Euphoria - Knowledge

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causal implication of dopamine in musical pleasure, the authors have turned to directly manipulating dopaminergic signaling in the striatum, first by applying excitatory and inhibitory transcranial magnetic stimulation over their participants' left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a region known to modulate striatal function (5), and finally, in the current study, by administrating pharmaceutical agents able to alter dopamine synaptic availability (1), both of which influenced perceived pleasure, physiological measures of arousal, and the monetary value assigned to music in the predicted direction. ... While the question of the musical expression of emotion has a long history of investigation, including in PNAS (6), and the 1990s psychophysiological strand of research had already established that musical pleasure could activate the autonomic nervous system (7), the authors' demonstration of the implication of the reward system in musical emotions was taken as inaugural proof that these were veridical emotions whose study has full legitimacy to inform the neurobiology of our everyday cognitive, social, and affective functions (8). Incidentally, this line of work, culminating in the article by Ferreri et al. (1), has plausibly done more to attract research funding for the field of music sciences than any other in this community.

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responses elicited by music. In particular, we found that risperidone impaired participants' ability to experience musical pleasure, whereas levodopa enhanced it. ... Here, in contrast, studying responses to abstract rewards in human subjects, we show that manipulation of dopaminergic transmission affects both the pleasure (i.e., amount of time reporting chills and emotional arousal measured by EDA) and the motivational components of musical reward (money willing to spend). These findings suggest that dopaminergic signaling is a sine qua non condition not only for motivational responses, as has been shown with primary and secondary rewards, but also for hedonic reactions to music. This result supports recent findings showing that dopamine also mediates the perceived pleasantness attained by other types of abstract rewards (37) and challenges previous findings in animal models on primary rewards, such as food (42, 43).

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of musical excerpts. Moreover, the striatum interacts with cortical mechanisms involved in perception and valuation of musical stimuli. ... Development of a questionnaire for music reward experiences has allowed the identification of separable factors associated with musical pleasure, described as music-seeking, emotion-evocation, mood regulation, sensorimotor, and social factors. Applying this questionnaire to a large sample uncovered approximately 5% of the population with low sensitivity to musical reward in the absence of generalized anhedonia or depression. Further study of this group revealed that there are individuals who respond normally both behaviorally and psychophysiologically to rewards other than music (e.g., monetary value) but do not experience pleasure from music despite normal music perception ability and preserved ability to identify intended emotions in musical passages.

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reflect opposing abnormalities in the nucleus accumbens, medial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, or other structures. ... Although short-term administration of glucocorticoids often produces euphoria and increased energy, the impact of long-lasting increases in endogenous glucocorticoids produced during depression can involve complex adaptations such as those that occur in Cushing syndrome (Chapter 10). ... Exposure to addictive chemicals not only produces extreme euphoric states that may initially motivate drug use, but also causes equally extreme adaptations in reinforcement mechanisms and motivated behavior that eventually lead to compulsive use. Accordingly, the evolutionary design of human and animal brains that has helped to promote our survival also has made us vulnerable to addiction.

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brain, specifically by dopaminergic pathways (see Figure 1). Moreover, the early stages of a new, romantic relationship can be a powerful and absorbing experience. Individuals in new romantic relationships report feeling euphoric and energetic. They also become emotionally dependent on, desire closeness with, and have highly focused attention on their partner (Reynaud et al. 2010; Young 2009). Human neuroimaging studies have shown that feelings experienced during the early stages of a romantic relationship are associated with neural activations in several reward-system and affect-processing regions of the brain (Young 2009; Aron et al. 2005; Bartels & Zeki 2000; Mashek, Aron & Fisher 2000).

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NA. NA DA and serotonin were found significantly higher in animals exposed to music. Finally, passive listening to unfamiliar although liked music showed activations in the NA. ... Music can arouse feelings of euphoria and craving, similar to tangible rewards that involve the striatal DAergic system . Reward value for music can be coded by activity levels in the NA, whose functional connectivity with auditory and frontal areas increases as a function of increasing musical reward . ... Listening to pleasant music induces a strong response and significant activation of the VTA-mediated interaction of the NA with the hypothalamus, insula and orbitofrontal cortex .

4914:. Dostoyevsky describes his seizure experience as follows 'the air was filled with a big noise and I tried to move. I felt the heaven was going down upon the earth and that it had engulfed me. I have really touched God. He came into me myself. Yes, God exists. I cried, and I don't remember anything else. You all, healthy people ... can't imagine the happiness we epileptics feel during the second before our fit ... I don't know if this felicity lasts for seconds, hours, or months but believe me, for all the joys that life may bring, I would not exchange this one'. 2646: 2601: 687: 5536: 2733:

effects similar to those seen after the administration of morphine. These effects include changes in behavior and objective signs, such as constriction of the pupil, depression of the respiratory rate and volume, drop in rectal temperature, etc. We do not use it in the sense of "feeling of well-being", as this is something that I have been utterly unable to evaluate.' The present authors prefer to limit the definition of euphoria to 'a sense of well-being'.

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resemble any kind of sensory pleasure (Heath, 1996; Panksepp et al., 1985) ... However, in our view, cognitive processes, are only one "slice of the pie", and gamma oscillations may be more globally viewed as the overall emotional–motivational neurodynamics through which the SEEKING disposition is expressed, accompanied by a feeling of excitement/eurphoria (not 'pleasure') that is evolutionarily designed to achieve a diversity of useful outcomes

1088: 77: 8783: 113: 8777: 108: 2565: 2880: It may be seen in any condition involving extensive cerebral damage, particularly if the frontal lobes are involved. It occurs sooner or later in senile and arteriosclerotic dementias (q.v.), in disseminated sclerosis and in Huntington's chorea (q.v.) and is often seen also after severe head injury and old-fashioned forms of leucotomy (q.v.). Euphoria is sometimes seen in Addison's disease (q.v.). 2593: Nature makes it worth while to be alive simply through euphoria. The joy of making a good tennis stroke, the delight that a Woodsman gets in the open air, the artist's rhapsody—all are due to euphoria. Why do we drink alcohol—when we can get it or smoke tobacco? To affect euphoria. When a lunatic thinks that he is Napoleon and demands the homage due an emperor; he has euphoria in its worst form. 2633:

neutral state. Also, it is often a conscious state, as when we speak of the "tired feeling"; not a purely cognitive state, either not simply a recognition of the fact that we are fatigued but a state of disinclination to work any longer. Though fatigue is thus so much like an emotion that it fits under our definition, it is not called an emotion, but a sensation or complex of sensations....

1613:. Related euphorias have also been recorded in studies of alignments between sexual identity and social recognition such as support in schools for lesbian and gay people, and experiences of intersex variation and their diagnoses such as receiving a diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia which explained physical differences for example. 2635: Many other organic states are akin to emotion in the same way. The opposite of fatigue, the "warmed-up" condition, brought on by a certain amount of activity after rest, is a case in point. It is a deviation from the average or neutral condition, in the direction of greater readiness for activity. The warmed-up person 2348: On the other hand, intense euphoria is harder to come by than everyday pleasures. The reason may be that strong enhancement of pleasure – like the chemically induced pleasure bump we produced in lab animals – seems to require activation of the entire network at once. Defection of any single component dampens the high. 2995: 2. an exaggerated or abnormal sense of physical and emotional well-being not based on reality or truth, disproportionate to its cause, and inappropriate to the situation, as commonly seen in the manic stage of bipolar disorder, some forms of schizophrenia, organic mental disorders, and toxic and drug-induced states 5001:

extreme well-being", "Ineffable joy. Intense pleasure without match in reality (perhaps music)", "Extreme happiness", "intense (non-sexual) pleasure", "Intense happy feeling", "Sudden indescribably pleasant and joyous feeling", "Sensation of intense well-being", "Intense pleasant feeling", "Intense feelings of bliss and well-being".

