 5466:Von Stuckrad 2005a 5450:Von Stuckrad 2005a 5167:2015-07-01 at the 5161:Thule-Gesellschaft 5158:Hermann Gilbhard: 5014:, pp. 93–94; 4875:, pp. 76–77; 4819:, pp. 64–66; 4791:, pp. 63–64; 4775:, pp. 61–63; 4416:, pp. 27–29; 4341:, pp. 3, 15; 4288:Von Stuckrad 2005b 4276:Von Stuckrad 2005b 4264:Von Stuckrad 2005b 4252:Von Stuckrad 2005b 4228:Von Stuckrad 2005b 4216:Von Stuckrad 2005a 4188:Von Stuckrad 2005a 4176:Von Stuckrad 2005a 4124:Von Stuckrad 2005a 4118:, pp. 14–15; 4100:Von Stuckrad 2005a 4076:Von Stuckrad 2005a 4052:Von Stuckrad 2005a 4028:Von Stuckrad 2005a 3992:Von Stuckrad 2005a 3964:Von Stuckrad 2005a 3940:Von Stuckrad 2005a 3887:Von Stuckrad 2005b 3748:Von Stuckrad 2005b 3517:Von Stuckrad 2005b 3241:Nicomachean Ethics 3018:Von Stuckrad 2005b 2954:Von Stuckrad 2005a 2925:10.1558/imre.23260 2891:Von Stuckrad 2005b 2663:L. Sprague de Camp 2639:L. Sprague de Camp 2532:His Dark Materials 2504:In popular culture 2337: 2193: 2167:Later 20th century 2144:Karl Maria Wiligut 2037:Jiddu Krishnamurti 1951: 1905:psychical research 1864:Franz Anton Mesmer 1852:Emanuel Swedenborg 1847: 1689:Biblical scripture 1675: 1621:Christian Kabbalah 1614:Pope Innocent VIII 1408: 1341:Kocku von Stuckrad 1293:Hermetic Tradition 1265:positivist science 1253: 1182: 1083:The modern academy 1041:theologian, wrote 922:Kocku von Stuckrad 854:natural philosophy 827:In the context of 663:Lucian of Samosata 567:Christian Kabbalah 488:Western philosophy 261:Esoteric societies 61: 12970: 12969: 12797:Council of Europe 12699:International law 12652:Constitutionalism 12510:Eastern Orthodoxy 12016:Post–Cold War era 11949:Age of Revolution 11803:Greco-Roman world 11741: 11740: 11683:Book of Abramelin 11423:Astral projection 11358:One Star in Sight 11209:The Book of Thoth 11076:Richard Kaczynski 11061:Christopher Hyatt 11026:Lon Milo DuQuette 10991:Ankh-af-na-khonsu 10882: 10881: 10782: 10781: 10742:Peter van Inwagen 10727:Richard Swinburne 10672:George I Mavrodes 10532:Vladimir Solovyov 10472:Søren Kierkegaard 10397:William Wollaston 10344:William of Ockham 10324:Marcion of Sinope 10226:Irenaean theodicy 10216:Euthyphro dilemma 10143:Transcendentalism 9972:Womanist theology 9962:Feminist theology 9866: 9865: 9657: 9656: 9543:Divine simplicity 9463:Euthyphro dilemma 9410: 9409: 9372: 9371: 9368: 9367: 9364: 9363: 9070: 9069: 9066: 9065: 9062: 9061: 8789:Analytic feminism 8761: 8760: 8723:Kierkegaardianism 8685:Transcendentalism 8645:Neo-scholasticism 8491:Classical Realism 8468: 8467: 8240: 8239: 8055:Neopythagoreanism 7812: 7811: 7808: 7807: 7429:Social philosophy 7314: 7313: 7232:Interdisciplinary 7210:Living Witchcraft 7159:Gods of the Blood 7137:Religious studies 6836:978-1-84888-202-7 6804:978-3-9523616-3-4 6789:978-3-9523616-1-0 6622:978-1-4384-3377-6 6595:978-90-04-21833-8 6452:978-1-84553-033-4 6433:978-0-7425-5836-6 6414:978-0-8018-7812-1 6345:978-3-11-047810-5 6215:978-1-4411-3646-6 6193:978-0-521-19621-5 6174:978-90-04-10695-6 6125:978-1-84465-716-2 6102:978-0-19-532099-2 6045:978-0-7914-2178-9 6026:978-0-299-31930-4 5974:978-0-7914-7070-1 5955:978-1-84465-716-2 5915:978-1-317-54357-2 5896:978-1-317-54357-2 5774:, pp. 43–44. 5411:978-0-521-19650-5 5137:, pp. 41–42. 5018:, pp. 40–41. 4924:, pp. 38–39. 4879:, pp. 37–38. 4835:, pp. 35–36. 4823:, pp. 33–34. 4807:, pp. 32–33. 4779:, pp. 30–31. 4727:, pp. 28–29. 4715:, pp. 27–28. 4691:, pp. 26–27. 4636:978-0-19-821882-1 4598:978-0-486-42613-6 4452:, pp. 20–21. 4436:, pp. 20–27. 4420:, pp. 19–20. 4396:, p. 16–20; 4377:, p. 16–20; 4290:, pp. 91–92. 4010:, pp. 10–11. 3861:, pp. 11–12. 3762:, pp. 10–12. 3735:, pp. 48–49. 3699:, pp. 31–32. 3634:, pp. 14–15. 3488:978-90-04-42801-0 3390:978-90-04-37887-2 2913:Implicit Religion 2827:978-1-119-09278-0 2766:978-90-04-27015-2 2712:978-0-307-43221-6 2595:Renaissance magic 2468:Wouter Hanegraaff 2436:social scientists 2342:Warburg Institute 2175:Sculpture of the 2049:spiritual science 1933:Phineas P. Quimby 1832: 1831: 1761:Rosicrucian Order 1625:Johannes Reuchlin 1598:Corpus Hermeticum 1589:Cosimo de' Medici 1436:Corpus Hermeticum 1214:religious studies 918:mystery religions 794:institutionalised 732:, and the use of 697:doctrina vulgaris 607:spiritual science 454: 453: 187:Astral projection 144:Mystical theology 56:, containing the 16:(Redirected from 13000: 12842:EU Customs Union 12374:Secular humanism 12322:Christian ethics 12272:East–West Schism 12255:Physical culture 11979:Great Divergence 11929:Age of Discovery 11768: 11761: 11754: 11745: 11744: 11733:Whore of Babylon 11713:Magical alphabet 11663:Abbey of Thelema 11555:Rites of Eleusis 11540:Pentagram Ritual 11494:Ceremonial magic 11443:Hermetic Qabalah 11258:The Blue Equinox 11190:The Book of Lies 11081:Rose Edith Kelly 11021:Marjorie Cameron 10996:Aleister Crowley 10909: 10902: 10895: 10886: 10885: 10872: 10871: 10862: 10767:Ali Akbar Rashad 10630:Reinhold Niebuhr 10590:Bertrand Russell 10585:George Santayana 10482:Albrecht Ritschl 10467:Ludwig Feuerbach 10257: 10256: 10253:(by date active) 10113:Process theology 9858:Russell's teapot 9668: 9667: 9663:Existence of God 9573:Process theology 9526: 9525: 9511:Theological veto 9474:religious belief 9437: 9430: 9423: 9414: 9413: 9399: 9398: 9387: 9386: 9385: 9102: 9101: 9093: 9092: 9076: 9075: 8966:Frankfurt School 8913:Transactionalism 8863:Normative ethics 8843:Legal positivism 8819:Falsificationism 8804:Consequentialism 8799:Communitarianism 8772: 8771: 8640:New Confucianism 8479: 8478: 8286:Neo-Confucianism 8251: 8250: 8060:Second Sophistic 8045:Middle Platonism 7888: 7887: 7829: 7828: 7818: 7817: 7661:Epiphenomenalism 7528:Consequentialism 7462:Institutionalism 7367: 7366: 7356: 7355: 7341: 7334: 7327: 7318: 7317: 7082:Witching Culture 6981: 6974: 6967: 6958: 6957: 6948: 6936:academic journal 6882: 6873: 6872: 6871: 6865: 6850: 6840: 6819:Brill Publishers 6794:Martin, Pierre, 6779:Martin, Pierre, 6761: 6759: 6758: 6752: 6741: 6731: 6725: 6717: 6676: 6647: 6626: 6607: 6578:Brill Publishers 6485: 6456: 6437: 6418: 6397: 6378: 6349: 6330: 6311: 6300:. Belgium: Isd. 6292: 6290: 6289: 6248: 6219: 6197: 6178: 6156: 6154: 6139: 6129: 6106: 6087: 6058: 6049: 6030: 6007: 5978: 5959: 5940: 5919: 5900: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5835: 5829: 5823: 5817: 5811: 5805: 5799: 5793: 5787: 5781: 5775: 5769: 5763: 5757: 5751: 5744: 5738: 5732: 5726: 5720: 5714: 5708: 5702: 5696: 5690: 5684: 5678: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5629: 5623: 5622:, p. 12–13. 5609: 5603: 5593: 5584: 5581:Hanegraaff 2013b 5578: 5572: 5569:Hanegraaff 2013a 5566: 5560: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5529: 5526:Hanegraaff 2013b 5523: 5517: 5507: 5501: 5483: 5477: 5459: 5453: 5447: 5438: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5385: 5379: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5368: 5361: 5350: 5344: 5338: 5327: 5320: 5314: 5308: 5302: 5295: 5289: 5282: 5276: 5273:Hanegraaff 2013a 5270: 5259: 5256:Hanegraaff 2013a 5253: 5242: 5235: 5229: 5225: 5219: 5209: 5203: 5193: 5187: 5178: 5172: 5156: 5150: 5147:Hanegraaff 2013a 5144: 5138: 5135:Hanegraaff 2013a 5132: 5126: 5123:Hanegraaff 2013a 5116: 5110: 5109: 5078:Victorian 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2559:Ceremonial magic 2244:Goddess movement 2221:Carlos Castaneda 2217:Daniel Pinchbeck 2205:New Age movement 2140:Heinrich Himmler 2120:Alfred Rosenberg 2080:George Gurdjieff 2068:Aleister Crowley 2031:(1847–1933) and 2009:Helena Blavatsky 2007:(1823–1899) and 1968:(1810–1875) and 1937:mind over matter 1917:Carl Gustav Jung 1899:(1826–1910) and 1869:Animal Magnetism 1827: 1824: 1818: 1800: 1799: 1792: 1680:Naturphilosophie 1578:Chaldean Oracles 1501:Chaldean Oracles 1424:multiculturalism 1383:history of ideas 1367: 1267:that sought to " 1036: 1021: 935: 929: 928: 914:initiatory rites 866:enkyklioi logoi, 840: 839: 838:ἐξωτερικοὶ λόγοι 810: 791: 785: 703:are found among 671: 668: 660: 603:Martinus Thomsen 459:, also known as 446: 439: 432: 