Eunuch - Knowledge

914: 40: 719:(traditional garbs worn by women in South Asia) and wear heavy make-up. They typically live on the margins of society and face discrimination. Hijra tend to have few options for earning a wage, with many turning to sex work and others performing ritualistic songs and dances. They are integral to several Hindu ceremonies, such as dance programs at marriage ceremonies. They may also earn a living by going uninvited to large ceremonies such as weddings, births, new shop openings and other major family events, and singing until they are paid or given gifts to go away. The ceremony is supposed to bring good luck and fertility, while the curse of an unappeased hijra is feared by many. Hijra often engage in prostitution and begging to earn money, with begging typically accompanied by singing and dancing. Some Indian provincial officials have used the assistance of hijras to collect taxes in the same fashion—they knock on the doors of shopkeepers, while dancing and singing, embarrassing them into paying. Recently, hijras have started to found organizations to improve their social condition and fight discrimination, such as the 1634: 403:(i.e. "bed-keeper"). He says the word came to be applied to castrated men in general because such men were the usual holders of that office. Still, Vossius notes the alternative etymologies offered by Eustathius ("deprived of mating") and others ("having the mind in a good state"), calling these analyses "quite subtle". Then, after having previously declared that eunuch designated an office (i.e., not a personal characteristic), Vossius ultimately sums up his argument in a different way, saying that the word "originally signified continent men" to whom the care of women was entrusted, and later came to refer to castration because "among foreigners" that role was performed "by those with mutilated bodies". 1620:

put away your wives: but from the beginning it was not so. And I say unto you, Whosoever shall put away his wife, except for fornication, and shall marry another, committeth adultery: and whoso marrieth her which is put away doth commit adultery. His disciples say unto him, If the case of the man be so with wife, it is not good to marry. But he said unto them, All cannot receive this saying, save to whom it is given. For there are some eunuchs, which were so born from mother's womb: and there are some eunuchs, which were made eunuchs of men: and there be eunuchs, which have made themselves eunuchs for the kingdom of heaven's sake. He that is able to receive , let him receive .

86: 672: 1352: 562: 2632: 1178: 1546:: "His disciples said to him, 'If such is the case of a man with his wife, it is better not to marry.' But he said to them, 'Not everyone can accept this teaching, but only those to whom it is given. For there are eunuchs who have been so from birth, and there are eunuchs who have been made eunuchs by others, and there are eunuchs who have made themselves eunuchs for the sake of the kingdom of heaven. Let anyone accept this who can. 886:

genitals would be washed with pepper water and then cut off. A tube would be then inserted into the urethra to allow urination during healing. Many Vietnamese eunuchs were products of self castration to gain access to the palaces and power. In other cases they might be paid to become eunuchs. They served in many capacities, from supervising public works, to investigating crimes, to reading public proclamations.

296:) and claimed that the very word eunuch attested to this kind of employment. The emperor also goes further than Orion by attributing eunuchs' lack of male–female intercourse specifically to castration, which he said was performed with the intention "that they will no longer do the things that males do, or at least to extinguish whatever has to do with desire for the female sex". The 11th century Byzantine monk 4789: 1076:. Small African boys were castrated before they were trafficked to the Hijaz, where they were bought at the slave market by the Chief Agha to become eunuch novices. It was noted that boys from Africa were still openly bought to become eunuch novices to serve at Medina in 1895. In Medina there was a part of town named Harat al-Aghawat (Neighborhood of the Aghas). The 1149:. Rifq was an African eunuch general who served as governor of the Damascus until he led an army of 30,000 men in a campaign to expand Fatimid control northeast to the city of Aleppo, Syria. He was noted for being able to unite a diverse group of Africans, Arabs, Bedouins, Berbers, and Turks into one coherent fighting force which was able to successfully combat the 1413:, then brought into Sudan and Egypt. During the operation, the Coptic clergyman chained the boys to tables, then, after slicing off their sexual organs, stuck a piece of bamboo into the urethra and submerged them in neck-high sand under the sun. The mortality rate was said to be high. Slave traders made especially large profits off eunuchs from this region. 1109:. These eunuchs were normally purchased from slave auctions and typically came from a variety of Arab and non-Arab minority ethnic groups. In some cases, they were purchased from various noble families in the empire, which would then connect those families to the caliph. Generally, though, foreign slaves were preferred, described as the "ideal servants". 1124:), two positions beneath only the city magistrate in power. However, the most influential Fatimid eunuchs were the ones in direct service to the caliph and the royal household as chamberlains, treasurers, governors, and attendants. Their direct proximity to the caliph and his household afforded them a great amount of political sway. One eunuch, 657:), directing junior eunuchs below him. Eunuchs were highly valued for their strength and trustworthiness, allowing them to live amongst women with fewer worries. This enabled eunuchs to serve as messengers, watchmen, attendants and guards for palaces. Often, eunuchs also doubled as part of the King's court of advisers. 4661:

In the Turkish Empire most of the eunuchs are furnished by the monastery Abou-Gerbe in Upper Egypt where the Coptic priests castrate Nubian and Abyssinian boys at about eight years of age and afterward sell them to the Turkish market. The Coptic priests perform the 'complete' operation, that is, they

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The role of eunuchs in society was often dictated by social and cultural norms, as well as political necessities. For instance, eunuchs were seen as reliable because they could not produce heirs and thus were considered less likely to establish rival power bases. The practice of castration was often

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Advantages of eunuchs were that they prevented offices from becoming hereditary, allowing appointments to be made on merit; they were more dedicated to their jobs, not being distracted by family obligations; and they were ineligible for the throne, and for that reason thought by emperors to be safe.

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Barjawan was a European eunuch during late Fatimid rule who gained power through his military and political savvy which brought peace between them and the Byzantine empire. Moreover, he squashed revolts in the Libya and the Levant. Given his reputation and power in the court and military he took the

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Wherefore they are no more twain, but one flesh. What therefore God hath joined together, let not man put asunder. They say unto him, Why did Moses then command to give a writing of divorcement, and to put her away? He saith unto them, Moses because of the hardness of your hearts suffered you to

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Since imams during this period ruled over a majority non-Shi'a population, the court eunuchs served an important informal role as ambassadors of the caliph, promoting loyalty and devotion to the Shi'a sect and the imam-caliph himself. The multicultural, multilingual eunuchs were able to connect to

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It is said that the justification for the employment of eunuchs as high-ranking civil servants was that, since they were incapable of having children, they would not be tempted to seize power and start a dynasty. In many cases, eunuchs were considered more reliable than the scholar-officials. As a

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rails against a woman who had sex with partially castrated eunuchs (those whose testicles were removed or rendered inactive only) in the bitter epigram (VI, 67): "Do you ask, Panychus, why your Caelia only consorts with eunuchs? Caelia wants the flowers of marriage – not the fruits." It is up for

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Eunuchs were the only males outside the royal family allowed to stay inside the palace overnight. Court records going back to 1392 indicate that the average lifespan of eunuchs was 70.0 ± 1.76 years, which was 14.4–19.1 years longer than the lifespan of non-castrated men of similar socioeconomic

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Eunuchs supposedly did not generally have loyalties to the military, the aristocracy, or a family of their own (having neither offspring nor in-laws, at the very least). They were thus seen as more trustworthy and less interested in establishing a private dynasty. Because their condition usually

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19:12 ("For there are eunuchs, who were born so from their mother's womb: and there are eunuchs, who were made so by men: and there are eunuchs, who have made themselves eunuchs for the kingdom of heaven. He that can take, let him take it."). Despite the fact that the early Christian theologian

1371:, published in 1900. He refers to the "Abou-Gerghè" monastery in a place he calls "Mount Ghebel-Eter". He adds details not mentioned by Andrews such as the insertion of bamboo into the victim. Bamboo was used with Chinese eunuchs. Andrews states his information is derived from an earlier work, 885:

in a painful procedure by removing the entire genitalia with both penis and testicles being cut off with a sharp knife or metal blade. The procedure was agonizing since the entire penis was cut off. The young man's thighs and abdomen would be tied and others would pin him down on a table. The

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is usually rendered as an officer, official or chamberlain, consistent with the idea that the original meaning of eunuch was bed-keeper (Orion's first option). Modern religious scholars have been disinclined to assume that the courts of Israel and Judah included castrated men, even though the

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The practice of religious castration continued into the Christian era, with members of the early church practicing celibacy (including castration) for religious purposes, although the extent and even the existence of this practice among Christians is subject to debate. The early theologian

1061:, maintaining borders between males and females where needed, and keeping order in the sacred spaces. They were highly respected in their time and remained there throughout the Ottoman Empire's control of the area and afterward. In the present day, it is reported that only a few remain. 169:

Eunuchs have been documented in several ancient and medieval societies, including the Byzantine Empire, Imperial China, the Ottoman Empire, and various Middle Eastern cultures. They often held significant power and influence in these societies, particularly in royal courts and harems.

1446:(r. 306–337), emperors were surrounded by eunuchs for such functions as bathing, haircutting, dressing, and bureaucratic functions, in effect acting as a shield between the emperor and his administrators from physical contact, thus enjoying great influence in the imperial court (see 2277:

during troubled political times (847–858 and 867–877). First absolutely unquestioned eunuch saint, recognized by both the Orthodox and Roman Churches. (There are a great many early saints who were probably eunuchs, though few either as influential nor unquestioned as to their

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Eunuchs were frequently employed in imperial palaces by Muslim rulers as servants for female royalty, as guards of the royal harem, and as sexual mates for the nobles. Some of them attained high-status positions in society. An early example of such a high-ranking eunuch was

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court, there were a great number of eunuchs employed in domestic and administrative functions, actually organized as a separate hierarchy, following a parallel career of their own. Archieunuchs—each in charge of a group of eunuchs—were among the principal officers in

1949:. Influential in changing Alexander's attitude toward Persians and therefore in the king's policy decision to try to integrate the conquered peoples fully into his Empire as loyal subjects. He thereby paved the way for the relative success of Alexander's 1271:). In control of both the harem and a net of spies among the black eunuchs, the Chief Eunuch was involved in almost every palace intrigue and thereby could gain power over either the sultan or one of his viziers, ministers, or other court officials. 318:"mind"), thus meaning "to be well-minded, well-inclined, well-disposed or favorable", but unlike Orion he argued that this was due to the trust that certain jealous and suspicious foreign rulers placed in the loyalty of their eunuchized servants. 201:, the 6th century BCE comic poet and prolific inventor of compound words. The acerbic poet describes a particular lover of fine food having "consumed his estate dining lavishly and at leisure every day on tuna and garlic-honey cheese paté like a 87: 619:

points out that reality was not always that clear-cut. There were instances of very capable eunuchs who were valuable advisers to their emperor, and the resistance of the "virtuous" officials often stemmed from jealousy on their part.

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English translation of Rudople Guilland's essay on Byzantine eunuchs "Les Eunuques dans l'Empire Byzantin: Étude de titulature et de prosopographie byzantines", in 'Études Byzantines', Vol. I (1943), pp. 197–238 with many

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the Coptic priests castrate Nubian and Abyssinian slave boys at about 8 years of age and afterward sell them to the Turkish market. Turks in Asia Minor are also partly supplied by Circassian eunuchs. The Coptic priests

2095:–121): Former attribution to Lun as the inventor of paper has been rescinded following discovery of many earlier manuscripts written on paper. It is now highly questionable if he was directly involved in making paper. 1759:

word for eunuch, and thus has been generally understood by scholars as referring to eunuchs. However, its technical meaning is a male who has not shown signs of typical sexual maturity by the age of 20. Per the

913: 3487:"Long-Term Consequences of Castration in Men: Lessons from the Skoptzy and the Eunuchs of the Chinese and Ottoman Courts | The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism | Oxford Academic" 1802:

were also valued and trained in several cultures for their exceptional voices, which retained a childlike and other-worldly flexibility and treble pitch (a high-pitched voice). Such eunuchs were known as

1322:. In a chapter dedicated to eunuchs, Al-Subki made "the clear implication that 'eunuchness' is itself an office," Shaun Marmon explained, adding that al-Subki had specified occupational subgroups for the 1567:

in late antiquity can be interpreted as a metaphor for celibacy. Tertullian even goes so far with the metaphor as to say St. Paul had been "castrated". Tertullian also ridiculed his theological opponent

3568: 3385:"Shih-Shan Henry Tsai. <italic>The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty</italic>. (Suny Series in Chinese Local Studies.) Albany: State University of New York Press. 1996. Pp. xi, 290. $ 18.95" 1116:, or female members of the court; administrative and clerical positions; and military service. For example, during the Fatimid occupation of Cairo, Egyptian eunuchs controlled military garrisons ( 39: 608:

symbolic assignment of heavenly authority to the palace system, a constellation of stars was designated as the Emperor's, and, to the west of it, four stars were identified as his "eunuchs."