2506:.... One senses an increase of self-control and feels more vigorous and more capable of work; on the other hand, if one works, one misses the heightening of the mental powers which alcohol, tea, or coffee induce. One is simply normal, and soon finds it difficult to believe that one is under the influence of any drug at all. 761:– i.e., the pleasure centers of the brain – are functionally linked. Activation of one hotspot results in the recruitment of the others. Inhibition of one hotspot results in the blunting of the effects of activating another hotspot. Therefore, the simultaneous activation of every hedonic hotspot within the 4628:

Several case studies mentioned experiencing euphoria after gabapentin misuse that was reminiscent of, but not as strong as, opioids. This feeling was achieved in combination with other drugs (e.g., buprenorphine/naloxone, methadone, baclofen, quetiapine, alcohol) as well as by using gabapentin alone,

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ational judgment of actual ability is lost, and a feeling of increased capacity arises, … it induces feelings of happiness, to the point of abnormal euphoria; but here too, assuming that some degree of psychic ability prevails, self-awareness of the change in personality may be enabled—an autopsychic

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The morbid hopefulness of phthisis, physiologically termed euphoria, is seen more particularly in this class of patients. I have often called attention to it at the bedside, and shown that it ushers in the last stage. It is really a disease of the nervous system of a low type, a sort of insanity, and

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Recent human data have demonstrated that the SEEKING brain circuitry, as predicted, is involved in the emergence of a characteristic appetitive affective state, which may be described as "enthusiastic positive excitement" or "euphoria" (Drevets et al., 2001; Volkow and Swanson, 2003) and that do not

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Eating, drinking, sexual activity and parenting invoke pleasure, an emotion that promotes repetition of these behaviors, are essential for survival. Euphoria, a feeling or state of intense excitement and happiness, is an amplification of pleasure, aspired to one's essential biological needs that are

938:. Activation of one hedonic hotspot involves the stimulation of the others. Inhibition of one hedonic hotspot blunts the activation the other ones. Therefore, the simultaneous activation of every hedonic hotspot within the reward system is probably necessary for generating the sensation of euphoria. 5324:

Patients in the 'classic' subgroup (approximately 20% of all migrainers) experience a characteristic aura before the onset of migraine head pain.... A much larger proportion of patients describe prodromal symptoms, which may be visceral, such as diarrhea or nausea, but are more commonly alterations

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In a pharmacological study published in PNAS, Ferreri et al. (1) present evidence that enhancing or inhibiting dopamine signaling using levodopa or risperidone modulates the pleasure experienced while listening to music. ... In a final salvo to establish not only the correlational but also the

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Most people derive pleasure from music. Neuroimaging studies show that the reward system of the human brain is central to this experience. Specifically, the dorsal and ventral striatum release dopamine when listening to pleasurable music, and activity in these structures also codes the reward value

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Listening to music strongly modulates activity in a network of mesolimbic structures involved in reward processing including the NA. Music, acting as a positive pleasant emotion, increases NA DAergic activity. Specifically the NA is more involved during the experience of peak emotional responses to

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The functional connectivity between brain regions mediating reward, autonomic and cognitive processing provides insight into understanding why listening to music is one of the most rewarding and pleasurable human experiences. Musical stimuli can significantly increase extracellular DA levels in the

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Since matters of some interest hang upon the definition of 'euphoria', direct enquiry of Dr. Isbell brought the following comment (letter of November 1, 1951). 'I think it would be wise to exercise a certain degree of care in our use of the term "euphoria". We use it here in the sense of a train of

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Not unfrequently, indeed, the appearance of the patient is more diagnostic than his feelings. This is the case in some very grave diseases, in which that portion of the nervous system which subserves to the feeling of bodily well-being,—termed, in psychological phrase, euphoria—is morbidly modified

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In a table listing cases of ecstatic seizures reported in the literature, descriptions include: "Euphoric and talkative", "calm euphoria", "Pleasant feeling, euphoria", "Pleasant feeling, and feels euphoria", "short euphoric states"; others are within the definition of euphoria: "Sudden feeling of

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Pregabalin is, in some cases, used for recreational purposes and it has incurred attention among drug abusers for causing euphoric and dissociative effects when taken in doses exceeding normal therapeutic dosages or used by alternative routes of administration, such as nasal insufflation or venous

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Listening to pleasurable music is often accompanied by measurable bodily reactions such as goose bumps or shivers down the spine, commonly called "chills" or "frissons." ... Overall, our results straightforwardly revealed that pharmacological interventions bidirectionally modulated the reward

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These emotional states may also be manifested behaviorally as "labile psychophysical responses to the loved person, including exhilaration, euphoria, buoyancy, spiritual feelings, increased energy, sleeplessness, loss of appetite, shyness, awkwardness ... in the presence of the loved person"

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Something was said before about "organic states", under the general head of tendencies to reaction. Fatigue was an example. Now we could include fatigue under the term, "stirred-up state of the organism"; at least, if not precisely "stirred-up", it is uneasy. It is a deviation from the normal or

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So it makes sense that the real pleasure centers in the brain – those directly responsible for generating pleasurable sensations – turn out to lie within some of the structures previously identified as part of the reward circuit. One of these so-called hedonic hotspots lies in a subregion of the

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Music, an abstract stimulus, can arouse feelings of euphoria and craving, similar to tangible rewards that involve the striatal dopaminergic system. ... the caudate was more involved during the anticipation and the nucleus accumbens was more involved during the experience of peak emotional

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Early-stage romantic love can induce euphoria, is a cross-cultural phenomenon, and is possibly a developed form of a mammalian drive to pursue preferred mates. ... Under normal conditions, it is not surprising that sexual activity is physiologically regulated by the reward circuitry of the

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Changes in appetite and energy may reflect abnormalities in various hypothalamic nuclei. Depressed mood and anhedonia (lack of interest in pleasurable activities) in depressed individuals, and euphoria and increased involvement in goal-directed activities in patients, who experience mania, may

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The feeling of high that is experienced by sports people during running or swimming, the lust evoked by encountering a ready mating partner, a sexual orgasm, the euphoria reported by drug users, and the parental affection to babies constitute different forms (qualities) rather than degrees of

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A mood of contentment and wellbeing. Euphoria in psychiatric terms always has a pathological connotation and is often an important early sign of organic cerebral disease. It differs from elation in subtle but important ways. It has no infectious quality and no element of gaiety, for its bland

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The evidence of Ferreri et al. (1) provides the latest support for a compelling neurobiological model in which musical pleasure arises from the interaction of ancient reward/valuation systems (striatal–limbic–paralimbic) with more phylogenetically advanced perception/predictions systems

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It is one of the most widely consumed addictive substances in the world after nicotine, ethanol and caffeine, and is consumed by approximately 10% of the world's population.... The users of areca nut believe that it is helpful for the digestive system and has mild euphoric effects. ...

5209: atients with interictal or preictal depression can report relief or euphoria postictally, which is consistent with the well-known beneficial effect of electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT). Postictal hypomania can occur, particularly after repeated limbic seizures. 3746:

The areca nut is the fourth most used drug after nicotine, alcohol, and caffeine. The effects are described as pleasurable and generally stimulating, inducing a sense of well-being, euphoria, heightened alertness, a warm sensation throughout the body, and an increased capacity to

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It has been observed that drugs of abuse as diverse as alcohol, barbiturates, opiates, and psychomotor stimulants all share a profile of psychoactive effects characterized as euphoria. It is generally accepted that euphoria is at least a partial explanation why these drugs are

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as well as subjective ratings – found that the manipulation of dopamine neurotransmission bidirectionally regulates pleasure cognition (specifically, the hedonic impact of music) in human subjects. This research suggests that increased dopamine neurotransmission acts as a

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music. Reward value of music can be predicted by increased functional connectivity of auditory cortices, amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal regions with the NA. Further research is needed to improve our understanding of the NA role in the influence of music in our lives.

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ready for business, full of "ginger" or "pep" in short, full of life. The name "euphoria", which means about the same as "feeling good", is given to this condition. Drowsiness is another of these emotion-like states; but hunger and thirst are as typical examples as

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satisfied. People use party drugs as a shortcut to euphoria. Ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine), γ-hydroxybutyric acid, and ketamine fall under the umbrella of the term "party drugs," each with differing neuropharmacological and physiological actions.

