1035:
3923:
1079:, fishermen have noticed a significant increase in the quantity of fish. A sudden increase in primary productivity causes spikes in fish populations which leads to more oxygen being utilized. It is the continued deoxygenation of the water that then causes a decline in fish populations. These effects can begin in estuaries and have a wide effect on the surrounding water bodies. In turn, this can decrease fishing industry sales in one area and across the country. Production in 2016 from recreational and commercial fishing contributes billions of dollars to the United States' gross domestic product (GDP). A decrease in production within this industry can affect any of the 1.7 million people the fishing industry employs yearly across the United States.
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932:
1797:
615:). Formation of barrier beaches partially encloses the estuary, with only narrow inlets allowing contact with the ocean waters. Bar-built estuaries typically develop on gently sloping plains located along tectonically stable edges of continents and marginal sea coasts. They are extensive along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the U.S. in areas with active coastal deposition of sediments and where tidal ranges are less than 4 m (13 ft). The barrier beaches that enclose bar-built estuaries have been developed in several ways:
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38:
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1213:. They are also threatened by sewage, coastal settlement, land clearance and much more. Estuaries are affected by events far upstream, and concentrate materials such as pollutants and sediments. Land run-off and industrial, agricultural, and domestic waste enter rivers and are discharged into estuaries. Contaminants can be introduced which do not disintegrate rapidly in the marine environment, such as
1026:, which are another potential ecosystem in estuaries. An increase in nitrogen causes an increase in shoot growth and a decrease in root growth. Weaker root systems cause a mangrove tree to be less resilient in seasons of drought, which can lead to the death of the mangrove. This shift in above ground and below ground biomass caused by eutrophication could hindered plant success in these ecosystems.
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small experience strong seasonal variation in their fish communities. In winter, the fish community is dominated by hardy marine residents, and in summer a variety of marine and anadromous fishes move into and out of estuaries, capitalizing on their high productivity. Estuaries provide a critical habitat to a variety of species that rely on estuaries for life-cycle completion. Pacific
Herring (
469:, meaning tide. There have been many definitions proposed to describe an estuary. The most widely accepted definition is: "a semi-enclosed coastal body of water, which has a free connection with the open sea, and within which seawater is measurably diluted with freshwater derived from land drainage". However, this definition excludes a number of coastal water bodies such as coastal lagoons and
668:
waters deeper than that may remain stagnant for a very long time, so there is only an occasional exchange of the deep water of the estuary with the ocean. If the sill depth is deep, water circulation is less restricted, and there is a slow but steady exchange of water between the estuary and the ocean. Fjord-type estuaries can be found along the coasts of
1058:. Eutrophication reduced the oxygen levels in their habitats so greatly that whitefish eggs could not survive, causing local extinctions. However, some animals, such as carnivorous fish, tend to do well in nutrient-enriched environments and can benefit from eutrophication. This can be seen in populations of bass or pikes.
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population that has been almost wiped out by overfishing. Oysters filter these pollutants, and either eat them or shape them into small packets that are deposited on the bottom where they are harmless. Historically the oysters filtered the estuary's entire water volume of excess nutrients every three
540:
Drowned river valleys are also known as coastal plain estuaries. In places where the sea level is rising relative to the land, sea water progressively penetrates into river valleys and the topography of the estuary remains similar to that of a river valley. This is the most common type of estuary in
845:
Inverse estuaries occur in dry climates where evaporation greatly exceeds the inflow of freshwater. A salinity maximum zone is formed, and both riverine and oceanic water flow close to the surface towards this zone. This water is pushed downward and spreads along the bottom in both the seaward and
775:
In this type of estuary, river output greatly exceeds marine input and tidal effects have minor importance. Freshwater floats on top of the seawater in a layer that gradually thins as it moves seaward. The denser seawater moves landward along the bottom of the estuary, forming a wedge-shaped layer
667:
or rock bars form sills that restrict water flow. In the upper reaches of the estuary, the depth can exceed 300 m (1,000 ft). The width-to-depth ratio is generally small. In estuaries with very shallow sills, tidal oscillations only affect the water down to the depth of the sill, and the
2250:
Descroix, Luc; Sané, Yancouba; Thior, Mamadou; Manga, Sylvie-Paméla; Ba, Boubacar Demba; Mingou, Joseph; Mendy, Victor; Coly, Saloum; Dièye, Arame; Badiane, Alexandre; Senghor, Marie-Jeanne; Diedhiou, Ange-Bouramanding; Sow, Djiby; Bouaita, Yasmin; Soumaré, Safietou; Diop, Awa; Faty, Bakary; Sow,
1087:
Estuaries are incredibly dynamic systems, where temperature, salinity, turbidity, depth and flow all change daily in response to the tides. This dynamism makes estuaries highly productive habitats, but also make it difficult for many species to survive year-round. As a result, estuaries large and
796:
As tidal forcing increases, river output becomes less than the marine input. Here, current induced turbulence causes mixing of the whole water column such that salinity varies more longitudinally rather than vertically, leading to a moderately stratified condition. Examples include the
603:
Bar-built estuaries are found in a place where the deposition of sediment has kept pace with rising sea levels so that the estuaries are shallow and separated from the sea by sand spits or barrier islands. They are relatively common in tropical and subtropical locations.
1054:, containing a majority of commercial fish catch, making the impacts of eutrophication that much greater within estuaries. Some specific estuarine animals feel the effects of eutrophication more strongly than others. One example is the whitefish species from the
1074:
Eutrophication can affect many marine habitats which can lead to economic consequences. The commercial fishing industry relies upon estuaries for approximately 68 percent of their catch by value because of the great biodiversity of this ecosystem. During an
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discharges nutrients into estuaries. With human activities, land run-off also now includes the many chemicals used as fertilizers in agriculture as well as waste from livestock and humans. Excess oxygen-depleting chemicals in the water can lead to
3260:
García-Alonso, J.; Lercari, D.; Araujo, B.F.; Almeida, M.G.; Rezende, C.E. (2017). "Total and extractable elemental composition of the intertidal estuarine biofilm of the Río de la Plata: Disentangling natural and anthropogenic influences".
776:
that is thinner as it approaches land. As a velocity difference develops between the two layers, shear forces generate internal waves at the interface, mixing the seawater upward with the freshwater. An examples of a salt wedge estuary is
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and to live in a more stable sedimental environment. However, large numbers of bacteria are found within the sediment which has a very high oxygen demand. This reduces the levels of oxygen within the sediment often resulting in partially
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reflect areas of the estuary impacted by human activities, and over time may shift the basic composition of the ecosystem, and the reversible or irreversible changes in the abiotic and biotic parts of the systems from the bottom up.
3451:
Noman, Md. Abu; Mamunur, Rashid; Islam, M. Shahanul; Hossain, M. Belal (2018). "Spatial and seasonal distribution of
Intertidal Macrobenthos with their biomass and functional feeding guilds in the Naf River estuary, Bangladesh".
1013:
vegetation dominates the salt marsh landscape. Excess nutrients allow the plants to grow at greater rates in above ground biomass, however less energy is allocated to the roots since nutrients is abundant. This leads to a lower
903:
variation can cause problems for life forms. Nutrient-rich sediment from human-made sources can promote primary production life cycles, perhaps leading to eventual decay removing the dissolved oxygen from the water; thus
556:
The width-to-depth ratio of these estuaries is typically large, appearing wedge-shaped (in cross-section) in the inner part and broadening and deepening seaward. Water depths rarely exceed 30 m (100 ft).
890:
of tributary rivers to 3.4% at the estuary mouth. At any one point, the salinity will vary considerably over time and seasons, making it a harsh environment for organisms. Sediment often settles in intertidal
520:
flowing from rivers and streams. The pattern of dilution varies between different estuaries and depends on the volume of freshwater, the tidal range, and the extent of evaporation of the water in the estuary.
899:, so vegetation based habitat is not established. Sediment can also clog feeding and respiratory structures of species, and special adaptations exist within mudflat species to cope with this problem. Lastly,
3156:
Gill, Jennifer A.; Norris, Ken; Potts, Peter M.; Gunnarsson, Tómas Grétar; Atkinson, Philip W.; Sutherland, William J. (2001). "The buffer effect and large-scale population regulation in migratory birds".
