864:
38:
59:
284:. A proglottid can copulate with itself, with other proglottids in the same worm, or with proglottids in other worms, and hypodermic fertilization sometimes occurs. When a gravid proglottid that is distended with an embryo reaches the end of the strobila, it detaches and passes out of the host intact with feces, with or without some tissue degeneration. In the order
345:), the second host is usually a fish, but can be another invertebrate or vertebrate. After the scolex has differentiated and matured in the larval stage, growth will stop until a vertebrate eats the intermediate host, and then the strobila develops. Adult tapeworms often have a high final host specificity, with some species only found in one host vertebrate.
844:. Infection occurs through swallowing or antiperistaltic contractions during regurgitation carrying eggs or gravid proglottids to the stomach. At this point, larvae hatch when exposed to enzymes and penetrate the intestinal wall, travelling through the body through blood vessels to tissues like the brain, the eye, muscles, and the nervous system (called
890:
When a larva becomes established in tissue, it develops into a "bladderworm" or "hydatid" and can cause various cancer-like cysts that may rupture and interact with nearby organs. Most cases are asymptomatic, and the mortality rate is low, but various complications from these interactions may lead to
915:
While light infections are usually asymptomatic, autoinfection through eating the eggs of worms in the intestines is possible, and it can lead to hyperinfection. Humans can also become hyperinfected through ingesting grain products contaminated by infected insects. Infections involving more than two
886:
Eggs hatch in the gastrointestinal tract after the consumption of contaminated food, after which the larvae travel to the liver through portal circulation. Here, the larvae are trapped and usually develop into hydatid cysts. While the liver is the first filter for trapping them, the lungs act as the
273:
cells. Yolk cells travel in a duct system to the oviduct, where, in a modified region, the ovum is enclosed in a shell with yolk cells. After the gonads and their ducts have finished maturing, the female reproductive organs begin to mature. The oviduct develops a vagina and enlarges into the uterus,
248:
region, with each proglottid developing one or two sets of sexual organs that differentiate at different times in a species-specific pattern, usually male-first. Thus, moving in the posterior direction of the continuously maturing proglottid chain, there are proglottids with mature male reproductive
219:
organ with specific systems for fastening itself to materials: rostrum, acetabula, suckers, bothria, grooves, and hooks. The small neck region, directly behind the scolex, consists of an undifferentiated tissue region of proglottid proliferation, leading into a zone of increasing and continuous
971:
The most common symptom is a painful, slowly growing nodule in the subcutaneous tissues, which may migrate. Infection in the eye area can cause pain, irritation, edema, and excess watering. When the orbital tissues become infected, the swelling can cause blindness. An infected bowel may become
231:
over the tegument at the shared body wall surface. In addition to the body wall, several other systems are common to the whole length of the tapeworm, including excretory canals, nerve fibers, and longitudinal muscles. The excretory system is responsible for osmoregulation and consists of
327:
or hexacanth, forms through cleavage. In the order
Pseudophyllidea, it remains enclosed in a ciliated embryophore. The embryo continues to develop in other host species, with two intermediate hosts generally needed. It gains entry to its first intermediate host by being eaten.
855:, producing inflammatory reactions and clinical issues when they die, sometimes causing serious or fatal damage. In the eye, the parasites can cause visual loss, and infection of the spine and adjacent leptomeninges can cause paresthesias, pain, or paralysis.
931:(also known as the "broad tapeworm" or "fish tapeworm") and related species. Humans become infected by eating raw, undercooked, or marinated fish acting as a second intermediate or paratenic host harboring metacestodes or plerocercoid larvae.
883:, also called hydatid disease. Humans (usually children) become infected by direct contact with dogs and eating food contaminated with dog feces. Common sites of infection are the liver, the lungs, muscles, bones, kidneys, and the spleen.