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Euphoria is a term aptly denoting the state of general well being, and while it involves a relatively enduring and pleasantly toned feeling, its psychological significance derives primarily from its being a semi-emotional attitude of considerable determining

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remonitory symptoms can occur hours to a day or more prior to a migraine attack (with or without aura). Prodromal symptoms include various combinations of fatigue, stiff neck, sensitivity to light or sounds, difficulty in concentrating, depression or

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Ferreri, Laura; Mas-Herrero, Ernest; Zatorre, Robert J.; Ripollés, Pablo; Gomez-Andres, Alba; Alicart, Helena; Olivé, Guillem; Marco-Pallarés, Josep; Antonijoan, Rosa M.; Valle, Marta; Riba, Jordi; Rodriguez-Fornells, Antoni (24 January 2019).

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This heightened effect from synchronized activity may explain the sense of euphoria experienced during other social activities (such as laughter, music-making and dancing) that are involved in social bonding in humans and possibly other

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Strong feelings of pleasure and euphoria, as well as marked alterations in cognitive processing, self-referential thought, and physiological arousal are defining features of sexual consummation, especially during orgasm (Mah and Binik,

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The term 'laughing gas' is a common layman's term for nitrous oxide, given its ability to create a sense of euphoria in the user. In addition, as noted earlier, it has an opioid-like effect, which accounts for its analgesic

2121:(Fisher 1998:32). The presence of similar neurological mechanisms and brain patterns may account for the ability to readily identify when someone is romantically involved or erotically excited (Fisher 1998:32; Fisher 1995). 4460:

Exceeding the therapeutic doses, pregabalin is described as an 'ideal psychotropic drug' for recreational purposes, including alcohol/GHB/benzodiazepine-like effects, euphoria, entactogenic feelings, and dissociation. ...

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Previous investigations indicated that the arecaidine and guvacine isolated from the A. catechu are effective antagonists of GABA, with IC50 values 122712 μM and 871 μM, respectively (Johnston et al., 1975; Lodge et al.,

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nucleus accumbens called the medial shell. A second is found within the ventral pallidum, a deep-seated structure near the base of the forebrain that receives most of its signals from the nucleus accumbens. ...

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The lime in the betel quid causes hydrolysis of arecoline to arecailide, a central nervous stimulant, which accounts, together with the essential oil of the betel pepper, for the eucphoric effects of chewing betel

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Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse Volume 3: General Processes and Mechanisms, Prescription Medications, Caffeine and Areca, Polydrug Misuse, Emerging Addictions and Non-Drug Addictions

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defined as a state of great happiness, well-being and excitement, which may be normal, or abnormal and inappropriate when associated with psychoactive drugs, manic states, or brain disease or injury.

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and well-being," with pathologic associations when used in a psychiatric context. As a sign of cerebral disease, it was described as bland and out of context, representing an inability to experience

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Patients who are aware of increased depression or tension prior to generalized tonic-clonic or limbic seizures occasionally report a feeling of euphoria or release during the postictal period....

1041:", in which individuals do not experience pleasure from listening to emotionally arousing music despite having the ability to perceive the intended emotion that is conveyed in passages of music. 3291:

responses to music. ... Notably, the anticipation of an abstract reward can result in dopamine release in an anatomical pathway distinct from that associated with the peak pleasure itself.

5248: Following the headache, the patient may have impaired concentration or feel tired, washed out, irritable, and listless. Some people, however, feel unusually refreshed or 3904:

Pilocarpine, arecoline and muscarine are rather selective parasympathetic agents; i.e., their cholinomimetic activity is exerted primarily at muscarinic sites with minimal nicotinic effects.

5331: The attack often terminates with sleep.... Many patients report a 'hangover' on waking after a migraine, but others report complete freedom from symptoms and a sense of 3965:

Peng W, Liu YJ, Wu N, Sun T, He XY, Gao YX, Wu CJ (April 2015). "Areca catechu L. (Arecaceae): a review of its traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology".

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paraesthesia in the above sense. Consequently, the Affective state of abnormal euphoria which determines the clinical picture often shows up as transitions to autopsychic disarray.

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The various stages of copulation may also be described as inducing euphoria in some people. Various analysts have described either the entire sexual act, the moments leading to

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magazine described euphoria as "a high sounding name" meaning "feeling fit": normally making life worth living, motivating drug use, and ill formed in certain mental illnesses.

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Not all of these effects can be regarded as undesirable. Drowsiness, euphoria, sleep, and 'detachment,' for instance, are effects which enhance the value of a major analgesic.

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has been associated with improved mood, well-being, and sometimes euphoria. Various mechanisms have been proposed and possible applications in treating depression considered.

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Jaffe JH, Jaffe FK (1989). "4. Historical Perspectives on the Use of Subjective Effects Measures in Assessing the Abuse Potential of Drugs". In Fischman MW, Mello NK (eds.).

1337:, may induce euphoria. Characterized as opioid-like but less intense, it may occur at supratherapeutic doses, or in combination with other drugs, such as opioids or alcohol. 3441:

Ferreri L, Mas-Herrero E, Zatorre RJ, Ripollés P, Gomez-Andres A, Alicart H, Olivé G, Marco-Pallarés J, Antonijoan RM, Valle M, Riba J, Rodriguez-Fornells A (January 2019).

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Salimpoor VN, Benovoy M, Larcher K, Dagher A, Zatorre RJ (2011). "Anatomically distinct dopamine release during anticipation and experience of peak emotion to music".

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It takes a doctor to give a high-sounding name to a well known phenomenon. "Euphoria" means "feeling fit." It is as much a physiological fact as scarlet fever.

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Isbell H, Vogel VH (1949). "The addiction liability of methadon (amidone, dolophine, 10820) and its use in the treatment of the morphine abstinence syndrome".

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Euphoria can occur as a result of dancing to music, music-making, and listening to emotionally arousing music. Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that the

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Ruggero CJ, Kotov R, Watson D, Kilmer JN, Perlman G, Liu K (June 2014). "Beyond a single index of mania symptoms: structure and validity of subdimensions".

2964: Exaggerated feeling of well-being that is inappropriate to real events. Can occur with drugs such as opiates, amphetamines, and alcohol. 2595: Too little is known about euphoria. Since it can be affected by drugs and chemicals, who knows but it may have its seat in some gland? 8000: 7778: 5242:

More than 70% of migraineurs experience premonitory phenomena hours to days before headache onset. Psychological symptoms include anxiety, depression,

2892: 1493:, mental states characterized by a pathological heightening of mood, which may be either euphoric or irritable, in addition to other symptoms, such as 1838: 7292: 2394: 7037: 4162:"GHB Pharmacology and Toxicology: Acute Intoxication, Concentrations in Blood and Urine in Forensic Cases and Treatment of the Withdrawal Syndrome" 1788:"The SEEKING mind: primal neuro-affective substrates for appetitive incentive states and their pathological dynamics in addictions and depression" 1139:

are capable of inducing euphoria despite lacking addictive qualities. The Global Drug Survey has revealed that out of 22,000 participant reports,

7032: 8025: 8005: 7783: 6590: 5518: 4355: 7603: 7563: 1841:(Content adapted from "Brain Calipers, 2nd Edition, David J. Robinson, MD".). Gateway Psychiatric Services. Mood and Affect. Archived from 4382: 7723: 5194: 2946: (psychology) a feeling of happiness, confidence, or well-being sometimes exaggerated in pathological states as mania 7318: 2980: 3664: 2719: 2350: Whether the pleasure circuit – and in particular, the ventral pallidum – works the same way in humans is unclear. 2014: 812:

defines euphoria as "the well bearing of the Operation of a Medicine, i.e., when the patient finds himself eas'd or reliev'd by it".

640: 3157:"Wired to run: exercise-induced endocannabinoid signaling in humans and cursorial mammals with implications for the 'runner's high'" 8071: 8030: 7209: 1554:. Persons who experience feelings of depression or anxiety between or before seizures occasionally experience euphoria afterwards. 3690: 7788: 7328: 7007: 6580: 4642: 2370: 4409: 8018: 7688: 7219: 4669: 7698: 7017: 6560: 5494: 4302: 4221: 4275: 4248: 2788:. National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series. Vol. 92. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse. 7297: 6212: 4328: 4946:

The classic expression of an ictal psychiatric symptom is an "aura," presenting as feelings of fear, sadness, or euphoria.

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contentment is based on lack of awareness and inability to experience sadness or anxiety rather than on anything positive.