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served as eunuchs in the Thai palace and court. The Thai at times asked eunuchs from China to visit the court in Thailand and advise them on court ritual since they held them in high regard.

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lowered their social status, they could also be easily replaced or killed without repercussion. In cultures that had both harems and eunuchs, eunuchs were sometimes used as harem servants.

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where physical access to the ruler could wield great influence. Seemingly lowly domestic functions—such as making the ruler's bed, bathing him, cutting his hair, carrying him in his

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Junne, G. H. (2016). The Black Eunuchs of the Ottoman Empire: Networks of Power in the Court of the Sultan. Storbritannien: Bloomsbury Publishing. 12

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El Cheikh, N. M. (2017). Guarding the harem, protecting the state: Eunuchs in a fourth/tenth-century Abbasid court. In Celibate and Childless Men in Power (pp. 65–78). Routledge.

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Wilson, Jean D.; Roehrborn, Claus (1 December 1999). "Long-Term consequences of Castration in Men: Lessons from the Skoptzy and the Eunuchs of the Chinese and Ottoman Courts".

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The practice was also well established in other Mediterranean areas among the Greeks and Romans, although a role as court functionary does not arise until Byzantine times. The

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Vern L. Bullough and James Brundage (eds), Handbook of Medieval Sexuality (Routledge, 2000), especially chapter by M.S. Kuefler, 'Castration and Eunuchism in the Middle Ages'

4810: 1458:(r. 361–363) released the eunuchs from their service because he felt they were overpaid, and he subsequently realized how much they had contributed to palace operations. 1112:

Once enslaved, eunuchs were often placed into positions of significant power in one of four areas: the service of the male members of the court; the service of the

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Limestone wall relief depicting an Assyrian royal attendant, a eunuch. From the Central Palace at Nimrud, Iraq, 744–727 BCE. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul.

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Hathaway, J. (2018). The Chief Eunuch of the Ottoman Harem: From African Slave to Power-Broker. Indien: Cambridge University Press. 123

6020: 344:) essentially repeats the entry from Orion, but stands by the first option, while attributing the second option to what "some say". In the late 12th century, 1506:

Castration as part of religious practice, and eunuchs occupying religious roles, have been established prior to classical antiquity. Archaeological finds at

4802: 109:. Throughout history, castration often served a specific social function. The earliest records for intentional castration to produce eunuchs are from the 3587: 1165:; then ruled as the de facto Regent 997 CE. His usurpation of power from the caliph resulted in his assassination in 1000 CE on the orders of al-Hakim. 1575:

Eunuch priests have served various goddesses from India for many centuries. Similar phenomena are exemplified by some modern Indian communities of the

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Tolino, S. (2017). Eunuchs in the Fatimid empire: Ambiguities, gender and sacredness. In Celibate and Childless Men in Power (pp. 246–267). Routledge.

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Eunuchs existed in China from about 4,000 years ago, were imperial servants by 3,000 years ago, and were common as civil servants by the time of the

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argues that in reality, eunuchs represented the personal will of the Emperor, while the officials represented the alternative political will of the

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in his New Constitution 98 banning the marriage of eunuchs, in which he noted eunuchs' reputation as trustworthy guardians of the marriage bed (

5808: 3054: 3021: 2988: 5943: 1563:, which is translated as "eunuchs" in some contexts. Quoting from the cited book: "Tertullian takes 'spado' to mean virgin". The meaning of 1218:—was under the administration of the eunuchs. These were of two categories: black eunuchs and white eunuchs. Black eunuchs were slaves from 162:

power on the formally humble but trusted servant. Similar instances are reflected in the humble origins and etymology of many high offices.

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explained that the section prophesies Jesus' crucifixion, which Philip described to the eunuch. The eunuch was baptized shortly thereafter.

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The tension between eunuchs in the service of the emperor and virtuous Confucian officials is a familiar theme in Chinese history. In his

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In Imperial China, eunuchs managed the imperial household and were involved in state affairs, often wielding significant political power.

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Kathryn M. Ringrose, The Perfect Servant: Eunuchs and the Social Construction of Gender in Byzantium (University of Chicago Press, 2003)

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Xin Xiuming (1878–1959): Entered Emperor Puyi's service in 1902; left palace service in 1911; became abbot of the Taoist temple at the

2049:, one of the original seven deacons, is directed by the Holy Spirit to catch up to the eunuch's chariot and hears him reading from the 139:

singers, concubines or sexual partners, religious specialists, soldiers, royal guards, government officials, and guardians of women or

751:, were officials to the king and other royalty in traditional Korean society. The first recorded appearance of a Korean eunuch was in 1810:

As women were sometimes forbidden to sing in Church, their place was taken by castrati. Castrati became very popular in 18th century

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In the 14th century, the Muslim Egyptian religious scholar Taj-al-Din Abu Nasr 'Abdal-Wahhab al-Subki discussed eunuchs in his book

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Marmon, S. (1995). Eunuchs and Sacred Boundaries in Islamic Society. Ukraina: Oxford University Press. 105

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Licht und Finsternis: gnostisch-theosophische und freimaurerisch-okkulte Geheimgesellschaften bis an die Wende zum 20. Jahrhundert

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Marmon, S. (1995). Eunuchs and Sacred Boundaries in Islamic Society. Ukraina: Oxford University Press. IX

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in the 2nd millennium BCE. Over the millennia since, they have performed a wide variety of functions in many different cultures:

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Maekawa, Kazuya (1980). Animal and human castration in Sumer, Part II: Human castration in the Ur III period. Zinbun , pp. 1–56.

1633: 1199:, eunuchs were typically slaves imported from outside their domains. A fair proportion of male slaves were imported as eunuchs. 631:

The number of eunuchs in imperial employ fell to 470 by 1912, when the practice of using them ceased. The last imperial eunuch,

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in Vietnam. Penned what is considered the first Vietnamese declaration of independence. Regarded as a Vietnamese national hero.

2274: 1072:, who guarded the Prophet Muhammad’s tomb in Medina and the Kaʿba in Mecca. Most slaves trafficked to Hijaz came there via the 1065: 5903:

Taisuke Mitamura (trans. by Charles A. Pomeroy), Chinese Eunuchs: The Structure of Intimate Politics (Tuttle Publishing, 1970)

5563: 604:. Self-castration was a common practice, although it was not always performed completely, which led to it being made illegal. 6006: 5316: 5202: 5134: 5052: 5025: 4871: 4571: 4128: 3958: 2824: 2760: 1447: 3886: 3632: 503:, who bore him two sons, before Lao Ai and his sons were executed after participating in a rebellion against Qin Shi Huang. 253:, literally: 'mindless')". Orion's second option reflects well-established idioms in Ancient Greek, as shown by entries for 3691: 2839: 1249:, either purchased in the slave markets or taken as boys from Christian families in the Balkans who were unable to pay the 406:

Modern etymologists have followed Orion's first option. In an influential 1925 essay on the word eunuch and related terms,

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Patrick Barbier, The World of the Castrati: The History of an Extraordinary Operatic Phenomenon (Souvenir Press Ltd, 2010)

1716:, such as Hegai and Shashgaz, as well as other servants such as Hatach, Harbonah, Bigthan, and Teresh, are referred to as 4447:

Gul, R., Zafar, N., & Naznin, S. (2021). Legal and Social Status of Eunuchs Islam and Pakistan. sjesr, 4(2), 515–523.

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Maekawa, Kazuya (1980). Female Weavers and Their Children in Lagash – Presargonic and Ur III. Acta Sumerologica 2:81–125.

3188: 6511: 5765: 5594: 5545: 5517: 5489: 5432: 5395: 5366: 4285: 4099: 3429: 2612: 334:, "to have, hold", since they were always "well-disposed" toward the master who "held" or owned them. The 12th century 4389:

Hathaway, J. (2024, June 18). Eunuchs. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History. Retrieved 21 Aug. 2024, from

4343: 4068: 4023: 3669: 5864: 5573: 4709: 4615: 4544: 4466: 4319: 4230: 4219: 3615: 3581: 3463: 3210: 3106: 2883: 2707: 2644: 2371:(1079–1142): French scholastic philosopher and theologian. Forcibly castrated by his girlfriend's uncle while in bed. 93: 6593: 2592: 1993:– gathering and analyzing both primary and secondary sources to write his monumental history of the Chinese Empire. 1345: 1106: 1093: 395:

therefore explains that the word originally designated an office, and he affirms the view that it was derived from

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According to Remondino, Spooner, and several later sources, the Coptic priests sliced the penis and testicles off

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until the early 20th-century for service in harem as well as in the corps of mostly African eunuchs, known as the

5879:, translated by Christopher Rea and Bruce Rusk (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2017), pp. 138–141. 1818:, remained popular until the 18th century and was known into the 19th century. The last famous Italian castrato, 1422: 5935: 5912:

Lynn E. Roller, In Search of God the Mother: The Cult of Anatolian Cybele (University of California Press, 1999)

3717: 596:) and a means of gaining employment in the imperial service. Certain eunuchs, such as the Ming dynasty official 5720: 5671: 5622: 4901: 3537: 3516: 3296: 2234: 286:

in that standard reference work. However, the first option was cited by the late 9th century Byzantine emperor

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Light and darkness: Gnostic-Theosophical and Freemason-occult secret societies to the turn of the 20th century

1768:– a castrated male; one made sterile intentionally or via accidental injury – might be considered a eunuch (a 6683: 4391:

https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-856

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1763–1832): Vietnamese eunuch, military strategist and government official (not a true eunuch, he was born a

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In the late period of the Roman Empire, after the adoption of the oriental royal court model by the Emperors

1196: 1105:(909–1171 CE), eunuchs played major roles in the politics of the caliphate's court within the institution of 686:

term traditionally translated into English as "eunuch", actually refers to what modern Westerners would call

241:, "being good with respect to the mind", which Orion explains based on their "being deprived of intercourse ( 5233: 6668: 1135: 5894:

Laura Engelstein, Castration and the Heavenly Kingdom: A Russian Folktale (Cornell University Press, 2003)

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Marmon, S. E. (1995). Eunuchs and sacred boundaries in Islamic society. Oxford University Press on Demand.

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suggested that Eustathius's derivation "can or must be laid to rest", and he affirmed the derivation from

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and were from 1582 prohibited from entering the Harem. An important figure in the Ottoman court was the

653:. Eunuchs in imperial palaces were organized in a hierarchy, often with a senior or Chief Eunuch (Urdu: 495:

Some men have falsified the status of their castration to gain entrance into the palace. Chinese eunuch

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Hester, David (2005). "Eunuchs and the Postgender Jesus: Matthew 19:12 and Transgressive Sexualities".

4045: 3244: 2851: 2625: 2475: 2270: 2220: 1479: 345: 5101: 2439:(died 1410): patron saint of eunuchs in China who castrated himself to demonstrate his loyalty to the 1494:

Those who had been deprived not only of their testicles but also their penises were known in Greek as

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tr. Charles A. Pomeroy, Tokyo 1970, a short, condensed version of Mitamura's original book =三田村泰助,

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This Italian practice of castrating young males to maintain their soprano voices was ended by Pope

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did not practice castration, eunuchs were common in other cultures featured in the Bible, such as

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threaten enemies in Nubia and Asia, specifically referencing "all males, all eunuchs, all women."

6693: 6215: 2168: 1989:(old romanization Ssu-ma Chi'en; 2nd/1st century BCE): the first person to have practiced modern 1957: 1607: 1466:

debate whether this passage is representative of any sort of widely practiced behavior, however.

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was abolished in 1962. In 1979, the last Agha was appointed. In 1990 seventeen eunuchs remained.

