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category of professional clients, were excluded. This also meant that professional clients did not receive the same investor protections as retail investors. The restrictions, initially imposed as a temporary measure, were renewed on 1 February 2019 ,for a further three-month period. On 31 July 2019, the ESMA announced that it will not renew the restrictions after they expire on 1 August 2019, as all the EU member countries have managed to implement similar restrictions on the national level.
41:
415:
ratings activities integrity and transparency therefore aligns with the aim to concentrate a comprehensive EU Finance Single
Rulebook on the hand of ESMA.ESMA would have supervisory powers over ESG rating providers in addition to the supervision of credit rating agencies. Since there are similarities between supervisory functions, ESMA will have much more facilitated future supervision.
29:
363:
conflict of interests while dealing with ESG investing. The surveillance of the ESMA is up the
European parliament that still has a double discourse regarding agencification and might use this supervisory power for the sake of advancing a set of personal preferred policies. ESMA works in the field of securities legislation and regulation to improve the functioning of
476:
330:(2011), which made the ESA operational and gave ESMA the role of direct supervisor of Credit Rating Agencies and trade repositories. Similarly, ESMA's role in overseeing ESG rating providers can help ensure consistency in how these ratings are applied and interpreted across the European Union.In 2012, its competences were enhanced through the
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questions on the democratic principle of the delegation of these powers to external agents), the threat toward the institutional balance of the EU, the impact on the
European Parliament and the council of the EU co-decision process, the fragmentation it can cause within member states as capitals battle to host them.
1574:
1567:
442:
In a major initiative designed to facilitate access to information, ESMA created an interactive single rulebook. It stated, "The
Interactive Single Rulebook is an on-line tool that aims at providing a comprehensive overview of and easy access to all level 2 and level 3 measures adopted in relation to
362:
Each of these regulations and judgements have served as a springboard and settled ESMA as a key player in the financial realm regulatory framework.However, if ESMA is said to be accountable, independent and competent in EU financial supervision, a glance on its relations and network signals potential
405:
will be completely banned, while the CFD leverage that retail clients can trade with will be restricted to 30:1 and 2:1, depending on the volatility of the underlying asset traded. These restrictions applied to traders categorized as retail investors only. Experienced traders, which fall under the
418:
Under the proposed regulations, any entity wishing to offer
Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) rating services within the European Union must obtain official authorization. Entities based in the EU are obliged to seek this authorization from the European Securities and Markets Authority.
414:
The addition of overseeing
Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) rating providers to the European Securities and Markets Authority's (ESMA) responsibilities can be seen as a coherent extension of its existing mandate and expertise. Its association through the proposal of a regulation on ESG
314:
However, this incremental change was subject to a whole new flow of criticism treating about the EU administrative landscape and, more specifically, the literature around agencification. In fact, scholars studied the rise of EU agencies with executive powers through a critical lens as it raised
349:
As of its growing power, they are heavily criticized by some member states. The most vocal of them were the former EU country: UK. As a matter of fact, the growing weight of the agency was seen as a threat to national sovereignty and the matter grew to a litigation process in front of the
443:
a given level 1 text. The purpose of the
Interactive Single Rulebook is to facilitate the consistent application of the EU single rulebook in the securities markets area. ESMA’s objective is to provide an interactive version for each key level 1 text under ESMA’s remit over time."
204:', formally: Regulation (EU) No 1095/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 establishing a European Supervisory Authority (European Securities and Markets Authority). This regulation governs ESMA's competencies and delimits its powers.
358:
case (case 9-56), was that this delegation of power was anti-constitutional and was a breach to national sovereignty. However, the ECJ held against UK in this matter reassuring ESMA of outmost trust in dealing with financial regulations in case of emergency.
216:
states in
Article 1(5): "The objective of the Authority shall be to protect the public interest by contributing to the short-, medium- and long-term stability and effectiveness of the financial system, for the Union economy, its citizens and businesses."
419:
ESMA will grant authorization upon determining that the applicant meets the criteria outlined in the
Proposal and the right to apply fines in case of non-compliance to the set of requirements on quality, integrity, independence and transparency.