86: 63: 62: 21: 13008: 13007: 13003: 13002: 13001: 12999: 12998: 12997: 12973: 12972: 12971: 12966: 12932:UKUSA Agreement 12872:Lublin Triangle 12757:Baltic Assembly 12709: 12703: 12621: 12458: 12293: 12163:Eurolinguistics 12032: 12021:Information age 11994:Interwar period 11861: 11781: 11772: 11742: 11737: 11678:Boleskine House 11651: 11615: 11559: 11545:Bornless Ritual 11523: 11514:Obeah and wanga 11477: 11453:Magical formula 11433:English Qaballa 11391: 11337:Magick (Book 4) 11223:Collected Works 11170: 11156:James Wasserman 11141:Phyllis Seckler 11036:J. F. C. Fuller 10974: 10970:Typhonian Order 10918: 10913: 10883: 10878: 10850: 10778: 10774:Alexander Pruss 10757:Jean-Luc Marion 10712:Alvin Plantinga 10707:Dewi Z Phillips 10694: 10692: 10686: 10657:Walter Kaufmann 10647:Frithjof Schuon 10620:Rudolf Bultmann 10577: 10571: 10567:Joseph Maréchal 10557:Pavel Florensky 10552:Sergei Bulgakov 10537:Ernst Troeltsch 10520:Harald Høffding 10497: 10491: 10462:William Whewell 10450:Georg W F Hegel 10445:Karl C F Krause 10432: 10426: 10422:Johann G Herder 10412:Baron d'Holbach 10362:Augustin Calmet 10348: 10264: 10252: 10251: 10248: 10240: 10198:Problem of evil 10192: 10188:Verificationism 10154: 9862: 9808:Atheist's Wager 9791: 9653: 9587: 9515: 9491:Problem of evil 9446: 9441: 9411: 9406: 9383: 9381: 9360: 9324: 9224: 9186: 9133: 9087: 9086: 9058: 9047:Russian cosmism 9020: 9016:Western Marxism 8981:New Historicism 8946:Critical theory 8932: 8928:Wittgensteinian 8824:Foundationalism 8757: 8694: 8675:Social contract 8531:Foundationalism 8464: 8446: 8430:Illuminationism 8415:Aristotelianism 8401: 8390:Vishishtadvaita 8343: 8295: 8236: 8203: 8074: 8003:Megarian school 7998:Eretrian school 7939: 7900:Agriculturalism 7877: 7823: 7804: 7751: 7723: 7680: 7632: 7589: 7573:Incompatibilism 7542: 7514: 7466: 7438: 7361: 7350: 7345: 7315: 7310: 7299: 7280:The Pomegranate 7264: 7258: 7233: 7227: 7185: 7138: 7132: 7088: 7032: 7026: 7014:Nature religion 6990: 6985: 6946: 6897: 6892: 6869: 6867: 6863: 6848: 6837: 6756: 6754: 6750: 6739: 6719: 6718: 6714: 6688:Wayback Machine 6623: 6596: 6563:Wayback Machine 6552:Wayback Machine 6541:Wayback Machine 6529:Wayback Machine 6514:Wayback Machine 6493: 6491:Further reading 6488: 6453: 6434: 6415: 6394: 6346: 6327: 6308: 6287: 6285: 6216: 6194: 6175: 6152: 6137: 6126: 6103: 6046: 6027: 5975: 5956: 5916: 5897: 5875: 5873: 5843: 5838: 5830: 5826: 5822:, pp. 8–9. 5818: 5814: 5806: 5802: 5794: 5790: 5782: 5778: 5770: 5766: 5758: 5754: 5745: 5741: 5735:Hanegraaff 1996 5733: 5729: 5721: 5717: 5713:, pp. 3–4. 5709: 5705: 5697: 5693: 5685: 5681: 5673: 5669: 5661: 5654: 5646: 5642: 5630: 5626: 5610: 5606: 5594: 5587: 5579: 5575: 5571:, pp. 1–2. 5567: 5563: 5551: 5547: 5539: 5532: 5524: 5520: 5508: 5504: 5484: 5480: 5460: 5456: 5448: 5441: 5437:, pp. 4–5. 5433: 5429: 5421: 5419: 5412: 5386: 5382: 5372: 5370: 5366: 5359: 5351: 5347: 5339: 5330: 5321: 5317: 5309: 5305: 5296: 5292: 5283: 5279: 5271: 5262: 5254: 5245: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5222: 5210: 5206: 5194: 5190: 5179: 5175: 5169:Wayback Machine 5157: 5153: 5145: 5141: 5133: 5129: 5117: 5113: 5074: 5070: 5064:Therkelsen 2016 5062: 5058: 5048: 5043: 5039: 5031: 5022: 5010: 5006: 4999: 4983:Joscelyn Godwin 4980: 4976: 4968: 4959: 4947: 4943: 4935: 4928: 4920: 4916: 4904: 4900: 4892: 4883: 4871: 4867: 4855: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4831: 4827: 4815: 4811: 4803: 4799: 4787: 4783: 4771: 4767: 4759: 4755: 4747: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4723: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4683: 4679: 4671: 4667: 4659: 4655: 4646: 4644: 4637: 4621: 4617: 4608: 4606: 4599: 4583: 4579: 4570: 4568: 4545: 4541: 4494: 4490: 4481: 4479: 4460: 4456: 4444: 4440: 4428: 4424: 4408: 4404: 4392: 4385: 4369: 4365: 4353: 4349: 4337: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4313: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4286: 4282: 4274: 4270: 4262: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4238: 4234: 4226: 4222: 4214: 4210: 4206:, pp. 4–5. 4202: 4198: 4186: 4182: 4174: 4170: 4162: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4122:, p. 400; 4120:Hanegraaff 1996 4114: 4110: 4098:, p. 400; 4096:Hanegraaff 1996 4090: 4086: 4072:Hanegraaff 1996 4066: 4062: 4048:Hanegraaff 1996 4042: 4038: 4026:, p. 398; 4024:Hanegraaff 1996 4018: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3990:, p. 398; 3988:Hanegraaff 1996 3982: 3978: 3958: 3954: 3950:, pp. 3–4. 3938: 3934: 3930:, pp. 6–7. 3926: 3922: 3914: 3910: 3902: 3893: 3885:, p. 385; 3883:Hanegraaff 1996 3881: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3857: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3833: 3826: 3818: 3811: 3805:Hanegraaff 2012 3803: 3799: 3791: 3787: 3779: 3766: 3758: 3754: 3746: 3739: 3731: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3707: 3703: 3695: 3691: 3683: 3679: 3671: 3667: 3659: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3626: 3622: 3614: 3610: 3600:Hanegraaff 1996 3598: 3594: 3588:Hanegraaff 2012 3586: 3579: 3573:Hanegraaff 2012 3571: 3567: 3561:Hanegraaff 2012 3559: 3555: 3549:Hanegraaff 2012 3547: 3543: 3537:Hanegraaff 2012 3535: 3531: 3515: 3511: 3503: 3496: 3489: 3473: 3469: 3444: 3440: 3433: 3415: 3411: 3402: 3398: 3391: 3373: 3364: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3321: 3317: 3308: 3306: 3268: 3264: 3257: 3235: 3231: 3224: 3206: 3202: 3193: 3191: 3173:10.2307/2709731 3155:Enkyklioi Logoi 3145: 3141: 3134: 3118: 3114: 3107: 3091: 3087: 3080: 3064: 3055: 3049:Hanegraaff 1996 3047: 3040: 3028: 3024: 3016: 3007: 2991: 2987: 2981:Hanegraaff 1996 2979: 2972: 2964: 2960: 2952: 2948: 2905: 2901: 2889: 2885: 2877: 2873: 2863: 2861: 2846: 2842: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2810: 2806: 2798:Morris, Brian. 2797: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2752: 2737: 2735: 2727: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2644:Lost Continents 2624: 2620: 2616: 2571:English Qaballa 2549: 2506: 2484:Arthur Versluis 2460: 2444:English studies 2329: 2323: 2309:, Millenarian, 2260:Church of Satan 2228:modern paganism 2213:Terence McKenna 2201:Age of Aquarius 2169: 2136:Joseph Goebbels 2132:Dietrich Eckart 1994:Frithjof Schuon 1962:1789 Revolution 1949:of Éliphas Lévi 1839:Hypnotic séance 1828: 1822: 1819: 1813: 1801: 1797: 1790: 1784: 1716:problem of evil 1593:Marsilio Ficino 1558: 1538:medieval period 1510: 1400: 1395: 1378: 1369: 1365: 1353: 1238: 1222:Arthur Versluis 1171: 1138: 1030: 1023: 1019: 1011: 885:Tübingen School 825: 779: 752:or Neoplatonic 740:. But the word 701:doctrina arcana 669: 647: 611:Modern paganism 473:Western society 450: 421: 420: 321: 320:Notable figures 313: 312: 303:Typhonian Order 294: 262: 254: 253: 239:Rite of passage 182: 174: 173: 94: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13006: 12996: 12995: 12990: 12985: 12968: 12967: 12965: 12964: 12962:Westernization 12959: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12942:Visegrád Group 12939: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12882:Nordic Council 12879: 12874: 12869: 12864: 12859: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12824: 12819: 12814: 12809: 12804: 12799: 12794: 12789: 12784: 12779: 12777:Bucharest Nine 12774: 12769: 12764: 12759: 12754: 12749: 12744: 12742:Arctic Council 12739: 12734: 12729: 12724: 12719: 12713: 12711: 12705: 12704: 12702: 12701: 12696: 12691: 12690: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12654: 12649: 12648: 12647: 12637: 12631: 12629: 12623: 12622: 12620: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12608: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12586: 12585: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12540: 12539: 12538: 12537: 12536: 12526: 12525: 12524: 12519: 12518: 12517: 12507: 12506: 12505: 12495: 12494: 12493: 12468: 12466: 12460: 12459: 12457: 12456: 12455: 12454: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12433: 