672:
968:
37:
1281:
532:
717:
902:
664:", dependent, neglected, or "delinquent" to state guardianship. County probate judges were given the ability to commit any "feebleminded", "inebriate", or "insane" person without the consent of parents, guardians, or nearest kin. This policy was shaped by Dr. Arthur C. Rogers, superintendent of the Minnesota School for the Feebleminded in
837:. Between 1921 and 1935, Dight wrote over 300 articles on eugenics that appeared in Minnesota newspapers as well as hosting radio talks and lectures on the subject. In his editorials, Dight often compared human reproduction to the selective breeding techniques used in agriculture. He was also an outspoken supporter of
915:
Dr. David J. Vail became the director of the
Minnesota Department of Welfare in 1961, and, under his leadership, the rate of sterilizations dropped. In 1975, the law was altered to provide Minnesotans with a larger protection from sterilizations. Forced sterilization is still sanctioned in the state
804:
Rogers and others promoted the idea that a single baby did not provide much data on the hereditary information they contained. Because of this, Dight and other eugenicists endorsed "Fitter Family" contests which examined whole families for "defectiveness". "Fitter Family" contests were never held at
776:
were placed in charge of committing
Minnesotans to state institutions. In many cases, IQ tests were used as evidence to wrongfully send whole families into state guardianship. The results of later tests proved that they were not "feebleminded". Eugenics was seen as a way to reduce the overpopulation
789:
in 1913. The fair also hosted the Baby Health
Contest, which was grounded in eugenic ideology, that aimed to show off "human fitness". At the fair, Rogers stated that prize-winning babies were not necessarily complete models of "human fitness", instead claiming that the babies might be tainted with
650:
from the late 1800s to the mid-1900s. Eugenic programs in the United States disproportionately targeted Latinx, Black, and Native
Americans, as well as poor white people and people with disabilities. American eugenics resulted in the forced sterilization of over 60,000 people through laws passed in
695:
From 1924 to 1959, probate judges and
Mildred Thomson, director of the control board's Bureau for the Feebleminded and Epileptic, made decisions on which children to commit to institutions. Two physicians were supposed to be present for a decision to be made. This rule, however, could be eluded if
589:
people, most of whom were women, were involuntarily committed to state guardianship and sterilized, but today, many of those who were either committed to state guardianship or sterilized would not be considered disabled. Native
Americans who lived in the state were also subjected to discriminatory
897:
signed this bill into law. This law took effect on
January 8, 1926. On this day, eight women living in a mental asylum in Faribault were sterilized. Unlike many other states in the United States, Minnesota's sterilization law required the consent of the person being operated on and the consent of
1221:
At least 2,204 Minnesota residents were sterilized because of the 1925 law. 77 percent of those sterilized were women. The true number of those sterilized is unknown because
Minnesota did not have an agency that tracked sterilizations, unlike other states. The impact of sterilization was not as
1139:
sterilized between 25% and 50% of Native
American women. These sterilizations occurred across the US, including in Minnesota. The IHS utilized dishonest consent forms, threats, as well as other methods of misinformation to coerce the women to "give consent" for the procedures, however some were
1189:
Initially used to justify the selective breeding of horses, the racehorse theory has historically been used to justify the selective breeding of humans. It is based on the belief that certain people have genes and genetic histories which are superior to the genes and genetic histories of other
756:
classes in the public schools of
Minnesota to segregate student populations. Kuhlmann was an advocate for statewide testing of students so that those not immediately recognizable as "feebleminded" could be better identified and managed. This work led to a higher percentage of Minnesotans being
869:, were supporters of the Minnesota Eugenics Society. The society's members were all male, and lived throughout the entire state. Dight was voted as president of the Minnesota Eugenics Society on February 2, 1927 during its first annual meeting and remained president until his death in 1938.
751:
Rogers brought Frederick Kuhlmann, a psychologist, to the state, who would become one of Minnesota's most effective advocates for eugenics usage. In 1910, Kuhlmann, director of research at the Faribault School for the Feebleminded, pushed for IQ testing as a measure for "defectiveness". He
1331:. In the story, Margaret is placed in the institution after she became pregnant while unmarried. Margaret is told that she will be unable to leave the institution until she becomes sterilized. She refuses to consent to a sterilization and remains an inmate at the conclusion of the story.
767:
By 1924, with 27 people were being committed every month, 1,802 people were placed under state guardianship. This policy caused state institutions to exceed their holding capacity and become overcrowded. Today, the majority of these new commitments would not be regarded as having a
1315:. Native American students receive free tuition to the university due to a federal mandate. As of 2018, over 20% of the students at the Morris campus identify as Native American. In other University of Minnesota campuses, only 2.5% of the student population identify as Native.
764:, make their own medical decisions, or own property. The vague definition of "feeblemindedness" led to the institutionalization of many "troublesome noncriminals" as a form of segregation, forcing them to leave their home communities and indefinitely institutionalizing them.