183:
Adult
Eucestoda have a white-opaque dorso-ventrally flattened appearance, and are elongated, ranging in length from a few millimeters (about ¼") to 25 meters (80'). Almost all members, except members of the orders
968:. Humans become infected by drinking contaminated water, eating raw or poorly cooked infected flesh, or from using poultices of raw infected flesh (usually raw pork or snake) on skin or mucous membranes.
934:
Clinical symptoms are due to the large size of the tapeworm, which often reaches a length exceeding 15 m (49 ft). The most common symptom is pernicious anemia, caused by the absorption of
265:, an eversible copulatory organ that usually has a hypodermic system of spines and a holdfast system of hooks. The main specialized female reproductive organs are an ovary that produces eggs and a
261:
An atrium on the lateral margin of each proglottid contains the openings to both the male and female genital ducts. Follicular testes produce sperm, which are carried by a system of ducts to the
232:
blind-ending flame bulbs communicating through a duct system. The nervous system, often referred to as a "ladder system," is a system of longitudinal connectives and transverse ring commissures.
916:
thousand worms can cause many different gastrointestinal symptoms and allergic responses. Common symptoms include chronic urticaria, skin eruption, and phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis.
2076:
Waeschenbach, A.; Webster, B. L.; Littlewood, D. T. (2012). "Adding resolution to ordinal level relationships of tapeworms (Platyhelminthes: Cestoda) with large fragments of mtDNA".
758:
520:
398:
374:
585:
752:
514:
1991:
1971:
Esteban, J. G., Munoz-Antoli, C., and R. Toledo. "Human
Infection by a "Fish Tapeworm," Diphyllobothrium latum, in a Non-Endemic Country." Infection. 2014. p. 191–194
538:
690:
1992:"Suppression of the tapeworm order Pseudophyllidea (Platyhelminthes: Eucestoda) and the proposal of two new orders, Bothriocephalidea and Diphyllobothriidea"
716:
1962:
Kim, Bong Jin, et al. "Heavy
Hymenolepis nana Infection Possibly Through Organic Food: Report of a Case." The Korean Journal of Parasitology. 2014. p. 85–87
912:
through eating infected arthropods, ingesting eggs in water inhabited by arthropods, or from dirty hands. This is a common and widespread intestinal worm.
220:
proglottid differentiation. As such, the main and largest section of the body, the strobila, consists of a chain of increasingly mature proglottids. These
621:
420:
2031:"Systematics of the Eucestoda: advances toward a new phylogenetic paradigm, and observations on the early diversification of tapeworms and vertebrates"
734:
496:
887:
second filter site, trapping most of the larvae that are not trapped by the liver. Some larvae escape from the lungs to cause cysts in other tissues.
657:
578:
571:
709:
2247:
813:. It is due to eating contaminated undercooked beef or pork. There are generally no or only mild symptoms. Symptoms may occasionally include
193:
311:) can reproduce asexually through budding, which initiates a metagenesis of alternating sexually and asexually reproducing generations.
196:
with repeated sets of reproductive organs down the body length, and almost all members, except members of the order
Dioecocestidae, are
2234:
2030:
1919:
323:
continues through metamorphosing in different larval stages inside different hosts. The initial six-hooked embryo, known as an
863:
1895:
2239:
2139:
Usharani, A., et al. "Case
Reports of Hydatid Disease." Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health. 2013. p. 63–66.
2126:
Infection
Possibly Through Organic Food: Report of a Case." The Korean Journal of Parasitology. 2014. pp. 85–87.
908:, otherwise known as the "dwarf tapeworm," while humans are used as final hosts. Humans become infected and develop
2260:
2226:
249:
organs, then proglottids with mature female reproductive organs, and then proglottids with fertilized eggs in the
2252:
1953:
Usharani, A., et al. "Case
Reports of Hydatid Disease." Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health. 2013. p. 63–66
288:, the uterus has a pore and the proglottid sheds the shelled embryo, only becoming detached when exhausted.