12432: 12420: 12419: 12418: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12377: 12376: 12371: 12361: 12360: 12359: 12352:Existentialism 12349: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12303: 12301: 12295: 12294: 12292: 12291: 12290: 12289: 12284: 12279: 12274: 12264: 12263: 12262: 12252: 12251: 12250: 12245: 12235: 12234: 12233: 12223: 12218: 12217: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12196: 12195: 12194: 12184: 12183: 12182: 12172: 12171: 12170: 12165: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12140: 12139: 12138: 12128: 12123: 12122: 12121: 12111: 12110: 12109: 12099: 12098: 12097: 12087: 12082: 12081: 12080: 12070: 12065: 12064: 12063: 12058: 12053: 12042: 12040: 12034: 12033: 12031: 12030: 12029: 12028: 12023: 12013: 12012: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11916: 11911: 11910: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11889: 11888: 11887: 11885:Late antiquity 11877: 11871: 11869: 11863: 11862: 11860: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11838: 11837: 11836: 11835: 11830: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11800: 11795: 11789: 11787: 11783: 11782: 11771: 11770: 11763: 11756: 11748: 11739: 11738: 11736: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11700: 11695: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11659: 11657: 11656:Related topics 11653: 11652: 11650: 11649: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11623: 11621: 11617: 11616: 11614: 11613: 11608: 11603: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11567: 11565: 11561: 11560: 11558: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11531: 11529: 11525: 11524: 11522: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11499:Enochian magic 11496: 11491: 11485: 11483: 11479: 11478: 11476: 11475: 11470: 11468:Stellar wisdom 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11399: 11397: 11393: 11392: 11390: 11389: 11382: 11375: 11368: 11361: 11354: 11347: 11340: 11333: 11326: 11319: 11312: 11305: 11298: 11291: 11284: 11277: 11270: 11269: 11268: 11261: 11247: 11240: 11233: 11226: 11219: 11212: 11205: 11193: 11186: 11180: 11178: 11176:Thelemic texts 11172: 11171: 11169: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11111:Victor Neuburg 11108: 11106:Nema Andahadna 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11011:William Breeze 11008: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10982: 10980: 10976: 10975: 10973: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10932: 10926: 10924: 10920: 10919: 10912: 10911: 10904: 10897: 10889: 10880: 10879: 10877: 10876: 10866: 10855: 10852: 10851: 10849: 10848: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10790: 10788: 10787:Related topics 10784: 10783: 10780: 10779: 10777: 10776: 10770: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10747:Daniel Dennett 10744: 10739: 10737:Ravi Zacharias 10734: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10702:William L Rowe 10698: 10696: 10688: 10687: 10685: 10684: 10679: 10677:William Alston 10674: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10633: 10632: 10627: 10625:Gabriel Marcel 10622: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10581: 10579: 10573: 10572: 10570: 10569: 10564: 10562:Ernst Cassirer 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10528: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10501: 10499: 10493: 10492: 10490: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10457:Thomas Carlyle 10453: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10436: 10434: 10428: 10427: 10425: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10382:Baruch Spinoza 10379: 10374: 10369: 10367:René Descartes 10364: 10358: 10356: 10350: 10349: 10347: 10346: 10341: 10339:Thomas Aquinas 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10270: 10268: 10254: 10245: 10242: 10241: 10239: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10202: 10200: 10194: 10193: 10191: 10190: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10164: 10162: 10156: 10155: 10153: 10152: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10108:Possibilianism 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10064: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10017: 10016: 10011: 10006: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9984:Fundamentalism 9981: 9976: 9975: 9974: 9969: 9959: 9958: 9957: 9952: 9945:Existentialism 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9876: 9874: 9868: 9867: 9864: 9863: 9861: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9838:Noncognitivism 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9799: 9797: 9793: 9792: 9790: 9789: 9787:Transcendental 9784: 9783: 9782: 9777: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9755:Pascal's wager 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9706: 9705: 9700: 9690: 9685: 9683:Christological 9680: 9674: 9672: 9665: 9659: 9658: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9595: 9593: 9589: 9588: 9586: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9529: 9523: 9517: 9516: 9514: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9477: 9476: 9465: 9460: 9454: 9452: 9448: 9447: 9440: 9439: 9432: 9425: 9417: 9408: 9407: 9405: 9404: 9392: 9377: 9374: 9373: 9370: 9369: 9366: 9365: 9362: 9361: 9359: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9332: 9330: 9326: 9325: 9323: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9256: 9255: 9245: 9240: 9234: 9232: 9226: 9225: 9223: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9196: 9194: 9192:Middle Eastern 9188: 9187: 9185: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9143: 9141: 9135: 9134: 9132: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9110: 9108: 9099: 9089: 9088: 9085: 9084: 9080: 9072: 9071: 9068: 9067: 9064: 9063: 9060: 9059: 9057: 9056: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9028: 9026: 9022: 9021: 9019: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8956:Existentialism 8953: 8951:Deconstruction 8948: 8942: 8940: 8934: 8933: 8931: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8784:Applied ethics 8780: 8778: 8769: 8763: 8762: 8759: 8758: 8756: 8755: 8750: 8748:Nietzscheanism 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8719: 8718: 8708: 8702: 8700: 8696: 8695: 8693: 8692: 8690:Utilitarianism 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8591: 8590: 8588:Transcendental 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8555: 8554: 8553: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8526:Existentialism 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8482: 8476: 8470: 8469: 8466: 8465: 8463: 8462: 8456: 8454: 8448: 8447: 8445: 8444: 8439: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8411: 8409: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8399: 8394: 8393: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8351: 8349: 8345: 8344: 8342: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8314:Augustinianism 8311: 8305: 8303: 8297: 8296: 8294: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8257: 8255: 8248: 8242: 8241: 8238: 8237: 8235: 8234: 8229: 8227:Zoroastrianism 8224: 8219: 8213: 8211: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8201: 8200: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8149: 8148: 8147: 8142: 8132: 8131: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8084: 8082: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8072: 8070:Church Fathers 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8041: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7984: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7952: 7950: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7896: 7894: 7885: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7875: 7874: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7843: 7837: 7835: 7825: 7824: 7814: 7813: 7810: 7809: 7806: 7805: 