3258:
484:
1891:
2010:
471:
2015:
1970:
551:
1161:
Spendzharova, A. (2012), Is More ‘Brussels’ the
Solution? New European Union Member States' Preferences about the European Financial Architecture. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 50: 315-334.
434:
As for Q&As, in February 2017 ESMA launched a process to allow stakeholders to submit a Q&A. Once scrutinised, if these Q&As are selected, they are published in English on ESMA's website.
427:
To ensure the consistent day-to-day application of Union law within ESMA's remit, ESMA issues and maintains "Guidelines (“GL”), Opinions (“OP”) and Q&As (“Q&As”)". As for the legal basis,the
674:
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2000:
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Regulation (EU) No 1095/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 establishing a European Supervisory Authority (European Securities and Markets Authority)
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615:
3122:
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In October 2017, ESMA organised its first conference which was held in Paris. The event examined issues critical to European financial markets and was attended by 350 participants.
342:
gave ESMA the responsibility of implementing technical standards in the financial market. Its mandate includes investor protection and financial integrity and transparency with the
2035:
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2020:
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1380:"The European Securities and Markets Authority and Institutional Design for the EU Financial Market — A Tale of Two Competences: Part (1) Rule-Making"
587:
3329:
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745:
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228:(a) improving the functioning of the internal market, including in particular a sound, effective and consistent level of regulation and supervision
431:
specifically empowers ESMA to issue and maintain Guidelines and recommendations (Article 16), Opinions (Article 16a), and Q&As (Article 16b).
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2625:
2131:
1944:
1707:
679:
667:
633:
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346:(MAR), which is increasingly tied to ESG factors. Ensuring that ESG ratings are reliable and not misleading is an essential part of this role.
307:) in this four level framework, were taken over by the current European Supervisory Authorities (ESA are composed of ESMA, EIOPA, EBA) in the
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ESMA is structured as follows: a Board of Supervisors; a Management Board, a Chairperson; an Executive Director; and a Board of Appeal -
177:
76:
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322:. It started the first page of its history and enjoyed a succession of executive delegations from the commission starting with the
308:
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537:
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The idea behind ESMA is to establish an "EU-wide financial markets watchdog". One of its direct supervision tasks is to regulate
382:. At the same time, the impact of the assigned ratings became significant not only for companies and banks but also for states.
3807:
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on short selling and credit defaults swaps. The year 2014 marked an intensive regulatory pressure on financial markets. The
3580:
3535:
3449:
2997:
2677:
2591:
2571:
2488:
2248:
971:"Is More 'Brussels' the Solution? New European Union Member States' Preferences about the European Financial Architecture*"
453:
3772:
3692:
3650:
3395:
3095:
2968:
2864:
2166:
2124:
1433:
Rogge, E., & Ohnesorge, L. (2022). The Role of ESG Rating Agencies and Market Efficiency in Europe's Climate Policy.