9108: 9012: 7643: 7012: 4072:"Why we like to drink: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study of the rewarding and anxiolytic effects of alcohol" 7738: 7112: 6393: 5570: 4479: 2931: 869:, describes euphoria as an organic state which is the opposite of fatigue, and "means about the same as feeling good." 2045:"Sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll: hypothesizing common mesolimbic activation as a function of reward gene polymorphisms" 9222: 7758: 7743: 7713: 7568: 7478: 7164: 7129: 6481: 6232: 5669: 5409: 5317: 5277: 5235: 5188: 5161: 5132: 4939: 4903: 4836: 4453: 4419: 4392: 4365: 4338: 4312: 4285: 4258: 4231: 4050: 4023: 3897: 3739: 2870: 2531: 2502:

The psychic effect (of cocaine) consists of exhilaration and lasting euphoria, which does not differ in any way from

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euphoria. Occurring in a small percentage of individuals at recommended doses, euphoria is increasingly frequent at

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plays a central role in mediating music-induced pleasure. Pleasurable emotionally arousing music strongly increases

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Continuous exercise can produce a transient state of euphoria – an emotional state involving the experience of

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Goldstein A, Hansteen RW (1977). "Evidence against involvement of endorphins in sexual arousal and orgasm in man".

154: 731:, listening to or making music and dancing, can induce a state of euphoria. Euphoria is also a symptom of certain 9096: 7967: 7891: 7793: 7488: 7452: 7287: 7194: 6555: 5427:"In Favor of Covering Ethically Important Cosmetic Surgeries: Facial Feminization Surgery for Transgender People" 3712: 3111:

Boecker H, Sprenger T, Spilker ME, Henriksen G, Koppenhoefer M, Wagner KJ, Valet M, Berthele A, Tolle TR (2008).

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Refers to a persistent and unrealistic sense of well-being, without the increased mental or motor rate of mania.

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may cause euphoria. Euphoriant effects are determined by the drug's speed of onset, increasing dose, and with

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defined euphoria as a "state of general well being ... and pleasantly toned feeling." A decade later, finding

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The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychosomatic Medicine: Psychiatric Care of the Medically Ill

1546: 816: 633: 5329:(conversely, yawning), and heightened sensory perception, particularly of smell, are surprisingly common.... 2900: 9289: 8064: 7773: 7763: 7718: 7703: 7683: 7673: 7648: 7628: 7558: 7518: 7508: 7498: 2615: 2390: 2379:, with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Perseus – via Tufts University. 1842: 1787: 9212: 7869: 7805: 7748: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7598: 7588: 7538: 7533: 7523: 7503: 7483: 7442: 6893: 4330:

Psychotropic Agents: Part III: Alcohol and Psychotomimetics, Psychotropic Effects of Central Acting Drugs

1052:), and a placebo on reward responses to music – including the degree of pleasure experienced during 748: 3554: 3552: 9242: 7977: 7952: 7678: 7638: 7608: 7553: 5967: 3807: The major parasympathetic and muscarinic effects of areca nut are due to arecoline. 2558: 2366: 1940: 1147:

were ranked most positively on the Net Pleasure Index of all recreational drugs included in the study.

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and feelings of profound contentment, elation, and well-being – which is colloquially known as a "

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administration is known to produce euphoria, but this effect is not observed with long-term exposure.

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in dosages ranging from 1500–12000 mg, though only three articles give actual amounts misused.

4441: 4013: 3887: 3727: 2860: 2519: 2134: 922: 9247: 8892: 8697: 8126: 7244: 7199: 7159: 6615: 5857: 5693: 5579: 5265: 4927: 4040: 2578: 1678: 1512:(that is, ones that may arise from any number of conditions), they are most commonly seen in 1430: 1034: 732: 566: 83:

can induce an intense state of happiness and contentment, like this girl playing in the snow.

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Manual of Drug and Alcohol Abuse: Guidelines for Teaching in Medical and Health Institutions

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refers to euphoria as "pleasant excitement" and "the sense of ease and well-being". In 1920

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A clinical study from January 2019 that assessed the effect of a dopamine precursor (

1038: 947: 751:

are also associated with the induction of euphoria. Certain drugs, many of which are

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The runner's high describes an euphoric state resulting from long-distance running.

3124: 3104: 3083: 3073: 3028: 3020: 2828: 2812: 2752: 2668: 2313: 2258: 2248: 2196: 2186: 2064: 2056: 2010: 1990: 1892: 1882: 1820: 1800: 1725: 1610: 1513: 1494: 1422: 1400: 1396:, a mood state opposite to euphoria that involves feelings of profound discontent. 991: 987: 963: 931: 903: 851: 824: 724: 659: 606: 581: 526: 521: 5540: 5445: 4463: Up to 1200mg ... euphoria ... Over 1500mg ... intense euphoria 3934: 3917: 2672: 894:

but an effect which "enhance the value of a major analgesic." The 1977 edition of

9269: 9237: 9135: 8942: 8934: 8872: 8759: 8378: 7962: 7911: 7849: 7348: 7323: 7169: 6953: 6867: 6789: 6779: 6550: 6545: 6428: 6366: 6343: 5987: 5977: 5397: 5028: 3845: 3206:"Rowers' high: behavioural synchrony is correlated with elevated pain thresholds" 2417: 2191: 2139: 2102: 2060: 1871:"Rowers' high: behavioural synchrony is correlated with elevated pain thresholds" 1654: 1622: 1602: 1598: 1582:

as the illness progresses. This euphoria is part of a syndrome originally called

1498: 1231: 1175: 1163: 1108: 1092: 927: 857: 840: 839:

producing "the normal euphoria of a healthy person", while about 1890 the German

765:

is believed to be necessary for generating the sensation of an intense euphoria.

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is satisfaction or enjoyment felt by a person due to consistency between their

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and gendered features associated with a gender different to the sex they were

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Euphoria may occur during auras of seizures typically originating in the

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can produce euphoria; some of those drugs in this class include

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Many different types of stimuli can induce euphoria, including

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that (intrinsically or extrinsically) generate the feelings of

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described euphoria as the feeling of bodily well-being and

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O, aka "laughing gas"), can induce euphoria when inhaled.

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agonists are a group of euphoriants that includes certain