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Some major rivers that run through deserts historically had vast, expansive estuaries that have been reduced to a fraction of their former size, because of dams and diversions. One example is the
645:
Fjords were formed where
Pleistocene glaciers deepened and widened existing river valleys so that they become U-shaped in cross-sections. At their mouths there are typically rocks, bars or
303:
epoch with the flooding of river-eroded or glacially scoured valleys when the sea level began to rise about 10,000–12,000 years ago. Estuaries are typically classified according to their
2954:
Lellis-Dibble, K.A. (2008). "Estuarine Fish and
Shellfish Species in US commercial and Recreational Fisheries: Economic Value as an Incentive to Protect and Restore Estuarine Habitat".
663:. These U-shaped estuaries typically have steep sides, rock bottoms, and underwater sills contoured by glacial movement. The estuary is shallowest at its mouth, where terminal glacial
4082:
2895:
Vonlanthen, P., Bittner, D., Hudson A.G., et al. (2012). Eutrophication causes speciation reversal in whitefish adaptive radiations. Nature. 482, 337-362. DOI: 10.1038/nature0824.
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3344:
959:
limitation instead of nitrogen limitation. Estuaries can be severely impacted by an unbalanced phosphorus cycle, as phosphorus interacts with nitrogen and silica availability.
1046:
often results in plant death but the impacts do not end there. Plant death alters the entire food web structure which can result in the death of animals within the afflicted
962:
With an abundance of nutrients in the ecosystem, plants and algae overgrow and eventually decompose, which produce a significant amount of carbon dioxide. While releasing CO
1034:
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484:
may not be perennial, the connection to the sea may be closed for part of the year and tidal influence may be negligible". This broad definition also includes
1754:
6543:
1092:) are known to lay their eggs in estuaries and bays, surfperch give birth in estuaries, juvenile flatfish and rockfish migrate to estuaries to rear, and
386:
516:
effects on the movement of water which can have important impacts on the ecosystem and waterflow. The seawater entering the estuary is diluted by the
3298:
1418:
2572:
Deegan, Linda A.; Johnson, David Samuel; Warren, R. Scott; Peterson, Bruce J.; Fleeger, John W.; Fagherazzi, Sergio; Wollheim, Wilfred M. (2012).
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2005:
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building up of offshore bars by wave action, in which sand from the seafloor is deposited in elongated bars parallel to the shoreline,
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1873:
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2081:"Can navigation locks be used to help migratory fishes with poor swimming performance pass tidal barrages? A test with lampreys"
625:
engulfment of mainland beach ridges (ridges developed from the erosion of coastal plain sediments around 5000 years ago) due to
6757:
6591:
6523:
813:
Tidal mixing forces exceed river output, resulting in a well-mixed water column and the disappearance of the vertical salinity
1193:
3416:
Jakobsen, F.; Azam, M.H.; Mahboob-Ul-Kabir, M. (2002). "Residual Flow in the Meghna
Estuary on the Coastline of Bangladesh".
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2063:
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or four days. Today that process takes almost a year, and sediment, nutrients, and algae can cause problems in local waters.
2418:
Howarth, Robert; Chan, Francis; Conley, Daniel J; Garnier, Josette; Doney, Scott C; Marino, Roxanne; Billen, Gilles (2011).
4112:
3099:"Evidence of connectivity between juvenile and adult habitats for mobile marine fauna: An important component of nurseries"
2839:
1260:
For example, Chinese and
Russian industrial pollution, such as phenols and heavy metals, has devastated fish stocks in the
943:
in estuaries in temperate zones. During a eutrophication event, biogeochemical feedback decreases the amount of available
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4210:
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1923:
327:, although some of these water bodies do not strictly meet the above definition of an estuary and could be fully saline.
3544:
622:
reworking of sediment discharge from rivers by a wave, current, and wind action into beaches, overwash flats, and dunes,
5906:
5377:
3328:
2909:
Jeppesen, Erik; Peder Jensen, Jens; Søndergaard, Martin; Lauridsen, Torben; Junge
Pedersen, Leif; Jensen, Lars (1997),
2345:
228:
2363:"Nitrogen as the limiting nutrient for eutrophication in coastal marine ecosystems: Evolving views over three decades"
966:
into the water and atmosphere, these organisms are also intaking all or nearly all of the available oxygen creating a
4102:
2238:
1912:
2894:
3737:
3592:
3073:"Seasonal abundance, composition and productivity of the littoral fish assemblage in Upper Newport Bay, California"
476:
A more comprehensive definition of an estuary is "a semi-enclosed body of water connected to the sea as far as the
6082:
5564:
5382:
4674:
1321:
2835:"Patterns of fish use in urban estuaries: Engineering maintenance schedules to protect broader seascape habitat"
2420:"Coupled biogeochemical cycles: eutrophication and hypoxia in temperate estuaries and coastal marine ecosystems"
866:
Estuary type varies dramatically depending on freshwater input, and is capable of changing from a wholly marine
5524:
5475:
5367:
5025:
4564:
3072:
1929:
1284:. This can result in reductions in water quality, fish, and other animal populations. Overfishing also occurs.
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are key primary producers in estuaries. They move with the water bodies and can be flushed in and out with the
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and resulting in the breaching of the ridges and flooding of the coastal lowlands, forming shallow lagoons,
6491:
5094:
4579:
3585:
2911:"Top-down control in freshwater lakes: The role of nutrient state, submerged macrophytes and water depth"
752:
700:
These estuaries are formed by subsidence or land cut off from the ocean by land movement associated with
3295:
2537:
1202:
Of the thirty-two largest cities in the world in the early 1990s, twenty-two were located on estuaries.
878:
The most important variable characteristics of estuary water are the concentration of dissolved oxygen,
6747:
6576:
5498:
4667:
3887:
2974:"Compensatory Responses of Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus under Different Feed-Deprivation Regimes"
408:
2780:"Fine-scale movement and assimilation of carbon in saltmarsh and mangrove habitat by resident animals"
951:
and phosphorus, creating conditions where harmful algal blooms can persist. Given the now off-balance
5873:
5517:
4195:
4089:
2289:
2186:
Wolanski, E. (1986). "An evaporation-driven salinity maximum zone in
Australian tropical estuaries".
1941:
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17:
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in the vegetation below ground which destabilizes the banks of the marsh causing increased rates of
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31:
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Bamol Ali; Machu, Eric; Montoroi, Jean-Pierre; Andrieu, Julien; Vandervaere, Jean-Pierre (2020).
1879:
1648:
1277:
1234:
905:
131:
2637:"Rapid shoreward encroachment of salt marsh cordgrass in response to accelerated sea-level rise"
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are a type of ecosystem in some estuaries that have been negatively impacted by eutrophication.
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have various methods to control or conform to the shifts in salt concentrations and are termed
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763:
140:
3558:
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in Mexico, historically covered with marshlands and forests, but now essentially a salt flat.
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Such toxins can accumulate in the tissues of many species of aquatic life in a process called
921:
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5799:
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4155:
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2477:
Morales-Williams, Ana M.; Wanamaker, Alan D.; Williams, Clayton J.; Downing, John A. (2021).
1888: – Fish that inhabit the sea between the shoreline and the edge of the continental shelf
822:
2079:
Silva, Sergio; Lowry, Maran; Macaya-Solis, Consuelo; Byatt, Barry; Lucas, Martyn C. (2017).
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1252:: a geological record of human activities of the last century. The elemental composition of
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has also contributed to the formation of these estuaries. There are only a small number of
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with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open
8:
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3972:
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1982:
Pritchard, D. W. (1967). "What is an estuary: physical viewpoint". In Lauf, G. H. (ed.).
1949: – A water wave traveling upstream a river or narrow bay because of an incoming tide
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load. There is extreme spatial variability in salinity, with a range of near-zero at the
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Fay, Gavin; DePiper, Geret; Steinback, Scott; Gamble, Robert J.; Link, Jason S. (2019).
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Lovelock, Catherine E.; Ball, Marilyn C.; Martin, Katherine C.; C. Feller, Ilka (2009).
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Waltham, Nathan J.; McCann, Jack; Power, Trent; Moore, Matt; Buelow, Christina (2020).
