2866:, which complicates handling because thorium and its decay products are radioactive. For the extraction from the ore and the isolation of individual lanthanides, several methods have been developed. The choice of method is based on the concentration and composition of the ore and on the distribution of the individual lanthanides in the resulting concentrate. Roasting the ore, followed by acidic and basic leaching, is used mostly to produce a concentrate of lanthanides. If cerium is the dominant lanthanide, then it is converted from cerium(III) to cerium(IV) and then precipitated. Further separation by
3164:, whose lanthanides had an unusually high europium content of 0.1%, was about to come on-line and provide sufficient europium to sustain the industry. Prior to europium, the color-TV red phosphor was very weak, and the other phosphor colors had to be muted, to maintain color balance. With the brilliant red europium phosphor, it was no longer necessary to mute the other colors, and a much brighter color TV picture was the result. Europium has continued to be in use in the TV industry ever since as well as in computer monitors. Californian bastnäsite now faces stiff competition from
3174:, celebrated for his development of the ion-exchange technology that revolutionized the rare-earth industry in the mid-1950s, once related the story of how he was lecturing on the rare earths in the 1930s, when an elderly gentleman approached him with an offer of a gift of several pounds of europium oxide. This was an unheard-of quantity at the time, and Spedding did not take the man seriously. However, a package duly arrived in the mail, containing several pounds of genuine europium oxide. The elderly gentleman had turned out to be
1449:
2713:
1505:
3326:
2049:
2942:
3397:
1922:
3401:
2193:(II) are similar. The sulfates of both barium and europium(II) are also highly insoluble in water. Divalent europium is a mild reducing agent, oxidizing in air to form Eu(III) compounds. In anaerobic, and particularly geothermal conditions, the divalent form is sufficiently stable that it tends to be incorporated into minerals of calcium and the other alkaline earths. This ion-exchange process is the basis of the "negative
2923:
3187:
2041:
35:
3233:-based phosphors. Color TV screens contain between 0.5 and 1 g of europium oxide. Whereas trivalent europium gives red phosphors, the luminescence of divalent europium depends strongly on the composition of the host structure. UV to deep red luminescence can be achieved. The two classes of europium-based phosphor (red and blue), combined with the yellow/green
3238:
systems in TV and computer screens, but as an additive, it can be particularly effective in improving the intensity of red phosphor. Europium is also used in the manufacture of fluorescent glass, increasing the general efficiency of fluorescent lamps. One of the more common persistent after-glow phosphors besides copper-doped zinc sulfide is europium-doped
3400:
3402:
3237:
phosphors give "white" light, the color temperature of which can be varied by altering the proportion or specific composition of the individual phosphors. This phosphor system is typically encountered in helical fluorescent light bulbs. Combining the same three classes is one way to make trichromatic
2902:
contains significant amounts of bastnäsite and monazite and is, with an estimated 36 million tonnes of rare-earth element oxides, the largest known deposit. The mining operations at the Bayan Obo deposit made China the largest supplier of rare-earth elements in the 1990s. Only 0.2% of the rare-earth
2258:
in 2007, giving about one alpha decay per two minutes in every kilogram of natural europium. This value is in reasonable agreement with theoretical predictions. Besides the natural radioisotope Eu, 35 artificial radioisotopes have been characterized, the most stable being Eu with a half-life of 36.9
2907:
in
California. The bastnäsite mined there is especially rich in the light rare-earth elements (La-Gd, Sc, and Y) and contains only 0.1% of europium. Another large source for rare-earth elements is the loparite found on the Kola peninsula. It contains besides niobium, tantalum and titanium up to 30%
3151:
red phosphor was discovered in the early 1960s, and understood to be about to cause a revolution in the color television industry, there was a scramble for the limited supply of europium on hand among the monazite processors, as the typical europium content in monazite is about 0.05%. However, the
2209:
tends to show less of a negative europium anomaly than does monazite, and hence is the major source of europium today. The development of easy methods to separate divalent europium from the other (trivalent) lanthanides made europium accessible even when present in low concentration, as it usually
3403:
2949:
Europium compounds tend to exist in a trivalent oxidation state under most conditions. Commonly these compounds feature Eu(III) bound by 6â9 oxygenic ligands. The Eu(III) sulfates, nitrates and chlorides are soluble in water or polar organic solvents. Lipophilic europium complexes often feature
1986:
series that reacts readily with air to form a dark oxide coating. It is the most chemically reactive, least dense, and softest of the lanthanide elements. It is soft enough to be cut with a knife. Europium was isolated in 1901 and named after the continent of
5236:
Jansen, T.; Jßstel, T.; Kirm, M.; Mägi, H.; Nagirnyi, V.; Tþldsepp, E.; Vielhauer, S.; Khaidukov, N.M.; Makhov, V.N. (2017). "Site selective, time and temperature dependent spectroscopy of Eu 3+ doped apatites (Mg,Ca,Sr) 2 Y 8 Si 6 O 26".