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2414:
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2213:
2158:
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1901:
1722:
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640:
544:
378:. In 2010, credit rating agencies were criticized for the lack of transparency in their assessments and for a possible
354:
on the particular case of the possibility of ESMA to block short-sellings in time of crisis. UK argument, based on the
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3312:
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3012:
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2356:
2253:
1697:
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Agencies, decentralised independent bodies, corporate bodies and joint undertakings of the European Union and Euratom
1451:
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:1243bcf3-0ac8-11ee-b12e-01aa75ed71a1.0001.02/DOC_1&format=PDF
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1740:
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3508:
3454:
3444:
3422:
3322:
3136:
3027:
3022:
2963:
2880:
2722:
2117:
1975:
1667:
1657:
1590:
1512:
1462:
280:
275:
Former French Telegraphic Lines Administration at 103, rue de Grenelle in Paris, seat of ESMA from 2011 to 2019
170:
3737:
3670:
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3476:
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2149:
3498:
3385:
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2321:
1642:
718:
3221:
858:
287:. At the light of these major turmoils, the prevailing EU financial supervision framework put on place by
3665:
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3349:
3007:
2311:
2266:
1845:
1637:
1304:"ESMA's product intervention measures in relation to CFDs and binary options offered to retail investors"
722:
331:
138:
3375:
3211:
2973:
2777:
1821:
1549:
970:
810:
185:
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3252:
3066:
2769:
2717:
2526:
2437:
1803:
1702:
1647:
1627:
692:
351:
240:(e) ensuring that the taking of investment and other risks are appropriately regulated and supervised
3283:
2821:
2816:
2608:
2221:
231:(b) ensuring the integrity, transparency, efficiency and orderly functioning of financial markets,
3746:
3525:
3412:
2030:
1854:
1730:
580:
573:
562:
394:
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180:(CESR) on 1 January 2011. It is one of three European Supervisory Authorities set up within the
3635:
3481:
3370:
3339:
3273:
3216:
2647:
2226:
1841:
1607:
271:
3751:
3356:
3176:
2742:
2298:
790:
1354:"ESMA ceases renewal of product intervention measures relating to contracts for differences"
3555:
3161:
3151:
3017:
2953:
2841:
2384:
2236:
2056:
379:
375:
288:
284:
952:
947:
8:
3717:
3545:
3486:
3405:
3196:
3181:
2692:
2672:
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504:
368:
951: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
876:
3565:
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2945:
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2271:
1210:
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1055:
998:
750:
712:
292:
2498:
2051:
1399:
1214:
1202:
1166:
1106:
1094:
1059:
1047:
1002:
990:
986:
929:
626:
1329:"ESMA to renew restrictions on CFDs for a further three months from 1 February 2019"
295:. Therefore, what was known as the level 3 Lamfalussy agencies, the 3L3 Committees (
3493:
3171:
2655:
1487:
1391:
1194:
1162:
1086:
1037:
1029:
982:
364:
2422:
1178:
1074:
3201:
1416:
Lord, C. (2011). The European Parliament and the legitimation of agencification.
1198:
1137:
1119:
Lord, C. (2011). The European Parliament and the legitimation of agencification.
1090:
901:
355:
237:(d) preventing regulatory arbitrage and promoting equal conditions of competition
1017:
393:
On 1 August 2018, the ESMA implemented modified trading restrictions concerning
3186:
2140:
1379:
1033:
398:
90:
1395:
3766:
3247:
1403:
1206:
1179:"Meronie & Co., Industrie Metallurgiche, Società in Accomandita Semplice
1098:
1051:
994:
795:
402:
1282:"ESMA ADOPTS FINAL PRODUCT INTERVENTION MEASURES ON CFDS AND BINARY OPTIONS"
2734:
1042:
343:
318:
ESMA formally came into existence on 1 January 2011, per article 82 of the
2109:
2665:
2558:
758:
118:
3156:
2757:
1228:
3624:
2704:
2635:
2005:
3334:
3191:
3076:
2097:
1768:
1233:
800:
3100:
2091:
1778:
1773:
1763:
260:
Article 6. These roles are further specified in the Regulation.
1075:"The European Parliament and the legitimation of agencification"
246:(g) enhancing supervisory convergence across the internal market
40:
2442:
726:
409:
152:
1542:
339:
103:
1779:
Operational Management of Large-Scale IT Systems in the AFSJ
3081:
1257:"Steven Maijoor on the State of European Financial Markets"
28:
3259:
European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters
401:
for retail clients. The most significant change was that
371:
and co-operation between national competent authorities.
821:
List of financial regulatory authorities by jurisdiction
234:(c) strengthening international supervisory coordination
388:
2249:
International Authority for the Ruhr (1949–1951)
1229:"EU plans new financial regulator for rating agencies"
816:
European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority
190:
European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority
2092:
Schnell-Brüter- Kernkraftwerksgesellschaft mbH' (SBK)
2307:
European Monetary Cooperation Fund (1973–1994)
2339:
European Financial Stability Mechanism (2010–
2254:
European Coal and Steel Community (1951–2002)
1018:"EU Agencies: Does the Meroni Doctrine Make Sense?"
