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31:
426:, for "her broad contributions to understanding electron and hole transport in semiconducting materials, which helped to enable commercial applications of semiconductor and organic electronic devices, and for extending her analysis to studying the electronic properties of DNA." She was nominated by
407:
In 2004 she received a
Dreyfus Senior Faculty Mentor Award for serving as a research mentor to undergraduates. In 2006, the University of Rochester honored Conwell with a Susan B. Anthony Lifetime Achievement Award for her efforts in advocating and promoting women in science.
388:
for "fundamental contributions to transport theory in semiconductor and organic conductors, and their application to the semiconductor, electronic copying and printing industries." She was the first woman to win this award. Other notable awardees include
178:, best known for the Conwell-Weisskopf theory that describes how electrons travel through semiconductors, a breakthrough that helped revolutionize modern computing. During her life, she was described as one of the most important women in science.
321:
Wilson
Research Center, where she was a research fellow from 1981 to 1998. At Xerox, she investigated transport and optical properties of doped polymers such as those used for photoreceptors in copiers. Conwell was the associate director of the
260:
semiconductor physics. Her masters was initially classified then finally declassified in 1945 and subsequently her M.S. was awarded in which she determined the
Conwell-Weisskopf theory. Conwell received her physics Ph.D. in 1948, from the
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as an assistant engineer. At the time, payroll did not have a job title code for female assistant engineers so her title was changed to engineers assistant and her pay reduced to fit an existing code.
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Her son, Lewis
Rothberg, is also a tenured professor of physics, physical chemistry, and chemical engineering at the University of Rochester; his research focuses on
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On
November 16, 2014, Conwell was walking when she was struck by her neighbor's car as he was backing out of his driveway. Capt. David Catholdi of the
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in 1980 “for contributions to semiconductor theory, particularly transport in both low and high electric fields.” She was also a fellow of the
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Oral
History interview transcript with Esther M. Conwell on 22 January 2007, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives
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Center for
Photoinduced Charge Transfer at University of Rochester starting in 1991. She spent a year as a visiting professor at
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after her first year there, she completed her masters and obtained a Ph.D. at a later point in time. Conwell collaborated with
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460:, where she died from her injuries several hours later. She was 92 years old and was still actively pursuing research.
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854:"Remarks by the President in Presenting National Medals of Science and National Medals of Technology and Innovation"
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on the effects of high electric fields on electron transport in semiconductors. She then became a staff member at
885:"University of Rochester's Esther Conwell, a Pioneering Woman Scientist, to Receive the National Medal of Science"
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while still working at Xerox. In 1998, she joined the
University of Rochester faculty full-time as a professor of
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In
November 2002, Discover magazine listed Conwell as one of the 50 most important women scientists at the time.
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Esther
Conwell was born in 1922 in New York City. She had two sisters and both of her parents were immigrants.
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and published more than 270 papers and multiple textbooks over the course of her career. Her textbook,
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She was an instructor in physics at Brooklyn College (1946–1951). She then worked as a researcher at
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Police Department stated that alcohol and speed were not factors in the incident. She was taken to
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240:. She initially planned to do a Ph.D. at Rochester, but since her adviser left to work at
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became the authoritative text in the field. She received numerous honors, including the
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362:(1992) and is the only member of the University of Rochester to achieve this.
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Out of the shadows : contributions of twentieth-century women to physics
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Conwell receiving the National Medal of Science from President Barack Obama
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2004:
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832:"ACS Award for Encouraging Women into Careers in the Chemical Sciences"
816:
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ACS Award for Encouraging Women into Careers in the Chemical Sciences
257:
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790:
Rothberg, Lewis; Duke, Charles B.; Dresselhaus, Mildred (May 2015).