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1999:
1955: – Volume of water in an estuary or inlet between mean high tide and mean low tide
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features or to water-circulation patterns. They can have many different names, such as
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3399:"สัณฐานชายฝั่ง - ระบบฐานข้อมูลทรัพยากรทางทะเลและชายฝั่ง กรมทรัพยากรทางทะเลและชายฝั่ง"
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may lead to excessive nutrients from sewage and animal wastes; pollutants including
284:, and to fluvial influences such as flows of freshwater and sediment. The mixing of
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by Arctic
Network for the Support of the Indigenous Peoples of the Russian Arctic
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Seasonal fish and invertebrate communities in three northern
California estuaries
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elongation of barrier spits from the erosion of headlands due to the action of
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which are extremely difficult to colonize. No points of attachment exist for
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166:
161:
122:
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382:
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6176:
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5784:
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5294:
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5142:
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5114:
5109:
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5049:
4998:
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4536:
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4506:
4476:
4259:
4235:
4200:
4009:
3912:
3832:
3792:
3645:
3233:
Branch, George (1999). "Estuarine vulnerability and ecological impacts".
3097:
Gillanders, BM; Able, KW; Brown, JA; Eggleston, DB; Sheridan, PF (2003).
2573:
2226:& Hall, S.M. (2014): Spencer Gulf: Geological setting and evolution.
1952:
1935:
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1684:
1628:
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1478:
1458:
1448:
1374:
1368:
1315:
1272:
1210:
1076:
887:
673:
517:
497:
493:
480:
or the salt intrusion limit and receiving freshwater runoff; however the
477:
465:
meaning tidal inlet of the sea, which in itself is derived from the term
367:
347:
343:
107:
3142:
2908:
2597:
2476:
1991:
1205:
As ecosystems, estuaries are under threat from human activities such as
607:
These estuaries are semi-isolated from ocean waters by barrier beaches (
6636:
6332:
6316:
6296:
6162:
6152:
6055:
6023:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5825:
5789:
5730:
5657:
5637:
5408:
5344:
5304:
5222:
5147:
4938:
4796:
4516:
4451:
4240:
4220:
4004:
3977:
3762:
3675:
3123:
3098:
1946:
1660:
1588:
1380:
1362:
1261:
1096:
1006:
1001:
has been seen to negatively impact many plant communities in estuarine
982:, which is more harmful for vulnerable coastal regions like estuaries.
834:
818:
713:
586:
289:
112:
37:
6030:
4632:
3296:"Indigenous Peoples of the Russian North, Siberia and Far East: Nivkh"
2454:
2269:
2253:"Inverse Estuaries in West Africa: Evidence of the Rainfall Recovery?"
2252:
1920: – List of navigable rivers, canals, estuaries, lakes, and firths
1810:
6458:
6432:
6167:
5981:
5956:
5936:
5662:
5652:
5607:
5349:
5309:
5137:
5074:
4993:
4923:
4541:
4446:
4230:
3994:
3987:
3962:
3872:
3577:
3178:
3133:
3015:"Economic and Ecosystem Effects of Fishing on the Northeast US Shelf"
1708:
1529:
1409:
1268:
1218:
1206:
1162:
1143:
1139:
1002:
926:
867:
724:
709:
685:
598:
582:
505:
501:
396:
194:
4659:
3347:. US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from
1176:
A primary source of food for many organisms on estuaries, including
1151:
conditions, which can be further exacerbated by limited water flow.
1114:
Two of the main challenges of estuarine life are the variability in
817:. The freshwater-seawater boundary is eliminated due to the intense
6646:
6641:
6631:
6453:
6405:
6400:
6383:
6241:
6221:
6186:
6065:
6060:
5758:
5632:
5509:
5277:
5272:
5099:
5014:
4873:
4698:
4491:
4301:
3847:
3842:
3767:
2444:
2419:
1573:
1524:
1249:
1181:
1177:
1115:
1010:
892:
883:
879:
814:
717:
558:
300:
293:
285:
184:
6102:
292:
provides high levels of nutrients both in the water column and in
6681:
6226:
6191:
6013:
5915:
5745:
5707:
5642:
5413:
5287:
5132:
5008:
5003:
4913:
4908:
4898:
4501:
4431:
4409:
4029:
3817:
3717:
3573:
The Estuary Guide (Based on experience and R&D within the UK)
3259:
1961: – Type of land area that is flooded or saturated with water
1958:
1897: – Scottish word used for various coastal inlets and straits
1824:
1253:
1245:
1194:
Ecosystem service § Estuarine and coastal ecosystem services
1166:
1100:
1029:
1019:
705:
689:
664:
660:
653:, which have the effects of modifying the estuarine circulation.
650:
636:, with the spits growing in the direction of the littoral drift.
269:
4250:
3620:
1061:
985:
403:
268:
environments and maritime environments and are an example of an
6415:
6206:
6196:
6092:
5725:
5672:
5667:
5438:
5433:
4968:
4948:
4903:
4888:
4746:
4486:
3812:
3572:
1483:
1289:
1230:
669:
489:
428:
316:
312:
175:
915:
659:-type estuaries are formed in deeply eroded valleys formed by
6256:
6211:
6201:
6181:
6132:
6097:
6072:
6045:
5941:
5319:
5282:
5041:
4943:
4893:
4878:
4868:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4771:
4766:
4716:
2163:
Ecology of Estuaries. Volume I: Physical and Chemical Aspects
1986:. A.A.A.S. Publ. Vol. 83. Washington, DC. pp. 3–5.
1894:
1222:
1047:
896:
656:
485:
320:
273:
265:
253:
3415:
3096:
746:
6410:
6231:
6107:
5884:
5763:
5453:
5443:
5418:
4928:
4858:
4806:
4801:
3982:
3547:
2710:
2571:
2078:
1488:
1158:
1123:
1055:
509:
277:
735:
system causing the inundation of the lower reaches of the
272:. Estuaries are subject both to marine influences such as
6050:
5961:
5753:
4933:
4736:
4044:
4034:
3155:
3012:
785:
535:
308:
261:
3450:
2536:
Selman, Mindy; Sugg, Zachary; Greenhalgh, Suzie (2008).
2417:
2024:
The Estuarine Ecosystem: Ecology, Threats and Management
1938: – Silt deposition landform at the mouth of a river
524:
2832:
2574:"Coastal eutrophication as a driver of salt marsh loss"
1890:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1882: – Reducing pH values in coastal marine ecosystems
846:
landward direction. Examples of an inverse estuary are
541:
temperate climates. Well-studied estuaries include the
2713:"Nutrient Enrichment Increases Mortality of Mangroves"
2249:
504:
having a connection to the open sea through which the
2917:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 151–164,
762:"Salt wedge" redirects here. Not to be confused with
2535:
1792:
935:
Processes that nitrogen undergo in estuarine systems
1161:. Their productivity is largely dependent upon the
731:, which was formed by the crustal movements of the
3316:
927:Effects of eutrophication on biogeochemical cycles
837:are examples of vertically homogeneous estuaries.
461:The word "estuary" is derived from the Latin word
1165:of the water. The main phytoplankton present are
27:Partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water
6729:
2635:Donnelly, Jeffrey P.; Bertness, Mark D. (2001).
2634:
1903: – River estuary lagoon in Black Sea region
1755:Iguape-Cananéia-Paranaguá estuary lagoon complex
3253:
3212:. New York: Harper Collins College Publishers.
2956:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
2641:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1926: – Network of 30 protected areas in the US
1082:
6487:A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia
2338:Marine Ecology. Processes, Systems and Impacts
2021:
1030:Effects of eutrophication on estuarine animals
947:. These feedbacks also increase the supply of
370:from sewage inputs; and diking or damming for
6572:Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board
6497:Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type
5900:
5525:
4675:
3883:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
3593:
2953:
2778:Guest, Michaela A.; Connolly, Rod M. (2005).
2777:
2360:
2233:Royal Society of South Australia Inc. p. 21.
1062:Effects of eutrophication on human activities
986:Effects of eutrophication on estuarine plants
512:. The effects of tides on estuaries can show
229:
2361:Howarth, Robert W.; Marino, Roxanne (2006).