220:This mission is further specified in Article 1(6):
2330:European Financial Stability Facility (2010–
1022:Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law
877:"European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA)"
461:Commission Bancaire, Financière et des Assurances
446:
16:Financial regulatory agency of the European Union
3764:
279:ESMA’s birth is intimately intertwined with the
3703:Largest cities by population within city limits
634:Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier
588:Commissione Nazionale per le Società e la Borsa
538:Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht
311:launched in 2011 in answer to the debt crisis.
309:European System of Financial Supervision (ESFS)
45:Ibox building in Paris, seat of ESMA since 2019
485:Croatian Financial Services Supervisory Agency
422:
243:(f) enhancing customer and investor protection
2312:European Monetary Institute (1994–1998)
2267:European Economic Community (1958–1993)
2125:
1575:
742:Steven Maijoor (1 April 2011 - 31 March 2021)
2285:European Atomic Energy Community (est. 1958)
968:
291:did not stand the shock and was replaced by
2139:
1971:Political Parties and Political Foundations
410:ESMA's supervision of ESG rating activities
263:Its seat is, by law, in Paris (Article 7).
178:Committee of European Securities Regulators
77:Committee of European Securities Regulators
2986:Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification
2132:
2118:
1582:
1568:
668:Comissão do Mercado de Valores Mobiliários
39:
27:
1384:European Business Organization Law Review
1041:
924:
922:
552:Hungarian Financial Supervisory Authority
499:Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission
163:European Securities and Markets Authority
22:European Securities and Markets Authority
3440:European Structural and Investment Funds
3362:European System of Financial Supervision
2227:Western European Union (1954–2011)
2098:Hochtemperatur- Kernkraftwerk GmbH (HKG)
706:Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores
465:Financial Services and Markets Authority
270:
182:European System of Financial Supervision
3798:Government agencies established in 2011
1897:Climate, Infrastructure and Environment
1377:
1138:"Regulation - 1095/2010 - EN - EUR-Lex"
930:"Regulation - 1094/2010 - EN - EUR-Lex"
902:"Regulation - 1095/2010 - EN - EUR-Lex"
765:ESMA CCP Supervisory Committee Chair:
595:Financial and Capital Market Commission
524:Finnish Financial Supervisory Authority
251:
200:ESMA derives its legal force from the '
3788:European Union financial market policy
3765:
2904:European Economic and Social Committee
2713:Court of Justice of the European Union
2237:European Communities (1967–2009)
1784:Monitoring of Drugs and Drug Addiction
1015:
975:JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies
919:
494:(Hanfa), from accession on 1 July 2013
3541:Stabilisation and Association Process
3238:Area of freedom, security and justice
2113:
1563:
964:
962:
3536:European Union Association Agreement
2272:European Community (1993–2009)
1713:Electronic Communications Regulators
1073:Lord, Christopher (September 2011).
1072:
780:Natasha Cazenave (since 1 June 2021)
389:ESMA's product intervention measures
124:Natasha Cazenave, Executive Director
3813:Securities and exchange commissions
2865:European Data Protection Supervisor
2167:Ideas of European unity before 1948
769:Klaus Löber (since 1 December 2020)
646:Netherlands: STE (2001-2002), then
13:
3561:EU Strategy for the South Caucasus
3301:Common Security and Defence Policy
3296:Common Foreign and Security Policy
1887:Education, Audiovisual and Culture
969:Spendzharova, Aneta (March 2012).
959:
641:Malta Financial Services Authority
437:
14:
3829:
3330:Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
2927:European Union Military Committee
2899:European Committee of the Regions
1534:
1418:Journal of European Public Policy
1121:Journal of European Public Policy
1079:Journal of European Public Policy
1016:Chamon, Merijn (September 2010).