7803: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7761: 7759: 7753: 7752: 7750: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7733: 7731: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7690: 7688: 7682: 7681: 7679: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7642: 7640: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7599: 7597: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7587: 7585:Libertarianism 7582: 7581: 7580: 7570: 7569: 7568: 7558: 7552: 7550: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7524: 7522: 7516: 7515: 7513: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7476: 7474: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7448: 7446: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7389:Metaphilosophy 7386: 7381: 7375: 7373: 7363: 7362: 7352: 7351: 7344: 7343: 7336: 7329: 7321: 7312: 7311: 7304: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7297: 7290: 7283: 7276: 7268: 7266: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7256: 7247: 7237: 7235: 7234:edited volumes 7229: 7228: 7226: 7225: 7214: 7205: 7193: 7191: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7183: 7174: 7170:Pagan Theology 7163: 7152: 7142: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7130: 7119: 7108: 7096: 7094: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7086: 7075: 7066: 7057: 7048: 7036: 7034: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7024: 7017: 7010: 7003: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6984: 6983: 6976: 6969: 6961: 6955: 6954: 6943: 6938: 6930: 6925: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6903: 6896: 6895:External links 6893: 6891: 6890: 6888:978-0195076585 6874: 6841: 6835: 6806: 6792: 6777: 6774:978-1936296279 6762: 6732: 6712: 6699: 6677: 6648: 6627: 6621: 6608: 6594: 6565: 6518: 6503: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6486: 6457: 6451: 6438: 6432: 6419: 6413: 6398: 6392: 6379: 6361:(3): 359–388. 6350: 6344: 6331: 6326:978-0195152975 6325: 6312: 6307:978-9042906303 6306: 6293: 6264:(2): 322–350. 6249: 6231:(2): 178–200. 6220: 6214: 6198: 6192: 6179: 6173: 6157: 6155:on 2014-08-19. 6130: 6124: 6107: 6101: 6088: 6059: 6050: 6044: 6031: 6025: 6008: 5990:(3): 183–188. 5979: 5973: 5960: 5954: 5941: 5920: 5914: 5901: 5895: 5882: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5836: 5834:, p. 185. 5824: 5820:Granholm 2013b 5812: 5808:Granholm 2013a 5800: 5788: 5776: 5764: 5752: 5739: 5727: 5725:, p. 184. 5715: 5703: 5691: 5687:Bergunder 2010 5679: 5667: 5652: 5640: 5624: 5620:Bergunder 2010 5618:, p. 81; 5604: 5585: 5583:, p. 198. 5573: 5561: 5555:, p. ix; 5545: 5530: 5528:, p. 179. 5518: 5502: 5498:Bergunder 2010 5496:, p. 81; 5478: 5474:Bergunder 2010 5472:, p. 81; 5464:, p. ix; 5454: 5439: 5427: 5410: 5380: 5345: 5328: 5315: 5313:, p. 251. 5303: 5290: 5277: 5260: 5243: 5230: 5220: 5204: 5188: 5173: 5151: 5139: 5127: 5121:, p. 91; 5111: 5084:(2): 213–228. 5068: 5056: 5047:, p. 136. 5037: 5020: 5004: 4997: 4974: 4957: 4941: 4926: 4914: 4908:, p. 87; 4898: 4881: 4865: 4859:, p. 72; 4849: 4837: 4825: 4809: 4797: 4781: 4765: 4753: 4741: 4729: 4717: 4705: 4693: 4687:, p. 58; 4677: 4665: 4653: 4635: 4615: 4597: 4577: 4555:(49): 79–103. 4539: 4488: 4454: 4448:, p. 25; 4438: 4432:, p. 52; 4422: 4412:, p. 53; 4402: 4383: 4373:, p. 24; 4363: 4357:, p. 13; 4347: 4331: 4319: 4304: 4300:Bergunder 2010 4292: 4280: 4268: 4256: 4244: 4232: 4220: 4208: 4196: 4180: 4168: 4164:Granholm 2013b 4156: 4144: 4132: 4108: 4094:, p. 14; 4084: 4070:, p. 13; 4060: 4046:, p. 12; 4036: 4022:, p. 11; 4012: 4000: 3986:, p. 10; 3976: 3970:, p. 14; 3968:Bergunder 2010 3962:, p. 10; 3952: 3946:, p. 10; 3932: 3920: 3908: 3891: 3875: 3863: 3851: 3839: 3824: 3822:, p. 178. 3809: 3807:, p. 251. 3797: 3785: 3764: 3752: 3737: 3725: 3713: 3701: 3697:Granholm 2013a 3689: 3687:, p. 177. 3677: 3665: 3648: 3636: 3620: 3608: 3604:air de famille 3592: 3590:, p. 221. 3577: 3575:, p. 230. 3565: 3553: 3551:, p. 107. 3541: 3529: 3519:, p. 88; 3509: 3494: 3487: 3467: 3457:: 36, note 2. 3438: 3431: 3409: 3396: 3389: 3362: 3342: 3335: 3329:. SUNY Press. 3315: 3262: 3255: 3229: 3222: 3200: 3167:(2): 179–198. 3139: 3132: 3112: 3105: 3085: 3078: 3072:. SUNY Press. 3053: 3051:, p. 385. 3038: 3022: 3005: 2985: 2983:, p. 384. 2970: 2968:, p. 194. 2958: 2946: 2899: 2893:, p. 80; 2883: 2871: 2840: 2826: 2804: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2779: 2765: 2750: 2725: 2711: 2687: 2685: 2684: 2660: 2636: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2548: 2545: 2505: 2502: 2459: 2456: 2354:Ernst Cassirer 2325:Main article: 2322: 2321:Academic study 2319: 2236:Gerald Gardner 2168: 2165: 2092:Guido von List 2084:P.D. Ouspensky 2045:Rudolf Steiner 1978:Traditionalism 1921:psychoanalysis 1830: 1829: 1804: 1802: 1795: 1783: 1780: 1685:Late Antiquity 1653:Giordano Bruno 1557: 1554: 1531:medieval Spain 1509: 1506: 1416:Late Antiquity 1399: 1398:Late Antiquity 1396: 1394: 1391: 1377: 1374: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1336: 1335: 1328: 1321: 1314: 1307: 1304: 1237: 1234: 1199:Traditionalism 1170: 1167: 1151:Rosicrucianism 1142:Antoine Faivre 1137: 1134: 1124:concepts like 1096:air de famille 1064:late antiquity 1047:Paracelsianism 1012: 1010: 1007: 824: 821: 777:Jacques Matter 750:Pythagoreanism 709:Thomas Stanley 672:– after 180). 646: 643: 639:Antoine Faivre 575:Rosicrucianism 539:Late Antiquity 452: 451: 449: 448: 441: 434: 426: 423: 422: 419: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 322: 319: 318: 315: 314: 311: 310: 305: 300: 295: 292:Rosicrucianism 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 263: 260: 259: 256: 255: 252: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 195: 194: 183: 181:Esoteric rites 180: 179: 176: 175: 172: 171: 169:Traditionalism 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 95: 92: 91: 88: 87: 79: 78: 74: 73: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13005: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12984: 12981: 12980: 12978: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12907:PROSUR/PROSUL 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12802:Craiova Group 12800: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12717:ABCANZ Armies 12715: 12714: 12712: 12706: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12659: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12646: 12643: 12642: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12632: 12630: 12628: 12624: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12565: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12545: 12544: 12541: 12535: 12532: 12531: 12530: 12527: 12523: 12522:Protestantism 12520: 12516: 12513: 12512: 12511: 12508: 12504: 12501: 12500: 12499: 12496: 12492: 12488: 12485: 12484: 12483: 12480: 12479: 12478: 12475: 12474: 12473: 12470: 12469: 12467: 12465: 12461: 12453: 12450: 12449: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12442:Sovereigntism 12440: 12438: 12435: 12431: 12430: 12426: 12425: 12424: 12421: 12417: 12414: 12413: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12366: 12365: 12362: 12358: 12355: 12354: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12337:Scholasticism 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12304: 12302: 12300: 12296: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12269: 12268: 12265: 12261: 12258: 12257: 12256: 12253: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12240: 12239: 12236: 12232: 12229: 12228: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12201: 12200: 12197: 12193: 12190: 12189: 12188: 12185: 12181: 12178: 12177: 12176: 12173: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12160: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12137: 12134: 12133: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12120: 12117: 12116: 12115: 12112: 12108: 12105: 12104: 12103: 12100: 12096: 12093: 12092: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12079: 12076: 