2119:
1103:use estuaries as migration corridors. Also,
5856:List of rivers that have reversed direction
3948:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
2539:Eutrophication and Hypoxia in Coastal Areas
916:Implications of eutrophication on estuaries
873:
592:
264:. Estuaries form a transition zone between
5907:
5893:
5532:
5518:
4682:
4668:
3600:
3586:
2479:"Eutrophication Drives Extreme Seasonal CO
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2004:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1184:from the settlement of the sedimentation.
299:Most existing estuaries formed during the
236:
222:
3132:
3122:
3060:(M.S. thesis). Humboldt State University.
3030:
2989:
2972:Gao, Yang; Lee, Jeong-Yeol (2012-12-30).
2860:
2754:
2736:
2678:
2660:
2453:
2443:
2386:
2268:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2104:
2017:
2015:
1981:
1874:Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation
747:Classification based on water circulation
2424:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
2219:
2217:
2185:
2053:
1065:
1033:
989:
930:
716:from eustatic sea-level rise during the
695:
529:
449:
434:
418:
402:
391:
381:
36:
3555:"Habitats: Estuaries – Characteristics"
3319:Marine Pollution: Diagnosis and Therapy
3314:
2283:
2160:
2040:
1977:
1975:
727:produced estuaries; one example is the
14:
6730:
6592:Meadowview Biological Research Station
6524:Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands
3607:
3545:Animated documentary on Chesapeake Bay
3232:
3201:
3053:
2971:
2335:
2286:"Oceanography Notes Ch. 12: Estuaries"
2147:
2012:
1909: – A list of estuaries in England
5888:
5513:
4689:
4663:
4136:
4135:
3619:
3581:
3345:"Oyster Reefs: Ecological importance"
3070:
2967:
2965:
2949:
2947:
2904:
2902:
2890:
2888:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2340:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2214:
2120:Kunneke, J. T.; Palik, T. F. (1984).
2026:. New York: Oxford University Press.
974:. The excess carbon in the form of CO
525:Classification based on geomorphology
5539:
3418:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
3263:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
3207:
2840:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
2188:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
2022:McLusky, D. S.; Elliott, M. (2004).
1972:
1248:environments, such as estuaries and
1173:which are abundant in the sediment.
994:A salt marsh with wood storks wading
939:Nitrogen is often the lead cause of
922:Eutrophication § Coastal waters
334:from a variety of factors including
6587:Irish Peatland Conservation Council
4211:Oceanic physical-biological process
4073:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
3454:Journal of Oceanology and Limnology
3054:Osborn, Katherine (December 2017).
2310:
2304:
1924:National Estuarine Research Reserve
1876: – U.S. nonprofit organization
870:to any of the other estuary types.
24:
5378:Integrated coastal zone management
3557:. www.onr.navy.mil. Archived from
2962:
2944:
2899:
2885:
2695:
2556:
791:
387:New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary
25:
6779:
3538:
3235:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
1913:List of estuaries of South Africa
1419:Puerto Princesa Underground River
1022:. A similar phenomenon occurs in
6712:
6711:
6700:
5869:
5868:
5494:
5493:
5031:
5024:
4644:
4643:
4631:
4617:
4249:
3921:
3738:Colored dissolved organic matter
2388:10.4319/lo.2006.51.1_part_2.0364
2231:Natural History of Spencer Gulf.
2129:U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep
1851:
1837:
1823:
1809:
1795:
1743:
1540:
559:Examples of this type of estuary
58:
6753:Environmental impact of fishing
6083:Flooded grasslands and savannas
5565:Drainage system (geomorphology)
4083:Latin America and the Caribbean
3517:
3488:
3444:
3409:
3391:
3362:
3337:
3308:
3289:
3226:
3149:
3090:
3064:
3047:
3006:
2826:
2771:
2628:
2529:
2470:
2411:
2354:
2329:
2277:
2122:"Tampa Bay environmental atlas"
1267:Estuaries tend to be naturally
1198:Marine ecosystem § Threats
1187:
861:
553:along the Dutch-German border.
5575:Strahler number (stream order)
5476:Region of freshwater influence
4565:Ecological values of mangroves
4108:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
3315:Gerlach, Sebastian A. (1981).
3103:Marine Ecology Progress Series
2978:Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
2243:
2179:
2113:
2072:
1930:Region of freshwater influence
1264:and damaged its estuary soil.
1107:bird populations, such as the
978:can lead to low pH levels and
508:enters with the rhythm of the
13:
1:
6758:Coastal and oceanic landforms
6607:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust
6597:Society of Wetland Scientists
5238:Large-scale coastal behaviour
5070:Beaches in estuaries and bays
3247:10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01732-2
2542:. World Resources Institute.
2165:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
2106:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.02.027
1966:
1868:Beaches in estuaries and bays
1050:. Estuaries are hotspots for
955:, estuaries can be driven to
808:
757:
640:
377:
350:and the filling of wetlands.
6222:Peatland, mire, and quagmire
5914:
4585:Marine conservation activism
4570:Fisheries and climate change
3210:Introduction to Oceanography
2923:10.1007/978-94-011-5648-6_17
2738:10.1371/journal.pone.0005600
2336:Kaiser; et al. (2005).
2315:. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema.
2208:10.1016/0272-7714(86)90065-X
1907:List of estuaries of England
1083:Implications for marine life
7:
6492:National Wetlands Inventory
4580:Human impact on marine life
4457:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
3693:Aquatic population dynamics
3496:"พื้นที่ชุ่มน้ำในประเทศไทย"
3019:Frontiers in Marine Science
1788:
1723:(Christchurch, New Zealand)
1303:
970:environment and unbalanced
788:during the monsoon period.
753:Estuarine water circulation
692:, New Zealand, and Norway.
423:A crowded estuary mouth in
10:
6784:
6577:Delta Waterfowl Foundation
3525:"The Amazon River Estuary"
3283:10.1016/j.ecss.2016.12.018
2862:10.1016/j.ecss.2020.106729
2507:10.1007/s10021-020-00527-2
2367:Limnology and Oceanography
1932: – Coastal sea region
1714:
1676:New York-New Jersey Harbor
1322:Estuário do Espírito Santo
1244:. They also accumulate in
1191:
919:
840:
768:
761:
750:
596:
533:
500:. An estuary is a dynamic
29:
6695:
6619:
6564:
6514:
6505:
6477:
6446:
6393:
6365:
6325:
5929:
5922:
5864:
5813:
5777:
5744:
5716:
5598:
5547:
5489:
5391:
5358:
5163:
5123:
5040:
5022:
4697:
4611:
4550:
4422:
4358:
4320:
4267:
4258:
4247:
4196:Marine primary production
4148:
4144:
4131:
4090:List of marine ecoregions
4065:
3930:
3919:
3633:
3629:
3615:
3474:10.1007/s00343-019-8063-7
2804:10.1007/s10452-005-0442-9
1942:Shell growth in estuaries
1594:Estuary of Saint Lawrence
1442:
1309:
407:Estuary mouth located in
360:polychlorinated biphenyls
6556:Wetland indicator status
5183:Coastal biogeomorphology
4442:Coastal biogeomorphology
4437:Marine coastal ecosystem
3071:Allen, Larry G. (1982).
3032:10.3389/fmars.2019.00133
2483:Flux in Lake Ecosystems"
874:Physiochemical variation
593:Lagoon-type or bar-built
252:is a partially enclosed
32:Estuary (disambiguation)
6267:Freshwater swamp forest
5688:River channel migration
4350:Paradox of the plankton
4161:Diel vertical migration
4055:Freshwater swamp forest
3773:GIS and aquatic science
3621:General components and
2161:Kennish, M. J. (1986).