293:De Larosière regulatory framework
3818:Regulation in the European Union
3793:Financial regulatory authorities
3306:Permanent Structured Cooperation
2922:Political and Security Committee
2809:European Atomic Energy Community
1708:Cooperation of Energy Regulators
1167:10.1111/j.1468-5965.2011.02208.x
987:10.1111/j.1468-5965.2011.02208.x
946:
806:European Supervisory Authorities
616:Lithuanian Securities Commission
472:Financial Supervision Commission
3708:National parties by affiliation
3551:Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
3531:Economic Partnership Agreements
2222:Western Union (1948–1954)
2026:Innovative Medicines Initiative
1505:
1480:
1455:
1444:
1427:
1410:
1371:
1346:
1321:
1296:
1274:
1249:
1221:
1171:
1155:
1130:
686:Financial Supervisory Authority
661:Financial Supervision Authority
570:Financial Supervisory Authority
531:Autorité des Marchés Financiers
517:Financial Supervisory Authority
3778:Agencies of the European Union
3713:Presidents of the institutions
3509:European Higher Education Area
3087:International status and usage
2881:Agencies of the European Union
2614:European political foundations
1877:Competitiveness and Innovation
1683:Disease Prevention and Control
1113:
1066:
1009:
894:
869:
851:
833:
725:(FCA) from 1 April 2013 until
675:National Securities Commission
447:National Competent Authorities
195:
1:
3808:2011 establishments in France
3504:European Common Aviation Area
2959:Charter of Fundamental Rights
2932:European Union Military Staff
2832:European University Institute
2621:Council of the European Union
1633:Living and Working Conditions
1513:"Interactive Single Rulebook"
1463:"Interactive Single Rulebook"
1378:Moloney, Niamh (March 2011).
881:Thomson Reuters Practical Law
826:
733:
648:Autoriteit Financiële Markten
3803:Organizations based in Paris
3499:European Political Community
3345:European Banking Supervision
2837:European Stability Mechanism
1199:10.1017/cbo9781316151525.060
1091:10.1080/13501763.2011.593317
859:"ESMA moves to new premises"
719:Financial Services Authority
207:
171:agency of the European Union
139:Regulation (EU) No 1095/2010
33:ESMA Logo since January 2023
7:
3571:Union for the Mediterranean
3350:Single Resolution Mechanism
3289:Vehicle registration plates
3243:Migration and asylum policy
3222:Potential superpower status
1764:Law Enforcement Cooperation
784:
723:Financial Conduct Authority
423:ESMA's issuance of guidance
266:
10:
3834:
3773:2011 in the European Union
3514:EU/ESA Framework Agreement
3212:Differentiated integration
2778:European Court of Auditors
2609:European political parties
2021:High-Performance Computing
1309:. Europa.eu. 27 March 2018
1034:10.1177/1023263x1001700304
811:European Banking Authority
773:ESMA Executive Director:
454:Financial Market Authority
224:ESMA shall contribute to:
186:European Banking Authority
3783:Capital markets of Europe
3731:
3683:
3631:House of European History
3619:
3610:
3465:
3253:European Judicial Network
3230:
3144:
3135:
3123:Health expense per person
3052:
3043:
2944:
2912:
2889:
2873:
2850:
2797:
2770:Supreme audit institution
2768:
2733:
2703:
2646:
2557:
2548:
2539:
2464:
2455:
2413:
2355:
2320:
2297:
2280:
2262:
2244:
2235:
2212:
2205:
2157:
2148:
2069:
2044:
1993:
1984:
1958:
1945:Innovation and Technology
1933:
1915:
1867:
1840:
1812:
1749:
1721:
1618:Safety and Health at Work
1606:
1597:
1396:10.1017/s1566752911100026
1187:International Law Reports
693:National Bank of Slovakia