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Euphoria (or more commonly 1528:, but affecting the anterior 1150: 9290:Social emotional development 7018:1971 Psychotropic Substances 5121:"Neurology and Neurosurgery" 5029:10.1212/WNL.0000000000000798 4890:Dahl J, Lundgren TL (2007). 3967:Journal of Ethnopharmacology 3846:10.1371/journal.pone.0042759 3687:"Merrian-Webster definition" 2433:Laycock T (4 January 1862). 2192:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.018 2061:10.1080/02791072.2012.662112 1550:, is considered an atypical 1436: 1115:and ability to activate the 1056:, as measured by changes in 932:neural substrates/structures 7: 8536: 7806:Pharmaceutical distribution 7443:Coca production in Colombia 6894:Counterculture of the 1960s 5264:Green MW, Colman R (2015). 5082:10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.11.011 4695:Huang C, Johnson N (2016). 4668:Rossi, S, ed. (July 2017). 4641:Rossi, S, ed. (July 2017). 3066:Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 2956:Sadock B, Sadock V (2009). 2498:NIDA Research Monograph #13 1714:Bearn J, O'Brien M (2015). 1616: 1557: 1519: 898:called euphoria "a mood of 749:human sexual response cycle 10: 9387: 7978:Substance abuse prevention 7953:Opioid replacement therapy 5154:Neuropsychiatric Disorders 4381:Ruiz P, Strain EC (2011). 3025:10.1152/physrev.00023.2014 2976:Mosby's Medical Dictionary 2875:– via Google books. 2536:– via Google books. 2155:– via Google Books. 2118:– via Google Books. 1730:10.1016/bs.irn.2015.02.005 1348: 1281:intravenous administration 1006: 974: 920: 779: 768: 737:neuropsychiatric disorders 64: 53: 9333: 8852: 8790: 8773: 8092: 7991: 7983:Supervised injection site 7925: 7840: 7466: 7433: 7422: 7418: 7412: 7407: 7311: 7273:Anabolic steroid legality 7260: 7145: 7053: 7038:Convention Against Doping 7033:Law of the Sea Convention 7000: 6996: 6985: 6964:Urban legends about drugs 6876: 6828: 6765: 6662: 6629: 6521: 6517: 6504: 6441: 6414: 6352: 6298: 6199: 6104: 6095: 6040: 5873: 5736: 5601: 5597: 5586: 5353:Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord 5266:"6. Complicated Migraine" 5119:Levenson JL, ed. (2011). 4869:10.1016/j.jad.2014.02.044 4713:10.1007/s40138-016-0092-3 4499:10.1007/s40263-015-0303-6 4166:Current Neuropharmacology 3979:10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.010 3367:Zatorre RJ (March 2015). 3322:10.1007/s00276-014-1360-0 2661:The Journal of Psychology 2526:. Springer. p. 216. 2456:Laycock T (17 May 1864). 1586:which typically includes 1215:) – a common practice in 1184:parasympathetic stimulant 1021:neurotransmission in the 954:, and social activities. 875:The Journal of Psychology 797:meaning "to bear". It is 60:Euphoric (disambiguation) 56:Euphoria (disambiguation) 9223:in virtual communication 7779:Turks and Caicos Islands 7288:Methamphetamine legality 6601:Marijuana Policy Project 5592:Major recreational drugs 5365:10.1177/1756285608100325 4977:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00021 4414:. Springer. p. 77. 4360:. OUP USA. p. 163. 4045:. Elsevier. p. 53. 3781:10.4103/0971-5851.133702 2924:"definition of euphoria" 1480: 1411:plant-based cannabinoids 1211:palm) with slaked lime ( 1048:), dopamine antagonist ( 941: 703:) is the experience (or 65:Not to be confused with 31:latest accepted revision 6556:Cannabis rights leaders 5483:Jones, Tiffany (2023). 5070:Epilepsy & Behavior 4039:Aronson, J. K. (2009). 3586:10.1073/pnas.1900369116 3524:10.1073/pnas.1811878116 3468:10.1073/pnas.1811878116 2372:A Greek-English Lexicon 2254:10.1073/pnas.1705753114 2137:. In Johnson BA (ed.). 1536:, often also involving 1423:endogenous cannabinoids 1240:GABA reuptake inhibitor 994:or a "rower's high" in 810:1706 English dictionary 8840: 8679: 8670: 8661: 8437: 8403: 7364:Politics of drug abuse 6332:Mandragora officinarum 5308:. In Taylor RB (ed.). 5268:. In Diamond S (ed.). 4444:. In Preedy VR (ed.). 4138:10.1093/alcalc/36.1.22 4125:Alcohol and Alcoholism 3922:Pharmaceutical Biology 3730:. In Preedy VR (ed.). 3222:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0670 3048:pleasure (quantities). 2979:(8th ed.). 2009. 2757:10.1176/ajp.105.12.909 2614:Woodworth, RS (1921). 2559:The Boston Daily Globe 2377:Sir Henry Stuart Jones 1888:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0670 1431:synthetic cannabinoids 1407:Cannabinoid receptor 1 1319:supratherapeutic doses 1113:reinforcing properties 1096: 1058:electrodermal activity 852:The Boston Daily Globe 747:and components of the 139:Emotional intelligence 84: 7724:Saint Kitts and Nevis 7023:1988 Drug Trafficking 6616:Cannabis and religion 5580:Recreational drug use 5489:. Cham, Switzerland. 5180:Seizures and Epilepsy 3130:10.1093/cercor/bhn013 3013:Physiological Reviews 2028:– via Hedonia. 1679:Recreational drug use 1392:, are known to cause 1261:γ-hydroxybutyric acid 1090: 1035:nigrostriatal pathway 1023:dopaminergic pathways 1007:Further information: 892:medically undesirable 799:semantically opposite 79: 9260:Group affective tone 7973:Responsible drug use 7784:United Arab Emirates 7103:Drug Policy Alliance 6991:Legality of drug use 6596:Legality of cannabis 6571:Cannabis Social Club 6541:Cannabis cultivation 6536:Cannabis consumption 6367:Cannabis (Marijuana) 6189:Psilocybin mushrooms 3373:Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci 2579:"Have You Euphoria?" 2561:, 13 May 1903. p. 6 2235:(Research article). 1584:euphoria sclerotica, 1538:mystical experiences 1441:Certain gases, like 1327:nasal administration 1145:psilocybin mushrooms 1025:that project to the 342:Emotional Detachment 9313:constructed emotion 8983:functional accounts 8031:Tobacco consumption 8001:Alcohol consumption 7943:Drug rehabilitation 7880:Effects of cannabis 7604:Indian Ocean region 7384:Philippine drug war 7013:1961 Narcotic Drugs 5694:nail polish remover 5304:Walling AD (2013). 4912:may induce euphoria 4765:Psychiatry Research 4274:Doweiko HE (2014). 3837:2012PLoSO...742759S 3577:2019PNAS..116.3364G 3515:2019PNAS..116.3793F 3459:2019PNAS..116.3793F 3385:2015NYASA1337..202Z 3167:(Pt 8): 1331–1336. 2897:Oxford Dictionaries 2310:2012SciAm.307b..40K 2298:Scientific American 2245:2017PNAS..114E9125C 2239:(43): E9125–E9134. 1845:on 13 November 2013 1258:in moderate doses, 1229:muscarinic receptor 956:Affective disorders 863:Robert S. Woodworth 790:meaning "well" and 21:Page version status 9213:in decision-making 8454:(sense of purpose) 7887:Drug-related crime 7564:Dominican Republic 7474:Illegal drug trade 6949:Religion and drugs 6904:Drug paraphernalia 6884:Chasing the dragon 6843:Fashion cigarettes 6424:Calea zacatechichi 6119:Psychoactive toads 5829:Mitragyna speciosa 5781:Dextropropoxyphene 5723:Nonbenzodiazepines 5631:Alcoholic beverage 4926:Kanner AM (2011). 3415:on 19 October 2019 3393:10.1111/nyas.12677 3174:10.1242/jeb.063677 3007:Schultz W (2015). 2489:Siegel RK (1977). 2133:Roache JD (2010). 1580:multiple sclerosis 1574:Multiple sclerosis 1552:affective disorder 1097: 1031:mesolimbic pathway 948:psychoactive drugs 849:A 1903 article in 831:'s 1884 monograph 825:terminal illnesses 85: 27: 9343: 9342: 8930:Appeal to emotion 8708:Social connection 8047: 8046: 8043: 8042: 8039: 8038: 7958:Pharmacovigilance 7938:Drug legalization 7836: 7835: 7403: 7402: 7399: 7398: 7334:Cognitive liberty 7278:Cannabis legality 7066:Decriminalization 6981: 6980: 6977: 6976: 6863:Smoking fetishism 6500: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6437: 6436: 6317:Atropa belladonna 5684:contact adhesives 5626:Ethanol (alcohol) 5496:978-3-031-23756-0 4857:J. Affect. Disord 4606:10.1111/add.13324 4082:(18): 4583–4591. 3928:(11): 2753–2760. 3633:(10): 1179–1180. 3613:(temporofrontal). 3503:Neuroscience News 3123:(11): 2523–2531. 3068:(in Portuguese). 2799:Cahal DA (1957). 2291:"The Joyful Mind" 1689: 1688: 1607:assigned at birth 1568:migraine headache 1534:ecstatic seizures 1401:Cannabinoidergics 1381:κ-opioid receptor 1354:μ-Opioid receptor 1213:calcium hydroxide 1178:are euphoriants. 1105:psychoactive drug 1039:musical anhedonia 958:such as unipolar 865:'s 1921 textbook 841:neuropsychiatrist 651: 650: 577:Social connection 18: 9378: 9318:discrete emotion 9218:in the workplace 9114:Empathy quotient 8845: 8785: 8779: 8684: 8675: 8666: 8541: 8442: 8408: 8074: 8067: 8060: 8051: 8050: 7875:Drug harmfulness 7870:Driving impaired 7689:Papua New Guinea 7458:Rolling meth lab 7431: 7430: 7420: 7419: 7409: 7408: 7374:Mexican drug war 7283:Cocaine legality 7268:Alcohol legality 7098:Demand reduction 7086:Supply reduction 6998: 6997: 6987: 6986: 6664:Drinking culture 6606:Medical cannabis 6566:Cannabis smoking 6523:Cannabis culture 6519: 6518: 6506: 6505: 6482:recreational use 6327:Hyoscyamus niger 6288:Salvia divinorum 6271:Amanita muscaria 6233:recreational use 6213:recreational use 6102: 6101: 5670:recreational use 5599: 5598: 5588: 5587: 5573: 5566: 5559: 5550: 5549: 5538: 5523: 5522: 5516: 5508: 5480: 5474: 5473: 5431: 5422: 5416: 5415: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5376: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5301: 5292: 5291: 5261: 5255: 5254: 5252:after an attack. 5221: 5212: 5211: 5204: 5202: 5177:Engel J (2013). 5174: 5168: 5167: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5048: 5008: 5002: 4999: 4989: 4979: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4852: 4843: 4842: 4821: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4801: 4762: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4732: 4692: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4617: 4600:(7): 1160–1174. 