2058:. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
1880:Estuarine acidification
1870: – Type of beaches
1649:Mississippi River Delta
1423:Waeru River Estuary of
1356:
1288:once had a flourishing
1070:Commercial fishing boat
825:. The lower reaches of
6602:Wetlands International
6373:List of wetland plants
5618:Bar (river morphology)
5080:Coastal morphodynamics
4176:Large marine ecosystem
3868:Shoaling and schooling
3438:10.1006/ecss.2001.0929
2662:10.1073/pnas.251209298
2085:Ecological Engineering
2056:Estuarine Ecohydrology
1721:Avon Heathcote Estuary
1569:Columbia River Estuary
1071:
1039:
1038:Example of a whitefish
995:
936:
764:Salt wedging (geology)
458:
447:
432:
416:
400:
389:
330:Many estuaries suffer
45:
6247:Salt pannes and pools
5800:Erosion and tectonics
5795:Degradation (geology)
5471:Physical oceanography
4595:Marine protected area
4522:Salt pannes and pools
4297:Marine larval ecology
4272:Census of Marine Life
4156:Deep scattering layer
4113:San Francisco Estuary
4078:Africa and Madagascar
3903:Underwater camouflage
3683:Aquatic biomonitoring
3623:freshwater ecosystems
2991:10.5657/fas.2012.0305
2054:Wolanski, E. (2007).
1415:Narmada river estuary
1192:Further information:
1111:, rely on estuaries.
1069:
1037:
993:
934:
920:Further information:
696:Tectonically produced
530:Drowned river valleys
453:
439:Estuary mouth of the
438:
422:
406:
395:
385:
40:
5821:Deposition (geology)
5548:Large-scale features
5300:Submergent coastline
5253:Marine transgression
5208:Discordant coastline
5193:Concordant coastline
4330:Marine bacteriophage
4292:Marine invertebrates
3323:. Berlin: Springer.
3208:Ross, D. A. (1995).
2284:Tomczak, M. (2000).
1425:Chanthaburi Province
1298:Colorado River Delta
1280:and the creation of
1138:. Many animals also
561:in the U.S. are the
374:or water diversion.
280:, and the influx of
30:For other uses, see
6707:Wetlands portal
6338:Constructed wetland
5923:Types and landforms
5404:Coastal engineering
4206:Ocean fertilization
4015:Trophic state index
3973:Lake stratification
3703:Aquatic respiration
3466:2019JOL....37.1010N
3430:2002ECSS...55..587J
3275:2017ECSS..187...53G
3171:2001Natur.412..436G
3115:2003MEPS..247..281G
2853:2020ECSS..23806729W
2796:2005AqEco..38..599G
2729:2009PLoSO...4.5600L
2653:2001PNAS...9814218D
2647:(25): 14218–14223.
2598:10.1038/nature11533
2590:2012Natur.490..388D
2499:2021Ecosy..24..434M
2436:2011FrEE....9...18H
2379:2006LimOc..51..364H
2373:(1part2): 364–376.
2311:Day, J. H. (1981).
2200:1986ECSS...22..415W
2097:2017EcEng.102..291S
1614:Indian River Lagoon
1454:Dnieper-Bug Estuary
1109:black-tailed godwit
1042:Across all biomes,
980:ocean acidification
912:zones can develop.
850:, South Australia,
771:Saltwater intrusion
6551:Salt marsh die-off
6469:Salt marsh dieback
6378:List of fen plants
6217:Palustrine wetland
6118:Intertidal wetland
6113:Interdunal wetland
5851:Sediment transport
5805:River rejuvenation
5778:Regional processes
5373:Coastal management
5213:Emergent coastline
4884:Intertidal wetland
4787:Continental margin
4472:Intertidal wetland
4467:Intertidal ecology
4335:Marine prokaryotes
4277:Deep-sea community
4171:Iron fertilization
4094:Specific examples
4020:Upland and lowland
3938:Freshwater biology
3803:Microbial food web
3713:Aquatic toxicology
3656:Aquatic adaptation
3609:Aquatic ecosystems
3500:wetland.onep.go.th
3374:myanmarholiday.com
3351:on October 3, 2008
3301:2009-08-07 at the
3124:10.3354/meps247281
2292:on 7 December 2006
1845:Environment portal
1654:Lake Pontchartrain
1619:Laguna de Términos
1122:. Many species of
1072:
1040:
996:
937:
741:San Joaquin rivers
684:, eastern Canada,
676:region of western
634:longshore currents
459:
448:
433:
417:
413:Northern Territory
401:
390:
190:Hydrothermal vents
141:Surface microlayer
46:
6748:Coastal geography
6725:
6724:
6627:Aquatic ecosystem
6615:
6614:
6534:Ramsar Convention
6361:
6360:
6343:Converted wetland
6285:Peat swamp forest
6148:Inland salt marsh
5882:
5881:
5683:River bifurcation
5507:
5506:
5335:Wave-cut platform
5248:Marine regression
4792:Continental shelf
4782:Coastal waterfall
4691:Coastal geography
4657:
4656:
4638:Oceans portal
4607:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4482:Hydrothermal vent
4418:
4417:
4307:Seashore wildlife
4138:Marine ecosystems
4127:
4126:
4123:
4122:
3893:Thermal pollution
3858:Ramsar Convention
3798:Microbial ecology
3758:Fisheries science
3698:Aquatic predation
3219:978-0-673-46938-0
3165:(6845): 436–438.
2932:978-94-010-6382-1
2915:Shallow Lakes '95
2584:(7420): 388–392.
2549:978-1-56973-681-4
2322:978-90-6191-205-7
2313:Estuarine Ecology
2270:10.3390/w12030647
2172:978-0-8493-5892-0
2065:978-0-444-53066-0
2033:978-0-19-852508-0
1918:List of waterways
1699:San Francisco Bay
1639:Long Island Sound
1510:Southampton Water
778:Mississippi River
733:San Andreas Fault
729:San Francisco Bay
482:freshwater inflow
427:near the city of
246:
245:
118:Continental shelf
16:(Redirected from
6775:
6715:
6714:
6705:
6704:
6703:
6687:Will-o'-the-wisp
6620:Related articles
6512:
6511:
6312:Whitewater river
6262:Coniferous swamp
6143:Freshwater marsh
6036:Clearwater river
5952:Blackwater river
5927:
5926:
5909:
5902:
5895:
5886:
5885:
5872:
5871:
5613:Avulsion (river)
5541:River morphology
5534:
5527:
5520:
5511:
5510:
5497:
5496:
5258:Raised shoreline
5233:Ingression coast
5228:Graded shoreline
5203:Cuspate foreland
5035:
5028:
4979:Submarine canyon
4839:Freshwater marsh
4684:
4677:
4670:
4661:
4660:
4647:
4646:
4640:
4636:
4635:
4626:
4624:Lakes portal
4622:
4621:
4620:
4590:Marine pollution
4282:Deep-water coral
4265:
4264:
4253:
4186:Marine chemistry
4146:
4145:
4133:
4132:
4050:Freshwater marsh
3943:Freshwater biome
3925:
3641:Acoustic ecology
3631:
3630:
3617:
3616:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3579:
3578:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3533:
3532:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3502:. Archived from
3492:
3486:
3485:
3460:(3): 1010–1023.