12075: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12048: 12047: 12044: 12043: 12041: 12039: 12035: 12027: 12026:War on terror 12024: 12022: 12019: 12018: 12017: 12014: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11921: 11920: 11919:Modern period 11917: 11915: 11912: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11894: 11893: 11890: 11886: 11883: 11882: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11872: 11870: 11868: 11864: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11825: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11805: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11790: 11788: 11784: 11780: 11776: 11775:Western world 11769: 11764: 11762: 11757: 11755: 11750: 11749: 11746: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11688:Cake of Light 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11668:Abramelin oil 11666: 11664: 11661: 11660: 11658: 11654: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11624: 11622: 11618: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11568: 11566: 11562: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11532: 11530: 11526: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11486: 11484: 11480: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11428:Body of light 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11400: 11398: 11394: 11388: 11387: 11383: 11381: 11380: 11376: 11374: 11373: 11369: 11367: 11366: 11362: 11360: 11359: 11355: 11353: 11352: 11348: 11346: 11345: 11341: 11339: 11338: 11334: 11332: 11331: 11327: 11325: 11324: 11320: 11318: 11317: 11313: 11311: 11310: 11306: 11304: 11303: 11299: 11297: 11296: 11292: 11290: 11289: 11285: 11283: 11282: 11278: 11276: 11275: 11271: 11267: 11266: 11262: 11260: 11259: 11255: 11254: 11253: 11252: 11248: 11246: 11245: 11241: 11239: 11238: 11234: 11232: 11231: 11227: 11225: 11224: 11220: 11218: 11217: 11213: 11211: 11210: 11206: 11204: 11202: 11198: 11194: 11192: 11191: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11181: 11179: 11177: 11173: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11151:Leila Waddell 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11136:C. F. Russell 11134: 11132: 11131:Theodor Reuss 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11116:Sara Northrup 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11046:Kenneth Grant 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11006:Allan Bennett 11004: 11002: 11001:Kenneth Anger 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10983: 10981: 10979:Personalities 10977: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10927: 10925: 10923:Organizations 10921: 10917: 10910: 10905: 10903: 10898: 10896: 10891: 10890: 10887: 10875: 10867: 10865: 10861: 10857: 10856: 10853: 10847: 10846: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10791: 10789: 10785: 10775: 10772: 10771: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10717:Anthony Kenny 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10699: 10697: 10689: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10642:Mircea Eliade 10640: 10638: 10635: 10634: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10582: 10580: 10574: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10529: 10526: 10525:William James 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10505:Ernst Haeckel 10503: 10502: 10500: 10494: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10454: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10437: 10435: 10429: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10417:Immanuel Kant 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10372:Blaise Pascal 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10359: 10357: 10355: 10351: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10271: 10269: 10267: 10262: 10258: 10255: 10250: 10243: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10203: 10201: 10199: 10195: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10173:Language game 10171: 10169: 10166: 10165: 10163: 10161: 10157: 10151: 10150: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10048: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10001: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9964: 9963: 9960: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9947: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9877: 9875: 9873: 9869: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9843:Occam's razor 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9800: 9798: 9794: 9788: 9785: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9772: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9695: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9688:Consciousness 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9675: 9673: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9660: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9596: 9594: 9590: 9584: 9583:Unmoved mover 9581: 9579: 9578:Supreme Being 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9530: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9518: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9475: 9471: 9470: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9455: 9453: 9449: 9445: 9438: 9433: 9431: 9426: 9424: 9419: 9418: 9415: 9403: 9402: 9393: 9391: 9390: 9379: 9378: 9375: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9333: 9331: 9329:Miscellaneous 9327: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9254: 9251: 9250: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9235: 9233: 9231: 9227: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9197: 9195: 9193: 9189: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9144: 9142: 9140: 9136: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9111: 9109: 9107: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9094: 9090: 9082: 9081: 9077: 9073: 9055: 9054: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9029: 9027: 9025:Miscellaneous 9023: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9011:Structuralism 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8996:Postmodernism 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8986:Phenomenology 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8943: 8941: 8939: 8935: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8923:Vienna Circle 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8853:Moral realism 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8781: 8779: 8777: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8764: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8717: 8714: 8713: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8697: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8655:Phenomenology 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8595:Individualism 8593: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8560: 8559: 8556: 8552: 8549: 8548: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8483: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8471: 8461: 8460:Judeo-Islamic 8458: 8457: 8455: 8453: 8449: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8437: 8436:ʿIlm al-Kalām 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8408: 8404: 8398: 8395: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8385:Shuddhadvaita 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8357: 8356: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8346: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8319:Scholasticism 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8302: 8298: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8258: 8256: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8243: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8210: 8206: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8154: 8153: 8150: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8137: 8136: 8133: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8090: 8089: 8086: 8085: 8083: 8081: 