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Shih-Shan Henry Tsai, The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty (State University of New York Press, 1995)

5015: 2508:(1568–1627): eunuch of the Ming dynasty, considered the most powerful eunuch in Chinese history. 6688: 5885:

David Ayalon, Eunuchs, Caliphs and Sultans: A Study in Power Relationships (Magnes Press, 1999)

5047:. Chicago Series on Sexuality, History, and Society. University of Chicago Press. p. 267. 4917:

Caner, Daniel (1997). "The Practice and Prohibition of Self-Castration in Early Christianity".

4768:. Translated by Broadwin, John A. and Shelley L. Frisch. Markus Weiner Publishers. p. 178. 2182: 1861: 1741: 1709: 1451: 815: 788: 741: 130: 48: 5900:

Shaun Marmon, Eunuchs and Sacred Boundaries in Islamic Society (Oxford University Press, 1993)

5042: 4891: 4699: 4674: 4646: 4116: 3948: 3453: 1822:, died in 1861. The sole existing sound recording of a castrato singer documents the voice of 6663: 5882:

Mary M. Anderson, Hidden Power: The Palace Eunuchs of Imperial China (Prometheus Books, 1990)

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slave boys around the age of eight. The boys were captured from Abyssinia and other areas in

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Serena Nanda, Neither Man nor Woman: The Hijras of India (Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc, 1998)

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Chen, Gilbert (2016). "Castration and connection: Kinship organization among Ming Eunuchs".

5298: 5180: 4739: 3806:"The "Dancing Queens": Negotiating Hijra Pehchān from India's Streets onto the Global Stage" 3756: 1875: 1658:, the Queen of Ethiopia, but was already a eunuch at the time of conversion (Acts 8:27–39). 1138:, a sacred role in Shia Islam entrusted with the imam's choice of successor upon his death. 671: 6643: 6618: 6338: 5982:; Michael Hoeckelmann, British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of History at 4162:

Stol, Marten; et al. (2016). "Chapter 31 – The Middle Assyrian Law-Book about Women".

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Piotr O. Scholz, Eunuchs and Castrati: A Cultural History (Markus Wiener Publishers, 2014)

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The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade

5414: 2498:(1562–1606): a Spanish eunuch who became the head of the Moroccan invasion force into the 2138:

253): early Christian theologian, allegedly castrated himself based on his reading of the

1211: 231:, "guarding the bed", a derivation inferred from eunuchs' established role at the time as 8: 6126: 5359:

The manly eunuch: masculinity, gender ambiguity, and Christian ideology in late antiquity

5044:

The Manly Eunuch: Masculinity, Gender Ambiguity, and Christian Ideology in Late Antiquity

2608: 2585: 2260: 2176: 2147:

wrote that Jesus was a eunuch, there is no corroboration in any other early source. (The

2103: 1967: 1946: 1908: 1897: 1883: 1823: 1610:

cult were found to have been castrated, apparently voluntarily and for the same reasons.

1387: 1351: 1227: 1077: 1073: 1010:, and was the primary power behind the throne during their reigns until he was killed by 959: 922: 827: 800: 628:. The clash between them would thus have been a clash of ideologies or political agenda. 512: 336: 158:, or even relaying messages—could, in theory, give a eunuch "the ruler's ear" and impart 6516: 6395: 6273: 5979: 5466: 5259: 4969: 4934: 4459:

Celibate and Childless Men in Power: Ruling Eunuchs and Bishops in the Pre-Modern World

4039: 3860: 3779: 3751: 3261: 3215: 3193: 3077: 3048: 3015: 2982: 2923: 2465: 2446: 2358: 2030:(died 69): an attractive Roman boy who was castrated by, and later married to, Emperor 1996: 1576: 1260: 1219: 872: 675: 666: 5927:

Caroline Vout, Power and Eroticism in Imperial Rome (Cambridge University Press, 2007)

5275: 4369: 1507: 6476: 6131: 6116: 6081: 5918:

Shaun Tougher (ed.), Eunuchs in Antiquity and Beyond (Classical Press of Wales, 2002)

5860: 5841: 5761: 5741:. Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore 5716: 5667: 5618: 5590: 5569: 5541: 5513: 5485: 5470: 5428: 5391: 5362: 5312: 5279: 5130: 5048: 5021: 4973: 4897: 4867: 4860: 4705: 4611: 4567: 4540: 4462: 4325: 4315: 4281: 4226: 4215: 4124: 4095: 3997: 3954: 3640: 3611: 3605: 3577: 3533: 3512: 3459: 3425: 3400: 3292: 3102: 2879: 2820: 2756: 2703: 2565: 2281: 2214: 2164: 2139: 1942: 1756: 1697: 1569: 1382:

Remondino's claims were repeated in similar form by Henry G. Spooner in 1919, in the

1102: 995: 970: 926: 832:'Common official naesi', both of which held rank as officers. A total of 140 601: 561: 277: 4355: 3835: 2368: 2329:

1070): Chinese mathematician; invented the Jia Xian triangle for the calculation of

1720:. Being exposed to the consorts of the king, they would likely have been castrated. 1207: 990:, an Assyrian loanword) held powerful positions in the Achaemenid court. The eunuch 6714: 6491: 6348: 5833: 5793: 5648: 5458: 5304: 5271: 4993:, Fortress Press, Philadelphia, 1984, p. 374, which in footnote 45 cites Eusebius, 4961: 4926: 4798: 4351: 4144: 3987: 3929: 3392: 2812: 2748: 2402: 2041:" (1st century AD), from the Kingdom of Kush in modern-day Sudan, described in the 2038: 1950: 1846: 1651: 1587:, who are not castrated, and the Ali of southern India, of whom at least some are. 1470: 1455: 1150: 1018: 900: 878: 593: 566: 550: 534: 520: 469: 392: 368: 155: 61: 5462: 5210: 4733: 2185:(died 399): only eunuch known to have attained the highly distinguished office of 6578: 6557: 6464: 6444: 6413: 6382: 6121: 6111: 6042: 6033: 6029: 5974:. Interviewed Guests: Karen Radner, Professor of Ancient Near Eastern History at 5947: 5854: 5755: 5710: 5700: 5661: 5612: 5584: 5535: 5507: 5479: 5422: 5150: 4986: 4587: 4500: 3220: 3198: 2861: 2649: 2569: 2426: 2392: 2388: 2264: 1770: 1732: 1724: 1630:

The reference to "eunuchs" in Matthew 19:12 has yielded various interpretations.

1599: 1376: 1348:, refers to Coptic priests in "Abou Gerhè in Upper Egypt" castrating slave boys. 1307: 1141:

There were several other eunuchs of high regard in Fatimid history, mainly being

1021:

biographies of the eunuchs often praise their appearance with adjectives such as

806: 805:'Chief of Naesi', who held the official title of senior second rank, and 779: 732: 468:

has sometimes figuratively been used for a wide range of men who were seen to be

287: 280:'s Greek-English Lexicon, while the first option is not listed as an idiom under 222: 122: 5639:

Robinson, David (1995). "Notes on Eunuchs in Hebei during the Mid-Ming Period".

3695: 3285: 1531: 300:, opting instead for Orion's second alternative, stated that the word came from 6648: 6608: 6537: 6358: 6096: 5998: 5652: 4893:

The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria

4179:

The Perfect Servant: Eunuchs and the Social Construction of Gender in Byzantium

3176:

Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque – Histoire des mots, Vol. 2, E-K

3099:

The Perfect Servant: Eunuchs and the Social Construction of Gender in Byzantium

2561: 2499: 2471: 2440: 2420: 2416: 2301: 2099: 2050: 1990: 1932: 1705: 1673: 1475: 1398: 1278:

in the 1730s, who played a crucial role in establishing the Ottoman version of

1203: 1188: 1182: 1003: 760: 716: 516: 214: 4521:

Lad, Jateen. "Panoptic Bodies. Black Eunuchs in the Topkapi Palace", Scroope:

3992: 3975: 2636: 2474:

period, ably served kings in the Joseon dynasty. His life is the subject of a

1522:

and other parts of the near East. Later Roman followers of Cybele were called

452: 6708: 6613: 6603: 6573: 6552: 6542: 6501: 6469: 6418: 6253: 6106: 5586:

Women Shall Not Rule: Imperial Wives and Concubines in China from Han to Liao

5283: 4965: 4793: 4329: 3644: 3404: 3240: 2847: 2555: 2541: 2505: 2362: 2285: 2250: 2196: 2076: 1976: 1685: 1559:, a 2nd-century Church Father, described Jesus himself and Paul of Tarsus as 1443: 1394: 1291: 1256: 1113: 1099: 1007: 951: 687: 574: 500: 484:

and thus "the most eunuchoid of all nations" (Airs Waters Places 22). In the

376: 182: 5921:

Shaun Tougher, The Eunuch in Byzantine History and Society (Routledge, 2008)

5837: 4930: 3903: 3396: 2430: 2344: 437: 431: 6598: 6588: 6496: 6308: 6210: 6185: 6141: 5971: 5897:

Zia Jaffrey, The Invisibles: A Tale of the Eunuchs of India (W&N, 1997)

5845: 4001: 3384: 3372: 3354: 3336: 3318: 2804: 2742: 2579: 2489: 2450: 2254: 2244: 2230: 2186: 1918: 1701: 1580: 1356: 907: 852: 837: 836:

served the palace in the Joseon dynasty period. They also took the exam on

695: 616: 578: 364: 232: 6521: 6268: 6158: 5332: 4309: 3946: 3861:"Dancing eunuchs taxing red-faced shopkeepers. Reuters. November 10, 2006" 2876:

Athens and Persia in the Fifth Century BC: A Study in Cultural Receptivity

2816: 2752: 6653: 6408: 6303: 6263: 6175: 6153: 6136: 6086: 5987: 4814:. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al. p. 354. 2602: 2575: 2495: 2454: 2380: 2330: 2206: 2192: 2014: 1963: 1811: 1275: 845: 691: 650: 632: 625: 589: 585: 473: 407: 363:

In translations of the Bible into modern European languages, such as the

151: 6318: 5873:"A Eunuch Cooks Boys to Make a Tonic of Male Essence," in Zhang Yingyu, 5783: 4590:. American Medical Association. 1 January 1898 – via Google Books. 2631: 1865: 1514:

indicate worship of a 'Magna Mater' figure, a forerunner of the goddess

1045:

For several centuries, Muslim Eunuchs were tasked with honored roles in

6547: 6439: 6403: 6353: 6283: 6258: 6195: 4938: 4735:

The Journal of the American Medical Association, Volume 30, Issues 1–13

4197:

The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A political and military history

3072:. Thessaloniki: Association de Recherches Byzantines. pp. 308–309. 2778:"Eunuch Study Reveals That Castration May Add 20 Years to a Man's Life" 2537: 2412: 2305: 2172: 2144: 2124:(died 280): eunuch in the state of Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. 2004: 1887: 1556: 1439: 1294:, was captured and castrated to serve the Ottoman governor in Algiers. 1238:

and officials in the Harem together with chamber maidens of low rank.

1177: 1058: 1011: 963: 882: 700: 530: 381: 106: 5390:] (in German). Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt. p. 456. 3122:

Kittel, Gerhard; Friedrich, Gerhard (1985). Bromiley, Geoffrey (ed.).

2588:(1858–1922): Italian castrato singer, the only one to make recordings. 767:

system was revised, and the department was renamed the "Department of

418:("guardian of the bed"), without mentioning the other derivation from 6449: 6298: 6288: 6148: 6091: 2517: 2436: 2334: 2226: 2210: 2158: 2154: 2109: 2000: 1986: 1922: 1914: 1775:

is one who is congenitally sterile, and is not considered a eunuch).

1713: 1693: 1637: 1483: 969:

Political eunuchism became a fully established institution among the

958:

for underage heirs to the throne, as it seems to be the case for the

621: 600:, gained immense power that occasionally superseded that of even the 477: 313: 307: 301: 291: 281: 271: 265: 248: 242: 236: 226: 205: 202: 192: 126: 5738: 5614:

Notable Women of China: Shang Dynasty to the Early Twentieth Century

3725:

UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs – Statistics Department

708:). Some of them undergo ritual castration, but the majority do not. 643: 6658: 6623: 6368: 6231: 6163: 4792: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 3947:

Gwyn Campbell; Suzanne Miers; Joseph C. Miller (8 September 2009).