4585: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4539: 4537: 4531: 4484: 4475: 4466: 4465: 4437: 4426: 4425: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4217: 4208: 4207: 4197: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4140: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4099: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4009: 4003: 4002: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3937: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3866: 3848: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3793: 3783: 3759: 3750: 3749: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3598: 3588: 3571:(9): 3364–3366. 3556: 3547: 3546: 3536: 3526: 3509:(9): 3793–3798. 3494: 3480: 3470: 3453:(9): 3793–3798. 3438: 3429: 3428: 3422: 3420: 3411:. 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Neurobiol 1978: 1972: 1968: 1957: 1943: 1918: 1867: 1858: 1848: 1846: 1837: 1836: 1832: 1783: 1779: 1767: 1766: 1757: 1756: 1740: 1712: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1663:Pharmacological 1655:Sense of wonder 1623:Peak experience 1619: 1603:gender identity 1599:Gender euphoria 1596: 1594:Gender euphoria 1576: 1560: 1522: 1499:flight of ideas 1483: 1478: 1467: 1465:Fasting–induced 1455: 1453:Glucocorticoids 1448: 1439: 1404: 1379:. By contrast, 1351: 1277:benzodiazepines 1259: 1248: 1232:partial agonist 1176:methylphenidate 1164:methamphetamine 1153: 1129: 1109:addictive drugs 1093:methamphetamine 1085: 1073: 1011: 1005: 1000: 999: 980: 972: 952:natural rewards 944: 925: 919: 858:Popular Science 771: 721:natural rewards 697: 686: 685: 661: 657: 647: 618: 617: 616: 181: 180: 171: 150:Self-regulation 148: 72: 63: 52: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 12: 11: 5: 9384: 9374: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9341: 9340: 9334: 9331: 9330: 9328: 9327: 9326: 9325: 9323:somatic marker 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9297: 9295:Stoic passions 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9251: 9250: 9245: 9243:social sharing 9240: 9235: 9233:self-conscious 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9197: 9196: 9195: 9185: 9184: 9183: 9178: 9176:thought method 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9141:lateralization 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9117: 9116: 9111: 9101: 9100: 9099: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9036: 9035: 9034: 9029: 9028: 9027: 9017: 9016: 9015: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8968:classification 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8926: 8925: 8920: 8912: 8911: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8882: 8881: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8856: 8854: 8850: 8849: 8847: 8846: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8796: 8794: 8788: 8787: 8774: 8772: 8770: 8769: 8764: 8763: 8762: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8731: 8730: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8688:Sentimentality 8685: 8676: 8667: 8658: 8657: 8656: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8610: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8584: 8579: 8578: 8577: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8533: 8528: 8527: 8526: 8524:at first sight 8521: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8448: 8443: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8400: 8395: 8394: 8393: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8295: 8294: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8262:Disappointment 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8098: 8096: 8090: 8089: 8077: 8076: 8069: 8062: 8054: 8045: 8044: 8041: 8040: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8022: 8021: 8016: 8008: 8003: 7997: 7995: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7929: 7927: 7926:Harm reduction 7923: 7922: 7920: 7919: 7918: 7917: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7883: 7882: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7860:Date rape drug 7857: 7852: 7846: 7844: 7838: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7830: 7829: 7828: 7826:Liquor license 7823: 7818: 7813: 7803: 7801:Darknet market 7798: 7797: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7470: 7468: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7439: 7437: 7428: 7416: 7415: 7405: 7404: 7401: 7400: 7397: 7396: 7394: 7393: 7391:Zero tolerance 7388: 7387: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7315: 7313: 7309: 7308: 7306: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7264: 7262: 7258: 7257: 7255: 7254: 7253: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7165:Czech Republic 7162: 7157: 7151: 7149: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7139: 7138: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7126: 7125: 7118:Liberalization 7115: 7110: 7108:Harm reduction 7105: 7100: 7090: 7089: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7057: 7055: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7047: 7046: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7027: 7026: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7004: 7002: 6994: 6993: 6983: 6982: 6979: 6978: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6934:Party and play 6931: 6926: 6924:Needle sharing 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6880: 6878: 6874: 6873: 6871: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6838:Cigarette card 6834: 6832: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6771: 6769: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6747:Tailgate party 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6697:Drinking games 6694: 6689: 6687:Binge drinking 6684: 6679: 6674: 6668: 6666: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6635: 6633: 6631:Coffee culture 6627: 6626: 6624: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6527: 6525: 6515: 6514: 6502: 6501: 6498: 6497: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6475: 6474: 6473: 6468: 6458: 6453: 6447: 6445: 6439: 6438: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6426: 6420: 6418: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6358: 6356: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6346: 6341: 6339:Dimenhydrinate 6336: 6335: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6304: 6302: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6292: 6291: 6290: 6280: 6275: 6274: 6273: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6252: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6239:alkyl nitrites 6236: 6221: 6216: 6205: 6203: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6193: 6192: 6191: 6177: 6176: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6163:Peruvian torch 6155: 6150: 6145: 6144: 6143: 6133: 6132: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6110: 6108: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6089: 6088: 6087: 6082: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6061: 6060: 6052: 6046: 6044: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6034: 6033: 6032: 6027: 6017: 6016: 6015: 6010: 6005: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5946: 5936: 5935: 5934: 5924: 5923: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5902: 5897: 5896: 5895: 5885: 5879: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5867: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5850: 5849: 5848: 5838: 5837: 5836: 5826: 5821: 5820: 5819: 5811: 5806: 5805: 5804: 5796: 5791: 5790: 5789: 5786: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5768: 5767: 5766: 5756: 5755: 5754: 5751: 5742: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5730: 5728:Quinazolinones 5725: 5720: 5715: 5714: 5713: 5712: 5711: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5675: 5674: 5673: 5655: 5650: 5648:Gabapentinoids 5645: 5644: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5607: 5605: 5595: 5594: 5584: 5583: 5576: 5575: 5568: 5561: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5530: 5529:External links 5527: 5525: 5524: 5495: 5475: 5417: 5410: 5388: 5339: 5318: 5306:"63. Headache" 5293: 5278: 5256: 5236: 5213: 5189: 5169: 5162: 5140: 5133: 5111: 5076:(4): 636–643. 5060: 5023:(12): 1112–8. 5003: 4950: 4940: 4918: 4904: 4882: 4844: 4837: 4813: 4771:(3): 253–258. 4748: 4687: 4660: 4643:"Ethosuximide" 4633: 4577: 4547: 4467: 4454: 4427: 4420: 4400: 4393: 4373: 4366: 4346: 4339: 4320: 4313: 4293: 4286: 4266: 4259: 4239: 4232: 4209: 4152: 4111: 4062: 4051: 4031: 4024: 4004: 3957: 3908: 3898: 3878: 3811: 3751: 3740: 3718: 3704: 3678: 3652: 3617: 3548: 3430: 3379:(1): 202–211. 3354: 3316:(2): 121–125. 3295: 3264:(2): 257–262. 3245: 3216:(1): 106–108. 3196: 3147: 3103: 3072:(4): 589–598. 3052: 3019:(3): 853–951. 2999: 2928:Dictionary.com 2884: 2871: 2851: 2791: 2702:(2): 210–215. 2682: 2667:(2): 393–401. 2651: 2606: 2570: 2543: 2532: 2510: 2473: 2425: 2408: 2382: 2354: 2278: 2216: 2185:(3): 646–664. 