820:
physician, is accredited as bringing the eugenics movement to Minnesota in the early 1920s. He approached this through eugenics education, limitations placed on marriages, and the segregation and sterilization of "unfit" individuals. Dight was a resident physician at the
2416:
912:, vice present of the Minnesota Eugenics Society, performed the first 150 sterilization surgeries in the state. A consultation with a psychologist, usually Kuhlmann, was a requirement for the operation. This consultation always included at least one IQ test.
659:
In 1917, under pressure from Minnesota's Child Welfare Commission, 35 new laws were passed that related to children in the state, called the Children's Code. These laws gave the state the authority to involuntarily commit children who were
955:
children to attend boarding schools. As a result of these laws, the Indian Office was able to withhold clothing, rations, and other necessities from Indigenous parents and guardians who did not send their children to residential schools.
708:
were vulnerable to commitment because of an inability to pass English-language IQ tests. Low economic status and atypical behavior were considered symptoms of "feeblemindedness", which led to disproportionate commitment rates of
683:
came to Minnesota to study families of inmates at the Minnesota School for the Feebleminded. The results of the study showed an "appalling amount" of hereditary "defectiveness" in Hog Hollow, a community in Minnesota. The report,
852:
In 1923, Dight organized the Minnesota Eugenics Society, which campaigned for a statewide eugenics law. Members of the society included doctors, surgeons, scientists, lawyers, psychiatrists, physicians, and ministers.
1176:“You have good genes, you know that, right? You have good genes. A lot of it is about the genes, isn’t it, don’t you believe? The racehorse theory, you think we’re so different? You have good genes in Minnesota.”
546:
1148:
and, later, could not remember signing the forms. In Minnesota, a 28-year-old woman was sterilized in an IHS facility who had signed a consent form while in labor, thinking she was signing for a
572:
1247:
called him an "apostle of the school of eugenics." Dr. William Mayo declined an invitation from Charles Fremont Dight to join the Minnesota Eugenics Society as its vice president in 1926.
222:
898:
their spouse or nearest kin. However, when deemed incompetent—which many of the "feeblemineded" and "insane" were—the state was allowed to make this choice in the absence of a guardian.
2298:
801:. The Baby Health Contest occurred in a 20 feet by 20 feet glass cage, which allowed the public to watch nurses and physicians, including Frederick Kuhlmann, examine the babies.
2280:
2069:
565:
1982:
1140:
sterilized without their knowledge, with the surgery occurring during unrelated operations. Many women were told to sign consent documents while under the effects of
1190:
people. This comment, along with others Trump had made in the past about immigrants, was met with scrutiny and criticism, with some comparing Trump's remarks with
797:, to search for "defectiveness". Stigmata included shape of the ears, the underside of the jaw, racial angles, and asymmetry. These characteristics were purposely
329:
1058:
where students were held for days, only given bread and water. Discipline methods also included forcing students to dress as an opposite gender identity. The
558:
1858:"An Unfinished Journey: Civil Rights for People with Developmental Disabilities and the Role of the Federal Courts: Banner 6: Eugenics and Dehumanization"
688:, depicted mentally ill and disabled people as social menaces and described the living conditions of those in Hog Hollow as lower than that of animals.
1277:
to found the Dight Institute for the Promotion of Human Genetics, later named the Institute for Human Genetics, which remained active until the 1960s.
679:
In 1911, Rogers arranged for research to occur in Minnesota on the families of the "feebleminded". Two fieldworkers from the Eugenics Record Office in
1772:
1796:
260:
1289:
1540:
129:
1114:
202:
2045:
1587:
1250:
Dight Avenue in Minneapolis was named for Charles Fremont Dight until March of 2022, when it was renamed to Cheatham Avenue, in honor of
143:
978:
There were 21 American Indian boarding schools in Minnesota with students from all of the state's reservations. Schools were located in
2403:
938:
696:
the person was "obviously feebleminded". Factors like physical health, family relations, school and work records, home environment,
2255:
740:
was natural. He also believed that this "natural order" should be maintained by the control of reproduction. He thought that white,
1567:
2168:
777:
problem in state institutions and most of the survivors were discharged three months after sterilizations were performed on them.
2530:
1213:
to which Trump replied he " nothing about Hitler." Trump had previously been known to comment on the "superiority" of his genes.
1172:
audience had "good genes". He then included a statement about racehorse theory, stating again that Minnesota had "good genes".
2525:
1345:
1323:
Sterilization and state guardianship in the Minnesota School for the Feebleminded is depicted in "Sequel to Love", a fictional
1130:
1011:
866:
541:
511:
1284:
Minnesota Correctional Facility – Faribault, which operates on the former grounds of the Minnesota School for the Feebleminded
2503:
1515:
1263:
952:
1835:
1410:
1304:
972:
2007:
1136:
1225:
Eugenics remained highly approved by many Minnesotans for decades after its institution in the state. Minnesotans like
2326:
267:
245:
1811:
1222:
substantial as Dight had hoped it would be. Dight had hoped to sterilize nearly 10 percent of the state's population.
