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Growth in both sexes is temperature-dependent and is therefore faster in summer than in winter; the males grow faster than females. In the
Atlantic, young squid hatched in June reach a mantle length of around 12 cm by December and grow to 13 or 14 cm by the following April. By August, males
451:
This species can be found at depths from the surface to about 500 m, but it is most abundant between 20 and 250 m (deeper during the winter). The population in the northeastern
Atlantic spends the winter in deeper waters off Portugal, then moves towards the coast of France in spring, before
460:
similarly spends the winter in deeper offshore waters and moves inshore to spawn in spring and autumn. The main juvenile recruitment is in
February and March and between July and September. In the western Mediterranean, European squid move into deeper water in late autumn; the largest individuals
464:
The spawning season extends for most of the year, but climaxes in early summer and early autumn. Females lay up to 20,000 small eggs, which are deposited in gelatinous tubes containing tens of eggs each. These tubes are attached to debris and other solid objects on sandy to muddy bottoms. The
394:. The European squid can grow up to 30–40 cm in the mantle length, but more usually they are 15–25 cm long. The males are generally bigger than the females and exhibit more rapid rates of growth.
538:
The
European squid is a commercially valuable species. It is caught in multispecies trawl fishing throughout the year and, seasonally, in small scale and recreational fishing with a variety of gear.
523:
attain a mantle length of 17.5 cm and, if they reach the following April, 21 cm, compared to 17 cm in females. Life expectancy is 2 years in females and about 3 years in males.
452:
migrating farther north into the North Sea during May and June where they spawn in depths ranging from 20 to 80 m. A southward migration takes place in autumn. The population found off
545:, the total annual catch of the species is around 1,000 to 1,500 tonnes. This is very variable and is probably linked to the annual reproduction cycle that is typical for many cephalopods.
465:
incubation period is dependent on temperature and is between 25 days (at 22 °C) and 45 days (at 12 to 14 °C). The size of the male determines the number (up to 800) and size of
735:
Vecchione, M., E. Shea, S. Bussarawit, F. Anderson, D. Alexeyev, C.-C. Lu, T. Okutani, M. Roeleveld, C. Chotiyaputta, C. Roper, E. Jorgensen & N. Sukramongkol. (2005).
795:
425:, European squid can be found above various substrates, from sandy through to the muddy bottoms. It is found in temperatures of 13°C–20°C, preferring 18°C.
370:. The posterior border is slightly concave. The head is relatively small and has large eyes which are covered with a transparent membrane. Like almost all
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commence their inshore migration as early as in
January and February, while the smaller individuals wait until summer.
246:
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to at least the west coast of Africa. This species lives from sea level to depths of 500 m (1,600 ft). Its
629:
Johnson, W.; Soden, P.D.; Trueman, E.R. (1972). "A Study in Jet
Propulsion: An analysis of the motion of the squid,
1068:
1008:
362:
The
European squid has a long, moderately slender and cylindrical body. Rhomboid fins comprise two-thirds of the
1124:
469:. Males that are reproducing for the second time usually carry more than those reproducing for the first time.
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990:
421:
species, which undertakes distinct horizontal and vertical migrations, depending on the environment. In the
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is up to 40 cm (16 in) long. The species is extensively exploited by commercial fisheries.
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The colour of the
European squid is greyish-transparent or reddish, depending on the expansion of
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is found throughout the
Mediterranean and in the eastern Atlantic Ocean from the
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390:, are long, as they are used to catch prey. The fourth left arm of males is a
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443:, along the south coast of England, and off northern Scotland.
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European squid are predators on fishes and crustaceans.
628:
405:. Males have small chromatophores on their mantle.
318:, the Cape Hope squid, was previously treated as a
302:. It occurs abundantly in coastal waters from the
746:Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin
1101:
439:. In British waters, it is mainly found in the
738:"Systematics of Indo-West Pacific loliginids"
577:
408:
622:
36:
608:Vecchione, M. & R.E. Young. (2010).
345:
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716:Vecchione, M. & R.E. Young (2010).
699:Grid map of records on the Gateway for
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1087:8ED00D7A-6702-4A5E-9729-743E4A756BE7
677:Palomares ML, Pauly D, eds. (2023).