545:Capital Market Commission
367:in Europe, strengthening
352:European Court of Justice
147:
131:
111:
96:
86:
69:
54:
49:
38:
26:
2822:European Investment Fund
2817:European Investment Bank
2011:Key Digital Technologies
1882:Cybersecurity Competence
1759:Law Enforcement Training
1284:. Europa.eu. 1 June 2018
699:Securities Market Agency
688:(ASF) from 26 April 2013
467:(FSMA) from 1 April 2011
395:contracts for difference
58:1 January 2011
3526:European Peace Facility
2753:System of Central Banks
2016:Fuel Cells and Hydrogen
1488:"Questions and Answers"
777:Verena Ross (2011-2021)
761:(since 1 November 2021)
581:Central Bank of Ireland
574:Central Bank of Iceland
563:Hungarian National Bank
344:Market abuse regulation
3636:2012 Nobel Peace Prize
3482:European Economic Area
3340:European banking union
3217:Privileged partnership
3072:Government procurement
1832:Insurance and Pensions
1827:Securities and Markets
1774:Border and Coast Guard
376:credit rating agencies
276:
249:
3581:Free trade agreements
3423:Health Insurance Card
3357:Capital Markets Union
3207:Democratic legitimacy
3177:Optimum currency area
2998:Legislative procedure
2743:European Central Bank
1976:Data Protection Board
1769:Judicial co-operation
1653:Intellectual Property
1183:. The High Authority"
841:"A new look for ESMA"
791:Capital Markets Union
755:(interim chair, 2021)
519:(Finantsinspektsioon)
281:2008 financial crisis
274:
222:
3693:Books on the subject
3556:EU Gateway Programme
3519:EU/ESA Space Council
3477:Neighbourhood Policy
3435:Regional development
3401:Environmental policy
3391:Educational policies
3318:Neighbourhood Policy
3162:Intergovernmentalism
3152:European integration
3067:Community preference
3018:Enhanced cooperation
3003:Citizens' Initiative
2842:Unified Patent Court
2693:Directorates-General
2484:Environmental issues
2087:Health and Consumers
2057:Joint European Torus
2001:Bio-based Industries
380:conflict of interest
285:2010 Eurozone crisis
252:Composition and Seat
184:, together with the
100:201-203 rue de Bercy
3718:Terrorist incidents
3546:Eastern Partnership
3487:EEA Joint Committee
3406:European Green Deal
3376:Agricultural policy
3182:Supranational union
2673:European Commission
2631:General Secretariat
2567:European Parliament
2522:Special territories
2322:Financial stability
1623:Vocational Training
865:. 22 November 2019.
629:from 1 January 2012
609:Finanzmarktaufsicht
565:from 1 October 2013
505:Czech National Bank
369:investor protection
23:
3566:Northern Dimension
3313:Enlargement Policy
3255:(criminal matters)
3167:Multi-speed Europe
2860:European Ombudsman
2516:(first-level NUTS)
2499:Larger urban zones
1892:Health and Digital
1804:Fundamental Rights
1517:www.esma.europa.eu
1492:www.esma.europa.eu
1467:www.esma.europa.eu
1358:www.esma.europa.eu
1333:www.esma.europa.eu
1261:www.esma.europa.eu
729:on 31 January 2020
713:Finansinspektionen
277:
176:ESMA replaced the
173:located in Paris.
153:www.esma.europa.eu
21:
3760:
3759:
3679:
3678:
3666:Telephone numbers
3606:
3605:
3381:Cultural policies
3131:
3130:
3118:Unemployment rate
2940:
2939:
2800:international-law
2793:
2792:
2783:Secretary-General
2535:
2534:
2494:Geographic centre
2451:
2450:
2351:
2350:
2293:
2292:
2107:
2106:
2065:
2064:
2052:Fusion for Energy
1950:Public Prosecutor
1863:
1862:
1698:Fisheries Control
1435:Hastings Env't LJ
1193:: 454–457. 1963.
1142:eur-lex.europa.eu
934:eur-lex.europa.eu
906:eur-lex.europa.eu
847:. 3 January 2023.