3448:
3442:
3441:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3376:. Archived from
3366:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3322:
3312:
3306:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3179:10.1038/35086568
3153:
3147:
3146:
3136:
3126:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3080:Fishery Bulletin
3077:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3034:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2993:
2969:
2960:
2959:
2951:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2906:
2897:
2892:
2883:
2882:
2864:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2758:
2740:
2708:
2693:
2692:
2682:
2664:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2569:
2554:
2553:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2457:
2447:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2390:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2288:. Archived from
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2247:
2241:
2221:
2212:
2211:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2158:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2126:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2051:
2038:
2037:
2019:
2010:
2009:
2003:
1995:
1979:
1891:
1861:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1819:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1734:(Sydney Harbour)
1671:Newport Back Bay
1666:Narragansett Bay
901:dissolved oxygen
819:turbulent mixing
803:Narragansett Bay
682:British Columbia
678:Washington state
651:glacial deposits
305:geomorphological
238:
231:
224:
103:Seagrass meadows
98:Mangrove forests
74:Coastal habitats
62:
48:
47:
21:
6783:
6782:
6778:
6777:
6776:
6774:
6773:
6772:
6768:Aquatic ecology
6763:Bodies of water
6728:
6727:
6726:
6721:
6701:
6699:
6691:
6611:
6582:Ducks Unlimited
6560:
6519:Clean Water Act
6501:
6479:Classifications
6473:
6442:
6389:
6357:
6321:
6272:Mangrove forest
5918:
5913:
5883:
5878:
5860:
5841:Helicoidal flow
5809:
5773:
5740:
5712:
5628:Channel pattern
5600:Alluvial rivers
5594:
5590:River sinuosity
5543:
5538:
5508:
5503:
5485:
5461:Intertidal zone
5387:
5354:
5243:Longshore drift
5188:Coastal erosion
5159:
5119:
5055:Beach evolution
5036:
5030:
5029:
5020:
4707:Anchialine pool
4693:
4688:
4658:
4653:
4630:
4629:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4599:
4560:Coral bleaching
4546:
4527:Seagrass meadow
4424:Marine habitats
4414:
4388:Coral reef fish
4354:
4340:Marine protists
4316:
4254:
4245:
4216:Ocean turbidity
4191:Marine food web
4140:
4119:
4061:
4000:River ecosystem
3953:Freshwater fish
3926:
3917:
3723:Bioluminescence
3708:Aquatic science
3625:
3611:
3606:
3564:
3562:
3553:
3541:
3536:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3509:
3507:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3449:
3445:
3414:
3410:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3383:
3381:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3354:
3352:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3331:
3313:
3309:
3303:Wayback Machine
3294:
3290:
3258:
3254:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3206:
3202:
3154:
3150:
3095:
3091:
3075:
3069:
3065:
3052:
3048:
3011:
3007:
2970:
2963:
2952:
2945:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2831:
2827:
2784:Aquatic Ecology
2776:
2772:
2709:
2696:
2633:
2629:
2570:
2557:
2550:
2534:
2530:
2482:
2475:
2471:
2416:
2412:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2309:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2282:
2278:
2248:
2244:
2222:
2215:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2159:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2124:
2118:
2114:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2052:
2041:
2034:
2020:
2013:
1997:
1996:
1980:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1889:
1859:Wetlands portal
1857:
1852:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1782:Rio de la Plata
1760:Lagoa dos Patos
1746:
1727:Gippsland Lakes
1717:
1547:Albemarle Sound
1543:
1535:Western Scheldt
1500:Shannon Estuary
1474:Gironde estuary
1445:
1359:
1312:
1306:
1242:bioaccumulation
1200:
1190:
1171:dinoflagellates
1090:Clupea pallasii
1085:
1064:
1032:
1024:mangrove swamps
988:
977:
965:
929:
924:
918:
876:
864:
856:Casamance River
843:
811:
794:
792:Partially mixed
782:Mandovi estuary
773:
767:
760:
755:
749:
698:
643:
609:barrier islands
601:
595:
538:
532:
527:
445:Yachats, Oregon
380:
242:
210:Marine sediment
146:Epipelagic zone
88:Intertidal zone
68:
52:Marine habitats
42:Río de la Plata
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6781:
6771:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6723:
6722:
6720:
6719:
6709:
6696:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6657:Drainage basin
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6623:
6621:
6617:
6616:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6568:
6566:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6547:
6546:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6515:
6509:
6503:
6502:
6500:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6483:
6481:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6471:
6466:
6464:Paludification
6461:
6456:
6450:
6448:
6444:
6443:
6441:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6424:
6423:
6418:
6416:Sapric or muck
6413:
6403:
6397:
6395:
6394:Soil mechanics
6391:
6390:
6388:
6387:
6380:
6375:
6369:
6367:
6363:
6362:
6359:
6358:
6356:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6329:
6327:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6293:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6173:
6172:
6171:
6170:
6165:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6138:Brackish marsh
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6069:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6027:
6026:
6016:
6011:
6010:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5933:
5931:
5924:
5920:
5919:
5912:
5911:
5904:
5897:
5889:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5876:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5846:Playfair's law
5843:
5838:
5833:
5831:Exner equation
5828:
5823:
5817:
5815:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5769:Current ripple
5766:
5761:
5756:
5750:
5748:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5722:
5720:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5698:Slip-off slope
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5648:Meander cutoff
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5604:
5602:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5560:Drainage basin
5557:
5555:Alluvial plain
5551:
5549:
5545:
5544:
5537:
5536:
5529:
5522:
5514:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5406:
5401:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5364:
5362:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5169:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5140:
5135:
5129:
5127:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5046:
5044:
5038:
5037:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4752:Brackish marsh
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4732:Barrier island
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4703:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4687:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4664:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4641:
4627:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4556:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4428:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4378:Saltwater fish
4375:
4373:Marine reptile
4370:
4364:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4345:Marine viruses
4342:
4337:
4332:
4326:
4324:
4322:Microorganisms
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4312:Wild fisheries
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4268:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4226:Thorson's rule
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4181:Marine biology
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4152:
4150:
4142:
4141:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4092:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4040:Brackish marsh
4037:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3968:Lake ecosystem
3965:
3960:
3958:Hyporheic zone
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3808:Microbial loop
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3753:Eutrophication
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3733:Cascade effect
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3661:Aquatic animal
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3637:
3635:
3627:
3626:
3613:
3612:
3605:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3551:
3540:
3539:External links
3537:
3535:
3534:
3516:
3487:
3443:
3424:(4): 587–597.
3408:
3390:
3370:"Dawei(Tavoy)"
3361:
3336:
3330:978-0387109404
3329:
3307:
3288:
3252:
3225:
3218:
3200:
3148:
3089:
3063:
3046:
3005:
2984:(4): 305–311.
2961:
2943:
2931:
2898:
2884:
2825:
2790:(4): 599–609.
2770:
2694:
2627:
2555:
2548:
2528:
2493:(2): 434–450.
2480:
2469:
2445:10.1890/100008
2410:
2353:
2347:978-0199249756
2346:
2328:
2321:
2303:
2276:
2242:
2213:
2194:(4): 415–424.
2178:
2171:
2146:
2112:
2071:
2064:
2039:
2032:
2011:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:Estuarine fish
1883:
1877:
1871:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1848:
1834:
1820:
1806:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1773:São Marcos Bay
1766:
1757:
1752:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1724:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1689:North Carolina
1683:including the
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1584:Drake's Estero
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1560:Chesapeake Bay
1557:
1555:North Carolina
1542:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1520:Thames Estuary
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1495:Severn Estuary
1492:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1469:Firth of Forth
1466:
1464:Firth of Clyde
1461:
1456:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1416:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1330:
1324:
1319:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1286:Chesapeake Bay
1189:
1186:
1136:osmoregulators
1132:osmoconformers
1084:
1081:
1063:
1060:
1044:eutrophication
1031:
1028:
999:Eutrophication
987:
984:
975:
963:
953:nitrogen cycle
941:eutrophication
928:
925:
917:
914:
875:
872:
863:
860:
842:
839:
810:
807:
799:Chesapeake Bay
793:
790:
759:
756:
748:
745:
697:
694:
642:
639:
638:
637:
630:
627:sea level rise
623:
620:
594:
591:
567:Chesapeake Bay
547:United Kingdom
543:Severn Estuary
534:Main article:
531:
528:
526:
523:
379:
376:
352:Eutrophication
258:brackish water
244:
243:
241:
240:
233:
226:
218:
215:
214:
213:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
179:
178:
172:
171:
170:
169:
164:
156:
155:
151:
150:
149:
148:
143:
135:
134:
128:
127:
126:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
77:
76:
70:
69:
63:
55:
54:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6780:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6718:
6710:
6708:
6698:
6697:
6694:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6667:Riparian zone
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6624:
6622:
6618:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6569:
6567:
6565:Organizations
6563:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6516:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6504:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6480:
6476:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6445:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6422:
6421:Tropical peat
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6408:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6392:
6386:
6385:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6364:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6328:
6324:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6302:Várzea forest
6300:
6298:
6295:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6279:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6135:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5992:Polygonal bog
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5928:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5910:
5905:
5903:
5898:
5896:
5891:
5890:
5887:
5875:
5867:
5866:
5863:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5826:Water erosion
5824:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5812:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5776:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5743:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5718:Bedrock river
5715:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5678:Riparian zone
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5623:Braided river
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5601:
5597:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5535:
5530:
5528:
5523:
5521:
5516:
5515:
5512:
5500:
5492:
5491:
5488:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5466:Littoral zone
5464:
5462:
5459:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5399:Bulkhead line
5397:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5357:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5340:Wave shoaling
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5315:Surge channel
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5178:Cliffed coast
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5122:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5105:Shingle beach
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5039:
5034:
5027:
5017:
5016:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4777:Coastal plain
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4685:
4680:
4678:
4673:
4671:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4650:
4642:
4639:
4634:
4628:
4625:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4532:Sponge ground
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4497:Marine biomes
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4411:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4398:Demersal fish
4396:
4394:
4393:Deep-sea fish
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4368:Marine mammal
4366:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4252:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4134:
4130:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3924:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3898:Trophic level
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3863:Sediment trap
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3838:Phytoplankton
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3688:Aquatic plant
3686:
3684:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3651:Anoxic waters
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3598:
3596:
3591:
3589:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3574:
3571:
3561:on 2009-05-17
3560:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3506:on 2019-02-09
3505:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3447:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3412:
3404:
3403:km.dmcr.go.th
3400:
3394:
3380:on 2020-07-31
3379:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3332:
3326:
3321:
3320:
3311:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3292:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3256:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3221:
3215:
3211:
3204:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3152:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3093:
3086:(4): 769–790.