3124:

Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, Abridged in One Volume

2511: 2398: 2357:

1048–after 1110): Byzantine general who led the forces of Emperor

2350: 2318: 2240: 2079: 2010: 1972: 1935:

of Persia, and his assassin (Bagoas is an old Persian word meaning

1904: 1834: 1804: 1793: 1602:, where its members regarded castration as a way of renouncing the 1519: 1511: 1410: 1379:, in 1868, though this detail does not appear in Du Bisson's book. 1246: 1215: 1146: 933:"the one who stands by the head of the king", often abbreviated as 856: 752: 694:

women (although some of them reportedly identify as belonging to a

597: 198: 150:

who had been castrated to make them less threatening servants of a

135: 118: 2288:

and successful commander in the wars against the Byzantine Empire.

2263:(died 800): chief associate and minister of the Byzantine empress 2223:(480s/490s–544): general and governor of Africa under Justinian I. 2007:. Unsuccessfully attacked Julius Caesar three times at Alexandria. 1053:. They are thought to have been instituted in their role there by 352:

1256.30, 1643.16) offered an original derivation of the word from

6486: 6481: 6459: 6333: 6293: 6278: 6168: 2481: 2408: 2384: 2295: 2148: 2121: 2085: 2072: 2060: 1799: 1784:

a means of ensuring loyalty and controlling certain populations.

1689: 1681: 1655: 1591: 1462: 1242: 1154: 1125: 1069: 1054: 947: 720: 538: 147: 4697: 1953:

and greatly enhanced the diffusion of Greek culture to the East.

6434: 6363: 6328: 6236: 6200: 6101: 6076: 6053: 2605:(1902–1996): last surviving imperial eunuch of Chinese history. 2387:

1296–1316): a eunuch slave who became a general in the army of

2202: 2127: 2027: 1928: 1879: 1761: 1539: 1515: 1487: 1432: 1406: 1282:

Islam throughout the Empire by founding libraries and schools.

1279: 1185: 1046: 999: 991: 955: 756: 496: 114: 2470:(1421–1505): one of the most famous eunuchs during the Korean 1896:, 7th century BCE: eunuch who attempted to usurp power in the 1672:

Eunuchs are mentioned many times in the Bible, such as in the

1369:

History of Circumcision from the Earliest Times to the Present

985: 6506: 6246: 6205: 6066: 5757:

Harmony and War: Confucian Culture and Chinese Power Politics

4778:

Penzer, N. M. (1965) The Harem, Spring Books, London, p. 147.

4537:

Beshir Agha : chief eunuch of the Ottoman imperial harem

4457:

Höfert, A.; Mesley, M. M.; Tolino, S, eds. (15 August 2017).

3567:

Patterson, Orlando (1982). "Chapter 11: The Ultimate Slave".

3233: 2840: 2572:, who castrated himself to avoid temptation from prostitutes. 2484:(1451–1510): corrupt eunuch official of the Ming dynasty and 1980: 1523: 1490:

functioned as a successful general in a number of campaigns.

1428: 1402: 1251: 1130: 1080:

became gradually more supressed during the 20th-century, and

1050: 698:). The history of this third sex is mentioned in the ancient 683: 442: 186: 140: 110: 5876:

The Book of Swindles: Selections from a Late Ming Collection

5790:

Research on the System of Imperial Harem in the Liao Dynasty

5739:"Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource" 5680:

Tuotuo. Liaoshi . Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1974 (or Tuotuo,

4731: 3607:

1587, A Year of No Significance: The Ming Dynasty in Decline

1956:

Batis, 4th century BCE: resisted Alexander the Great at the

1390:, referred to the monastery as "Abou Gerbe in Upper Egypt". 67: 6313: 6071: 4811:

Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences

4370:"'The Guardians' of the Sacred Chamber - BahareMadinah.com" 4190: 4188: 2401:(1371–1433): famous admiral who led huge Chinese fleets of 2031: 1142: 1057:, but perhaps earlier. Their tasks included caring for the 950:(down to the Lagid dynasty known as Ptolemies, ending with 712: 592:, castration was both a traditional punishment (one of the 581:). Both organs were cut off with a knife at the same time. 225:

offers two alternative origins for the word eunuch: first,

102: 73: 5484:(illustrated ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press. 2962:. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 607–608, 1009. 2411:(15th century): admiral in charge of expeditions down the 1903:

Aspamistres or Mithridates, 5th century BCE: bodyguard of

6454: 6061: 5258:

Anawalt, Patricia Rieff; Berdan, Frances F. (June 1992).

3368:

Gender Pluralism: Southeast Asia Since Early Modern Times

3350:

Gender Pluralism: Southeast Asia Since Early Modern Times

3332:

Gender Pluralism: Southeast Asia Since Early Modern Times

3314:

Gender Pluralism: Southeast Asia Since Early Modern Times

2304:(died 965): chief minister of the Byzantine Empire under 1999:, 1st century BCE: highly capable adviser and general of 1603: 1316:

Book of the Guide to Benefits and Averting of Vengeance

247:), the things that the ancients used to call irrational ( 5941:

Research on the System of Imperial Harem in Liao Dynasty

5936:

Research on the System of Imperial Harem in Liao Dynasty

4701:

The African diaspora in the Mediterranean lands of Islam

4185: 3287:

The annals of Lü Buwei: a complete translation and study

5098:"The Mystery of the Threshold: 'Ali' of Southern India" 4648:

The American Journal of Urology and Sexology, Volume 15

3141:. Amsterdam: Lodewijk and Daniel Elsevier. p. 198. 2611:(1931–1997): Leader of the religious doomsday UFO cult 5826:

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

2878:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 213. 2803:

Levick, Dr Barbara; Levick, Barbara (4 January 2002).

2377:(died 1117): Regent of the Seljuk sultanate of Aleppo. 2161:, who killed him for declaring his Christian identity. 1860:

Mutakkil-Marduk, 8th century BCE: chief eunuch of the

1416: 1320:

Book of Tutor of Graces and Annihilator of Misfortunes

565:

A group of eunuchs. Mural from the tomb of the prince

5478:

Cooke, Nola; Li, Tana; Anderson, James, eds. (2011).

4632:"Les femmes, les eunuques et les guerriers du Soudan" 4599: 4597: 4058: 4022:. Theo Công An Nhân Dân. 18 July 2013. Archived from 3718:"Gender identity – Developing a statistical standard" 3126:. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans. p. 277. 946:

until 622 BCE) and in the court of the Egyptian

213:

The earliest surviving etymology of the word is from

94: 76: 70: 5809:"Hidden Power: The Palace Eunuchs of Imperial China" 5663:

The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty (Ming Tai Huan Kuan)

5427:(illustrated ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. 4501:"Bernard Lewis. Race and Slavery in the Middle East" 4199:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 95. 2195:(died 450): chief minister of Eastern Roman Emperor 1746: 1650:

One of the earliest converts to Christianity was an

1373:

Les Femmes, les eunuques, et les guerriers du Soudan

1355:

A black eunuch of the Ottoman Sultan. Photograph by

820: 793: 746: 486:

Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary

5760:(illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. 3940: 3551:

Chinese Eunuchs: The Structure of Intimate Politics

3101:. Chicago: University of Chicago. pp. 16, 39. 1778: 64: 5781: 5129:. State University of New York Press. p. 94. 4859: 4594: 4456: 3284: 3070:Théophylacte d'Achrida: Discours, Traités, Poésies 2112:: eunuch in the state of Shu; also appears in the 1606:of the flesh. Several members of the 20th-century 1344:, in an 1898 article called "Oriental Eunuchs" in 879:eunuch system and castration techniques from China 759:dynasty period. In 1392, with the founding of the 499:, for instance, became the lover of the mother of 3305: 3155:Maass, Ernst (1925). "Eunouchos und Verwandtes". 3150: 3148: 2536:(1742–1797): chief of the Qajars who established 1572:as a eunuch who advocated for sexual abstinence. 1530:. Eunuch priests also figured prominently in the 1526:, who practiced ritual self-castration, known as 910:, homosexual acts were punishable by castration. 644:Eunuchs in Indian sultanates (before the Mughals) 326:also stated that the origin of the word was from 6706: 6028: 5565:Eunuch and Emperor in the Great Age of Qing Rule 4644: 4563:Eunuchs and Sacred Boundaries in Islamic Society 4311:Eunuchs and sacred boundaries in Islamic society 4278:Eunuchs and Sacred Boundaries in Islamic Society 3549:For an extended discussion see Mitamura Taisuke, 3451: 3178:. Paris: Éditions Klincksieck. pp. 385–386. 2199:, architect of imperial policy towards the Huns. 488:, the term literally used for impotent males is 5823: 5568:. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. 5477: 3121: 2918:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 117. 2514:(1686–1758): Italian contralto castrato singer. 2257:eunuch who began his career as army supervisor. 954:, 30 BCE). Eunuchs sometimes were used as 755:("History of Goryeo"), a compilation about the 533:saw many Muslims serving as eunuchs during the 5978:; Shaun Tougher, Reader in Ancient History at 5234:"Six Sexes of the Talmud SF ByShoshana Fendel" 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 3282: 3145: 2702:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1998. p. 634. 2655: 2615:that took part in a mass suicide event in 1997 2217:in Italy and reconquering Rome for the empire. 1169:the commoners through shared cultural ground. 934: 391:The early 17th-century scholar and theologian 6014: 5257: 4662:cut away the whole scrotum, testes and penis. 4588:"Journal of the American Medical Association" 4061:"Bí mật về thái giám trong cung triều Nguyễn" 4016:"Bí mật về thái giám trong cung triều Nguyễn" 3930:"WHKMLA : Eunuchs in East Asian History" 3633:"The Death of the Last Emperor's Last Eunuch" 3570:Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study 3530:A Brief History Of Castration: Second Edition 2775: 2520:(1705–1782): Italian soprano castrato singer. 2294:(845/846–933/934): Commander-in-chief of the 1534:cult in Syria during the first centuries AD. 1363:Coptic castration of slaves was discussed by 1161:reins of the caliphate from his then student 889: 881:. Records show that the Vietnamese performed 6679:Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures 5361:. University of Chicago Press. p. 266. 5143: 4123:. University of Chicago Press. p. 222. 3323: 3276: 3082:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2928:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2802: 2530:1736–1790): Italian soprano castrato singer. 2247:eunuch who began another era of eunuch rule. 382:original translation of the Bible into Greek 5687: 5020:. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 85. 4698:John O. Hunwick; Eve Troutt Powell (2002). 4294: 4094:. Cambridge University Press. p. 121. 3024:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2991:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2744:The Eunuch in Byzantine History and Society 1274:One of the most powerful Chief Eunuchs was 855:, eunuchs became a desirable commodity for 704:, which refers to people of a "third sex" ( 6021: 6007: 5708: 5009: 5007: 5005: 4954:Journal for the Study of the New Testament 3173: 3053:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3020:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2987:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2903:. Bremen: Hempen Verlag. pp. 111–120. 1931:(4th century BCE): prime minister of king 660: 426:("having a well-disposed state of mind"). 5930:English language Abstracts of the thesis 4853: 4851: 4704:. Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 100. 4603: 4214:. Harvard University Press. p. 315. 4209: 4114: 3991: 3576:. Harvard University Press. p. 325. 3566: 3038: 2564:(b. 1832; presumed dead 1894): killer of 2229:(684–762): a loyal and trusted friend of 1613: 906:Castration was sometimes punitive; under 5986:. Producer: Thomas Morris. Broadcaster: 5853:Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry (1 January 1996). 5638: 5610: 5296: 5151:"Some members of suicide cult castrated" 5122: 5116: 4797: 4766:Eunuchs and Castrati: A Cultural History 4738:. American Medical Association. p. 4534: 4274:"More Exalted than the Service of Kings" 4176: 3898: 3896: 3283:Knoblock, John; Riegel, Jeffrey (2000). 3096: 3005: 2972: 2205:(478–573): general of Byzantine emperor 1632: 1384:American Journal of Urology and Sexology 1375:, published by a French explorer, Count 1350: 1176: 1064:Eunuchs were an active component in the 912: 670: 560: 459: 38: 5611:Peterson, Barbara Bennett, ed. (2000). 5589:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 5582: 5561: 5356: 5333:https://www.britannica.com/topic/eunuch 5040: 5002: 4566:. Oxford University Press. p. 62. 4539:. Oxford: Oneworld. pp. xii, xiv. 4280:. Oxford University Press. p. 66. 3833: 3777: 3213:. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. 3191:. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. 3136: 3067: 2957: 2898: 2740: 2312: 1854: 1501: 1314:), a title that has been translated as 1241:The white eunuchs were slaves from the 14: 6707: 5792:] (Master's thesis) (in Chinese). 5534:Lary, Diana (2007). Diana Lary (ed.). 5309:10.7208/chicago/9780226720166.001.0001 5126:Christian religion in the Soviet Union 5034: 5013: 4951: 4945: 4889: 4857: 4848: 4763: 4559: 4307: 4271: 4089: 4059:Theo Công An Nhân Dân (18 July 2013). 3973: 3953:. Ohio University Press. p. 137. 3630: 2943:Sturz, Friedrich Wilhelm, ed. (1820). 2873: 2578:(1848–1911): a despotic eunuch of the 2021: 2013:, 1st century BCE: regent for pharaoh 1966:, 4th/3rd century BCE: founder of the 1304:Kitab Mu'id al-Ni'am wa Mubid al-Niqam 844:system was repealed in 1894 following 638: 480:as being afflicted with high rates of 6002: 5617:(illustrated ed.). M.E. Sharpe. 5420: 5381: 4916: 4910: 4732:American Medical Association (1898). 4314:. New York: Oxford University Press. 4194: 3893: 3778:Narrain, Siddarth (14 October 2003). 3603: 3417: 3154: 2942: 2167:(255–362): A bishop who attended the 2151:did, however, believe it to be true.) 1297: 1255:tax. They served the recruits at the 921:Eunuchs were familiar figures in the 588:. From those ancient times until the 146:Eunuchs would usually be servants or 5958: 5852: 5753: 5736: 5666:(illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. 5659: 5533: 5505: 5448: 5231: 4256: 4161: 4149:Internet History Sourcebooks Project 4145:"Mesopotamian Law and Homosexuality" 3950:Children in Slavery through the Ages 3610:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2913: 2805:"The Government of the Roman Empire" 2700:The New Oxford Dictionary of English 2429:(15th century): a Chinese eunuch in 1290:In the 16th century, an Englishman, 1087: 1040: 978: 899:The four-thousand-year-old Egyptian 778:system included two ranks, those of 235:in the imperial palace, and second, 5540:(illustrated ed.). UBC Press. 4839: 4824: 4248: 4181:. University of Chicago. p. 8. 3974:JinMin, Kyung (25 September 2012). 3803: 3068:Gautier, Paul, ed. and tr. (1980). 2958:Liddell, H.G. and R. Scott (1883). 2914:West, M.L., ed. and trans. (1993). 2901:Studies in the Language of Hipponax 2776:Christine Hsu (24 September 2012). 2403:exploration around the Indian Ocean 1868:of the year 798 BCE in an Assyrian 1787: 1736: 1417:Ancient Greece, Rome, and Byzantium 1311: 254: 197:), first attested in a fragment of 47:, head of the black eunuchs of the 24: 5407: 5173:"The Old Testament Hebrew Lexicon" 5100:. 25 November 2006. Archived from 4866:. University of California Press. 3006:Noailles, P., and A. Dain (1944). 2973:Noailles, P., and A. Dain (1944). 2780:. Medicaldaily.com. Archived from 1840: 1542:found evidence of the practice in 506: 492:but may also be used for eunuchs. 25: 6731: 5994: 5856:The Eunuchs of Ming Dynasty China 5782:祝建龙 (Zhu Jianlong) (April 2009). 5481:The Tongking Gulf Through History 5276:10.1038/scientificamerican0692-70 4241: 3631:Faison, Seth (20 December 1996). 3260:. Archives.nd.edu. Archived from 2645:Nullification (body modification) 2298:armies between 908 and his death. 2209:, responsible for destroying the 2098:Zhang Rang: head of the infamous 2003:VII's sister and rival, Princess 1945:, 4th century BCE: a favorite of 1654:who was a high court official of 1172: 1066:slave market of the Islamic world 541:) while on a diplomatic mission. 6594:Attraction to transgender people 5684:(Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1974)) 5537:The Chinese State at the Borders 5375: 5350: 5337: 5325: 5290: 5251: 5225: 5195: 5165: 5090: 5068: 4829:. London: BCA. pp. 129–130. 4787: 4651:. The Grafton Press. p. 522 4604:Remondino, P. C. (1 June 2001). 4560:Marmon, Shaun Elizabeth (1995). 4308:Marmon, Shaun Elizabeth (1995). 4272:Marmon, Shaun Elizabeth (1995). 4115:Bresciani, Edda (23 June 1997). 3976:"The lifespan of Korean eunuchs" 3834:Chauhan, Baldev (24 July 2003). 3755:. 20 August 2003. Archived from 3008:Les Nouvelles de Leon VI le Sage 2975:Les Nouvelles de Leon VI le Sage 2630: 2593:Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery 2361:and acted as a guide during the 2343:(1019–1105): general during the 1779:Environmental and social factors 1346:the American Journal of Medicine 1107:slavery in the Fatimid Caliphate 1094:Slavery in the Fatimid Caliphate 60: 5715:(illustrated ed.). BRILL. 5709:Van Derven, H. J., ed. (2000). 5303:. University of Chicago Press. 4980: 4960:(1). Sage Publications: 13–40. 4883: 4833: 4818: 4781: 4772: 4757: 4725: 4691: 4667: 4638: 4624: 4580: 4553: 4528: 4515: 4503:. Oxford University Press. 1994 4493: 4484: 4475: 4450: 4441: 4432: 4423: 4414: 4405: 4396: 4383: 4362: 4356:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_com_27821 4336: 4265: 4235: 4203: 4170: 4155: 4137: 4108: 4083: 4052: 4008: 3967: 3922: 3879: 3853: 3827: 3797: 3771: 3739: 3710: 3684: 3658: 3624: 3597: 3560: 3543: 3522: 3501: 3479: 3445: 3424:. O. Harrassowitz. p. 10. 3411: 3377: 3359: 3341: 3250: 3226: 3204: 3182: 3167: 3130: 3115: 3090: 3061: 3032: 2999: 2966: 2951: 2936: 2907: 2892: 2082:and suspected of poisoning him. 1486:in the 6th century, the eunuch 1423:Eunuchs in the Byzantine Empire 5660:Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry (1996). 4676:Northwestern lancet, Volume 17 4523:Cambridge Architecture Journal 4164:Women in the Ancient Near East 3836:"Eunuchs 'cut off man's penis" 3509:Inside the World of the Eunuch 3389:The American Historical Review 2947:. Leipzig: Weigel. p. 58. 2867: 2833: 2796: 2769: 2741:Tougher, Shaun (2 June 2009). 2734: 2725: 2716: 2691: 2666: 1890:thought likely to be a eunuch. 1147:Abu'l-Futuh Barjawan al-Ustadh 1033:(the best, most beautiful) or 577:as well as the testicles (see 573:In China, castration included 470:physically unable to procreate 13: 1: 6684:Social construction of gender 5463:10.1080/0147037X.2016.1179552 5297:Ringrose, Kathryn M. (2003). 5177:Heartlight's Search Gods Word 4348:Brill: Encyclopaedia of Islam 4119:. In Donadoni, Sergio (ed.). 3455:Encyclopedia of birth control 3291:. Stanford University Press. 3097:Ringrose, Kathryn M. (2003). 3043:. St. Petersburg. p. 99. 2635:The dictionary definition of 2551: 2527: 2354: 2326: 2322: 2135: 2131: 2115:Romance of the Three Kingdoms 2089: 2068: 2064: 1975:, died 210 BCE: favourite of 1661: 1197:slavery in the Ottoman Empire 940: 731:The eunuchs of Korea, called 456:were used to denote eunuchs. 6669:Sex as a biological variable 4117:"Chapter 8: Foreigners" 3139:Etymologicon Linguae Latinae 2945:Orionis Thebani Etymologicon 2660: 2540:in 1794 and established the 2453:eunuch with much power; see 1676:(56:4) using the word סריס ( 1330:watched over women, and the 1191:at the Imperial Palace, 1912 986: 314: 308: 302: 292: 282: 272: 266: 249: 243: 237: 227: 206: 193: 173: 7: 4862:In search of god the mother 4844:. London: BCA. p. 170. 