627:Bank of Lithuania
365:financial markets
159:
158:
112:Agency executives
3825:
3740:
3617:
3616:
3494:Energy Community
3413:Fisheries policy
3172:Neofunctionalism
3142:
3141:
3050:
3049:
2992:Official Journal
2979:Citizens' Rights
2718:Court of Justice
2656:European Council
2604:Political groups
2555:
2554:
2546:
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2517:
2462:
2461:
2242:
2241:
2210:
2209:
2155:
2154:
2134:
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2110:
2079:(transferred to
1991:
1990:
1963:corporate bodies
1961:EU secondary-law
1934:EU decentralised
1907:Research Council
1736:Security Studies
1604:
1603:
1598:EU decentralised
1584:
1577:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1555:Larosière report
1546:
1545:
1543:Official website
1528:
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683:
624:
603:
560:
493:
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155:
70:Preceding agency
65:
63:
43:
31:
24:
20:
3833:
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3762:
3761:
3756:
3743:
3736:
3727:
3675:
3656:Public holidays
3602:
3576:Global Strategy
3468:
3461:
3430:Labour mobility
3323:Global Strategy
3284:Driving licence
3226:
3202:Pro-Europeanism
3127:
3039:
2964:Competition law
2936:
2914:
2908:
2891:
2885:
2869:
2852:
2846:
2801:
2799:
2789:
2764:
2729:
2699:
2683:Vice-Presidents
2642:
2577:Vice-Presidents
2531:
2515:
2509:Protected areas
2479:External border
2447:
2409:
2347:
2316:
2289:
2276:
2258:
2231:
2201:
2192:1993–2004
2187:1973–1993
2182:1958–1972
2177:1948–1957
2144:
2138:
2108:
2103:
2061:
2040:
1986:
1980:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1954:
1937:
1935:
1929:
1917:
1911:
1869:
1859:
1836:
1808:
1799:Gender Equality
1745:
1717:
1688:Space Programme
1678:Aviation Safety
1673:Maritime Safety
1609:
1599:
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1541:
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736:
677:
618:
607:Liechtenstein:
597:
554:
487:
474:
449:
440:
438:Single Rulebook
429:ESMA regulation
425:
412:
391:
320:ESMA Regulation
269:
258:ESMA regulation
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214:ESMA regulation
210:
202:ESMA Regulation
198:
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50:Agency overview
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5:
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3591:Current agenda
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3199:
3197:Federalisation
3194:
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3187:Euroscepticism
3184:
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2597:Constituencies
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2533:
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2496:
2491:
2489:Extreme points
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2218:
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2214:Defence policy
2207:
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2200:
2199:
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2189:
2184:
2179:
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2169:
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2143: articles
2141:European Union
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2101:
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2084:
2077:Reconstruction
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2013:
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1535:External links
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507:
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403:binary options
399:spread betting
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3651:Media freedom
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3396:Energy policy
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3386:Customs Union
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2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
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1424:(6), 909-925.
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738:ESMA Chair:
728:
724:
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694:
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684:(CNVM), then
681:
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332:EU regulation
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121:, Chairperson
120:
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3108:Minimum wage
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2735:Central bank
2550:Institutions
2474:Demographics
2357:Enlargements
2340:
2331:
2299:Central bank
2206:Predecessors
2036:Shift-2-Rail
1987:undertakings
1868:EU executive
1826:
1520:. Retrieved
1516:
1507:
1497:13 September
1495:. Retrieved
1491:
1482:
1470:. Retrieved
1466:
1457:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1390:(1): 41–86.