3085:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3059:
3058:
3050:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2966:
2957:
2950:
2948:
2934:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2905:
2903:
2896:
2891:
2889:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2551:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2473:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2349:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2324:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2246:
2240:
2239:9780959662764
2236:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2174:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2035:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2016:
2007:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1976:
1971:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1849:
1846:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1826:
1821:
1818:
1817:Oceans portal
1812:
1807:
1804:
1803:Rivers portal
1793:
1783:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1744:South America
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1681:Pamlico Sound
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1644:Miramichi Bay
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1604:Galveston Bay
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1564:Hampton Roads
1561:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1541:North America
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1515:Tagus Estuary
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1430:Yangtze River
1428:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1398:Kraburi River
1396:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1338:Lake St Lucia
1336:
1334:
1333:Gabon Estuary
1331:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1301:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:Phytoplankton
1152:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:invertebrates
1125:
1121:
1120:sedimentation
1117:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1080:
1078:
1068:
1059:
1057:
1056:European Alps
1053:
1049:
1045:
1036:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
992:
983:
981:
973:
969:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
933:
923:
913:
911:
907:
902:
898:
894:
889:
885:
881:
871:
869:
859:
857:
853:
849:
838:
836:
832:
831:Raritan River
828:
824:
820:
816:
806:
804:
800:
789:
787:
783:
779:
772:
765:
754:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
666:
662:
658:
654:
652:
648:
635:
631:
628:
624:
621:
618:
617:
616:
614:
610:
605:
600:
590:
588:
584:
580:
579:Galveston Bay
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
554:
552:
548:
544:
537:
522:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
474:
472:
468:
464:
456:
452:
446:
442:
441:Yachats River
437:
430:
426:
421:
414:
410:
405:
398:
394:
388:
384:
375:
373:
372:flood control
369:
365:
364:radionuclides
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
340:deforestation
337:
333:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
239:
234:
232:
227:
225:
220:
219:
217:
216:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
200:Demersal zone
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
182:
181:
180:
177:
174:
173:
168:
165:
163:
160:
159:
158:
157:
153:
152:
147:
144:
142:
139:
138:
137:
136:
133:
132:Ocean surface
130:
129:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
83:Littoral zone
81:
80:
79:
78:
75:
72:
71:
66:
65:Mattole River
61:
57:
56:
53:
50:
49:
43:
39:
33:
19:
6661:
6652:List of bogs
6507:Conservation
6438:Ombrotrophic
6382:
6353:Water-meadow
6277:
6088:Grass valley
6078:Flood-meadow
6041:Cypress dome
5972:Cataract bog
5947:Beach meadow
5580:River valley
5569:
5330:Volcanic arc
5218:Feeder bluff
5125:River mouths
5090:Raised beach
5085:Pocket beach
5013:
4984:Tidal island
4974:Strand plain
4919:Natural arch
4818:
4552:Conservation
4461:
4403:Pelagic fish
4383:Coastal fish
4287:Marine fungi
4025:Water garden
3908:Water column
3853:Productivity
3828:Pelagic zone
3788:Macrobenthos
3778:Hydrobiology
3748:Ecohydrology
3563:. Retrieved
3559:the original
3528:
3519:
3508:. Retrieved
3504:the original
3499:
3490:
3457:
3453:
3446:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3402:
3393:
3382:. Retrieved
3378:the original
3373:
3364:
3353:. Retrieved
3349:the original
3339:
3318:
3310:
3291:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3209:
3203:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3106:
3102:
3092:
3083:
3079:
3066:
3056:
3049:
3022:
3018:
3008:
2981:
2977:
2955:
2936:, retrieved
2914:
2844:
2838:
2828:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2723:(5): e5600.
2720:
2716:
2644:
2640:
2630:
2581:
2577:
2538:
2531:
2490:
2486:
2472:
2430:(1): 18–26.
2427:
2423:
2413:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2337:
2331:
2312:
2306:
2294:. Retrieved
2290:the original
2279:
2260:
2256:
2245:
2230:
2227:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2162:
2137:. Retrieved
2132:
2128:
2115:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2055:
2023:
1992:1969.3/24383
1983:
1831:Water portal
1776:São José Bay
1769:Mearim River
1764:Lagoon Mirim
1750:Amazon River
1738:Spencer Gulf
1732:Port Jackson
1704:Sarasota Bay
1634:Lake Merritt
1624:Laguna Madre
1599:Fraser River
1579:Delaware Bay
1505:Solway Firth
1436:Yenisei Gulf
1404:Meghna River
1387:Hangzhou Bay
1350:Pungwe River
1344:Orange River
1327:Gambia River
1295:
1266:
1259:
1239:
1235:heavy metals
1204:
1201:
1188:Human impact
1175:
1153:
1113:
1089:
1086:
1073:
1052:biodiversity
1041:
1007:Salt marshes
997:
972:oxygen cycle
961:
938:
877:
865:
862:Intermittent
852:Saloum River
848:Spencer Gulf
844:
827:Delaware Bay
823:eddy effects
812:
795:
774:
725:tectonically
699:
655:
644:
611:and barrier
606:
602:
575:Mid-Atlantic
571:Delaware Bay
563:Hudson River
555:
539:
498:tidal creeks
494:river mouths
475:
466:
462:
460:
455:Amazon River
368:hydrocarbons
356:heavy metals
336:soil erosion
332:degeneration
329:
298:
282:saline water
249:
247:
205:Benthic zone
167:Oceanic zone
162:Pelagic zone
123:Neritic zone
108:Kelp forests
92:
6677:Telmatology
6672:River delta
6539:Ramsar site
6529:Marsh organ
6428:Hydric soil
6307:Vernal pool
6290:Shrub swamp
6158:Tidal marsh
5987:Plateau bog
5977:Coastal bog
5967:Blanket bog
5785:Aggradation
5736:Plunge pool
5703:Stream pool
5693:River mouth
5585:River delta
5481:River plume
5295:Steep coast
5268:Rocky shore
5263:Rip current
5143:River delta
5115:Wash margin
5110:Storm beach
5100:Shell beach
5065:Beach wrack
5060:Beach ridge
5050:Beach cusps
4999:Tied island
4989:Tidal marsh
4712:Archipelago
4537:Sponge reef
4512:Rocky shore
4507:Oyster reef
4477:Kelp forest
4360:Vertebrates
4260:Marine life
4236:Viral shunt
4201:Marine snow
4103:Maharashtra
4010:Stream pool
3913:Zooplankton
3833:Photic zone
3793:Meiobenthos
3646:Algal bloom
3241:(12): 499.
3109:: 281–295.
2296:30 November
2139:January 12,
2091:: 291–302.
1953:Tidal prism
1936:River delta
1694:Puget Sound
1685:Outer Banks
1629:Lake Borgne
1551:Outer Banks
1479:Golden Horn
1459:Exe Estuary
1449:Dee Estuary
1375:Dawei River
1369:Adyar River
1316:Congo River
1273:land runoff
1211:overfishing
1077:algal bloom
888:tidal limit
858:, Senegal.