2478:
1753:
1430:
934:
591:
70:
2470:
1300:
736:. Coffman was president of the university from 1920 until 1938. Coffman believed that racial segregation and a
671:
2379:
2299:"Charles, William Mayo supported eugenics, but it was Charles who called for the sterilization of the 'unfit'"
1983:"Interior Dept. Investigation Identifies 21 Federal Indian Boarding School Sites In Minnesota - CBS Minnesota"
1839:
1340:
607:
322:
177:
26:
2535:
2199:
692:
advocated against the reproduction of the "feebleminded" and laid a foundation for eugenics in the state.
680:
647:
668:, who supported compulsory commitment in the state. He also pushed for forced sterilization in Minnesota.
197:
1649:
967:
479:
408:
192:
1934:
1455:
1109:
No residential schools remain open in Minnesota today. They are now understood to have been tools for
2128:
1618:
1614:""Ravished by Some Moron": The Eugenic Origins of the Minnesota Psychopathic Personality Act of 1939"
413:
182:
2351:
1613:
1296:
948:
822:
628:
586:
506:
349:
793:
When he assessed babies for "fitness", Rogers looked for certain characteristics, which he called
1274:
999:
858:
725:
398:
212:
2098:"The Coercive Sterilization of Native American Women by the Indian Health Services (1970-1974)"
1255:
1051:
944:
905:
Dr. George G. Eitel, vice president of the Minnesota Eugenics Society and sterilization surgeon
845:, praising his efforts to "stamp out mental inferiority". In response, Hitler invited Dight to
484:
446:
187:
60:
2440:
1350:
1039:
1035:
1003:
894:
878:
834:
813:
701:
595:
122:
2097:
1958:
1266:
worked to rename the street. On March 17, 2022, the avenue was renamed to Cheatham Avenue.
623:
aims to improve the genetic quality of a population which has historically occurred through
1019:
991:
826:
786:
665:
536:
255:
1568:"How Leaders of the University of Minnesota Used and Abused Power : A Campus Divided"
8:
2120:
1879:
1230:
1031:
1027:
995:
983:
301:
217:
115:
2169:"Trump's touting of 'racehorse theory' tied to eugenics and Nazis alarms Jewish leaders"
1912:
1648:
LaCasse, Written by Laura Leppink and Sarah Pawlicki | Designed by Morgan (2023-06-27).
2234:
Speech: Donald Trump Holds a Campaign Rally in Bedmidji, Minnesota - September 18, 2020
1270:
1234:
1165:
1023:
830:
748:
people, as well as those with disabilities should have their reproduction controlled.
733:
624:
494:
393:
308:
75:
2499:
2474:
2207:
2145:
2070:"On Indigenous Peoples Day, recalling forced sterilizations of Native American women"
1917:
1899:
1790:
1749:
1511:
1503:
1312:
1243:
1226:
1047:
1015:
1007:
753:
752:
administered IQ tests of thousands of Minnesotan students. He also helped to develop
474:
388:
383:
136:
1716:
2137:
1907:
1891:
1880:"Republicans, Democrats, & Doctors: The Lawmakers Who Wrote Sterilization Laws"
1328:
1308:
1110:
1043:
979:
882:
737:
705:
418:
250:
964:-run and government-run boarding schools. This practice continued until the 1970s.
36:
2467:
Fixing the Poor: Eugenic Sterilization and Child Welfare in the Twentieth Century
1259:
987:
909:
745:
640:
2020:
1117:. Throughout the US, thousands of Native American children died due to disease,
598:. Eugenic ideals were popular in the state during much of the early-mid 1900s.
1588:"University Of Minnesota Refuses To Rename Building Honoring Anti-Semitic Dean"
1102:
to occur. Students died of these illnesses as well as accidents like falls and
886:
885:, which would sterilize the "feebleminded" and "insane", living in the state's
403:
315:
2256:"Analysis: The dark subtext of Trump's 'good genes' compliment | CNN Politics"
2232:
2046:"The sad legacy of American Indian boarding schools in Minnesota and the U.S."
2519:
2417:"Financial Aid for American Indian Students | University of Minnesota Morris"
2380:"American Indian Boarding Schools in Morris | University of Minnesota Morris"
2211:
1903:
1857:
1773:"Down syndrome awareness day, Dight Ave., and the persistence of intolerance"
1280:
1251:
1202:
pressed Trump about the similarity of the phrase with the statements made by
1083:
1079:
842:
729:
710:
661:
489:
441:
423:
1508:
Popular Eugenics: National Efficiency and American Mass Culture in the 1930s
716:
2149:
2006:
U.S. Department of the Interior Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative.