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19:For the European common squid, see
13:
707:
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14:
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366:length, though locomotion is via
588:World Register of Marine Species
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498:
486:
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635:Journal of Experimental Biology
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1:
1115:Cephalopods described in 1798
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382:: eight are relatively short
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7:
590:. Flanders Marine Institute
548:
10:
1141:
780:"CephBase: European squid"
763:"CephBase: European squid"
446:
386:, and two, which form the
378:surrounding the mouth and
18:
1120:Marine molluscs of Europe
820:
176:
169:
151:
144:
46:Scientific classification
44:
35:
30:
790:Loligo vulgaris vulgaris
773:Loligo vulgaris reynaudi
725:Tree of Life Web Project
689:. February 2023 version.
617:Tree of Life Web Project
413:The European squid is a
409:Habitat and distribution
298:belonging to the family
557:(Japanese common squid)
796:Charles Maxwell videos
359:
343:
16:Species of cephalopods
1125:Cephalopods of Europe
804:on Sealife Collection
349:
337:
647:10.1242/jeb.56.1.155
578:Julian Finn (2016).
340:Aquarium Finisterrae
21:Alloteuthis subulata
555:Todarodes pacificus
374:, this species has
221:Loligo microcephala
210:Loligo mediterranea
360:
344:
188:Loligo berthelotii
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1043:Open Tree of Life
814:Taxon identifiers
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611:Loligo reynaudii
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324:L. vulgaris
315:Loligo reynaudii
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199:Loligo breviceps
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137:L. vulgaris
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822:Loligo vulgaris
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719:Loligo vulgaris
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701:Loligo vulgaris
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681:Loligo vulgaris
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666:(Lamarck, 1798)
664:Loligo vulgaris
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631:Loligo vulgaris
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582:Loligo vulgaris
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351:Loligo vulgaris
338:A group in the
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291:Loligo vulgaris
232:Loligo neglecta
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155:Loligo vulgaris
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31:European squid
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802:European squid
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786:on 2005-08-17.
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769:on 2005-08-17.
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756:External links
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458:Western Sahara
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368:jet propulsion
353:with captured
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1110:Loliginidae
1056:SeaLifeBase
939:iNaturalist
846:Wikispecies
687:SeaLifeBase
668:. AdriaMed.
641:: 155–165.
594:24 February
530:is common.
528:Cannibalism
429:L. vulgaris
330:Description
300:Loliginidae
113:Loliginidae
93:Cephalopoda
1104:Categories
800:Photos of
562:References
320:subspecies
247:Blainville
203:Steenstrup
534:Fisheries
441:Irish Sea
433:North Sea
388:tentacles
376:ten limbs
304:North Sea
131:Species:
69:Kingdom:
63:Eukaryota
957:10241641
837:Q1232698
831:Wikidata
751:: 23–26.
549:See also
517:Juvenile
481:Egg mass
419:demersal
269:Linnaeus
258:FĂ©russac
171:Synonyms
109:Family:
103:Myopsida
83:Mollusca
79:Phylum:
73:Animalia
59:Domain:
1082:ZooBank
1048:1054848
931:2290374
541:In the
454:Morocco
447:Biology
435:to the
415:neritic
401:in the
342:, Spain
162:Lamarck
119:Genus:
99:Order:
89:Class:
1074:140271
1035:140271
983:190946
944:324558
905:451497
505:Embryo
493:Embryo
417:, semi
403:dermis
364:mantle
308:mantle
271:, 1758
260:, 1835
249:, 1823
238:, 1849
227:, 1871
225:Lafont
216:, 1869
205:, 1862
194:, 1839
192:VĂ©rany
164:, 1798
124:Loligo
1069:WoRMS
1061:57480
1022:20266
970:82375
952:IRMNG
918:60271
913:EUNIS
892:72LBY
879:33088
741:(PDF)
372:squid
296:squid
1030:OBIS
1009:6622
1004:NCBI
978:IUCN
965:ITIS
926:GBIF
874:BOLD
596:2018
456:and
384:arms
380:beak
280:The
236:Gray
991:NBN
900:EoL
887:CoL
861:ADW
685:in
643:doi
633:".
322:of
284:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