227:
Members of the
Eucestoda have no mouth or digestive tract, and instead absorb nutrients through a layer of
452:
197:
1016:), are indicated in italics and parentheses, the life-cycle sequence (where known) shown by arrows as
58:
2265:
20:
645:
557:
2129:
Mehlhorn, Heinz. "Eucestoda
Classification." Encyclopedia of Parasitology. 2008. pp. 495–497.
2112:
Dunn, J., and Philip E. S. Palmer. "Sparganosis." Seminars in Roentgenology. 1998. pp. 86–88.
746:
615:
603:
508:
208:(segments) that show a characteristic body differentiation pattern into scolex (head), neck, and
2298:
2148:
2109:
Bale, James F. "Cysticercosis." Current Treatment Options in Neurology. 2000. pp. 355–360.
1024:. Alternatives, generally for different species within an order, are shown in square brackets.
414:
368:
162:
158:
1860:
1434:
696:
550:
544:
337:
2208:
2195:
1725:
Mehlhorn, Heinz. "Eucestoda Classification." Encyclopedia of Parasitology. 2008. p. 495-497
1013:
627:
426:
281:
1980:
Dunn, J., and Philip E.S. Palmer. "Sparganosis." Seminars in Roentgenology. 1998. p. 86–88
8:
2186:
639:
597:
2115:
Esteban, J. G., Munoz-Antoli, C., and R. Toledo. "Human Infection by a "Fish Tapeworm,"
2288:
2058:
1911:
1831:
1181:
1005:
924:
845:
764:
526:
458:
216:
53:
2093:
2050:
2011:
1891:
1283:
1001:
989:
809:
490:
478:
446:
2293:
2085:
2062:
2042:
2003:
1333:
1102:
904:
262:
189:
167:
37:
2200:
215:
The scolex, located at the anterior end, is a small (usually less than 1 mm)
2007:
1518:
1493:
1358:
1159:
997:
740:
502:
392:
386:
285:
149:
of vertebrates, living in the digestive tract or related ducts. Examples are the
126:
2089:
1705:
2221:
2171:
2075:
1536:
1468:
1418:
1384:
1308:
1249:
1134:
993:
909:
880:
868:
818:
201:
185:
2046:
2282:
1044:
985:
852:
841:
829:
380:
335:, the first intermediate host is an arthropod, and except for in the case of
277:
150:
1706:"Tapeworm infection - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice"
2097:
2054:
2015:
1861:"CDC - Taeniasis - General Information - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)"
1805:
1076:
961:
946:
942:
702:
404:
293:
228:
209:
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935:
837:
814:
776:
728:
670:
484:
342:
299:
266:
241:
1890:(8th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. pp. 348–351.
992:
and other DNA, and morphological analysis and continues to be revised. "
240:
The reproductive systems develop progressively along the differentiated
1164:
899:
851:
At these sites, the parasites lodge and form cysts, a condition called
804:
663:
564:
324:
205:
146:
142:
134:
941:
by the worm. Other symptoms include various intestinal issues, slight
1888:
Gerald D. Schmidt & Larry S. Roberts' Foundations of Parasitology
1009:
973:
879:, playing no role in the worm's biological cycle. This can result in
833:
800:
796:
332:
70:
2142:
1522:(crustaceans?/cephalopods?/teleosts? → seabirds/cetaceans/pinnipeds)
2165:
677:
320:
245:
221:
172:
90:
2213:
984:
The evolutionary history of the Eucestoda has been studied using
130:
100:
319:
A tapeworm can live from a few days to over 20 years. Eucestoda
250:
138:
80:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1734:
Rohde, Klaus. "Eucestoda." AccessScience. McGraw-Hill Ryerson
1721:
1719:
1737:
270:
2119:, in a Non-Endemic Country." Infection. 2014. pp. 191–194.