1021:
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in 1962 and a semester as the Abby Rockefeller Mauzé Professor at
253:
171:
141:
30:
707:"TRIBUTE Esther Conwell '44 (MS): 'Lived and Breathed Science'"
536:"Esther Conwell, pioneering professor of chemistry, dies at 92"
209:
350:. She is one of the few who have the triple membership in the
620:"How Four Pioneering Women in Technology Got Their Big Break"
370:
318:
293:
After her first year of graduate school, she was employed by
170:(May 23, 1922 – November 16, 2014) was a pioneering American
4986:
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
870:
343:
4991:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
508:"UR Professor Esther Conwell remembered as a trailblazer"
431:
331:
314:
202:
789:
430:, a professor of physics and electrical engineering at
5041:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
193:. In 1990, she became an adjunct professor at the
1033:
449:and biomolecular sensing using laser energetics.
317:Laboratories (1952–1972). In 1972 she joined the
4947:
3318:Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences
556:Byers, Nina; Williams, Gary (August 17, 2006).
846:
765:CONTRIBUTIONS OF 20TH CENTURY WOMEN TO PHYSICS
656:"Interview of Esther Conwell by Babak Ashrafi"
365:She had received the Achievement Award of the
4760:
1003:
555:
785:
783:
781:
649:
647:
645:
562:. Cambridge University Press. p. 317.
236:to complete a M.S. in physics in 1945 with
201:, focused on the flow of electrons through
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1010:
996:
529:
527:
525:
418:In 2009, Conwell received the prestigious
29:
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613:
611:
434:and a National Medals of Science winner.
5046:Fellows of the American Physical Society
2727:
778:
642:
533:
501:
499:
482:"The 50 Most Important Women in Science"
475:
473:
375:
1297:
1019:United States National Medal of Science
904:
898:
653:
617:
522:
265:under the advisement of Nobel Laureate
214:High Field Transport in Semiconductors,
4948:
704:
674:
672:
608:
505:
479:
4976:20th-century American women engineers
4774:
4748:
3847:
3846:
3316:
2726:
2240:
1296:
1032:
991:
698:
592:
590:
588:
586:
506:Freile, Victoria (18 November 2014).
496:
470:
360:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
228:Conwell obtained a physics B.A. from
549:
337:
5001:National Medal of Science laureates
824:
753:
669:
305:(1951–1952) where she studied with
13:
583:
14:
5067:
971:
684:Niels Bohr Library & Archives
480:Svitil, Kathy (1 November 2002).
342:Conwell was made a fellow of the
5036:20th-century American physicists
618:Colburn, Robert (16 June 2017).
437:
5031:20th-century American engineers
5011:University of Rochester faculty
942:
877:
728:
686:. American Institute of Physics
373:from Brooklyn College in 1992.
352:National Academy of Engineering
5026:University of Rochester alumni
983:Biography of Conwell from IEEE
740:The Society of Women Engineers
736:"Achievement Award Recipients"
534:Iglinski, Peter (2014-11-17).
384:In 1997 she received the IEEE
232:in 1942. She then went to the
181:Conwell studied properties of
1:
4956:American electrical engineers
2241:
1034:Behavioral and social science
761:"Esther Marly Conwell 1922 –"
654:Ashrafi, Babak (2015-01-14).
463:
313:which was then taken over by
273:and was also an assistant to
5021:University of Chicago alumni
4996:IEEE Edison Medal recipients
415:was awarded to her in 2008.
356:National Academy of Sciences
223:
7:
5056:21st-century American women
834:. American Chemical Society
10:
5072:
3922:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
510:. Democrat & Chronicle
367:Society of Women Engineers
267:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
4782:
4684:
4533:
4382:
4203:
4009:
3857:
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3842:
3776:
3678:
3567:
3478:
3399:
3327:
3323:
3312:
3269:
3178:
3070:
2961:
2897:William Hayward Pickering
2842:
2737:
2733:
2722:
2648:
2540:
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2247:
2236:
2147:
1956:
1770:
1588:
1444:
1307:
1303:
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1249:
1190:
1102:
1062:
1043:
1039:
1028:
420:National Medal of Science
348:American Physical Society
288:
218:National Medal of Science
161:
147:
137:
130:
121:National Medal of Science
108:
81:
61:
40:
28:
21:
5051:American women academics
4961:Semiconductor physicists
4346:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
3792:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
1423:Burrhus Frederic Skinner
458:Strong Memorial Hospital
328:École Normale Supérieure
5016:Brooklyn College alumni
5006:Scientists at Bell Labs
3657:Cathleen Synge Morawetz
1575:George Ledyard Stebbins
1496:James Augustine Shannon
954:University of Rochester
602:University of Rochester
369:(1960) and an Honorary
234:University of Rochester
195:University of Rochester
152:University of Rochester
93:University of Rochester
4928:Kees Schouhamer Immink
4114:Joseph O. Hirschfelder
4101:Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
3057:Harry George Drickamer
3003:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
2677:M. Frederick Hawthorne
2551:John D. Baldeschwieler
1791:Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
1473:Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
905:Garmire, Elsa (2016).