8077: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7958: 7957: 7954: 7953: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7942: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7893: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7880: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7848: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7819: 7815: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7770:Conceptualism 7768: 7766: 7763: 7762: 7760: 7758: 7754: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7730: 7726: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7699:Particularism 7697: 7695: 7692: 7691: 7689: 7687: 7683: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7666:Functionalism 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7651:Eliminativism 7649: 7647: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7639: 7635: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7600: 7598: 7596: 7592: 7586: 7583: 7579: 7576: 7575: 7574: 7571: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7556:Compatibilism 7554: 7553: 7551: 7549: 7545: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7525: 7523: 7521: 7517: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7495:Particularism 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7477: 7475: 7473: 7469: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7445: 7441: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7342: 7337: 7335: 7330: 7328: 7323: 7322: 7319: 7309: 7308: 7302: 7296: 7295: 7291: 7289: 7288: 7284: 7282: 7281: 7277: 7275: 7274: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7261: 7254: 7253: 7248: 7245: 7244: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7230: 7223: 7222: 7218: 7215: 7212: 7211: 7206: 7203: 7202: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7188: 7181: 7180: 7175: 7172: 7171: 7167: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7156: 7153: 7150: 7149: 7145:Salomonsen's 7144: 7143: 7141: 7135: 7128: 7127: 7123: 7120: 7117: 7116: 7112: 7109: 7106: 7105: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7095: 7091: 7084: 7083: 7079: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7058: 7055: 7054: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7041: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7029: 7023: 7022: 7018: 7016: 7015: 7011: 7009: 7008: 7004: 7002: 7001: 6997: 6996: 6993: 6989: 6988:Pagan studies 6982: 6977: 6975: 6970: 6968: 6963: 6962: 6959: 6953: 6949: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6889: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6866:on 2012-05-22 6862: 6858: 6854: 6847: 6842: 6838: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6807: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6749: 6745: 6738: 6733: 6729: 6723: 6715: 6713:90-04-14187-1 6709: 6705: 6700: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6628: 6624: 6618: 6614: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6566: 6564: 6560: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6535: 6531: 6530: 6526: 6523: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6511: 6508: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6496: 6495: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6458: 6454: 6448: 6444: 6439: 6435: 6429: 6425: 6420: 6416: 6410: 6406: 6405: 6399: 6395: 6393:9788793235014 6389: 6385: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6351: 6347: 6341: 6337: 6332: 6328: 6322: 6318: 6313: 6309: 6303: 6299: 6294: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6221: 6217: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6189: 6185: 6180: 6176: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6136: 6131: 6127: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6108: 6104: 6098: 6094: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6060: 6056: 6051: 6047: 6041: 6037: 6032: 6028: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5980: 5976: 5970: 5966: 5961: 5957: 5951: 5947: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5921: 5917: 5911: 5907: 5902: 5898: 5892: 5888: 5883: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5846: 5845: 5833: 5828: 5821: 5816: 5810:, p. 31. 5809: 5804: 5797: 5792: 5786:, p. 45. 5785: 5780: 5773: 5768: 5762:, p. 44. 5761: 5756: 5749: 5743: 5736: 5731: 5724: 5719: 5712: 5707: 5700: 5695: 5688: 5683: 5676: 5675:Versluis 2007 5671: 5665:, p. 81. 5664: 5659: 5657: 5649: 5644: 5637: 5636:Versluis 2007 5634:, p. 3; 5633: 5628: 5621: 5617: 5614:, p. 3; 5613: 5608: 5602:, p. 59. 5601: 5598:, p. x; 5597: 5592: 5590: 5582: 5577: 5570: 5565: 5558: 5557:Versluis 2007 5554: 5549: 5543:, p. ix. 5542: 5537: 5535: 5527: 5522: 5515: 5512:, p. 6; 5511: 5510:Versluis 2007 5506: 5500:, p. 12. 5499: 5495: 5492:, p. 3; 5491: 5488:, p. x; 5487: 5482: 5476:, p. 11. 5475: 5471: 5468:, p. 3; 5467: 5463: 5458: 5451: 5446: 5444: 5436: 5431: 5417: 5413: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5384: 5365: 5358: 5357: 5349: 5342: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5325: 5319: 5312: 5307: 5300: 5294: 5287: 5281: 5275:, p. 44. 5274: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5258:, p. 43. 5257: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5240: 5234: 5224: 5217: 5213: 5208: 5201: 5197: 5192: 5185: 5184: 5177: 5170: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5155: 5149:, p. 42. 5148: 5143: 5136: 5131: 5125:, p. 41. 5124: 5120: 5115: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5072: 5065: 5060: 5052: 5046: 5041: 5035:, p. 41. 5034: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5017: 5013: 5008: 5000: 4998:9781594778575 4994: 4990: 4989: 4984: 4978: 4972:, p. 40. 4971: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4945: 4939:, p. 39. 4938: 4933: 4931: 4923: 4918: 4912:, p. 38. 4911: 4907: 4902: 4896:, p. 38. 4895: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4878: 4874: 4869: 4863:, p. 37. 4862: 4858: 4853: 4847:, p. 36. 4846: 4841: 4834: 4829: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4806: 4801: 4795:, p. 32. 4794: 4790: 4785: 4778: 4774: 4769: 4763:, p. 31. 4762: 4757: 4751:, p. 30. 4750: 4745: 4739:, p. 29. 4738: 4733: 4726: 4721: 4714: 4709: 4703:, p. 27. 4702: 4697: 4690: 4686: 4681: 4675:, p. 26. 4674: 4669: 4663:, p. 25. 4662: 4657: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4628: 4627: 4619: 4604: 4600: 4594: 4590: 4589: 4581: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4492: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4458: 4451: 4447: 4442: 4435: 4431: 4426: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4400:, p. 19. 4399: 4395: 4390: 4388: 4381:, p. 19. 4380: 4376: 4372: 4371:Versluis 2007 4367: 4361:, p. 18. 4360: 4356: 4351: 4345:, p. 18. 4344: 4340: 4335: 4329:, p. 15. 4328: 4323: 4316: 4311: 4309: 4302:, p. 18. 4301: 4296: 4289: 4284: 4278:, p. 89. 4277: 4272: 4266:, p. 88. 4265: 4260: 4254:, p. 93. 4253: 4248: 4241: 4236: 4230:, p. 83. 4229: 4224: 4217: 4212: 4205: 4200: 4193: 4190:, p. 5; 4189: 4184: 4177: 4172: 4165: 4160: 4154:, p. 10. 4153: 4148: 4141: 4136: 4129: 4128:Versluis 2007 4126:, p. 4; 4125: 4121: 4117: 4112: 4105: 4104:Versluis 2007 4102:, p. 4; 4101: 4097: 4093: 4088: 4081: 4080:Versluis 2007 4078:, p. 4; 4077: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4057: 4056:Versluis 2007 4054:, p. 4; 4053: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4033: 4032:Versluis 2007 4030:, p. 4; 4029: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4009: 4004: 3997: 3996:Versluis 2007 3994:, p. 4; 3993: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3973: 3969: 3966:, p. 4; 3965: 3961: 3956: 3949: 3945: 3942:, p. 3; 3941: 3936: 3929: 3924: 3917: 3912: 3905: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3889:, p. 81. 3888: 3884: 3879: 3873:, p. 12. 3872: 3867: 3860: 3855: 3848: 3847:Versluis 2007 3843: 3836: 3835:Versluis 2007 3831: 3829: 3821: 3816: 3814: 3806: 3801: 3795:, p. 10. 3794: 3789: 3783:, p. 11. 