4461:(1st ed.). Routledge. 4210:Patterson, Orlando (1982). 4092:A history of the Vietnamese 3557:, Chuko Shinsho, Tokyo 1963 3174:Chantraine, Pierre (1970). 2656:References and bibliography 2619: 2275:Patriarch of Constantinople 1747: 1598:) sect was an example of a 1386:. Spooner, an associate of 1312:كتاب معيد النعم ومبيد النقم 877:The Vietnamese adopted the 821: 794: 747: 298:Nikon of the Black Mountain 10: 6736: 6584:Androphilia and gynephilia 5712:Warfare in Chinese History 5653:10.1179/014703795788763645 5421:Bauer, Susan Wise (2010). 5382:Frick, Karl R. H. (1975). 5017:Putting Jesus in his place 4610:. The Minerva Group, Inc. 4177:Ringrose, Kathryn (2003). 4166:. De Gruyter. p. 670. 3234: 3137:Vossius, Gerardus (1662). 3041:Taktikon Nikona Cernogorca 2841: 2626:Eunuchs in popular culture 2562:Thomas P. "Boston" Corbett 2271:Ignatius of Constantinople 1844: 1791: 1665: 1498:, and were highly prized. 1420: 1285: 1210:(1465–1853) and later the 1091: 930: 894: 890:West Asia and North Africa 870: 866: 664: 554: 548: 443: 346:Eustathius of Thessalonica 244:esterēmenou tou misgesthai 187: 29: 6636: 6566: 6530: 6427: 6394: 6381: 6184: 6052: 6041: 5976:University College London 5946:25 September 2018 at the 5331:Encyclopædia Britannica: 4764:Scholz, Piotr O. (2001). 4645:Henry G. Spooner (1919). 4620:– via Google Books. 3993:10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.036 3458:. ABC-CLIO. p. 248. 3452:Vern L. Bullough (2001). 2874:Miller, Margaret (1997). 1826:, the last eunuch in the 1820:Giovanni Battista Velluti 1814:. The practice, known as 1798:Eunuchs castrated before 1668:Gender and Jewish studies 1643:The Baptism of the Eunuch 1590:The 18th-century Russian 1224:Trans-Saharan slave trade 1143:Abu'l-Fadi Rifq al-Khadim 994:(not to be confused with 810: 783: 736: 635:, died in December 1996. 6132:Non-binary / genderqueer 5990:. Date: 26 February 2015 5784: 5754:Wang, Yuan-Kang (2013). 5562:Kutcher, Norman (2018). 5357:Kuefler, Mathew (2001). 5076:"Yellamma cult of India" 4991:The Rise of Christianity 4966:10.1177/0142064X05057772 4890:Dirven, Lucinda (1999). 4679:. s.n. 1897. p. 467 4525:, No.15, 2003, pp.16–20. 4212:Slavery and Social Death 3666:"Akbar-Birbal Anecdotes" 3039:Benesevic, V.N. (1917). 2678:dictionary.cambridge.org 2534:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar 2524:Giusto Fernando Tenducci 1851:In chronological order. 1680:). Although the Ancient 1232:Indian Ocean slave trade 726: 557:Category:Chinese eunuchs 544: 537:period of Burma (modern 360:, "deprived of mating". 6694:Transgender archaeology 5838:10.1210/jcem.84.12.6206 5583:McMahon, Keith (2013). 5347:. Atlanta 2004, p. 169. 5345:Mesopotamian Chronicles 5123:Christel, Lane (1978). 5014:Moxnes, Halvor (2004). 4931:10.1163/157007297X00291 4607:History of Circumcision 4535:Hathaway, Jane (2005). 2899:Hawkins, Shane (2013). 2857:A Greek–English Lexicon 2488:emperor, member of the 1958:Siege of Gaza (332 BCE) 1365:Peter Charles Remondino 1342:Northwestern University 1082:Slavery in Saudi Arabia 935: 661:The hijra of South Asia 233:"bedchamber attendants" 217:. The 5th century (CE) 32:Eunuch (disambiguation) 18:Eunuch (court official) 6689:Split attraction model 6674:Sex–gender distinction 5691:; et al. (1344). 5343:Jean-Jaques Glassner: 4996:Historia Ecclesiastica 4896:. BRILL. p. 296. 4840:Norwich, John Julius. 4825:Norwich, John Julius. 4195:Bryce, Trevor (2012). 4090:Taylor, K. W. (2013). 4044:: CS1 maint: others ( 3810:Ethnomusicology Review 3692:"Ghilmans and Eunuchs" 2595:by 1930; wrote memoir 2157:(died 344): He served 1862:Middle Assyrian Empire 1764:, only one known as a 1647: 1628: 1614:In the Christian Bible 1360: 1334:over adolescent boys. 1192: 1017:Marmon (1995) writes " 918: 711:They usually dress in 679: 570: 131:clandestine operations 51: 49:Ottoman Imperial Harem 6664:Queer heterosexuality 5984:King's College London 4925:(4). Brill: 396–415. 4858:Roller, Lynn (1999). 4842:Byzantium: The Apogee 4827:Byzantium: The Apogee 4151:. Fordham University. 3418:Yegar, Moshe (1972). 3397:10.1086/ahr/102.3.866 3365:Peletz (2009), p. 75 3347:Peletz (2009), p. 75 3329:Peletz (2009), p. 73 3311:Peletz (2009), p. 73 3010:. Paris. p. 325. 2977:. Paris. p. 327. 2960:Greek-English Lexicon 2848:Liddell, Henry George 2817:10.4324/9780203134320 2753:10.4324/9780203866207 2597:Eunuch's Recollection 2047:Philip the Evangelist 1636: 1617: 1354: 1180: 1163:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 1092:Further information: 1037:(the most perfect)." 916: 723:Foundation Pakistan. 674: 613:History of Government 564: 460:Non-castrated eunuchs 350:Commentaries on Homer 324:In Defence of Eunuchs 42: 6644:Anti-gender movement 6619:Romantic orientation 5737:Wade, Geoff (2005). 5512:. HarperCollins UK. 5232:Freundel, Shoshana. 5153:. CNN. 28 March 1997 5041:Kuefler, M. (2001). 4919:Vigiliae Christianae 3421:The Muslims of Burma 3264:on 23 September 2015 2313:Second millennium CE 2284:(died 891): Emir of 2043:Acts of the Apostles 1979:who plotted against 1855:First millennium BCE 1830:, who died in 1922. 1828:Sistine Chapel Choir 1502:Religious castration 1120:) and marketplaces ( 575:removal of the penis 482:erectile dysfunction 429:In Latin, the words 320:Theophylact of Ohrid 238:to eu tou nou ekhein 30:For other uses, see 27:Castrated male human 6396:Sexual orientations 6127:Masculine of center 5704:] (in Chinese). 5506:Keay, John (2010). 5300:The Perfect Servant 5264:Scientific American 5260:"The Codex Mendoza" 5104:on 25 November 2006 3698:on 27 December 2008 3604:Huang, Ray (1981). 2609:Marshall Applewhite 2586:Alessandro Moreschi 2449:(died 1449): first 2179:, and was martyred. 2104:Eastern Han dynasty 2022:First millennium CE 1968:Kingdom of Pergamon 1951:Seleucid successors 1947:Alexander the Great 1898:Neo-Assyrian Empire 1878:, 8th century BCE: 1824:Alessandro Moreschi 1625:Matthew 19:6–12 KJV 1388:William J. Robinson 1332:muqaddam al-mamalik 1228:Red Sea slave trade 1204:Ottoman court harem 1078:Red Sea slave trade 1074:Red Sea slave trade 931:ša rēš šarri izuzzū 923:Neo-Assyrian Empire 639:Indian subcontinent 337:Etymologicum Magnum 228:to tēn eunēn ekhein 6517:Same gender loving 6428:Alternative labels 5980:Cardiff University 3867:. 10 November 2006 3804:Roy, Jeff (2015). 3752:Human Rights Watch 3637:The New York Times 3528:Victor T. Cheney, 3489:. Academic.oup.com 3216:A Latin Dictionary 3194:A Latin Dictionary 3157:Rheinisches Museum 2916:Greek Lyric Poetry 2568:, the assassin of 2359:Alexios I Komnenos 2292:Mu'nis al-Muzaffar 1884:Syro-Hittite state 1708:, servants of the 1648: 1471:Byzantine imperial 1361: 1298:Coptic involvement 1261:Chief Black Eunuch 1220:sub-Saharan Africa 1193: 1157:, and Byzantines. 996:Alexander's Bagoas 973:. Eunuchs (called 960:Syro-Hittite state 919: 873:Eunuchs in Vietnam 680: 667:Hijra (South Asia) 571: 515:(modern Thailand) 52: 6702: 6701: 6649:Gender assignment 6632: 6631: 6377: 6376: 6117:Gender neutrality 5959:Further listening 5832:(12): 4324–4331. 5813:Brooklyn.cuny.edu 5318:978-0-226-72015-9 5213:on 18 August 2019 5203:"Eunuch Biblical" 5136:978-0-87395-327-6 5054:978-0-226-45739-0 5027:978-0-664-22310-6 4873:978-0-520-21024-0 4799:Chambers, Ephraim 4634:. E. Dentu. 1868. 4573:978-0-19-507101-6 4130:978-0-226-15556-2 3986:(18): R792–R793. 3960:978-0-8214-4339-2 3507:Melissa S. Dale, 2826:978-0-203-13432-0 2762:978-1-135-23571-0 2566:John Wilkes Booth 2282:Yazaman al-Khadim 2273:(799–877): twice 2215:Battle of Taginae 2169:Council of Nicaea 2165:Dorotheus of Tyre 2140:Gospel of Matthew 1870:eponym chronicle 1745: 1698:Achaemenid Empire 1570:Marcion of Sinope 1442:(r. 284–305) and 1212:Dolmabahçe Palace 1103:Fatimid Caliphate 1088:Fatimid Caliphate 1041:Arabian Peninsula 984: 971:Achaemenid Empire 840:every month. The 831: 819: 804: 792: 745: 602:Grand Secretaries 278:Liddell and Scott 16:(Redirected from 6727: 6720:Castrated people 6492:Non-heterosexual 6392: 6391: 6050: 6049: 6023: 6016: 6009: 6000: 5999: 5870: 5849: 5820: 5819:on 27 July 2008. 5815:. Archived from 5804: 5802: 5800: 5794:Jilin University 5778: 5776: 5774: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5705: 5677: 5656: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5579: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5509:China: A History 5502: 5500: 5498: 5474: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5402: 5401: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5354: 5348: 5341: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5229: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5209:. Archived from 5199: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5179:. Archived from 5169: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5072: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5011: 5000: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4865: 4855: 4846: 4845: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4807: 4791: 4790: 4785: 4779: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4748: 4746: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4658: 4656: 4642: 4636: 4635: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4601: 4592: 4591: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4532: 4526: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4497: 4491: 4488: 4482: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4454: 4448: 4445: 4439: 4436: 4430: 4427: 4421: 4418: 4412: 4409: 4403: 4400: 4394: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4305: 4292: 4291: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4254: 4246: 4239: 4233: 4225: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4192: 4183: 4182: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4067:. Archived from 4056: 4050: 4049: 4043: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4012: 4006: 4005: 3995: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3900: 3891: 3890: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3784:Counter Currents 3780:"Being a Eunuch" 3775: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3727:. United Nations 3722: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3694:. Archived from 3688: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3668:. Archived from 3662: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3593:on 25 July 2021. 3592: 3586:. Archived from 3575: 3564: 3558: 3547: 3541: 3526: 3520: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3381: 3375: 3363: 3357: 3345: 3339: 3327: 3321: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3290: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3254: 3248: 3237: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3208: 3202: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3152: 3143: 3142: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3081: 3073: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3052: 3044: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3019: 3011: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2986: 2978: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2927: 2919: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2871: 2865: 2844: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2738: 2732: 2729: 2723: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2670: 2634: 2553: 2529: 2476:historical drama 2469: 2433:Annam (Vietnam). 