1921:
1203:
1195:
1181:
1169:
1161:
1118:
1091:
957:
889:. Dight considered people who were mentally ill, developmentally disabled,
862:
854:
838:
500:
240:
207:
108:
2141:
2121:"The Indian Health Service and the Sterilization of Native American Women"
1241:. Dr. Chalres Mayo was very outspoken in his support of eugenics and the
1113:, utilizing genocidal policies to destroy Native American communities and
744:
people should be allowed to reproduce, while people of color, Jewish, and
615:
was the 17th state in the United States that enacted laws which legalized
1681:
1479:
1324:
1238:
1199:
917:
817:
773:
1895:
901:
1237:
were supporters of sterilizing the "unfit". The Mayo brothers founded
1208:
1145:
1141:
1071:
961:
769:
741:
2200:"Trump's Long Fascination With Genes and Bloodlines Gets New Scrutiny"
1541:"In the name of eugenics, Minnesota sterilized more than 2,000 people"
1149:
1087:
1067:
1059:
612:
1682:"LibGuides: Eugenics in Minnesota: Charles Fremont Dight: Overview"
1371:
Two boarding schools were located in both Ponsford and White Earth.
1103:
1099:
890:
632:
620:
616:
893:, criminals, and "sexual deviants" to be "feebleminded". Governor
1288:
The Minnesota School for the Feebleminded closed in 1998 and the
1063:
1055:
697:
2402:
The National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition.
1856:
The Minnesota Governor's Council on Developmental Disabilities.
760:
Once under the guardianship of the state, individuals could not
1198:
and the history eugenics has in the United States. Interviewer
1191:
1075:
1062:
of these schools were overcrowded and allowed for epidemics of
846:
798:
761:
643:
have created new discussions about the ethicality of eugenics.
636:
2496:
Writing Red: An Anthology of American Women Writers, 1930-1940
2025:
The National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition
1650:"Eugenics and Euthenics at the "Great Minnesota Get-Together""
1095:
960:
abducted Native children from their homes and placed them in
2441:"Tuition waiver helps Native American students in Minnesota"
2327:"South Minneapolis street renamed in honor of John Cheatham"
1054:. Discipline was harsh at these schools; some had cells and
1295:
Many Native American communities still face the effects of
1168:. During his closing remarks, Trump stated that the mostly-
1124:
704:
influenced commitment decisions. Those who did not speak
2498:. New York: Feminist Pr. at the City Univ. of New York.
1155:
829:
and later took a position as professor of physiology at
720:
Lotus Coffman, President of the University of Minnesota
1838:" (PDF). Minnesota Historical Society. Archived from
1307:, an American Indian boarding school operated by the
785:
Rogers gave lectures on the topic of eugenics at the
2021:"Interactive Digital Map of Indian Boarding Schools"
1411:
Coping With a "Public Menace": Eugenics in Minnesota
1254:, Minneapolis's first Black fire captain. After the
2494:Nekola, Charlotte; Rabinowitz, Paula, eds. (1987).
928:
772:. County judges who usually had little training in
675:Minnesota School for the Feebleminded in Faribault
1812:"Oct. 14, 1914: Dight Avenue's Hitler connection"
1771:Buchanan, Nicholas Buchanan, Petra (2016-03-21).
1453:
2517:
2493:
2008:"Appendix C Federal Indian Borading School Maps"
1121:, and hunger caused by the residential schools.
601:
2230:
1262:, the Minnesota Disability Justice Network and
790:"an ancestry with a history of defectiveness."
130:Poe v. Lynchburg Training School & Hospital
651:30 states, including Minnesota, by the 1970s.
1959:"Native American Boarding Schools | MNopedia"
808:
566:
1795:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
872:
865:department, and E. P. Lyon, the dean of its
203:Society for Biodemography and Social Biology
2464:
2404:"American Indian Boarding Schools by State"
2043:
1842:(PDF) on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
1611:
1454:Sufian, Sandy; Garland-Thomson, Rosemarie.
1290:Minnesota Correctional Facility – Faribault
594:, as well as eugenic sterilizations by the
144:Doe ex. rel. Tarlow v. District of Columbia
646:Eugenics played a significant role in the
573:
559:
1911:
1884:The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics
1480:"Eugenics | Minnesota Historical Society"
1137:United States Indian Health Service (IHS)
939:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
881:passed a bill, drafted by Representative
2118:
2044:Lajimodiere, Dr Denise K. (2016-06-14).
1770:
1279:
966:
900:
715:
670:
2278:
2253:
2067:
1647:
1299:caused by the residential schools. The
732:supported eugenic principles regarding
2518:
2374:
2372:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2091:
2089:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1626:(2): 192–216 – via Project MUSE.
1538:
1346:Sterilization law in the United States
1131:Sterilization of Native American women
1125:Sterilization of Native American women
780:
512:Sterilization of Native American women
2321:
2319:
2095:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1562:
1560:
1405:
1184:, Campaign speech, September 18, 2020
1156:Donald Trump and the racehorse theory
2197:
1877:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1425:
1423:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1367:
1305:Morris Industrial School for Indians
973:Morris Industrial School for Indians
2369:
2186:
2156:
2086:
1944:
1836:Letter to Hitler from Charles Dight
1363:
923:
13:
2316:
1845:
1809:
1759:
1733:
1717:"Eugenics in Minnesota | MNopedia"
1698:
1666:
1630:
1557:
1510:. Ohio University Press. pp. 2–3.