3782: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3761: 3756: 3750:, p. 79. 3749: 3744: 3742: 3734: 3729: 3722: 3717: 3710: 3705: 3698: 3693: 3686: 3681: 3674: 3669: 3663:, p. 13. 3662: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3645: 3640: 3633: 3630:, p. 6; 3629: 3624: 3618:, p. 17. 3617: 3612: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3589: 3584: 3582: 3574: 3569: 3562: 3557: 3550: 3545: 3539:, p. 78. 3538: 3533: 3526: 3523:, p. 6; 3522: 3518: 3513: 3506: 3501: 3499: 3490: 3484: 3480: 3479: 3471: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3453:(em inglês). 3452: 3448: 3442: 3434: 3432:90-04-13635-5 3428: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3406: 3400: 3392: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3359: 3356: 3352: 3346: 3338: 3336:9781438416991 3332: 3328: 3327: 3319: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3266: 3258: 3256:9781139851114 3252: 3248: 3244: 3242: 3233: 3225: 3223:9789004430570 3219: 3215: 3211: 3204: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3156: 3152: 3143: 3135: 3133:9781350130234 3129: 3125: 3124: 3116: 3108: 3106:9780226026701 3102: 3098: 3097: 3089: 3081: 3079:9781438444116 3075: 3071: 3070: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3050: 3045: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3020:, p. 80. 3019: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3002: 3001:l'estoterisme 2998: 2994: 2989: 2982: 2977: 2975: 2967: 2962: 2955: 2950: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2903: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2880: 2875: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2829: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2814:"Esotericism" 2808: 2801: 2795: 2791: 2768: 2762: 2758: 2757: 2751: 2747: 2733: 2732: 2726: 2714: 2708: 2704: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2691: 2682: 2678: 2677:0-87975-217-3 2674: 2670: 2669: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2657:Vishnu Purana 2654: 2653:0-486-22668-9 2650: 2646: 2645: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2633:Sedgwick 2004 2631: 2630: 2628: 2622: 2618: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2550: 2544: 2540: 2538: 2537:extreme metal 2534: 2533: 2528: 2527: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2515: 2509: 2501: 2499: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2469: 2464: 2463:Emic and etic 2455: 2452: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2440:Pagan studies 2437: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2405:In 1999, the 2403: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2365: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2346:Frances Yates 2343: 2333: 2328: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2307:neo-Shamanist 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2266:, as well as 2265: 2264:Temple of Set 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2190: 2186: 2183:found in the 2182: 2178: 2173: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2157:Eugen Grosche 2154: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2104:Thule Society 2101: 2097: 2093: 2087: 2086:(1878–1947). 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2016: 2015: 2014:Isis Unveiled 2010: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1996:(1907–1998). 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1957: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1844: 1843:Richard Bergh 1840: 1836: 1826: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1805:This section 1803: 1794: 1793: 1789: 1779: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1753: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1693:natural world 1690: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1631: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1606: 1605:(1447–1500). 1604: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1515: 1505: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1449: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1420:globalisation 1417: 1413: 1404: 1390: 1386: 1384: 1373: 1368: 1362: 1360: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1333: 1329: 1326: 1322: 1319: 1315: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1298: 1297: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1289:Frances Yates 1285: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1233: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1206:Mircea Eliade 1202: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1180: 1175: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1126:reincarnation 1123: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1100: 1098: 1097: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1065: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1034: 1029: 1022: 1016: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 979: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 956:Neoplatonists 951: 949: 943: 941: 940: 934: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 901: 896: 894: 890: 886: 881: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 846:Aulus Gellius 842: 834: 830: 820: 818: 814: 809: 804: 799: 795: 790: 786:(1791–1864), 783: 778: 774: 769: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 673: 664: 659: 655: 652: 651:Ancient Greek 642: 640: 636: 635:Frances Yates 632: 626: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 531: 529: 526:hidden inner 525: 520: 515: 513: 509: 505: 501: 500:pseudoscience 497: 493: 489: 485: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 447: 442: 440: 435: 433: 428: 427: 425: 424: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 323: 317: 316: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 264: 258: 257: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 193: 192:Body of light 190: 189: 188: 185: 184: 178: 177: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 96: 90: 89: 85: 81: 80: 76: 75: 71: 70: 65: 64: 59: 55: 50: 44: 40: 33: 19: 12952:Western Bloc 12752:AUSCANNZUKUS 12708:Contemporary 12657:Human rights 12503:Latin Church 12477:Christianity 12427: 12386:Conservatism 12231:contemporary 12130: 12068:Architecture 12004:World War II 11964:Emancipation 11959:Abolitionism 11847:Romanization 11842:Roman legacy 11823:Roman Empire 11642:Tree of Life 11550:Gnostic Mass 11458:Night of Pan 11386:White Stains 11384: 11377: 11370: 11363: 11356: 11349: 11342: 11335: 11328: 11321: 11314: 11307: 11300: 11293: 11286: 11279: 11272: 11263: 11256: 11249: 11242: 11235: 11228: 11221: 11214: 11207: 11200: 11196: 11188: 11121:Jack Parsons 10843: 10662:Martin Lings 10615:Emil Brunner 10605:Paul Tillich 10595:Martin Buber 10510:W K Clifford 10487:Afrikan Spir 10402:Thomas Chubb 10354:Early modern 10334:Adi Shankara 10247:Philosophers 10231:Natural evil 10147: 10123:Spiritualism 10098:Perennialism 10051:Metaphysical 9934: 9895:Antireligion 9770:Teleological 9693:Cosmological 9644:Baháʼí Faith 9609:Christianity 9568:Personal god 9394: 9380: 9051: 9042:Postcritique 9032:Kyoto School 8991:Posthumanism 8971:Hermeneutics 8826: / 8767:Contemporary 8743:Newtonianism 8706:Cartesianism 8665:Reductionism 8501:Conservatism 8496:Collectivism 8434: 8162:Sarvāstivadā 8140:Anekantavada 8065:Neoplatonism 8033:Epicureanism 7966:Pythagoreans 7905:Confucianism 7871:Contemporary 7861:Early modern 7765:Anti-realism 7719:Universalism 7676:Subjectivism 7472:Epistemology 7305: 7294:Nova Religio 7292: 7285: 7278: 7271: 7250: 7241: 7219: 7208: 7199: 7177: 7168: 7157: 7146: 7124: 7113: 7102: 7080: 7069: 7068:Greenwood's 7060: 7051: 7042: 7020: 7019: 7012: 7005: 6998: 6933: 6878: 6868:, retrieved 6861:the original 6856: 6852: 6810: 6795: 6780: 6765: 6755:. 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Walker 2338: 2315:UFO religion 2279:Iron Curtain 2276: 2270:through the 2268:chaos magick 2225: 2194: 2161:World War II 2128:Adolf Hitler 2088: 2057: 2029:Annie Besant 2018: 2012: 1998: 1986:Julius Evola 1966:Éliphas Lévi 1954: 1952: 1925:behaviourism 1901:Allan Kardec 1889:Spiritualism 1886: 1873: 1867: 1856:Jesus Christ 1848: 1838: 1820: 1810: 1806: 1773: 1750: 1748: 1746:in England. 