2162: 2151: 2125: 2114: 2088: 2035: 1966: 1955: 1916: 1856: 1830: 1777: 1768:|journal= 1738: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1687: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1658: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1618: 1615: 1595: 1592: 1575: 1572: 1559: 1556: 1530:insular cortex 1521: 1518: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1466: 1463: 1459:glucocorticoid 1454: 1451: 1446: 1438: 1435: 1403: 1398: 1350: 1347: 1315:dose-dependent 1247: 1244: 1221:Southeast Asia 1152: 1149: 1128: 1125: 1084: 1081: 1072: 1069: 1054:musical chills 1004: 1003:Music-induced 1001: 981: 973: 971: 968: 943: 940: 921:Main article: 918: 915: 817:Thomas Laycock 770: 767: 649: 648: 646: 645: 638: 631: 623: 620: 619: 615: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 307:Disappointment 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 183: 182: 178: 177: 176: 173: 172: 170: 169: 164: 163: 162: 157: 146: 141: 136: 131: 129:Classification 126: 120: 117: 116: 103: 102: 96: 95: 50: 39:26 August 2024 28: 22: 19: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9383: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9353: 9351: 9337: 9332: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9300: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9200: 9198: 9194: 9191: 9190: 9189: 9186: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9106: 9105: 9102: 9098: 9095: 9094: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9077:dysregulation 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9039: 9037: 9033: 9030: 9026: 9025:interpersonal 9023: 9022: 9021: 9018: 9014: 9011: 9010: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8940: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8915: 8913: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8885: 8883: 8879: 8878:in psychology 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8863:consciousness 8861: 8860: 8858: 8857: 8855: 8851: 8844: 8843: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8797: 8795: 8793: 8789: 8784: 8778: 8768: 8765: 8761: 8758: 8757: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8729: 8726: 8725: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8683: 8682: 8677: 8674: 8673: 8672:Schadenfreude 8668: 8665: 8664: 8659: 8655: 8652: 8651: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8589: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8576: 8573: 8572: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8540: 8539: 8538:Mono no aware 8534: 8532: 8529: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8516: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8453: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8441: 8440: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8407: 8406: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8392: 8391: 8390:Joie de vivre 8387: 8386: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8359:Gratification 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8293: 8290: 8289: 8288: 8287:Embarrassment 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8192:Belongingness 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8095: 8091: 8086: 8082: 8075: 8070: 8068: 8063: 8061: 8056: 8055: 8052: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8011: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7998: 7996: 7992:Countries by 7990: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7933:Drug checking 7931: 7930: 7928: 7924: 7915: 7914: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7902:Neurotoxicity 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7881: 7878: 7877: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7839: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7816:Cannabis shop 7814: 7812: 7809: 7808: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7789:United States 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7644:Latin America 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7476: 7475: 7472: 7471: 7469: 7465: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7432: 7429: 7421: 7417: 7410: 7406: 7392: 7389: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7379:Plan Colombia 7377: 7375: 7372: 7371: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7339:Designer drug 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7310: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7261:Drug legality 7259: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7212: 7211: 7210:United States 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7144: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7124: 7123:Latin America 7121: 7120: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7095: 7094: 7093:Policy reform 7091: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7062: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7052: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7009: 7006: 7005: 7003: 7001:International 6999: 6995: 6988: 6984: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6959:Sex and drugs 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6939:Poly drug use 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6875: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6848:Cloud-chasing 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6827: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6775:Psychonautics 6773: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6764: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6702:Drinking song 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6692:Diethyl ether 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6682:Beer festival 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6661: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6632: 6628: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6507: 6503: 6489: 6486: 6483: 6479: 6478:Nitrous oxide 6476: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6440: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6413: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6385: 6382: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6364: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6314: 6313: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6297: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6234: 6230: 6229:Nitrous oxide 6227: 6226: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6214: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6201:Dissociatives 6198: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6185: 6181: 6178: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6137: 6134: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6116: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6097:Hallucinogens 6094: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6058: 6057: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6039: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6021: 6018: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5957: 5954: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5937: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5925: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5915:Energy drinks 5913: 5911: 5908: 5907: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5872: 5866: 5863: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5854: 5851: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5842: 5839: 5835: 5832: 5831: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5817: 5816: 5815: 5814:Hydromorphone 5812: 5810: 5807: 5802: 5801: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5782: 5779: 5774: 5773: 5772: 5769: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5760: 5757: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5746:Buprenorphine 5744: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5700: 5699:Paint thinner 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5671: 5667: 5666:Nitrous oxide 5664: 5663: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5574: 5569: 5567: 5562: 5560: 5555: 5554: 5551: 5545:at Wiktionary 5544: 5543: 5537: 5533: 5532: 5520: 5514: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5492: 5488: 5487: 5479: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5440:(12): 23–25. 5439: 5435: 5428: 5421: 5413: 5411:9788847026766 5407: 5403: 5399: 5392: 5384: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5343: 5336: 5334: 5328: 5327:mild euphoria 5321: 5319:9780387217444 5315: 5311: 5307: 5300: 5298: 5290: 5288: 5281: 5279:9780128011621 5275: 5271: 5267: 5260: 5253: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5237:9780199793693 5233: 5229: 5228: 5220: 5218: 5210: 5196: 5192: 5190:9780195328547 5186: 5182: 5181: 5173: 5165: 5163:9784431538714 5159: 5155: 5151: 5144: 5136: 5134:9781585623792 5130: 5126: 5122: 5115: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5064: 5056: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5007: 4997: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4954: 4947: 4943: 4941:9781139497893 4937: 4933: 4929: 4922: 4915: 4913: 4907: 4905:9781934559888 4901: 4897: 4893: 4886: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4851: 4849: 4840: 4838:9780890425572 4834: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4818: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4759: 4752: 4745: 4740: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4691: 4675: 4671: 4664: 4648: 4644: 4637: 4630: 4625: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4584: 4582: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4551: 4544: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4481: 4474: 4472: 4464: 4457: 4455:9780128006771 4451: 4447: 4443: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4423: 4421:9783319309644 4417: 4413: 4412: 4404: 4396: 4394:9781605472775 4390: 4386: 4385: 4377: 4369: 4367:9780199753666 4363: 4359: 4358: 4350: 4342: 4340:9783642677700 4336: 4332: 4331: 4324: 4316: 4314:9781475799903 4310: 4306: 4305: 4297: 4289: 4287:9781285457178 4283: 4279: 4278: 4270: 4262: 4260:9780323293488 4256: 4252: 4251: 4243: 4235: 4233:9781462521708 4229: 4225: 4224: 4216: 4214: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4148: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4115: 4107: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4066: 4059: 4054: 4052:9780444532695 4048: 4044: 4043: 4035: 4027: 4025:9781461595168 4021: 4017: 4016: 4008: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3961: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3912: 3905: 3901: 3899:9781118685907 3895: 3891: 3890: 3882: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3831:(8): e42759. 