792:"Esther Marly Conwell"
381:
248:and Vivian Johnson at
4705:Sylvester James Gates
4091:William Alfred Fowler
4073:Robert Rathbun Wilson
3886:Robert Burns Woodward
2698:Geraldine L. Richmond
2446:Howard E. Simmons Jr.
1729:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
1658:Vernon B. Mountcastle
1514:Sterling B. Hendricks
1331:Marshall W. Nirenberg
1326:Theodosius Dobzhansky
1174:William Julius Wilson
705:Krauss, Todd (2015).
391:Alexander Graham Bell
379:
263:University of Chicago
168:Esther Marley Conwell
100:University of Chicago
4862:James Ross MacDonald
4676:Warren M. Washington
4640:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
4549:Jeremiah P. Ostriker
4494:Martin Schwarzschild
4275:Solomon J. Buchsbaum
4267:J. Robert Schrieffer
4237:E. Margaret Burbidge
4081:Nicolaas Bloembergen
4058:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
3937:Vladimir K. Zworykin
3689:John Griggs Thompson
3612:Martin David Kruskal
3452:Kurt Otto Friedrichs
2925:Erwin Wilhelm MĂĽller
2879:Ralph Brazelton Peck
2834:Jack St. Clair Kilby
2761:John Robinson Pierce
2728:Engineering sciences
2659:Jacqueline K. Barton
2514:George M. Whitesides
2433:Dudley R. Herschbach
2371:Richard B. Bernstein
2340:Walter H. Stockmayer
1888:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
1819:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
1709:Stanley Norman Cohen
1696:Rita Levi-Montalcini
1532:Keith Roberts Porter
1395:Alfred H. Sturtevant
1390:Michael Heidelberger
1362:Fritz Albert Lipmann
4981:Fellows of the IEEE
4726:Shirley Ann Jackson
4645:Charles P. Slichter
4489:Marshall Rosenbluth
4481:Wallace S. Broecker
4434:Eugene M. Shoemaker
4195:Victor F. Weisskopf
4142:Herbert S. Gutowsky
4124:Edgar Bright Wilson
3965:George Kistiakowsky
3583:Stephen Cole Kleene
3094:George H. Heilmeier
3081:Mildred Dresselhaus
2972:Edward H. Heinemann
2902:Frederick E. Terman
2866:Richard T. Whitcomb
2787:Clarence L. Johnson
2748:Theodore von Kármán
2635:Stephen J. Benkovic
2614:Mostafa A. El-Sayed
2601:Marvin H. Caruthers
2556:Ralph F. Hirschmann
2496:Darleane C. Hoffman
2386:Harden M. McConnell
2327:Frank H. Westheimer
2139:Stanley B. Prusiner
2103:Robert J. Lefkowitz
1862:Howard Martin Temin
1719:Maurice R. Hilleman
1714:Joseph L. Goldstein
1653:Donald A. Henderson
1570:Earl Reece Stadtman
1555:Elizabeth C. Crosby
1519:Orville Alvin Vogel
1349:Donald D. Van Slyke
1298:Biological sciences
907:"ESTHER M. CONWELL"
808:2015PhT....68e..63R
680:"Esther M. Conwell"
447:organic electronics
428:Mildred Dresselhaus
75:Rochester, New York
4934:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
4874:Archie W. Straiton
4796:Henri G. Busignies
4598:G. Brent Dalrymple
4416:Arthur L. Schawlow
4323:James A. Van Allen
4214:Philip W. Anderson
4170:Richard P. Feynman
4096:Linus Carl Pauling
3731:Dennis P. Sullivan
3288:John B. Goodenough
3221:Edwin N. Lightfoot
3189:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
3170:Kenneth N. Stevens
2938:Raymond D. Mindlin
2861:Harold E. Edgerton
2706:A. Paul Alivisatos
2585:Stephen J. Lippard
2564:Ernest R. Davidson
2501:Harold S. Johnston
2335:William S. Johnson
2299:George C. Pimentel
2134:Susan L. Lindquist
2116:Francis S. Collins
2010:Victor A. McKusick
1985:Francisco J. Ayala
1967:Nancy C. Andreasen
1917:Robert A. Weinberg
1691:Har Gobind Khorana
1676:Michael E. DeBakey
1663:George Emil Palade
1635:Wendell L. Roelofs
1625:Howard L. Bachrach
1455:Barbara McClintock
1357:Edward F. Knipling
382:
271:Yerkes Observatory
246:Karl Lark-Horovitz
208:Conwell held four