1303:now operates on the campus of the
1264:City Council Member Andrew Johnson
268:Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924
246:Average Young American Male (1921)
14:
2547:
1679:
1521:
1420:
1382:
2068:Kennedy, Ellen J. (2019-10-14).
1744:Hatle, Elizabeth Dorsey (2013).
1431:"Eugenics and Scientific Racism"
935:American Indian boarding schools
929:American Indian boarding schools
530:
261:Selective Reproduction of Slaves
35:
2487:
2458:
2433:
2409:
2396:
2344:
2291:
2272:
2254:Tensley, Brandon (2020-09-22).
2247:
2224:
2112:
2061:
2037:
2013:
2000:
1975:
1928:
1871:
1828:
1803:
1273:, Dight left his estate to the
1164:performed a campaign speech in
2531:History of racism in Minnesota
2471:Johns Hopkins University Press
2231:Factbase Videos (2020-09-18).
1605:
1580:
1496:
1472:
1447:
1301:University of Minnesota Morris
1258:, as a program to divest from
949:Commissioner of Indian Affairs
690:Dwellers in the Vale of Siddem
686:Dwellers in the Vale of Siddem
635:. Recently, technologies like
1:
2526:Eugenics in the United States
1746:The Ku Klux Klan in Minnesota
1375:
1341:Eugenics in the United States
1318:
1292:now operates on its grounds.
654:
608:Eugenics in the United States
602:Eugenics in the United States
323:The Passing of the Great Race
178:American Birth Control League
2198:Gold, Michael (2023-12-22).
1539:Warren, Sasha (2020-04-13).
1415:Minnesota Historical Society
681:Cold Spring Harbor, New York
648:history of the United States
7:
2465:Ladd-Taylor, Molly (2017).
2352:"Minnesota's eugenics past"
1939:Minnesota Revisor's Office.
1935:"Chapter 154—H. F. No. 469"
1612:Ladd-Taylor, Molly (2019).
1334:
1135:Between 1973 and 1976, the
757:labeled as "feebleminded".
619:practices. The practice of
198:Human Betterment Foundation
10:
2552:
2096:Luker, Tate (2021-08-31).
1128:
932:
809:Minnesota Eugenics Society
805:the Minnesota State Fair.
605:
480:Social degeneration theory
409:Charles Benedict Davenport
193:Race Betterment Foundation
2129:American Indian Quarterly
1619:Journal of Policy History
1456:"The Dark Side of CRISPR"
1216:
951:to create laws requiring
873:Sterilization law of 1925
414:Gertrude Crotty Davenport
183:American Eugenics Society
1356:
1297:intergenerational trauma
587:developmentally disabled
537:United States portal
507:Sterilization of Latinas
330:The Rising Tide of Color
2469:. Baltimore, Maryland:
2303:Rochester Post Bulletin
2119:Lawrence, Jane (2000).
1680:Staff, MNHS Reference.
1275:University of Minnesota
1160:On September 18, 2020,
859:University of Minnesota
728:, University President
726:University of Minnesota
399:Edwin Katzen-Ellenbogen
213:Human Betterment League
2406:. Retrieved 2024-06-03
2279:Kaelber, Lutz (2012).
1417:. Retrieved 2024-05-22
1285:
1256:murder of George Floyd
1187:
1162:President Donald Trump
975:
945:United States Congress
943:In March of 1891, the
906:
831:Hamline Medical School
721:
676:
485:Social purity movement
447:Wallace H. Kuralt. Sr.
188:Eugenics Record Office
2285:University of Vermont
2142:10.1353/aiq.2000.0008
2010:Retrieved 2024-06-04.
1941:Retrieved 2024-05-22.
1868:Retrieved 2024-05-23.
1748:. The History Press.
1409:Ladd-Taylor, Molly. "
1351:Charles Fremont Dight
1283:
1174:
970:
916:when authorized by a
904:
895:Theodore Christianson
879:Minnesota Legislature
814:Charles Fremont Dight
719:
674:
596:Indian Health Service
123:Madrigal v. Quilligan
2281:"Minnesota Eugenics"
2243:– via YouTube.
827:Faribault, Minnesota
787:Minnesota State Fair
629:forced sterilization
256:Oneida stirpiculture
2536:Health in Minnesota
1896:10.1017/jme.2023.47
1460:Scientific American
910:Dr. George G. Eitel
781:Baby Health Contest
592:residential schools
590:eugenic actions in
302:The Kallikak Family
218:Heredity Commission
116:Skinner v. Oklahoma
21:Part of a series on
2204:The New York Times
2152:– via JSTOR.