1716:
1438:(crustaceans → inverts/verts → fishes/amphibians/reptiles)
1253:(fishes/crustaceans/molluscs → bony fishes/selachians)
1389:(copepods → fishes/decapods/cephalopods → selachians)
875:
Humans become accidental hosts to worms of the genus
341:
spp. (which can attain sexual maturity in freshwater
274:
where fertilization and embryonic development occur.
858:
1885:
821:. Segments of tapeworm may be seen in the stool.
2280:
2069:
253:, a condition commonly referred to as "gravid."
1947:
19:"Tapeworm" redirects here. For other uses, see
224:processes are not well understood at present.
1965:
1934:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1886:Roberts, Larry S.; Janovy Jr., John (2009).
1855:
1853:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1728:
2022:
1974:
348:
1912:"Taeniasis/Cysticercosis Fact sheet N°376"
1287:(crustaceans → teleost fishes/amphibians)
807:by adult tapeworms belonging to the genus
137:). Larvae have six posterior hooks on the
36:
1850:
1824:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1757:
862:
1904:
1540:(mammals → mammals, or insects → birds)
291:Some members of the Eucestoda (such as
2281:
2028:
1996:International Journal for Parasitology
1989:
1942:Current Treatment Options in Neurology
1793:
1000:" has been broken up into two orders,
972:perforated. Brain infection can cause
141:(head), in contrast to the ten-hooked
2147:
2146:
2078:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1012:often mirrors that of the parasites (
919:
786:
171:, the definitive hosts of which are
1990:Kuchta, Roman; et al. (2008).
13:
1922:from the original on 15 March 2014
1698:
867:Nomenclature framework for Cystic
14:
2310:
1235:(elasmobranchs inc. rays, sharks)
894:
178:
1940:Bale, James F. "Cysticercosis."
859:Echinococcosis (hydatid disease)
824:
331:Except for members of the order
57:
1983:
1956:
996:" is seen to be paraphyletic; "
979:
235:
1879:
1754:"Encyclopedia of Parasitology"
1080:(crustaceans → fishes/turtles)
952:
314:
256:
1:
2122:Kim, Bong Jin, et al. "Heavy
1691:
2008:10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.08.005
976:, hematomas, and abscesses.
927:is caused by infection with
791:
7:
2132:Rohde, Klaus. "Eucestoda."
2090:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.02.020
1832:"CDC - Taeniasis - Biology"
759:Mesocestoides leptothylacus
521:Mesocestoides leptothylacus
474:Spirometra erinacea euopaei
453:Echinococcus multilocularis
442:Spirometra erinacea euopaei
399:Mesocestoides leptothylacus
375:Spirometra erinacea euopaei
125:, is the larger of the two
10:
2315:
902:are intermediate hosts of
586:Proteocephalus ambloplites
129:of flatworms in the class
121:, commonly referred to as
18:
2155:
1916:World Health Organization
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1067:
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1042:
1035:
280:formation is a result of
204:consist of a few to 4000
198:protandral hermaphrodites
54:Scientific classification
52:
44:
35:
30:
21:Tapeworm (disambiguation)
2029:Hoberg, Eric P. (1999).
646:Anoplocephala perfoliata
349:Common infective species
2047:10.1023/a:1006099009495
2035:Systematic Parasitology
1337:(molluscs → selachians)
964:larvae of the tapeworm
616:Schistocephalus solidus
604:Schistocephalus solidus
539:Caryophyllaeus laticeps
133:(the other subclass is
2136:. McGraw-Hill Ryerson.
2117:Diphyllobothrium latum
1472:(crustaceans → fishes)
929:Diphyllobothrium latum
891:debilitating illness.
872:
470:Diphyllobothrium latum
438:Diphyllobothrium latum
369:Diphyllobothrium latum
1435:Onchoproteocephalidea
1185:(copepods → mammals)
1163:(freshwater fishes →
866:
697:Raillietina tetragona
545:Glaridacris catostomi
16:Subclass of flatworms
1710:bestpractice.bmj.com
1106:(amphipods → fishes)
691:Davainea proglottina
628:Hymenolepis diminuta
427:Hymenolepis diminuta
305:Taenia multiceps sp.