2356: 2328: 2324: 2171:, was exiled by 2137: 2133: 2094: 2091: 2070: 2066: 2039:Ethiopian eunuch 1847:Category:Eunuchs 1788:Castrato singers 1750: 1740: 1738: 1652:Ethiopian eunuch 1626: 1549: 1544:Matthew 19:10–12 1313: 1269:Darüssaade Ağası 1181:Chief Eunuch of 1029:(handsome), and 989: 983:romanized: 982: 980: 975:Imperial Aramaic 945: 942: 938: 932: 901:Execration Texts 826: 824: 814: 812: 799: 797: 787: 785: 750: 740: 738: 706:tritiya-prakriti 594:Five Punishments 551:Eunuchs in China 535:Konbaung dynasty 521:Coromandel Coast 446: 445: 393:Gerardus Vossius 375:as found in the 369:King James Bible 317: 311: 305: 295: 285: 275: 269: 263: 259: 256: 252: 246: 240: 230: 209: 196: 190: 189: 97: 92: 91: 90: 89: 82: 79: 78: 75: 72: 69: 66: 21: 6735: 6734: 6730: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6725: 6724: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6698: 6628: 6579:Analloeroticism 6562: 6558:Heterosociality 6526: 6423: 6386: 6384: 6373: 6188: 6180: 6122:Gender variance 6112:Gender fluidity 6044: 6037: 6027: 5997: 5961: 5956: 5948:Wayback Machine 5867: 5807: 5798: 5796: 5786: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5744: 5742: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5701:History of Liao 5674: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5576: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5410: 5408:Further reading 5405: 5398: 5380: 5376: 5369: 5355: 5351: 5342: 5338: 5330: 5326: 5319: 5295: 5291: 5256: 5252: 5242: 5240: 5230: 5226: 5216: 5214: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5186: 5184: 5183:on 26 July 2011 5171: 5170: 5166: 5156: 5154: 5149: 5148: 5144: 5137: 5121: 5117: 5107: 5105: 5096: 5095: 5091: 5081: 5079: 5074: 5073: 5069: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5039: 5035: 5028: 5012: 5003: 4987:Frend, W. H. C. 4985: 4981: 4950: 4946: 4915: 4911: 4904: 4888: 4884: 4874: 4856: 4849: 4838: 4834: 4823: 4819: 4805: 4788: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4773: 4762: 4758: 4744: 4742: 4730: 4726: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4696: 4692: 4682: 4680: 4673: 4672: 4668: 4654: 4652: 4643: 4639: 4630: 4629: 4625: 4618: 4602: 4595: 4586: 4585: 4581: 4574: 4558: 4554: 4547: 4533: 4529: 4520: 4516: 4506: 4504: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4469: 4455: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4388: 4384: 4374: 4372: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4322: 4306: 4295: 4288: 4270: 4266: 4240: 4236: 4222: 4208: 4204: 4193: 4186: 4175: 4171: 4160: 4156: 4143: 4142: 4138: 4131: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4088: 4084: 4074: 4072: 4071:on 21 July 2013 4057: 4053: 4037: 4036: 4029: 4027: 4026:on 21 July 2013 4014: 4013: 4009: 3980:Current Biology 3972: 3968: 3961: 3945: 3941: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3913: 3911: 3902: 3901: 3894: 3885: 3884: 3880: 3870: 3868: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3844: 3842: 3832: 3828: 3818: 3816: 3802: 3798: 3788: 3786: 3776: 3772: 3762: 3760: 3759:on 5 March 2016 3745: 3744: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3720: 3716: 3715: 3711: 3701: 3699: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3675: 3673: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3649: 3647: 3629: 3625: 3618: 3602: 3598: 3590: 3584: 3573: 3565: 3561: 3548: 3544: 3527: 3523: 3506: 3502: 3492: 3490: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3450: 3446: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3416: 3412: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3364: 3360: 3346: 3342: 3328: 3324: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3281: 3277: 3267: 3265: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3231: 3227: 3221:Perseus Project 3209: 3205: 3199:Perseus Project 3187: 3183: 3172: 3168: 3153: 3146: 3135: 3131: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3095: 3091: 3075: 3074: 3066: 3062: 3046: 3045: 3037: 3033: 3013: 3012: 3004: 3000: 2980: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2956: 2952: 2941: 2937: 2921: 2920: 2912: 2908: 2897: 2893: 2886: 2872: 2868: 2862:Perseus Project 2838: 2834: 2827: 2801: 2797: 2787: 2785: 2784:on 24 July 2013 2774: 2770: 2763: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2710: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2682: 2680: 2672: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2650:Self mutilation 2622: 2570:Abraham Lincoln 2478:in South Korea. 2463: 2421:Xuande Emperors 2393:Delhi sultanate 2391:, ruler of the 2389:Alauddin Khalji 2315: 2265:Irene of Athens 2092: 2024: 1911:, his murderer. 1857: 1849: 1843: 1841:Notable eunuchs 1796: 1790: 1781: 1751:) derives from 1670: 1664: 1627: 1624: 1616: 1600:castration cult 1547: 1518:found in later 1504: 1461:The Roman poet 1425: 1419: 1377:Raoul du Bisson 1300: 1288: 1214:(1853–1909) in 1175: 1134:to Imam-Caliph 1096: 1090: 1043: 943: 897: 892: 875: 869: 729: 678:of Delhi, India 669: 663: 646: 641: 559: 553: 547: 509: 507:Asia and Africa 462: 261: 260: – transl. 257: 223:Orion of Thebes 181:comes from the 176: 95: 85: 84: 63: 59: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6733: 6723: 6722: 6717: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6640: 6638: 6634: 6633: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6609:Plurisexuality 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6570: 6568: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6538:Sociosexuality 6534: 6532: 6531:Social aspects 6528: 6527: 6525: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6477:Heteroflexible 6474: 6473: 6472: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6431: 6429: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6400: 6398: 6389: 6379: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6359:Vakasalewalewa 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6250: 6249: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6228: 6227: 6224: 6221: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6192: 6190: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6178: 6173: 6172: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6151: 6146: 6145: 6144: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6058: 6056: 6047: 6039: 6038: 6026: 6025: 6018: 6011: 6003: 5996: 5995:External links 5993: 5992: 5991: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5954: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5950: 5938: 5928: 5925: 5922: 5919: 5916: 5913: 5910: 5907: 5904: 5901: 5898: 5895: 5892: 5889: 5886: 5883: 5880: 5871: 5865: 5859:. SUNY Press. 5850: 5821: 5805: 5779: 5767:978-0231522403 5766: 5751: 5734: 5721: 5706: 5685: 5678: 5672: 5657: 5636: 5623: 5608: 5596:978-1442222908 5595: 5580: 5574: 5559: 5547:978-0774813334 5546: 5531: 5519:978-0007372089 5518: 5503: 5491:978-0812243369 5490: 5475: 5446: 5434:978-0393078176 5433: 5418: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5403: 5397:978-3201009515 5396: 5374: 5368:978-0226457390 5367: 5349: 5336: 5324: 5317: 5289: 5250: 5224: 5194: 5164: 5142: 5135: 5115: 5089: 5067: 5053: 5033: 5026: 5001: 4979: 4944: 4909: 4902: 4882: 4872: 4847: 4832: 4817: 4801:, ed. (1728). 4780: 4771: 4756: 4724: 4710: 4690: 4666: 4637: 4623: 4616: 4593: 4579: 4572: 4552: 4545: 4527: 4514: 4492: 4483: 4474: 4467: 4449: 4440: 4431: 4422: 4413: 4404: 4395: 4382: 4361: 4335: 4320: 4293: 4287:978-0195071016 4286: 4264: 4234: 4220: 4202: 4184: 4169: 4154: 4136: 4129: 4107: 4101:978-0521875868 4100: 4082: 4051: 4007: 3966: 3959: 3939: 3921: 3892: 3878: 3852: 3826: 3796: 3770: 3738: 3709: 3683: 3672:on 16 May 2020 3657: 3623: 3616: 3596: 3582: 3559: 3542: 3521: 3500: 3478: 3464: 3444: 3431:978-3447013574 3430: 3410: 3376: 3358: 3340: 3322: 3304: 3297: 3275: 3249: 3225: 3203: 3181: 3166: 3144: 3129: 3114: 3107: 3089: 3060: 3031: 2998: 2965: 2950: 2935: 2906: 2891: 2884: 2866: 2832: 2825: 2795: 2768: 2761: 2733: 2724: 2715: 2708: 2690: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2628: 2621: 2618: 2617: 2616: 2606: 2600: 2589: 2583: 2573: 2559: 2545: 2531: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2500:Songhai Empire 2493: 2479: 2472:Joseon dynasty 2458: 2444: 2441:Yongle Emperor 2434: 2424: 2406: 2396: 2378: 2375:Lu'lu' al-Yaya 2372: 2369:Pierre Abélard 2366: 2348: 2341:Lý Thường Kiệt 2338: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2309: 2302:Joseph Bringas 2299: 2289: 2279: 2268: 2258: 2248: 2238: 2224: 2218: 2213:in 552 at the 2200: 2190: 2180: 2162: 2159:King Shapur II 2152: 2125: 2119: 2107: 2100:Ten Attendants 2096: 2083: 2058: 2053:(chapter 53). 2051:Book of Isaiah 2037:Unidentified " 2035: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2018: 2008: 1994: 1991:historiography 1984: 1970: 1961: 1954: 1940: 1933:Artaxerxes III 1926: 1917:: an envoy of 1912: 1901: 1894:Sîn-šumu-līšir 1891: 1873: 1856: 1853: 1842: 1839: 1792:Main article: 1789: 1786: 1780: 1777: 1706:Book of Esther 1674:Book of Isaiah 1666:Main article: 1663: 1660: 1622: 1615: 1612: 1503: 1500: 1476:Constantinople 1435:were eunuchs. 1431:or Priests of 1418: 1415: 1367:, in his book 1338:Edmund Andrews 1299: 1296: 1287: 1284: 1236:the concubines 1208:Topkapı Palace 1189:Abdul Hamid II 1174: 1173:Ottoman Empire 1171: 1089: 1086: 1059:Prophet's Tomb 1042: 1039: 1004:Artaxerxes III 896: 893: 891: 888: 871:Main article: 868: 865: 761:Joseon dynasty 728: 725: 717:shalwar kameez 665:Main article: 662: 659: 645: 642: 640: 637: 549:Main article: 546: 543: 517:Indian Muslims 508: 505: 476:describes the 461: 458: 384:used the word 322:in a dialogue 215:late antiquity 175: 172: 121:or equivalent 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6732: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6641: 6639: 6635: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6614:Postgenderism 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6604:Monosexuality 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6574:Allosexuality 6572: 6571: 6569: 6565: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6553:Homosociality 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6543:Antisexuality 6541: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6529: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6426: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6380: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6217: 6216:Bugis genders 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6187: 6186:Third genders 6183: 6177: 6174: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6143: 6140: 6139: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6107:Gender bender 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6097:Cross-dresser 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6040: 6035: 6031: 6024: 6019: 6017: 6012: 6010: 6005: 6004: 6001: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5970:. Presenter: 5969: 5967: 5963: 5962: 5949: 5945: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5917: 5914: 5911: 5908: 5905: 5902: 5899: 5896: 5893: 5890: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5868: 5866:9780791426876 5862: 5858: 5857: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5780: 5769: 5763: 5759: 5758: 5752: 5740: 5735: 5724: 5718: 5714: 5713: 5707: 5703: 5702: 5697: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5669: 5665: 5664: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5637: 5626: 5620: 5616: 5615: 5609: 5598: 5592: 5588: 5587: 5581: 5577: 5575:9780520297524 5571: 5567: 5566: 5560: 5549: 5543: 5539: 5538: 5532: 5521: 5515: 5511: 5510: 5504: 5493: 5487: 5483: 5482: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5457:(74): 27–47. 5456: 5452: 5447: 5436: 5430: 5426: 5425: 5419: 5417: 5413: 5412: 5399: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5378: 5370: 5364: 5360: 5353: 5346: 5340: 5334: 5328: 5320: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5301: 5293: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5254: 5239: 5235: 5228: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5198: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5168: 5152: 5146: 5138: 5132: 5128: 5127: 5119: 5103: 5099: 5093: 5077: 5071: 5056: 5050: 5046: 5045: 5037: 5029: 5023: 5019: 5018: 5010: 5008: 5006: 4998: 4997: 4992: 4988: 4983: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4948: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4913: 4905: 4899: 4895: 4894: 4886: 4879: 4875: 4869: 4864: 4863: 4854: 4852: 4843: 4836: 4828: 4821: 4813: 4812: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4794:public domain 4784: 4775: 4767: 4760: 4753: 4741: 4737: 4736: 4728: 4713: 4711:1-55876-275-2 4707: 4703: 4702: 4694: 4678: 4677: 4670: 4663: 4650: 4649: 4641: 4633: 4627: 4619: 4617:9780898754100 4613: 4609: 4608: 4600: 4598: 4589: 4583: 4575: 4569: 4565: 4564: 4556: 4548: 4546:1-85168-390-9 4542: 4538: 4531: 4524: 4518: 4502: 4496: 4487: 4478: 4470: 4468:9781315566658 4464: 4460: 4453: 4444: 4435: 4426: 4417: 4408: 4399: 4392: 4386: 4371: 4365: 4357: 4353: 4350:. July 2015. 4349: 4345: 4339: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4321:1-4294-0638-0 4317: 4313: 4312: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4289: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4268: 4260: 4252: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4231:0-674-81083-X 4228: 4223: 4221:9780674810839 4217: 4213: 4206: 4198: 4191: 4189: 4180: 4173: 4165: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4140: 4132: 4126: 4122: 4121:The Egyptians 4118: 4111: 4103: 4097: 4093: 4086: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4055: 4047: 4041: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4011: 4003: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3970: 3962: 3956: 3952: 3951: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3925: 3909: 3905: 3899: 3897: 3888: 3882: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3841: 3837: 3830: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3800: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3758: 3754: 3753: 3748: 3742: 3726: 3719: 3713: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3671: 3667: 3661: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3627: 3619: 3617:0-300-02518-1 3613: 3609: 3608: 3600: 3589: 3585: 3583:9780674916135 3579: 3572: 3571: 3563: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3525: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3504: 3488: 3482: 3467: 3465:1-57607-181-2 3461: 3457: 3456: 3448: 3433: 3427: 3423: 3422: 3414: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3391:. June 1997. 