1736:John Pordage 1719: 1705: 1678: 1676: 1670:The Masonic 1642: 1641:in his work 1628: 1618: 1607: 1596: 1586: 1577: 1572:philosopher 1559: 1535: 1514:fall of Rome 1511: 1499: 1472:Neoplatonism 1469: 1457: 1446: 1440: 1434: 1428: 1412:Roman Empire 1409: 1387: 1379: 1370: 1364: 1358: 1356: 1337: 1292: 1286: 1254: 1245:The Magician 1230: 1210:Henry Corbin 1203: 1185: 1183: 1162: 1146: 1139: 1129: 1108: 1104: 1101: 1095: 1091: 1071:superstition 1068: 1051:Weigelianism 1042: 1024: 1018: 1014: 1003:Pythagoreans 980: 975: 953: 945: 937: 903: 898: 893:hermeneutics 882: 865: 861: 843: 826: 808:l'occultisme 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Waite 1136:Definition 1079:the occult 999:Iamblichus 995:Gnosticism 983:Patristics 948:Protagoras 939:Theaetetus 933:aporrhéton 742:esoterisch 685:esotericus 681:exotericus 670: 125 658:esôterikós 547:Gnosticism 508:literature 401:Pythagoras 396:Paracelsus 272:Élus Coëns 229:Meditation 224:Invocation 219:Initiation 199:Divination 12857:Five Eyes 12852:EU–UK TCA 12694:Democracy 12583:Old Norse 12472:Abrahamic 12429:Peritrope 12411:Tolerance 12391:Socialism 12221:Mythology 12209:Classical 12158:Languages 12136:Astrology 11984:Modernism 11798:Old World 11728:The Beast 11693:Choronzon 11632:Pentagram 11620:Symbolism 11519:Sex magic 11473:True Will 11351:Moonchild 11295:Liber 777 10752:Loyal Rue 10477:Karl Marx 10299:Gaudapada 10128:Shamanism 10093:Pantheism 10078:Nontheism 10056:Religious 10041:Mysticism 10014:Christian 10004:Religious 9955:Atheistic 9950:Christian 9833:Nonbelief 9818:Free will 9634:Mormonism 9458:Afterlife 9215:Pakistani 9177:Taiwanese 9124:Ethiopian 9097:By region 9083:By region 8898:Scientism 8893:Systemics 8753:Spinozism 8680:Socialism 8615:Modernism 8578:Objective 8486:Anarchism 8420:Averroism 8309:Christian 8261:Neotaoism 8232:Zurvanism 8222:Mithraism 8217:Mazdakism 7988:Cyrenaics 7915:Logicians 7548:Free will 7510:Solipsism 7457:Formalism 7155:Gardell's 7122:Clifton's 6934:Esoterica 6722:cite book 6716:, 2 vols. 6673:143944044 6604:1874-6691 6556:IX (2007) 6522:Esoterica 6482:219595283 6375:147626697 6278:1092-6690 6245:142996894 6204:(2013a). 6004:143913846 5866:2053-7158 5748:Esoterica 5373:25 August 5106:166044943 5098:1923-3280 4561:1514-9927 4534:170564972 4518:1565-1525 3481:. BRILL. 3425:. BRILL. 3360:(1): 5–51 3296:0031-8868 3276:Phronesis 3216:. BRILL. 3181:0022-5037 2941:260026780 2933:1743-1697 2833:12 August 2738:15 August 2491:studying. 2189:Boscastle 1982:modernity 1956:occultism 1947:Pentagram 1874:Mesmerism 1732:Amsterdam 1639:Antiquity 1570:Byzantine 1542:grimoires 1453:salvation 1442:Asclepius 1414:, during 1284:culture. 1273:causality 1261:Newtonian 1257:Cartesian 1195:Martinism 1109:universal 1059:heretical 997:. Later, 927:ἀπορρήτων 910:mythology 833:Aristotle 813:socialist 717:esoterick 713:exoterick 654:adjective 645:Etymology 587:occultism 528:tradition 524:perennial 492:mysticism 465:esoterism 376:Ibn Arabi 361:Gurdjieff 346:Dionysius 326:Blavatsky 287:Martinism 249:Sacrifice 209:Evocation 164:Theosophy 149:Mysticism 114:Astrology 18:Esoterism 12917:Schengen 12847:Eurozone 12687:Property 12682:Religion 12573:Frankish 12563:Germanic 12543:Paganism 12464:Religion 12452:European 12364:Humanism 12267:Religion 12226:Painting 12192:Internet 12143:Folklore 12114:Clothing 12085:Calendar 12061:Cyrillic 12046:Alphabet 12009:Cold War 11564:Godforms 11309:Liber OZ 10874:Category 10819:Religion 10809:Exegesis 10294:Boethius 10289:Averroes 10284:Avicenna 10266:medieval 10236:Theodicy 10083:Pandeism 9999:Humanism 9967:Thealogy 9910:Dharmism 9880:Acosmism 9872:Theology 9740:Morality 9735:Miracles 9614:Hinduism 9604:Buddhism 9563:Pandeism 9538:Demiurge 9506:Theodicy 9401:Category 9356:Yugoslav 9346:Romanian 9253:Scottish 9238:American 9167:Japanese 9147:Buddhist 9129:Africana 9119:Egyptian 8961:Feminist 8883:Rawlsian 8878:Quietism 8776:Analytic 8728:Krausism 8635:Nihilism 8600:Kokugaku 8563:Absolute 8558:Idealism 8546:Humanism 8334:Occamism 8301:European 8246:Medieval 8192:Yogacara 8152:Buddhist 8145:Syādvāda 8028:Stoicism 7993:Cynicism 7981:Sophists 7976:Atomists 7971:Eleatics 7910:Legalism 7851:Medieval 7775:Idealism 7729:Ontology 7709:Nihilism 7613:Idealism 7371:Branches 7360:Branches 7265:journals 7217:Berger's 7111:Hutton's 7100:Hutton's 7050:Orion's 7000:Paganism 6748:Archived 6684:Archived 6653:Religion 6559:Archived 6548:Archived 6537:Archived 6534:I (1999) 6525:Archived 6510:Archived 6462:Religion 6355:Religion 6282:Archived 6225:Religion 6163:(1996). 5870:Archived 5416:archived 5364:Archived 5165:Archived 4985:(2010). 4641:Archived 4603:Archived 4565:Archived 4476:Archived 2997:Esoterik 2858:Archived 2547:See also 2379:Sorbonne 2256:satanism 2240:Starhawk 2100:Kabbalah 2098:and the 2096:Wotanism 2053:Martinus 1990:UR Group 1724:Lutheran 1691:and the 1484:Porphyry 1480:Plotinus 1461:Demiurge 1155:Kabbalah 1153:and the 1122:Buddhist 1077:", and " 1039:Lutheran 972:Numenius 906:Absolute 874:Plutarch 850:rhetoric 817:Catholic 734:Esoterik 693:externus 689:internus 679:between 597:and the 563:Kabbalah 541:, where 496:religion 214:Exorcism 129:Kabbalah 69:a series 66:Part of 12762:Benelux 12667:Thought 12617:Atheism 12558:Finnish 12534:Culture 12529:Judaism 12491:Eastern 12487:Western 12482:Culture 12416:Paradox 12282:Decline 12243:Science 12119:History 12107:Studies 12090:Cuisine 12078:Periods 12038:Culture 11867:History 11833:Eastern 11828:Western 11779:culture 11698:Dianism 11596:Babalon 11591:Therion 10916:Thelema 10845:more... 10578:postwar 10261:Ancient 10149:more... 10068:New Age 10009:Secular 9979:Fideism 9930:Dualism 9900:Atheism 9890:Animism 9796:Against 9639:Sikhism 9629:Judaism 9624:Jainism 9533:Brahman 9486:Miracle 9351:Russian 9320:Spanish 9315:Slovene 9305:Maltese 9300:Italian 9280:Finland 9248:British 9230:Western 9220:Turkish 9205:Islamic 9200:Iranian 9152:Chinese 9139:Eastern 9106:African 9053:more... 8738:Marxism 8568:British 8511:Dualism 8407:Islamic 8365:Advaita 8355:Vedanta 8329:Scotism 8324:Thomism 8266:Tiantai 8209:Persian 8197:Tibetan 8187:Śūnyatā 8128:Cārvāka 8118:Ājīvika 8113:Mīmāṃsā 8093:Samkhya 8008:Academy 7961:Ionians 7935:Yangism 7892:Chinese 7883:Ancient 7846:Western 7841:Ancient 7800:Realism 7757:Reality 7747:Process 7628:Realism 7608:Dualism 7603:Atomism 7485:Fideism 7197:Adler's 7176:Davy's 7059:Hume's 6952:YouTube 6112:Western 6084:3270279 5876:27 June 5841:Sources 3304:4182081 3189:2709731 2864:21 July 2498:despite 2377:in the 2274:group. 2072:Thelema 1893:séances 1720:Ungrund 1659:by the 1574:Plethon 1523:Muslims 1518:alchemy 1496:theurgy 1492:Proclus 1465:Archons 1393:History 1282:secular 1259:, post- 1159:New Age 1130:Western 1105:Western 968:Orpheus 758:Masonic 754:theurgy 623:New Age 537:during 411:Steiner 391:Mathers 336:Crowley 159:Thelema 109:Alchemy 58:sefirot 12782:CANZUK 12672:Speech 12600:Slavic 12578:Gothic 12553:Celtic 12548:Baltic 12447:Values 12248:Values 11808:Greece 11586:Aiwass 11509:Goetia 11482:Magick 10945:O∴A∴A∴ 10864:Portal 10138:Theism 10031:Monism 9765:Reason 9715:Desire 9710:Degree 9678:Beauty 9592:God in 9548:Egoism 9501:Spirit 9310:Polish 9290:German 9285:French 9270:Danish 9260:Canada 9210:Jewish 9172:Korean 9157:Indian 8699:People 8620:Monism 8573:German 8541:Holism 8474:Modern 8452:Jewish 8375:Dvaita 8348:Indian 8271:Huayan 8123:Ajñana 8080:Indian 7945:Greco- 7930:Taoism 7920:Mohism 7866:Modern 7833:By era 7822:By era 7737:Action 7618:Monism 7538:Virtue 7520:Ethics 7255:(2005) 7246:(1998) 7224:(1999) 7213:(1994) 7182:(2007) 7173:(2003) 7166:York's 7162:(2003) 7151:(2002) 7129:(2005) 7118:(1999) 7107:(1991) 7085:(2004) 7074:(2000) 7065:(1997) 7056:(1995) 7047:(1989) 6886: 6833: 6815:Leiden 6802: 6787: 6772: 6710: 6671: 6619: 6602: 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