145:. All tapeworms are
1138:(annelids → fishes)
717:Hymenolepis carioca
640:Anoplocephala magna
598:Ligula intestinalis
1312:(lamniform sharks)
1182:Diphyllobothriidea
1022:→ definitive host)
1018:(intermediate host
1006:Diphyllobothriidea
925:Diphyllobothriasis
920:Diphyllobothriasis
873:
846:neurocysticercosis
787:Medical importance
765:Dipylidium caninum
527:Dipylidium caninum
459:Dipylidium caninum
161:, and pigs as the
2276:
2275:
2149:Taxon identifiers
1944:. 2000. p. 355360
1918:. February 2013.
1897:978-0-07-302827-9
1806:"CDC - Taeniasis"
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1284:Bothriocephalidea
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1195:
1194:
1014:Fahrenholz's rule
1002:Bothriocephalidea
960:is caused by the
784:
783:
753:E. multilocularis
622:Rodentolepis nana
593:Fish-Eating Birds
309:Mesocestoides sp.
116:
115:
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1352:
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1334:Lecanicephalidea
1327:
1326:
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1301:
1277:
1276:
1225:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1153:
1152:
1128:
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1120:
1103:Spathebothriidea
1096:
1095:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1038:
1037:
1028:
1027:
905:Hymenolepis nana
353:
352:
202:caryophyllideans
190:Spathebothriidea
168:Moniezia expansa
62:
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40:
28:
27:
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1867:. 24 April 2019
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1838:. 24 April 2019
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1812:. 24 April 2019
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1790:"AccessScience"
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1596:
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1560:
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1519:Tetrabothriidea
1497:(mammals/birds)
1494:Mesocestoididae
1449:
1359:Rhinebothriidea
1264:
1205:
1196:
1160:Haplobothriidea
1021:
1008:. Hosts, whose
998:Pseudophyllidea
982:
955:
939:
922:
897:
861:
827:
794:
789:
658:Moniezia expans
515:E. multilocaris
351:
317:
286:Pseudophyllidea
259:
238:
181:
159:definitive host
157:) with a human
91:Platyhelminthes
56:
46:Taenia saginata
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2312:
2302:
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2084:(3): 834–847.
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1537:Cyclophyllidea
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1469:Nippotaeniidea
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1450:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1419:Tetraphyllidea
1414:
1409:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1385:Tetraphyllidea
1380:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1309:Litobothriidea
1305:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1250:Trypanorhyncha
1246:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1207:
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1201:
1198:
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1192:
1189:
1188:
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1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1135:Caryophyllidea
1131:
1126:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1026:
1019:
994:Tetraphyllidea
981:
978:
954:
951:
937:
921:
918:
910:hymenolepiasis
896:
895:Hymenolepiasis
893:
881:echinococcosis
869:Echinococcosis
860:
857:
836:caused by the
826:
823:
819:abdominal pain
793:
790:
788:
785:
782:
781:
773:
769:
768:
725:
721:
720:
687:
683:
682:
654:
650:
649:
636:
632:
631:
612:
608:
607:
594:
590:
589:
579:Phyllobothrium
535:
531:
530:
467:
463:
462:
435:
431:
430:
365:
361:
360:
357:
350:
347:
316:
313:
269:that produces
258:
255:
237:
234:
200:. Most except
186:Caryophyllidea
180:
179:Body structure
177:
163:secondary host
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
50:
49:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2311:
2300:
2299:Endoparasites
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2138:
2135:
2134:AccessScience
2131:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2118:
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2111:
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2107:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1950:
1943:
1937:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1866:
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1854:
1837:
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1406:
1405:
1399:
1398:
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1390:
1386:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1364:
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1360:
1354:
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1347:
1346:
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1338:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
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1240:
1237:
1236:
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1227:
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1220:
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1209:
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1199:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1186:
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1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1166:
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1155:
1154:
1148:
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1140:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:Gyrocotylidea
1040:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
990:mitochondrial
987:
986:ribosomal RNA
977:
975:
969:
967:
963:
959:
950:
948:
944:
940:
932:
930:
926:
917:
913:
911:
907:
906:
901:
892:
888:
884:
882:
878:
870:
865:
856:
854:
853:cysticercosis
849:
847:
843:
842:pork tapeworm
839:
835:
831:
830:Cysticercosis
825:Cysticercosis
822:
820:
816:
812:
811:
806:
802:
798:
780:
778:
774:
771:
770:
767:
766:
761:
760:
755:
754:
749:
748:
747:E. granulosus
743:
742:
737:
736:
731:
730:
726:
723:
722:
719:
718:
713:
711:
706:
704:
699:
698:
693:
692:
688:
685:
684:
681:
679:
674:
672:
667:
665:
660:
659:
655:
652:
651:
648:
647:
642:
641:
637:
634:
633:
630:
629:
624:
623:
618:
617:
613:
610:
609:
606:
605:
600:
599:
595:
592:
591:
588:
587:
582:
580:
575:
573:
572:Rhinobothrium
568:
566:
561:
559:
558:Triaenophorus
554:
552:
547:
546:
541:
540:
536:
533:
532:
529:
528:
523:
522:
517:
516:
511:
510:
509:E. granulosus
505:
504:
499:
498:
493:
492:
491:T. pisiformis
487:
486:
481:
480:
479:T. hydatigena
475:
471:
468:
465:
464:
461:
460:
455:
454:
449:
448:
447:T. pisiformis
443:
439:
436:
433:
432:
429:
428:
423:
422:
417:
416:
411:
407:
406:
401:
400:
395:
394:
389:
388:
383:
382:
381:Taenia solium
377:
376:
371:
370:
366:
363:
362:
358:
355:
354:
346:
344:
340:
339:
334:
329:
326:
322:
312:
310:
306:
302:
301:
296:
295:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
272:
268:
264:
254:
252:
247:
243:
233:
230:
225:
223:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
176:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
156:
155:Taenia solium
152:
151:pork tapeworm
148:
147:endoparasites
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
112:
109:
106:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
72:
69:
66:
65:
60:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
2156:
2133:
2123:
2116:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2002:(1): 49–55.
1999:
1995:
1985:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1949:
1941:
1936:
1924:. Retrieved
1915:
1906:
1887:
1881:
1869:. Retrieved
1864:
1840:. Retrieved
1835:
1826:
1814:. Retrieved
1809:
1730:
1709:
1700:
1655:
1539:
1535:
1521:
1517:
1496:
1492:
1471:
1467:
1437:
1433:
1416:
1388:
1382:
1361:
1357:
1336:
1332:
1311:
1307:
1286:
1282:
1252:
1248:
1234:
1230:
1184:
1180:
1162:
1158:
1137:
1133:
1105:
1101:
1079:
1077:Amphilinidea
1075:
1047:
1043:
1031:
1017:
983:
980:Subdivisions
970:
965:
962:plerocercoid
956:
947:eosinophilia
943:leukocytosis
933:
928:
923:
914:
903:
898:
889:
885:
877:Echinococcus
876:
874:
850:
832:is a tissue
828:
808:
795:
775:
763:
757:
751:
745:
739:
735:T. multiceps
733:
727:
715:
710:Choanataenia
708:
703:Amoebotaenia
701:
695:
689:
676:
669:
662:
656:
644:
638:
626:
620:
614:
602:
596:
584:
577:
570:
563:
556:
549:
543:
537:
525:
519:
513:
507:
501:
497:T. multiceps
495:
489:
483:
477:
473:
469:
457:
451:
445:
441:
437:
425:
419:
413:
409:
405:Rodentolepis
403:
397:
391:
385:
379:
373:
367:
336:
330:
318:
308:
304:
298:
294:Echinococcus
292:
290:
276:
260:
239:
236:Reproduction
229:microtriches
226:
214:
182:
166:
154:
122:
118:
117:
110:
45:
25:
2181:Wikispecies
2041:(1): 1–12.