1878:Lombardo, Paul A.
1686:libguides.mnhs.org
1286:
1166:Bemidji, Minnesota
976:
907:
734:racial segregation
722:
677:
625:selective breeding
495:Racial nationalism
394:David Starr Jordan
350:Annals of Eugenics
309:Eugenics manifesto
2505:978-0-935312-77-5
2173:Los Angeles Times
1516:978-0-8214-1691-4
1504:Christina Cogdell
1244:Kansas City Times
1227:Charles Lindbergh
971:Dormitory at the
857:, founder of the
754:special education
641:genetic screening
583:
582:
520:
519:
475:Scientific racism
455:
454:
389:Joseph DeJarnette
384:Harry H. Laughlin
359:
358:
276:
275:
153:
152:
137:Stump v. Sparkman
83:
82:
29:the United States
2543:
2510:
2509:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2413:
2407:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2376:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2323:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2195:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2165:
2154:
2153:
2125:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2093:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2017:
2011:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1963:www.mnopedia.org
1955:
1942:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1915:
1875:
1869:
1854:
1843:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1794:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1768:
1757:
1742:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1721:www.mnopedia.org
1713:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1677:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1654:ArcGIS StoryMaps
1645:
1628:
1627:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1564:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1536:
1519:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1427:
1418:
1407:
1370:
1366:
1329:Meridel Le Sueur
1309:Sisters of Mercy
1235:Dr. William Mayo
1231:Dr. Charles Mayo
1185:
1111:ethnic cleansing
924:Native Americans
883:Edwin L. MacLean
738:racial hierarchy
575:
568:
561:
535:
534:
533:
468:
467:
419:Frederick Osborn
372:
371:
289:
288:
251:The Relf Sisters
166:
165:
96:
95:
50:
49:
39:
18:
17:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2506:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2463:
2459:
2450:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2425:
2423:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2401:
2397:
2388:
2386:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2361:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2336:
2334:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2308:
2306:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2277:
2273:
2264:
2262:
2252:
2248:
2239:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2216:
2214:
2196:
2187:
2178:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2157:
2123:
2117:
2113:
2102:The Alexandrian
2094:
2087:
2078:
2076:
2066:
2062:
2053:
2051:
2042:
2038:
2029:
2027:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2005:
2001:
1992:
1990:
1987:www.cbsnews.com
1981:
1980:
1976:
1967:
1965:
1957:
1956:
1945:
1933:
1929:
1876:
1872:
1855:
1846:
1833:
1829:
1820:
1818:
1808:
1804:
1788:
1787:
1781:
1779:
1769:
1760:
1743:
1734:
1725:
1723:
1715:
1714:
1699:
1690:
1688:
1678:
1667:
1658:
1656:
1646:
1631:
1610:
1606:
1597:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1549:
1547:
1537:
1522:
1502:Susan Currell;
1501:
1497:
1488:
1486:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1464:
1462:
1452:
1448:
1439:
1437:
1429:
1428:
1421:
1408:
1383:
1378:
1359:
1337:
1321:
1260:white supremacy
1219:
1186:
1180:
1158:
1133:
1127:
953:Native American
947:authorized the
941:
933:Main articles:
931:
926:
875:
855:Albert E. Jenks
823:Shattuck School
811:
783:
657:
610:
604:
579:
531:
529:
522:
521:
516:
465:
457:
456:
451:
428:
369:
361:
360:
355:
335:
286:
278:
277:
272:
227:
163:
155:
154:
149:
93:
85:
84:
47:
28:
12:
11:
5:
2549:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2512:
2511:
2504:
2486:
2479:
2457:
2432:
2421:morris.umn.edu
2408:
2395:
2384:morris.umn.edu
2368:
2343:
2315:
2290:
2271:
2246:
2223:
2185:
2155:
2136:(3): 400–419.
2111:
2085:
2060:
2036:
2012:
1999:
1974:
1943:
1927:
1890:(1): 123–130.
1870:
1844:
1827:
1802:
1758:
1732:
1697:
1665:
1629:
1604:
1579:
1556:
1520:
1495:
1471:
1446:
1435:www.genome.gov
1419:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1336:
1333:
1320:
1317:
1218:
1215:
1178:
1157:
1154:
1129:Main article:
1126:
1123:
930:
927:
925:
922:
887:mental asylums
874:
871:
867:medical school
810:
807:
782:
779:
656:
653:
606:Main article:
603:
600:
585:In Minnesota,
581:
580:
578:
577:
570:
563:
555:
552:
551:
550:
549:
544:
539:
524:
523:
518:
517:
515:
514:
509:
504:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
471:
466:
463:
462:
459:
458:
453:
452:
450:
449:
444:
438:
435:
434:
430:
429:
427:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
404:Charles Goethe
401:
396:
391:
386:
380:
377:
376:
370:
367:
366:
363:
362:
357:
356:
354:
353:
345:
342:
341:
337:
336:
334:
333:
326:
319:
316:The Bell Curve
312:
305:
297:
294:
293:
287:
284:
283:
280:
279:
274:
273:
264:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
237:
234:
233:
229:
228:
226:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
174:
171:
170:
164:
161:
160:
157:
156:
151:
150:
148:
147:
140:
133:
126:
119:
112:
104:
101:
100:
94:
91:
90:
87:
86:
81:
80:
79:
78:
73:
71:North Carolina
68:
63:
55:
54:
48:
45:
44:
41:
40:
32:
31:
23:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2548:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2482:
2480:9781421423722
2476:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2405:
2399:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2236:
2235:
2227:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2122:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2090:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2050:
2047:
2040:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2009:
2003:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1817:
1813:
1810:Welter, Ben.