3830: 3826: 3822: 3815: 3808: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3756: 3748: 3743: 3741:9780128006771 3737: 3733: 3729: 3722: 3714: 3708: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3666: 3662: 3656: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3614: 3606: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3555: 3553: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3493: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3437: 3435: 3427: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3258:Nat. Neurosci 3252: 3250: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3151: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3117:Cereb. Cortex 3114: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3003: 2996: 2982: 2978: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2914: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2888: 2881: 2874: 2872:9789401159135 2868: 2864: 2863: 2855: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2795: 2787: 2781: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2686: 2679: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2655: 2647: 2641: 2638: 2621: 2617: 2610: 2602: 2596: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2574: 2566: 2560: 2557:reprinted in 2554: 2547: 2540: 2535: 2533:9783319180519 2529: 2525: 2521: 2514: 2507: 2505: 2499: 2492: 2484: 2477: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2460: 2453: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2437: 2429: 2421: 2420: 2412: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2378: 2374: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2358: 2351: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2292: 2285: 2283: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2223: 2221: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2169: 2167: 2159: 2154: 2152:9781441903389 2148: 2143: 2142: 2136: 2129: 2122: 2117: 2115:9780231508766 2111: 2106: 2105: 2099: 2092: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2039: 2032: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1977: 1970: 1963: 1958: 1956:9780071481274 1952: 1948: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1913: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1844: 1840: 1834: 1827: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1781: 1773: 1761: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1739:9780128029787 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1697: 1685: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1674:Designer drug 1672: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1634:Psychological 1633: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1591: 1589: 1588:disinhibition 1585: 1581: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1548: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1526:temporal lobe 1517: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1473: 1471: 1462: 1460: 1450: 1444: 1443:nitrous oxide 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1355: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1331:GABA analogue 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1297:flunitrazepam 1294: 1293:pentobarbital 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1253: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1209: 1208:Areca catechu 1204: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1124: 1122: 1121:reward system 1118: 1114: 1111:due to their 1110: 1106: 1103:is a type of 1102: 1094: 1089: 1080: 1078: 1068: 1066: 1065: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1015:reward system 1010: 997: 993: 989: 988:runner's high 985: 978: 967: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 939: 937: 933: 929: 924: 914: 912: 907: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 884:Harris Isbell 881: 877: 876: 870: 868: 864: 860: 859: 854: 853: 847: 845: 844:Carl Wernicke 842: 838: 834: 830: 829:Sigmund Freud 826: 822: 818: 813: 811: 806: 804: 800: 796: 793: 789: 786: 776: 775:Ancient Greek 766: 764: 763:reward system 760: 756: 754: 750: 746: 745:Romantic love 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 701: 689: 682: 655: 644: 639: 637: 632: 630: 625: 624: 622: 621: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 552:Schadenfreude 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 382:Gratification 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 337:Embarrassment 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 302:Determination 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 252:Belongingness 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 184: 175: 174: 168: 165: 161: 160:Dysregulation 158: 156: 155:Interpersonal 153: 152: 151: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 121: 119: 118: 114: 109: 105: 104: 101: 98: 97: 93: 89: 88: 82: 78: 74: 70: 69: 61: 57: 40: 36: 32: 25: 20: 9335: 9275:Meta-emotion 9188:Emotionality 9161:responsivity 9109:and bullying 9104:intelligence 8914:Affectivity 8898:neuroscience 8868:in education 8451: 8412:Homesickness 8388: 8328: 8314:Enthrallment 8299:Emotion work 8162:Anticipation 8019:Lifetime use 7821:Liquor store 7739:South Africa 7369:War on drugs 7195:Soviet Union 7071:Legalization 6909:Drug tourism 6757:Wine tasting 6677:Beer culture 6639:Coffee break 6576:Cannabis tea 6511:Drug culture 6354:Cannabinoids 6283:Salvinorin A 6249:amyl nitrite 6106:Psychedelics 5858:/paracetamol 5771:Desomorphine 5611:Barbiturates 5541: 5485: 5478: 5437: 5433: 5420: 5401: 5391: 5359:(1): 13–29. 5356: 5352: 5342: 5332: 5326: 5323: 5309: 5286: 5283: 5269: 5259: 5249: 5243: 5241: 5226: 5206: 5199:. 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Biol 3160: 3150: 3142: 3120: 3116: 3106: 3069: 3065: 3055: 3046: 3016: 3012: 3002: 2992: 2985:. Retrieved 2975: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2951: 2943: 2936:. Retrieved 2927: 2918: 2912: 2905:. Retrieved 2901:the original 2896: 2887: 2876: 2861: 2854: 2846: 2811:(1): 97–99. 2808: 2804: 2794: 2785: 2779: 2748: 2744: 2738: 2731: 2726:17 September 2724:. Retrieved 2699: 2695: 2685: 2676: 2664: 2660: 2654: 2636: 2631: 2624:. Retrieved 2619: 2609: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2573: 2553:Paris Herald 2552: 2546: 2537: 2523: 2520:"Lecture 31" 2513: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2482: 2476: 2467: 2458: 2451: 2444: 2435: 2428: 2418: 2411: 2399:. Retrieved 2385: 2371: 2357: 2344: 2337:. Retrieved 2304:(2): 44–45. 2301: 2297: 2236: 2232: 2182: 2178: 2156: 2140: 2128: 2119: 2103: 2091: 2082: 2055:(1): 38–55. 2052: 2048: 2038: 2029: 2022:. Retrieved 1989:(1): 49–81. 1986: 1982: 1969: 1960: 1946: 1912:vertebrates. 1910: 1881:(1): 106–8. 1878: 1874: 1847:. Retrieved 1843:the original 1833: 1824: 1796: 1792: 1780: 1751: 1721: 1683: 1597: 1583: 1577: 1561: 1545: 1523: 1507: 1484: 1468: 1456: 1440: 1405: 1387: 1385:neuropeptide 1352: 1339:Ethosuximide 1323:intravenous- 1309: 1289:secobarbital 1273:barbiturates 1270: 1249: 1206: 1200: 1156:Dopaminergic 1154: 1130: 1127:Psychedelics 1100: 1098: 1083:Drug-induced 1074: 1064:sine qua non 1062: 1043: 1012: 945: 926: 910: 908: 895: 879: 873: 871: 866: 856: 850: 848: 832: 814: 807: 794: 787: 772: 757: 733:neurological 653: 652: 361: 227:Anticipation 73: 67: 38: 29:This is the 23: 9356:Euphoriants 9203:and culture 9008:recognition 8993:homeostatic 8893:forecasting 8842:Weltschmerz 8815:Misanthropy 8592:grandiosity 8474:Inspiration 8464:Infatuation 8432:Humiliation 8354:Frustration 8227:Contentment 8026:Opiates use 8006:Cocaine use 7841:Issues with 7759:Switzerland 7744:South Korea 7714:Puerto Rico 7699:Philippines 7569:El Salvador 7479:Afghanistan 7215:Just Say No 7205:Switzerland 7180:Netherlands 7146:Drug policy 7076:Prohibition 7061:Drug policy 7054:State level 6899:Dance party 6810:Microdosing 6767:Psychedelia 6722:Oktoberfest 6644:Coffeehouse 6621:Stoner film 6312:Scopolamine 6042:Entactogens 6020:Theobromine 5883:Amphetamine 5809:Hydrocodone 5799:Diamorphine 5603:Depressants 4806:14 November 4744:properties. 4493:(1): 9–25. 4076:J. Neurosci 3697:18 February 3346:Conclusions 3089:10183/40053 2987:29 December 2938:16 December 2907:16 December 2024:13 November 1849:17 February 1650:Hyperthymia 1503:grandiosity 1285:amobarbital 1264:(GHB), and 1252:depressants 1246:Depressants 1196:theobromine 1160:amphetamine 1143:, LSD, and 1071:Sex-induced 1050:risperidone 1029:(i.e., the 900:contentment 821:hopefulness 432:Humiliation 377:Frustration 277:Contentment 9350:Categories 9280:Pathognomy 9181:well-being 9097:and gender 9092:expression 9087:exhaustion 9072:detachment 9057:competence 9038:Emotional 9020:regulation 9003:perception 8998:in animals 8948:and memory 8884:Affective 8792:Worldviews 8654:melancholy 8639:Resentment 8509:Loneliness 8484:Irritation 8469:Insecurity 8459:Indulgence 8334:Excitement 8319:Enthusiasm 8252:Depression 8212:Confidence 8207:Compassion 8182:Attraction 8107:Admiration 8102:Acceptance 8014:Annual use 7865:Dependence 7729:Seychelles 7634:Kyrgyzstan 7549:Costa Rica 7494:Bangladesh 7467:Drug trade 7436:production 7425:production 7344:Drug court 7230:California 7148:by country 7081:Regulation 6815:Smart shop 6800:Literature 6795:Experience 6742:Sports bar 6707:Happy hour 6672:Bartending 6443:Club drugs 6416:Oneirogens 6300:Deliriants 6180:Psilocybin 6003:Polacrilex 5973:Mephedrone 5875:Stimulants 5677:Hazardous 5621:Carbamates 5505:1371240775 4543:injection. 3973:: 340–56. 3774:(1): 3–9. 3419:19 October 3210:Biol. Lett 2363:Liddell HG 2339:17 January 2181:(Review). 1875:Biol. Lett 1693:References 1669:Anxiolytic 1510:etiologies 1427:anandamide 1343:perampanel 1335:gabapentin 1311:Pregabalin 1305:clonazepam 1301:alprazolam 1236:arecaidine 1151:Stimulants 1137:psilocybin 1101:euphoriant 739:, such as 719:. 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