1871:16 December
1865:www.cdc.gov
1842:16 December
1836:www.cdc.gov
1816:16 December
1810:www.cdc.gov
1362:(stingrays)
1232:Diphyllidea
958:Sparganosis
953:Sparganosis
815:weight loss
803:within the
777:Cittotaenia
741:T. serialis
671:Thysaniezia
503:T. serialis
415:Hymenolepis
393:T. asiatica
387:T. saginata
343:oligochaeta
321:ontogenesis
315:Life stages
267:vitellarium
257:Proglottids
242:proglottids
222:cytological
206:proglottids
2283:Categories
1692:References
1091:Eucestoda
974:granulomas
966:Spirometra
900:Arthropods
838:young form
805:intestines
772:Lagomorphs
664:Avitellina
565:Eubothrium
551:Archigetes
402:(rarely),
356:Final host
338:Archigetes
325:oncosphere
282:copulation
143:Cestodaria
135:Cestodaria
127:subclasses
107:Subclass:
31:Eucestoda
2289:Eucestoda
2201:Eucestoda
2187:Eucestoda
2157:Eucestoda
1656:tapeworms
1010:phylogeny
936:vitamin B
834:infection
801:infection
797:Taeniasis
792:Taeniasis
653:Ruminants
333:Taeniidae
300:Sparganum
173:ruminants
123:tapeworms
119:Eucestoda
111:Eucestoda
77:Kingdom:
71:Eukaryota
2214:58967273
2172:Q1280912
2166:Wikidata
2098:22406529
2055:10613542
2016:17950292
1926:18 March
1920:Archived
1048:(fishes)
686:Chickens
678:Stilesia
553:sieboldi
359:Species
246:strobila
217:holdfast
210:strobila
194:polyzoic
87:Phylum:
81:Animalia
67:Domain:
2294:Cestoda
2063:6288037
1032:Cestoda
871:surgery
840:of the
729:T. ovis
611:Rodents
485:T. ovis
410:Vampiro
244:of the
131:Cestoda
101:Cestoda
97:Class:
2266:104909
2096:
2061:
2053:
2014:
1894:
1165:bowfin
945:, and
810:Taenia
799:is an
635:Horses
408:(syn.
364:Humans
307:, and
263:cirrus
251:uterus
192:, are
165:, and
139:scolex
48:adult
2261:WoRMS
2240:57309
2227:16181
2059:S2CID
724:Foxes
2253:6200
2248:NCBI
2235:ITIS
2094:PMID
2051:PMID
2012:PMID
1928:2014
1892:ISBN
1873:2019
1844:2019
1818:2019
1004:and
534:Fish
466:Dogs
434:Cats
421:nana
271:yolk
188:and
2209:EoL
2196:ADW
2086:doi
2043:doi
2004:doi
848:).
817:or
779:sp.
712:sp.
705:sp.
680:sp.
673:sp.
666:sp.
601:,
581:sp.
574:sp.
567:sp.
560:sp.
518:,
412:-,
278:Egg
2285::
2263::
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2224::
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2092:.
2082:63
2080:.
2057:.
2049:.
2039:42
2037:.
2033:.
2010:.
2000:38
1998:.
1994:.
1914:.
1863:.
1852:^
1834:.
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1795:^
1759:^
1739:^
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1708:.
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2006::
1930:.
1900:.
1875:.
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1820:.
1712:.
1417:"
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1167:)
1020:1
153:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