1806:
1798:
1792:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1755:
1754:9781626191891
1751:
1747:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1608:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1569:
1563:
1561:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1381:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1252:John Cheatham
1248:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1204:Adolph Hitler
1201:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1080:scarlet fever
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
974:
969:
965:
963:
959:
958:Indian agents
954:
950:
946:
940:
936:
921:
919:
913:
911:
903:
899:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
877:In 1925, the
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
850:
848:
844:
840:
839:Adolph Hitler
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
815:
806:
802:
800:
796:
791:
788:
778:
775:
771:
765:
763:
758:
755:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
730:Lotus Coffman
727:
718:
714:
712:
711:working-class
707:
703:
699:
693:
691:
687:
682:
673:
669:
667:
663:
652:
649:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
609:
599:
597:
593:
588:
576:
571:
569:
564:
562:
557:
556:
554:
553:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
528:
527:
526:
525:
513:
510:
508:
505:
502:
498:
496:
493:
491:
490:Feeble-minded
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
472:
470:
469:
461:
460:
448:
445:
443:
442:Guy W. Bailey
440:
439:
437:
436:
432:
431:
425:
424:Madison Grant
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
381:
379:
378:
374:
373:
365:
364:
352:
351:
347:
346:
344:
343:
339:
338:
332:
331:
327:
325:
324:
320:
318:
317:
313:
311:
310:
306:
304:
303:
299:
298:
296:
295:
291:
290:
282:
281:
271:
270:
269:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
238:
236:
235:
231:
230:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
175:
173:
172:
168:
167:
159:
158:
146:
145:
141:
139:
138:
134:
132:
131:
127:
125:
124:
120:
118:
117:
113:
111:
110:
106:
105:
103:
102:
98:
97:
89:
88:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
62:
59:
58:
57:
56:
52:
51:
43:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
25:
24:
20:
19:
16:
2495:
2489:
2466:
2460:
2449:. Retrieved
2447:. 2018-10-15
2444:
2435:
2424:. Retrieved
2420:
2411:
2398:
2387:. Retrieved
2383:
2360:. Retrieved
2358:. 2011-08-01
2355:
2346:
2335:. Retrieved
2333:. 2022-03-17
2330:
2307:. Retrieved
2305:. 2024-05-04
2302:
2293:
2284:
2274:
2263:. Retrieved
2259:
2249:
2238:. Retrieved
2233:
2226:
2215:. Retrieved
2203:
2177:. Retrieved
2175:. 2020-10-05
2172:
2133:
2127:
2114:
2105:
2101:
2077:. Retrieved
2073:
2063:
2052:. Retrieved
2048:
2039:
2028:. Retrieved
2024:
2015:
2002:
1991:. Retrieved
1989:. 2022-05-13
1986:
1977:
1966:. Retrieved
1962:
1938:
1930:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1840:the original
1830:
1819:. Retrieved
1816:Star Tribune
1815:
1805:
1780:. Retrieved
1776:
1745:
1724:. Retrieved
1720:
1689:. Retrieved
1685:
1657:. Retrieved
1653:
1623:
1617:
1607:
1596:. Retrieved
1594:. 2019-05-01
1591:
1582:
1571:. Retrieved
1548:. Retrieved
1544:
1507:
1498:
1487:. Retrieved
1484:www.mnhs.org
1483:
1474:
1463:. Retrieved
1459:
1449:
1438:. Retrieved
1434:
1414:
1368:
1364:
1322:
1294:
1287:
1268:
1249:
1242:
1224:
1220:
1207:
1196:World War II
1188:
1182:Donald Trump
1175:
1159:
1134:
1119:malnutrition
1108:
1092:tuberculosis
1000:Collegeville
977:
942:
914:
908:
876:
863:anthropology
851:
812:
803:
794:
792:
784:
766:
759:
750:
723:
694:
689:
685:
678:
662:feebleminded
658:
645:
611:
584:
501:Race suicide
348:
328:
321:
314:
307:
300:
266:
265:
241:Jukes family
208:Pioneer Fund
169:Institutions
142:
135:
128:
121:
114:
109:Buck v. Bell
107:
65:
15:
1592:The Forward
1325:short story
1239:Mayo Clinic
1200:Hugh Hewitt
1060:dormitories
1052:White Earth
918:court order
818:Minneapolis
774:social work
433:Politicians
99:Court cases
27:Eugenics in
2520:Categories
2451:2024-06-03
2426:2024-06-03
2389:2024-06-03
2362:2024-05-23
2337:2024-05-22
2309:2024-08-01
2265:2024-05-23
2240:2024-08-07
2217:2024-05-23
2179:2024-05-23
2079:2024-06-03
2054:2024-06-03
2030:2024-06-05
1993:2024-06-05
1968:2024-06-03
1821:2024-05-22
1782:2024-05-22
1726:2024-05-22
1691:2024-05-22
1659:2024-05-23
1598:2024-05-23
1573:2024-05-23
1550:2024-05-22
1489:2024-05-22
1465:2024-05-22
1440:2024-05-22
1376:References
1319:Depictions
1209:Mein Kampf
1150:painkiller
1142:anesthesia
1072:diphtheria
1040:St. Joseph
1036:Saint Paul
1004:Graceville
835:Saint Paul
770:disability
742:Protestant
698:appearance
655:Background
368:Proponents
285:Literature
61:California
2212:0362-4331
1904:1073-1105
1088:pneumonia
1068:influenza
1020:Pipestone
1012:Nett Lake
992:Cass Lake
962:Christian
891:epileptic
843:Holocaust
702:IQ scores
666:Faribault
613:Minnesota
375:Academics
66:Minnesota
2356:MPR News
2150:17089462
2074:MinnPost
2049:MinnPost
1922:37226752
1913:10209985
1860:(2024).
1791:cite web
1777:MinnPost
1545:MinnPost
1506:(2006).
1335:See also
1179:—
1146:in labor
1104:drowning
1100:trachoma
1056:dungeons
1032:Red Lake
1028:Ponsford
996:Clontarf
984:Beaulieu
841:and the
795:stigmata
746:Catholic
633:genocide
621:eugenics
542:Category
340:Journals
2445:AP News
1866:mn.gov.
1269:In his
1194:during
1115:culture
1084:typhoid
1064:measles
1024:Ponemah
724:At the
706:English
617:eugenic
464:Related
232:General
162:History
2502:
2477:
2210:
2148:
1920:
1910:
1902:
1752:
1514:
1313:Morris
1233:, and
1217:Impact
1192:Nazism
1098:, and
1076:sepsis
1050:, and
1048:Walker
1016:Onigum
1008:Morris
847:Munich
799:racist
713:women.
700:, and
637:CRISPR
631:, and
223:AASPIM
76:Oregon
53:States
46:States
2331:FOX 9
2124:(PDF)
1357:Notes
1170:white
1096:mumps
1044:Tower
980:Avoca
547:Index
292:Books
2500:ISBN
2475:ISBN
2208:ISSN
2146:PMID
2108:(1).
1918:PMID
1900:ISSN
1797:link
1750:ISBN
1512:ISBN
1271:will
988:Bena
937:and
816:, a
762:vote
639:and
2260:CNN
2138:doi
1908:PMC
1892:doi
1862:www
1413:".
1362:a.
1327:by
1311:in
1206:in
1144:or
861:'s
833:in
825:in
92:Law
2522::
2473:.
2443:.
2419:.
2382:.
2371:^
2354:.
2329:.
2318:^
2301:.
2283:.
2258:.
2206:.
2202:.
2188:^
2171:.
2158:^
2144:.
2134:24
2132:.
2126:.
2104:.
2100:.
2088:^
2072:.
2023:.
1985:.
1961:.
1946:^
1937:.
1916:.
1906:.
1898:.
1888:51
1886:.
1882:.
1847:^
1814:.
1793:}}
1789:{{
1775:.
1761:^
1735:^
1719:.
1700:^
1684:.
1668:^
1652:.
1632:^
1624:31
1622:.
1616:.
1590:.
1559:^
1543:.
1523:^
1482:.
1458:.
1433:.
1422:^
1384:^
1229:,
1152:.
1106:.
1094:,
1090:,
1086:,
1082:,
1078:,
1074:,
1070:,
1066:,
1046:,
1042:,
1038:,
1034:,
1030:,
1026:,
1022:,
1018:,
1014:,
1010:,
1006:,
1002:,
998:,
994:,
990:,
986:,
982:,
920:.
849:.
627:,
2508:.
2483:.
2454:.
2429:.
2392:.
2365:.
2340:.
2312:.
2287:.
2268:.
2220:.
2182:.
2140::
2106:3
2082:.
2057:.
2033:.
1996:.
1971:.
1924:.
1894::
1864:.
1834:"
1824:.
1799:)
1785:.
1756:.
1729:.
1694:.
1662:.
1601:.
1576:.
1553:.
1518:.
1492:.
1468:.
1443:.
1211:,
660:"
574:e
567:t
560:v
503:"
499:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.png)