3390: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3370: 3369: 3362: 3356: 3352: 3351: 3344: 3338: 3334: 3333: 3326: 3320: 3316: 3315: 3308: 3300: 3294: 3289: 3288: 3279: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3229: 3222: 3218: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3200: 3196: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3177: 3170: 3162: 3158: 3151: 3149: 3140: 3133: 3125: 3118: 3110: 3108:0-226-72015-2 3104: 3100: 3093: 3085: 3079: 3071: 3064: 3056: 3050: 3042: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3017: 3009: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2984: 2976: 2969: 2961: 2954: 2946: 2939: 2931: 2925: 2917: 2910: 2902: 2895: 2887: 2885:0-521-49598-9 2881: 2877: 2870: 2863: 2859: 2858: 2853: 2852:Scott, Robert 2849: 2845: 2836: 2828: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2764: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2747:. Routledge. 2746: 2745: 2737: 2728: 2719: 2711: 2709:9780198612636 2705: 2701: 2694: 2679: 2675: 2669: 2665: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641:at Wiktionary 2640: 2639: 2633: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2623: 2614: 2613:Heaven's Gate 2610: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2556:hermaphrodite 2549: 2546: 2543: 2542:Qajar dynasty 2539: 2535: 2532: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2506:Wei Zhongxian 2504: 2501: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2473: 2467: 2462: 2461:Kim Cheo Seon 2459: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2363:First Crusade 2360: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2332: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2307: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2197:Theodosius II 2194: 2191: 2188: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2077:Roman Emperor 2074: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2045:(chapter 8). 2044: 2040: 2036: 2033: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2016: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1978: 1977:Qin Shi Huang 1974: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1858: 1852: 1848: 1838: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1806: 1801: 1795: 1785: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1743: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1710:Persian harem 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1686:ancient Egypt 1683: 1679: 1675: 1669: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1645: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1621: 1611: 1609: 1608:Heaven's Gate 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1571: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1545: 1541: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1499: 1497: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1424: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1309: 1305: 1295: 1293: 1292:Samson Rowlie 1283: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1257:Palace School 1254: 1253: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1234:, who served 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1179: 1170: 1166: 1164: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1132: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1114:Fatimid harem 1110: 1108: 1104: 1101: 1095: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1025:(beautiful), 1024: 1020: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1008:Artaxerxes IV 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 988: 976: 972: 967: 965: 961: 957: 953: 952:Cleopatra VII 949: 937: 928: 924: 915: 911: 909: 904: 902: 887: 884: 880: 874: 864: 860: 858: 854: 849: 847: 843: 839: 835: 829: 823: 817: 808: 802: 796: 790: 781: 777: 772: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 749: 743: 734: 724: 722: 718: 714: 709: 707: 703: 702: 697: 693: 689: 688:transvestites 685: 677: 673: 668: 658: 656: 652: 636: 634: 629: 627: 623: 618: 614: 609: 605: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 582: 580: 576: 568: 563: 558: 552: 542: 540: 536: 532: 527: 524: 522: 518: 514: 504: 502: 501:Qin Shi Huang 498: 493: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 457: 455: 454: 449: 440: 439: 434: 433: 427: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 404: 402: 398: 394: 389: 387: 383: 378: 377:Latin Vulgate 374: 370: 366: 361: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 338: 333: 329: 325: 321: 316: 310: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 268: 251: 245: 239: 234: 229: 224: 220: 216: 211: 208: 204: 200: 195: 184: 183:Ancient Greek 180: 171: 167: 163: 161: 157: 153: 149: 144: 142: 138: 137: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 105:who has been 104: 100: 99: 88: 81: 57: 50: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 6654:Gender roles 6599:Kinsey scale 6589:Aromanticism 6465:Gray asexual 6414:Heterosexual 6339:Sworn virgin 6309:Mukhannathun 6241: 6211:Binabinaaine 5972:Melvyn Bragg 5968:: The Eunuch 5964: 5874: 5855: 5829: 5825: 5817:the original 5812: 5797:. Retrieved 5789: 5771:. Retrieved 5756: 5743:. Retrieved 5726:. Retrieved 5711: 5699: 5696: 5692: 5681: 5662: 5644: 5641:Ming Studies 5640: 5628:. Retrieved 5613: 5600:. Retrieved 5585: 5564: 5551:. Retrieved 5536: 5523:. Retrieved 5508: 5495:. Retrieved 5480: 5454: 5451:Ming Studies 5450: 5438:. Retrieved 5423: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5358: 5352: 5344: 5339: 5327: 5299: 5292: 5270:(6): 70–79. 5267: 5263: 5253: 5241:. Retrieved 5237: 5227: 5215:. Retrieved 5211:the original 5206: 5197: 5185:. Retrieved 5181:the original 5176: 5167: 5155:. Retrieved 5145: 5125: 5118: 5106:. Retrieved 5102:the original 5092: 5080:. Retrieved 5070: 5058:. Retrieved 5043: 5036: 5016: 4994: 4990: 4982: 4957: 4953: 4947: 4922: 4918: 4912: 4892: 4885: 4877: 4861: 4841: 4835: 4826: 4820: 4809: 4783: 4774: 4765: 4759: 4750: 4743:. Retrieved 4734: 4727: 4715:. Retrieved 4700: 4693: 4681:. Retrieved 4675: 4669: 4660: 4653:. Retrieved 4647: 4640: 4626: 4606: 4582: 4562: 4555: 4536: 4530: 4522: 4517: 4505:. 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Retrieved 3420: 3413: 3388: 3379: 3373:Google Books 3371:, p. 75, at 3366: 3361: 3355:Google Books 3353:, p. 75, at 3348: 3343: 3337:Google Books 3335:, p. 73, at 3330: 3325: 3319:Google Books 3317:, p. 73, at 3312: 3307: 3286: 3278: 3266:. Retrieved 3262:the original 3252: 3228: 3214: 3206: 3192: 3184: 3175: 3169: 3160: 3156: 3138: 3132: 3123: 3117: 3098: 3092: 3069: 3063: 3040: 3034: 3007: 3001: 2974: 2968: 2959: 2953: 2944: 2938: 2915: 2909: 2900: 2894: 2875: 2869: 2855: 2835: 2808: 2798: 2786:. Retrieved 2782:the original 2771: 2743: 2736: 2727: 2718: 2699: 2693: 2681:. Retrieved 2677: 2668: 2637: 2596: 2580:Qing dynasty 2548:Lê Văn Duyệt 2490:Eight Tigers 2485: 2331:square roots 2278:castration.) 2187:Roman Consul 2113: 2093: 50–62 1936: 1919:Artaxerxes I 1907:, and, with 1850: 1832: 1815: 1809: 1797: 1782: 1769: 1765: 1752: 1728: 1722: 1717: 1702:ancient Rome 1677: 1671: 1649: 1641: 1629: 1618: 1595: 1589: 1584: 1581:Yellammadevi 1574: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1536: 1527: 1505: 1495: 1492: 1478:, under the 1468: 1460: 1437: 1426: 1392: 1383: 1381: 1372: 1368: 1362: 1357:Pascal Sebah 1336: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1318:and also as 1315: 1303: 1301: 1289: 1273: 1268: 1265:Kızlar Ağası 1264: 1250: 1240: 1206:—within the 1201: 1194: 1167: 1159: 1140: 1129: 1121: 1117: 1111: 1097: 1063: 1044: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1016: 968: 920: 908:Assyrian law 905: 898: 876: 861: 853:Yuan dynasty 850: 841: 838:Confucianism 833: 775: 773: 768: 764: 730: 710: 705: 699: 696:third gender 681: 655:Khwaja Saras 654: 647: 630: 617:Samuel Finer 612: 610: 606: 583: 579:emasculation 572: 528: 525: 510: 494: 489: 485: 465: 463: 451: 447: 436: 430: 428: 423: 419: 415: 411: 405: 400: 396: 390: 385: 372: 365:Luther Bible 362: 357: 353: 349: 341: 335: 331: 327: 323: 219:Etymologicon 218: 212: 178: 177: 168: 164: 159: 145: 134: 55: 53: 36: 6512:Questioning 6385:orientation 6304:Mudoko dako 6264:Femminiello 6176:Transsexual 6154:Trans woman 6137:Transgender 5988:BBC Radio 4 5966:In Our Time 5773:5 September 5728:5 September 5630:5 September 5602:5 September 5525:5 September 5440:5 September 5207:Gender Tree 5078:. Kamat.com 4878:castration. 4375:11 December 3910:(in Korean) 3731:23 February 3540:), page 14. 3519:), page 14. 3437:24 February 2683:25 February 2603:Sun Yaoting 2576:Li Lianying 2496:Judar Pasha 2464: [ 2455:Tumu Crisis 2381:Malik Kafur 2253:(722–770): 2243:(704–762): 2207:Justinian I 2193:Chrysaphius 2071:70–80 CE), 2067:20–30 CE – 2015:Ptolemy XII 1964:Philetaerus 1812:opera seria 1528:sanguinaria 1444:Constantine 1276:Beshir Agha 1195:During the 851:During the 846:Gabo reform 692:transgender 651:Malik Kafur 633:Sun Yaoting 626:bureaucracy 590:Sui dynasty 586:Qin dynasty 474:Hippocrates 408:Ernst Maass 371:, the word 262: noos 152:royal court 45:Harem Ağası 6709:Categories 6548:Asociality 6502:Polysexual 6470:Demisexual 6440:Bi-curious 6419:Homosexual 6387:identities 6354:Two-spirit 6259:Fakafifine 6254:Fa'afafine 6196:Androgynos 6045:identities 6036:identities 5745:6 November 5722:9004117741 5673:0791426874 5624:0765619296 5243:24 January 5157:6 November 5108:6 November 5082:6 November 4903:9004115897 4745:11 January 4717:11 January 4683:11 January 4655:11 January 4245:. xvi. 50; 3871:6 November 3702:2 November 3676:2 November 3650:4 February 3538:1467816663 3517:9888455753 3493:28 October 3471:11 January 3298:0804733546 2698:"Eunuch". 2538:Qajar Iran 2431:Lê dynasty 2415:under the 2413:Amur River 2345:Lý dynasty 2335:cube roots 2308:(959–963). 2306:Romanos II 2261:Staurakios 2251:Yu Chao'en 2211:Ostrogoths 2173:Diocletian 2145:Tertullian 2005:Arsinoe IV 1925:of Persia. 1888:Carchemish 1845:See also: 1816:castratism 1766:saris adam 1662:In Judaism 1557:Tertullian 1508:Çatalhöyük 1496:carzimasia 1440:Diocletian 1421:See also: 1399:Abyssinian 1012:Darius III 998:) was the 964:Carchemish 944: 850 883:castration 701:Kama Sutra 555:See also: 531:Henry Yule 258: grc 207:eunoukhos. 203:Lampsacene 143:servants. 6522:Takatāpui 6497:Pansexual 6450:Ex-ex-gay 6289:Koekchuch 6269:Güevedoce 6189:and sexes 6159:Fakaleitī 6149:Trans man 6142:Akava'ine 6092:Cisgender 6082:Androgyne 5799:4 October 5693:Liao Shi 5553:4 January 5497:4 January 5471:152169027 5284:0036-8733 4974:145724743 4344:"Eunuchs" 4330:191935606 4257:Demosth. 4249:Didymus. 4065:Zing news 4040:cite news 4020:Zing News 3645:0362-4331 3405:1937-5239 3239: in 3078:cite book 3049:cite book 3016:cite book 2983:cite book 2924:cite book 2809:Routledge 2661:Citations 2599:(老太监的回忆). 2518:Farinelli 2447:Wang Zhen 2437:Gang Bing 2227:Gao Lishi 2183:Eutropius 2155:Chusdazat 2110:Huang Hao 2001:Cleopatra 1997:Ganymedes 1987:Sima Qian 1923:Darius II 1915:Artoxares 1909:Artabanus 1742:romanized 1714:Ahasuerus 1704:. In the 1694:Babylonia 1638:Rembrandt 1532:Atargatis 1484:Justinian 1452:Eutropius 1324:tawashiya 1151:Mirdasids 1128:, became 816:romanized 789:romanized 742:romanized 682:Hijra, a 622:Ray Huang 569:, 706 AD. 567:Zhanghuai 519:from the 478:Scythians 464:The term 453:castratus 386:eunoukhos 342:eunoukhos 312:"good" + 194:eunoûkhos 174:Etymology 127:espionage 123:domestics 119:courtiers 107:castrated 6659:Intersex 6637:See also 6624:Sapphism 6409:Bisexual 6369:X-gender 6344:Travesti 6319:Nádleehi 6232:Chibados 6164:Mak nyah 5944:Archived 5846:10599682 5785:辽代后宫制度研究 5647:: 1–16. 5416:examples 5217:24 April 5187:25 April 4803:"Eunuch" 4507:24 April 4261:. vi. 5. 4075:1 August 4002:23017989 3914:24 April 3908:네이버 백과사전 3845:24 April 3840:BBC News 3819:25 March 3789:24 April 3763:24 April 3268:24 April 3189:eunuchus 2842:εὐνοῦχος 2788:24 April 2674:"eunuch" 2620:See also 2512:Senesino 2486:de facto 2399:Zheng He 2351:Tatikios 2319:Jia Xian 2241:Li Fuguo 2235:Xuanzong 2233:emperor 2080:Claudius 2011:Pothinus 1973:Zhao Gao 1905:Xerxes I 1837:(1878). 1835:Leo XIII 1805:castrati 1794:Castrato 1757:Akkadian 1623:— 1585:jogappas 1561:spadones 1520:Anatolia 1512:Anatolia 1482:. 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