191:electron transport
187:organic conductors
16:American physicist
4943:
4942:
4916:Esther M. Conwell
4892:James H. Pomerene
4868:Nick Holonyak Jr.
4850:James L. Flanagan
4776:IEEE Edison Medal
4742:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4671:Esther M. Conwell
4611:Robert N. Clayton
4603:Riccardo Giacconi
4567:Raymond Davis Jr.
4455:Albert Overhauser
4398:Edwin M. McMillan
4359:Arnold O. Beckman
4336:Paul Ching-Wu Chu
4313:Paul C. Lauterbur
4290:Robert Hofstadter
4242:Maurice Goldhaber
4229:Charles H. Townes
4180:Edward M. Purcell
4147:Frederick Rossini
4001:Wolfgang Panofsky
3932:John H. Van Vleck
3848:Physical sciences
3838:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3800:Solomon W. Golomb
3760:Andrew J. Viterbi
3755:Leonard Kleinrock
3702:Calyampudi R. Rao
3670:Ronald R. Coifman
3578:George F. Carrier
3559:Donald C. Spencer
3554:Saunders Mac Lane
3489:Marshall H. Stone
3439:Shiing-Shen Chern
3346:Solomon Lefschetz
3308:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3245:David J. Wineland
3213:John M. Prausnitz
3154:C. Kumar N. Patel
3149:James L. Flanagan
3117:John Roy Whinnery
3104:H. Guyford Stever
3086:Nick Holonyak Jr.
3049:George W. Housner
3044:Willis M. Hawkins
3039:Daniel C. Drucker
3021:Robert Byron Bird
3013:Bernard M. Oliver
2920:Peter C. Goldmark
2907:Wernher von Braun
2853:George E. Mueller
2826:Nathan M. Newmark
2821:J. Presper Eckert
2800:Claude E. Shannon
2769:Charles S. Draper
2718:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2685:Judith P. Klinman
2569:Gábor A. Somorjai
2480:Isabella L. Karle
2467:George S. Hammond
2428:Gertrude B. Elion
2381:Rudolph A. Marcus
2232:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2158:Ralph L. Brinster
2077:Torsten N. Wiesel
2054:Norman E. Borlaug
2041:Solomon H. Snyder
2036:J. Michael Bishop
1995:Mario R. Capecchi
1875:Salome G. Waelsch
1806:E. Donnall Thomas
1681:Theodor O. Diener
1580:Paul Alfred Weiss
1408:Bernard B. Brodie
1344:George G. Simpson
1288:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1233:Michael I. Posner
1134:Eleanor J. Gibson
1086:George J. Stigler
1054:Neal Elgar Miller
928:978-0-309-43729-5
911:Memorial Tributes
871:National Archives
817:10.1063/PT.3.2791
338:Honors and awards
303:Bell Laboratories
250:Purdue University
165:
164:
156:Bell Laboratories
132:Scientific career
114:IEEE Edison Medal
66:November 16, 2014
23:Esther M. Conwell
5063:
4898:Leslie A. Geddes
4886:George D. Forney
4838:Eugene I. Gordon
4832:Herman P. Schwan
4820:C. Chapin Cutler
4769:
4762:
4755:
4746:
4745:
4554:Gilbert F. White
4499:George Wetherill
4393:Allan M. Cormack
4351:Jack Steinberger
4331:D. Allan Bromley
4280:H. Richard Crane
4257:Frederick Reines
4247:Helmut Landsberg
4162:George Uhlenbeck
4063:Vladimir Haensel
4025:Allan R. Sandage
3996:Herbert C. Brown
3978:Herbert Friedman
3904:Leon M. Lederman
3876:Julian Schwinger
3855:
3854:
3844:
3843:
3813:Alexandre Chorin
3787:Richard A. Tapia
3768:David B. Mumford
3596:Alberto CalderĂłn
3541:Joseph B. Keller
3528:Michael Freedman
3497:Herman Goldstine
3351:H. Marston Morse
3325:
3324:
3314:
3313:
3253:Rudolf E. Kálmán
3237:Robert S. Langer
3229:Jan D. Achenbach
3062:Herbert E. Grier
2813:Igor I. Sikorsky
2774:Othmar H. Ammann
2735:
2734:
2724:
2723:
2690:Jerrold Meinwald
2459:Norman Hackerman
2438:Glenn T. Seaborg
2353:William O. Baker
2281:F. Albert Cotton
2249:
2248:
2238:
2237:
2215:Mary-Claire King
2108:Bert W. O'Malley
2064:Thomas E. Starzl
2059:Phillip A. Sharp
2046:Charles Yanofsky
2028:Evelyn M. Witkin
2023:James E. Darnell
1849:Paul C. Zamecnik