674:Puget Sound
577:coast, and
551:Ems Dollard
518:fresh water
478:tidal limit
415:, Australia
348:overfishing
344:overgrazing
113:Coral reefs
6732:Categories
6637:Bog butter
6333:Bog garden
6326:Artificial
6297:Wet meadow
6163:High marsh
6153:Salt marsh
6056:Fen-meadow
6024:Alder carr
6007:Upland bog
6002:String bog
5997:Raised bog
5836:Hack's law
5790:Base level
5731:Knickpoint
5658:Oxbow lake
5638:Floodplain
5409:Grain size
5383:Submersion
5360:Management
5345:Wind fetch
5305:Surf break
5223:Flat coast
5153:regressive
4939:Salt marsh
4797:Coral reef
4517:Salt marsh
4452:Coral reef
4241:Whale fall
4221:Photophore
4098:Everglades
4066:Ecoregions
4005:Stream bed
3978:Macrophyte
3931:Freshwater
3763:Food chain
3676:Water bird
3565:2009-11-17
3529:etai's web
3510:2019-02-07
3384:2019-06-14
3355:2008-01-16
2938:2022-04-20
2847:: 106729.
2487:Ecosystems
2455:1813/60819
2263:(3): 647.
2224:Gostin, V.
1967:References
1947:Tidal bore
1661:Mobile Bay
1589:East River
1562:including
1549:including
1381:Gulf of Ob
1363:Amur River
1282:dead zones
1262:Amur River
1219:pesticides
1094:anadromous
1003:ecosystems
957:phosphorus
835:New Jersey
809:Well-mixed
769:See also:
758:Salt wedge
751:See also:
737:Sacramento
714:Inundation
710:landslides
641:Fjord-type
597:See also:
587:Gulf Coast
585:along the
573:along the
463:aestuarium
378:Definition
290:freshwater
195:Cold seeps
154:Open ocean
6738:Estuaries
6459:Hydrosere
6447:Processes
6433:Marsh gas
6278:Myristica
6168:Low marsh
5982:Kermi bog
5957:Bofedales
5937:Backswamp
5814:Mechanics
5663:Point bar
5653:Mouth bar
5608:Anabranch
5368:Accretion
5350:Wind wave
5310:Surf zone
5165:Processes
5138:Mouth bar
5095:Recession
5075:Beachrock
4994:Tide pool
4924:Peninsula
4812:cliff-top
4699:Landforms
4542:Tide pool
4447:Cold seep
4231:Upwelling
3995:Rheotaxis
3988:Fish pond
3963:Limnology
3888:Substrate
3873:Siltation
3743:Dead zone
3269:: 53–61.
3134:2440/1877
3041:2296-7745
3000:2234-1749
2879:216460098
2871:0272-7714
2812:1386-2588
2747:1932-6203
2671:0027-8424
2606:0028-0836
2523:220856626
2515:1432-9840
2464:1540-9295
2397:0024-3590
2000:cite book
1984:Estuaries
1709:Tampa Bay
1609:Great Bay
1530:Unterelbe
1410:Naf River
1392:Hàn River
1269:eutrophic
1207:pollution
1163:turbidity
1144:predation
1142:to avoid
1105:migratory
1097:salmonids
1011:Cordgrass
868:embayment
706:volcanoes
686:Greenland
599:Mouth bar
583:Tampa Bay
514:nonlinear
506:sea water
502:ecosystem
397:River Exe
185:Seamounts
176:Sea floor
93:Estuaries
18:Estuarine
6717:Category
6647:Bog-wood
6642:Bog iron
6632:Bog body
6454:Halosere
6406:Histosol
6401:Acrotelm
6384:Sphagnum
6242:Reed bed
6187:Moorland
6066:Rich fen
6061:Poor fen
5916:Wetlands
5874:Category
5759:Antidune
5746:Bedforms
5633:Cut bank
5499:Category
5325:Undertow
5278:Sea foam
5273:Sea cave
5173:Blowhole
5015:Windwatt
4874:Headland
4722:Avulsion
4649:Category
4575:HERMIONE
4492:Mangrove
4302:Seagrass
3848:Pleuston
3843:Plankton
3823:Particle
3768:Food web
3482:92734488
3299:Archived
3187:11473317
3143:24866466
2820:20771999
2765:19440554
2717:PLOS ONE
2689:11724926
2614:23075989
2405:18144068
1789:See also
1574:Coos Bay
1525:The Wash
1304:Examples
1271:because
1250:bay muds
1215:plastics
1182:detritus
1178:bacteria
1116:salinity
1101:lampreys
949:nitrogen
893:mudflats
884:sediment
880:salinity
829:and the
815:gradient
780:and the
718:Holocene
702:faulting
665:moraines
661:glaciers
549:and the
471:brackish
301:Holocene
294:sediment
286:seawater
256:body of
6743:Geodesy
6682:Turbary
6662:Estuary
6237:Pothole
6227:Pocosin
6192:Mudflat
6031:Ciénega
6014:Callows
5930:Natural
5708:Thalweg
5643:Meander
5570:Estuary
5449:shingle
5429:granule
5414:boulder
5392:Related
5288:peresyp
5198:Current
5133:Debouch
5042:Beaches
5009:Waituna
5004:Tombolo
4914:Mudflat
4909:Machair
4899:Isthmus
4819:Estuary
4762:Channel
4502:Mudflat
4462:Estuary
4432:Bay mud
4410:Seabird
4166:f-ratio
4149:General
4030:Wetland
3818:Neuston
3783:Hypoxia
3728:Biomass
3718:Benthos
3634:General
3462:Bibcode
3426:Bibcode
3271:Bibcode
3195:4308197
3167:Bibcode
3111:Bibcode
2849:Bibcode
2792:Bibcode
2756:2679148
2725:Bibcode
2649:Bibcode
2622:4414196
2586:Bibcode
2495:Bibcode
2432:Bibcode
2375:Bibcode
2196:Bibcode
2135:(15): 3
2093:Bibcode
1959:Wetland
1715:Oceania
1491:Estuary
1438:Estuary
1432:estuary
1412:Estuary
1406:Estuary
1400:Estuary
1394:Estuary
1383:Estuary
1377:Estuary
1371:Estuary
1365:Estuary
1352:Estuary
1346:Estuary
1340:Estuary
1329:Estuary
1318:Estuary
1278:hypoxia
1254:biofilm
1246:benthic
1231:phenols
1227:dioxins
1167:diatoms
1020:erosion
1016:biomass
968:hypoxic
906:hypoxic
841:Inverse
690:Iceland
545:in the
490:lagoons
457:estuary
431:, India
425:Paravur
399:estuary
317:lagoons
313:harbors
270:ecotone
254:coastal
250:estuary
67:estuary
44:estuary
6252:Slough
6207:Pakihi
6197:Muskeg
6123:Kettle
6093:Guelta
5726:Canyon
5673:Rapids
5668:Riffle
5439:pebble
5434:gravel
5424:cobble
4969:Strait
4949:Skerry
4904:Lagoon
4889:Island
4844:Fundus
4747:Bodden
4487:Lagoon
3813:Nekton
3671:Mammal
3666:Insect
3480:
3327:
3216:
3193:
3185:
3159:Nature
3141:
3039:
2998:
2929:
2877:
2869:
2818:
2810:
2763:
2753:
2745:
2687:
2677:
2669:
2620:
2612:
2604:
2578:Nature
2546:
2521:
2513:
2462:
2403:
2395:
2344:
2319:
2237:
2169:
2062:
2030:
1484:Humber
1443:Europe
1310:Africa
1290:oyster
1223:furans
1196:, and
1149:anoxic
1140:burrow
945:silica
910:anoxic
708:, and
672:, the
670:Alaska
569:, and
496:, and
486:fjords
473:seas.
467:aestus
429:Kollam
409:Darwin
325:sounds
321:inlets
6348:Swale
6317:Yaéré
6280:swamp
6257:Swamp
6212:Palsa
6202:Oasis
6182:Misse
6133:Marsh
6103:Igapó
6098:Hamun
6073:Flark
6046:Dambo
5942:Bayou
5320:Swash
5283:Shoal
4964:Stack
4954:Sound
4944:Shoal
4894:Islet
4879:Inlet
4869:Hapua
4834:Fjord
4829:Fjard
4824:Firth
4772:Coast
4767:Cliff
4742:Bight
4717:Atoll
3878:Spawn
3478:S2CID
3191:S2CID
3139:JSTOR
3076:(PDF)
2875:S2CID
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