1387:
1383:
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1363:10 September
1361:. Retrieved
1357:
1348:
1336:. Retrieved
1332:
1323:
1311:. Retrieved
1298:
1286:. Retrieved
1276:
1264:. Retrieved
1260:
1251:
1239:. Retrieved
1232:
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1157:
1145:. Retrieved
1141:
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764:
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632:Luxembourg:
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441:
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211:
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162:
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132:Key document
97:Headquarters
87:Jurisdiction
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3723:Urban areas
3586:Enlargement
3264:Citizenship
3013:LGBT rights
2851:Independent
2666:Euro summit
2582:Secretariat
2559:Legislature
2415:Withdrawals
1936:independent
1668:Food Safety
1663:Translation
1638:Environment
1338:26 February
759:Verena Ross
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678: [
619: [
614:Lithuania:
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555: [
488: [
475: [
397:(CFDs) and
326:(2010) and
196:Legal Force
119:Verena Ross
3767:Categories
3698:Directives
3596:Statistics
3418:Healthcare
3157:Eurosphere
3062:Currencies
3033:Withdrawal
3008:Regulation
2813:EIB Group
2758:Eurosystem
2626:Presidency
2587:Committees
2527:Statistics
2197:Since 2004
2100:Euratom JU
2094:Euratom JU
1855:Resolution
1266:11 October
886:29 October
827:References
734:Leadership
697:Slovenia:
691:Slovakia:
666:Portugal:
470:Bulgaria:
328:Omnibus II
289:Lamfalussy
62:2011-01-01
3646:Languages
3625:Douzelage
3469:relations
3269:passports
3192:Euromyths
3096:Transport
2974:Directive
2802:EU bodies
2748:President
2705:Judiciary
2678:President
2661:President
2648:Executive
2636:Eurogroup
2592:Elections
2572:President
2469:Geography
2457:Geography
2006:Clean Sky
1741:Satellite
1703:Chemicals
1648:Medicines
1404:1566-7529
1313:18 August
1288:10 August
1215:249007341
1207:0309-0671
1107:153510711
1099:1350-1763
1060:156045399
1052:1023-263X
1003:152473539
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953:CC BY 4.0
673:Romania:
579:Ireland:
576:from 2022
568:Iceland:
550:Hungary:
536:Germany:
526:(FIN-FSA)
522:Finland:
515:Estonia:
509:Denmark:
503:Czechia:
483:Croatia:
459:Belgium:
452:Austria:
324:Omnibus I
208:Objective
3747:Category
3661:Religion
3467:Foreign
3455:VAT Area
3335:Eurozone
3231:Policies
3145:Concepts
3137:Politics
3077:Eurozone
3028:opt-outs
3023:Treaties
2913:Military
2890:Advisory
2874:Agencies
2514:Regions
2172:Founders
2159:Timeline
1918:agencies
1902:Research
1870:agencies
1693:Railways
1643:Training
1600:agencies
1522:22 March
1472:22 March
1241:18 April
1234:BBC News
1147:22 March
955:license.
939:23 March
911:22 March
801:MiFid II
785:See also
711:Sweden:
659:Poland:
653:Norway:
593:Latvia:
590:(CONSOB)
543:Greece:
529:France:
497:Cyprus:
336:MiFID II
283:and the
267:Overview
169:) is an
3738:Outline
3671:Symbols
3612:Culture
3101:TRACECA
3045:Economy
2853:offices
2150:History
2081:DG NEAR
2045:Euratom
1916:Euratom
1822:Banking
1731:Defence
704:Spain:
639:Malta:
586:Italy:
540:(BaFin)
148:Website
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3752:Portal
3057:Budget
2954:Acquis
2915:bodies
2892:bodies
2541:Bodies
2070:Former
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643:(MSFA)
636:(CSSF)
604:(FKTK)
356:Meroni
301:CEIOPS
107:France
102:75589
79:(CESR)
55:Formed
3685:Lists
2798:Other
2031:SESAR
1985:Joint
1959:Other
1307:(PDF)
1211:S2CID
1103:S2CID
1056:S2CID
999:S2CID
753:]
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663:(KNF)
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547:(CMC)
533:(AMF)
492:]
479:]
456:(FMA)
340:MiFIR
104:Paris
3278:list
3082:Euro
2443:2020
2438:2012
2433:1985
2428:1984
2423:1962
2405:2013
2400:2007
2395:2004
2390:1995
2385:1990
2380:1986
2375:1981
2370:1973
2365:1954
2341:2012
2332:2012
1814:ESFS
1751:AFSJ
1723:CSDP
1524:2024
1499:2019
1474:2024
1400:ISSN
1365:2019
1340:2019
1315:2018
1290:2018
1268:2018
1243:2014
1203:ISSN
1149:2024
1095:ISSN
1048:ISSN
991:ISSN
941:2024
913:2024
888:2021
863:ESMA
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297:CESR
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165:(
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