1814:Mary Ellen Avery
1786:Herbert W. Boyer
1781:Baruj Benacerraf
1752:Joshua Lederberg
1742:Viktor Hamburger
1704:Michael S. Brown
1550:Robert H. Burris
1305:
1304:
1294:
1293:
1241:Mortimer Mishkin
1166:William K. Estes
1150:Roger N. Shepard
1142:Robert K. Merton
1126:George A. Miller
1073:Herbert A. Simon
1041:
1040:
1030:
1029:
1012:
1005:
998:
989:
988:
965:
964:
962:
960:
950:"Lewis Rothberg"
946:
940:
939:
937:
935:
913:. Vol. 20.
902:
896:
895:
893:
891:
881:
875:
874:
868:
866:
850:
844:
843:
841:
839:
828:
822:
821:
819:
787:
776:
775:
773:
771:
757:
751:
750:
748:
746:
732:
726:
725:
723:
721:
714:ROCHESTER REVIEW
711:
702:
696:
695:
693:
691:
676:
667:
666:
664:
662:
651:
640:
639:
637:
635:
630:on June 25, 2017
626:. Archived from
615:
606:
605:
598:"Esther Conwell"
594:
581:
580:
578:
576:
553:
547:
546:
544:
542:
531:
520:
519:
517:
515:
503:
494:
493:
491:
489:
477:
307:William Shockley
295:Western Electric
283:Owen Chamberlain
238:Victor Weisskopf
230:Brooklyn College
126:
125:
118:
104:
97:
90:
86:Brooklyn College
71:
69:
50:
48:
33:
19:
18:
5071:
5070:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5060:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4904:Robert W. Lucky
4856:Robert A. Henle
4802:Daniel E. Noble
4778:
4773:
4743:
4730:
4718:Sean C. Solomon
4680:
4632:Daniel Kleppner
4624:Lonnie Thompson
4619:Ralph A. Alpher
4585:W. Jason Morgan
4572:Charles Keeling
4562:Marvin L. Cohen
4529:
4512:John N. Bahcall
4507:Don L. Anderson
4473:Peter Goldreich
4426:Steven Weinberg
4378:
4308:Walter Elsasser
4285:Herman Feshbach
4199:
4137:Samuel Goudsmit
4129:Chien-Shiung Wu
4068:Frederick Seitz
4035:John A. Wheeler
4020:Robert H. Dicke
4005:
3868:Luis W. Alvarez
3849:
3830:
3818:David Blackwell
3772:
3723:Carl R. de Boor
3694:Karen Uhlenbeck
3674:
3628:Louis Nirenberg
3563:
3536:Ralph E. Gomory
3474:
3470:Donald E. Knuth
3457:Hassler Whitney
3395:
3319:
3300:
3265:
3197:Andreas Acrivos
3174:
3162:Eli Ruckenstein
3141:Hermann A. Haus
3112:Calvin F. Quate
3099:Luna B. Leopold
3066:
2957:
2943:Robert N. Noyce
2933:Emmett N. Leith
2892:Manson Benedict
2874:Rudolf Kompfner
2838:
2792:Warren K. Lewis
2729:
2710:
2644:
2606:Peter B. Dervan
2577:John I. Brauman
2536:
2488:Norman Davidson
2415:John D. Roberts
2390:
2358:Konrad E. Bloch
2304:Richard N. Zare
2266:
2243:
2224:
2181:Sallie Chisholm
2163:Rudolf Jaenisch
2143:
2126:J. Craig Venter
2085:Rita R. Colwell
1952:
1938:David Baltimore
1829:Robert W. Kates
1801:David G. Nathan
1796:Edward B. Lewis
1766:
1762:Harland G. Wood
1757:Roger W. Sperry
1612:Glenn W. Burton
1584:
1560:Arthur Kornberg
1527:Roger Guillemin
1504:Hallowell Davis
1468:Daniel I. Arnon
1460:Albert B. Sabin
1440:
1413:Detlev W. Bronk
1385:Harry F. Harlow
1380:Kenneth S. Cole
1367:William C. Rose
1339:Francis P. Rous
1299:
1280:
1245:
1225:Gordon H. Bower
1186:
1182:Robert M. Solow
1098:
1094:Milton Friedman
1058:
1035:
1024:
1016:
974:
969:
968:
958:
956:
948:
947:
943:
933:
931:
929:
903:
899:
889:
887:
883:
882:
878:
864:
862:
852:
851:
847:
837:
835:
830:
829:
825:
788:
779:
769:
767:
759:
758:
754:
744:
742:
734:
733:
729:
719:
717:
709:
703:
699:
689:
687:
678:
677:
670:
660:
658:
652:
643:
633:
631:
616:
609:
596:
595:
584:
574:
572:
570:
554:
550:
540:
538:
532:
523:
513:
511:
504:
497:
487:
485:
478:
471:
466:
440:
422:from President
340:
291:
226:
154:
123:
119:
116:
112:
102:
98:
95:
91:
88:
77:
72:
70:(aged 92)
67:
65:
57:
52:
46:
44:
36:
35:Conwell in 2010
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5069:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4931:
4925:
4919:
4913:
4907:
4901:
4895:
4889:
4883:
4877:
4871:
4865:
4859:
4853:
4847:
4841:
4835:
4829:
4823:
4817:
4811:
4805:
4799:
4793:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4779:
4772:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4749:
4740:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4728:
4723:
4720:
4715:
4713:Burton Richter
4710:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4666:Yakir Aharonov
4663:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4634:
4629:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4613:
4608:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4580:Richard Garwin
4577:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4544:Willis E. Lamb
4541:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4483:
4478:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4436:
4431:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4303:Philip Abelson
4300:
4297:
4295:Chen-Ning Yang
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4269:
4264:
4262:Bruno B. Rossi
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4219:Yoichiro Nambu
4216:
4211:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4030:John C. Slater
4027:
4022:
4017:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3917:Jacob Bjerknes
3914:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3870:
3865:
3861:
3859:
3851:
3850:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3749:
3744:
3741:
3736:
3733:
3728:
3725:
3720:
3717:
3715:James G. Glimm
3712:
3709:
3707:Elias M. Stein
3704:
3699:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3659:
3654:
3651:
3649:Shing-Tung Yau
3646:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3630:
3625:
3622:
3617:
3614:
3609:
3606:
3601:
3598:
3593:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3517:
3515:Antoni Zygmund
3512:
3507:
3504:
3502:Isadore Singer
3499:
3494:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3465:Joseph L. Doob
3462:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3446:
3444:George Dantzig
3441:
3436:
3434:John W. Backus
3431:
3428:
3423:
3420:
3415:
3412:
3410:Richard Brauer
3407:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3391:William Feller
3388:
3385:
3380:
3377:
3372:
3369:
3364:
3361:
3356:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3340:
3338:Norbert Wiener
3335:
3331:
3329:
3321:
3320:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3296:Thomas Kailath
3293:
3290:
3285:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3255:
3250:
3247:
3242:
3239:
3234:
3231:
3226:
3223:
3218:
3215:
3210:
3207:
3202:
3199:
3194:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3164:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3143:
3138:
3135:
3130:
3127:
3122:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3033:
3028:
3026:H. Bolton Seed
3023:
3018:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2979:
2977:Donald L. Katz
2974:
2969:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2948:Earl R. Parker
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2802:
2797:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2782:Hugh L. Dryden
2779:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2739:
2731:
2730:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2700:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2666:
2664:Peter J. Stang
2661:
2656:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2640:Marye Anne Fox
2637:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2616:
2611:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2595:
2593:Tobin J. Marks
2590:
2587:
2582:
2579:
2574:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2522:Stuart A. Rice
2519:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2490:
2485:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2461:
2456:
2454:Donald J. Cram
2451:
2448:
2443:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2423:Ronald Breslow
2420:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2365:
2363:Elias J. Corey
2360:
2355:
2350:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2322:Carl S. Marvel
2319:
2314:
2309:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2294:Roald Hoffmann
2291:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2253:
2245:
2244:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2210:Stanley Falkow
2207:
2204:
2202:Rakesh K. Jain
2199:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2005:Gene E. Likens
2002:
1997:
1992:
1990:George F. Bass
1987:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1972:Peter H. Raven
1969:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1896:Alexander Rich
1893:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1870:Daniel Nathans
1867:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1851:
1846:
1844:Folke K. Skoog
1841:
1836:
1834:Salvador Luria
1831:
1826:
1824:Elvin A. Kabat
1821:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1737:Katherine Esau
1734:
1731:
1726:
1724:Eric R. Kandel
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1668:Joan A. Steitz
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1642:
1640:Berta Scharrer
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1607:Seymour Benzer
1604:
1601:
1599:Philip Handler
1596:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1486:Erwin Chargaff
1483:
1481:Britton Chance
1478:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1431:Robert Huebner
1428:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1392:
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4814:Robert Adler
4700:Sandra Faber
4695:Sidney Drell
4670:
4525:Leo Kadanoff
4520:James Cronin
4468:Hans Dehmelt
4403:Robert Pound
4369:Robert Sharp
4185:John Sinfelt
4152:Verner Suomi
4119:Lewis Sarett
3983:Lars Onsager
3927:Henry Eyring
3894:John Bardeen
3636:Richard Karp
3604:Allen Newell
3383:Jerzy Neyman
3008:Tung-Yen Lin
2985:Bill Hewlett
2915:Morris Cohen
2509:John W. Cahn
2410:Karl Folkers
2171:Lucy Shapiro
2121:Elaine Fuchs
2000:Ann Graybiel
1930:Janet Rowley
1912:James Watson
1904:Ruth Patrick
1747:Philip Leder
1617:Mildred Cohn
1565:Severo Ochoa
1542:E. O. Wilson
959:27 September
957:. Retrieved
953:
944:
934:27 September
932:. Retrieved
910:
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888:. Retrieved
879:
869:– via
863:. Retrieved
857:
848:
836:. Retrieved
826:
799:
795:
770:27 September
768:. Retrieved
764:
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745:27 September
743:. Retrieved
739:
730:
720:27 September
718:. Retrieved
716:. p. 61
713:
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690:27 September
688:. Retrieved
683:
659:. Retrieved
634:27 September
632:. Retrieved
628:the original
623:
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575:27 September
573:. Retrieved
558:
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539:. Retrieved
512:. Retrieved
486:. Retrieved
451:
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424:Barack Obama
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386:Edison Medal
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275:Enrico Fermi
227:
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167:
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148:Institutions
131:
96:(M.S., 1945)
68:(2014-11-16)
51:May 23, 1922
4971:2014 deaths
4966:1922 births
4826:Nathan Cohn
4808:Albert Rose
4653:Berni Alder
4460:Frank Press
4341:Walter Kohn
4318:George Pake
4252:Walter Munk
4175:Herman Mark
4157:Henry Taube
3945:Jesse Beams
3899:Peter Debye
3881:Harold Urey
3805:Barry Mazur
3367:John Milnor
3261:Amnon Yariv
3205:Leo Beranek
3031:Ernst Weber
2884:Abel Wolman
2475:Thomas Cech
2405:Elkan Blout
2345:Max Tishler
2262:Roger Adams
2220:Simon Levin
1686:Harry Eagle
1509:Paul Gyorgy
1201:Gary Becker
865:21 December
838:21 December
514:21 December
488:21 December
4950:Categories
4910:Floyd Dunn
4447:Vera Rubin
4086:Paul Flory
3747:Hyman Bass
3620:John Cocke
3523:Raoul Bott
3426:Kurt Gödel
3418:John Tukey
3375:Paul Cohen
2990:George Low
2953:Simon Ramo
2176:Leroy Hood
1977:Carl Woese
1925:Bruce Ames
1436:Ernst Mayr
484:. Discover
464:References
358:, and the
242:Los Alamos
47:1922-05-23
4783:1976–2000
4442:Val Fitch
3510:Peter Lax
3280:Shu Chien
2527:John Ross
2242:Chemistry
1630:Paul Berg
1022:laureates
802:(5): 63.
334:in 1972.
258:germanium
224:Education
220:in 2009.
199:chemistry
176:physicist
82:Education
4421:Ed Stone
1418:Jay Lush
890:13 April
661:12 April
541:12 April
454:Brighton
311:Sylvania
55:New York
804:Bibcode
254:silicon
210:patents
172:chemist
142:Physics
4936:(2000)
4930:(1999)
4924:(1998)
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4792:(1976)
925:
566:
397:, and
289:Career
138:Fields
124:(2009)
117:(1997)
109:Awards
89:(1942)
4685:2010s
4534:2000s
4383:1990s
4204:1980s
4010:1970s
3858:1960s
3777:2010s
3679:2000s
3568:1990s
3479:1980s
3400:1970s
3328:1960s
3270:2010s
3179:2000s
3071:1990s
2962:1980s
2843:1970s
2738:1960s
2649:2010s
2541:2000s
2395:1990s
2271:1980s
2252:1960s
2148:2010s
1957:2000s
1771:1990s
1589:1980s
1445:1970s
1308:1960s
1250:2010s
1191:2000s
1103:1990s
1063:1980s
1044:1960s
710:(PDF)
371:D.Sc.
319:Xerox
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4709:2012
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3864:1963
3822:2013
3809:2012
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2702:2014
2694:2013
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2277:1982
2258:1964
2206:2014
2198:2013
2185:2012
2167:2011
2154:2010
2130:2009
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2099:2007
2081:2006
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2032:2003
2019:2002
1981:2001
1963:2000
1934:1999
1921:1998
1908:1997
1900:1996
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1523:1976
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1427:1969
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1376:1967
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1335:1965
1322:1964
1314:1963
1272:2015
1264:2014
1256:2011
1237:2009
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1197:2000
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1170:1998
1162:1997
1154:1996
1146:1995
1138:1994
1130:1992
1122:1991
1109:1990
1090:1988
1077:1987
1069:1986
1050:1964
961:2018
936:2018
923:ISBN
892:2017
867:2014
840:2014
772:2018
747:2018
722:2018
692:2018
663:2017
636:2018
577:2018
564:ISBN
543:2017
516:2014
490:2014
411:The
344:IEEE
281:and
256:and
185:and
174:and
62:Died
41:Born
915:doi
812:doi
432:MIT
332:MIT
324:NSF
315:GTE
269:at
252:on
203:DNA
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