3619:
Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation".
2874:
yields a fraction which is enriched in europium. This fraction is reduced with zinc, zinc/amalgam, electrolysis or other methods converting the europium(III) to europium(II). Europium(II) reacts in a way similar to that of
2104:
Because of the high reactivity, samples of solid europium rarely have the shiny appearance of the fresh metal, even when coated with a protective layer of mineral oil. Europium ignites in air at 150 to 180 °C to form
3532:
Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; BĂśhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; GrĂśning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04).
2817:
Europium is associated with the other rare-earth elements and is, therefore, mined together with them. Separation of the rare-earth elements occurs during later processing. Rare-earth elements are found in the minerals
3070:(EuS), europium(II) selenide (EuSe) and europium(II) telluride (EuTe): all three of these are black solids. Europium(II) sulfide is prepared by sulfiding the oxide at temperatures sufficiently high to decompose the Eu
4425:
Xing, Qian-Fan; Zhao, Gang; Aoki, Wako; Honda, Satoshi; Li, Hai-Ning; Ishigaki, Miho N.; Matsuno, Tadafumi (29 April 2019). "Evidence for the accretion origin of halo stars with an extreme r-process enhancement".
2172:
Although usually trivalent, europium readily forms divalent compounds. This behavior is unusual for most lanthanides, which almost exclusively form compounds with an oxidation state of +3. The +2 state has an
2080:
Europium is the most reactive rare-earth element. It rapidly oxidizes in air, so that bulk oxidation of a centimeter-sized sample occurs within several days. Its reactivity with water is comparable to that of
3334:
3114:
Although europium is present in most of the minerals containing the other rare elements, due to the difficulties in separating the elements it was not until the late 1800s that the element was isolated.
2263:
isotopes have half-lives shorter than 4.7612 years, and the majority of these have half-lives shorter than 12.2 seconds; the known isotopes of europium range from Eu to Eu. This element also has 17
2786:
and adjacent parts of northern
England; it was the fluorite found here that fluorescence was named after in 1852, although it was not until much later that europium was determined to be the cause.
3194:
Relative to most other elements, commercial applications for europium are few and rather specialized. Almost invariably, its phosphorescence is exploited, either in the +2 or +3 oxidation state.
3306:
3418:
3140:, who suspected samples of the recently discovered element samarium were contaminated with an unknown element in 1896 and who was able to isolate it in 1901; he then named it
5198:
7346:
2879:
and therefore it can be precipitated as a carbonate or co-precipitated with barium sulfate. Europium metal is available through the electrolysis of a mixture of molten EuCl
3827:
Ugale, Akhilesh; Kalyani, Thejo N.; Dhoble, Sanjay J. (2018). "Potential of europium and samarium β -diketonates as red light emitters in organic light-emitting diodes".
2688:
Eu (half-life 13.516 years) and Eu (half-life 8.593 years) cannot be beta decay products because Sm and Sm are non-radioactive, but Eu is the only long-lived "shielded"
1995:+3, like other members of the lanthanide series, but compounds having oxidation state +2 are also common. All europium compounds with oxidation state +2 are slightly
2801:
and inform theories of how or where a particular star was born. For instance, astronomers in 2019 identified higher-than-expected levels of europium within the star
5305:
Jansen, Thomas; BĂśhnisch, David; JĂźstel, Thomas (2016-01-01). "On the
Photoluminescence Linearity of Eu2+ Based LED Phosphors upon High Excitation Density".
4648:
Xue-Ming Yang; Michael J. Le Bas (2004). "Chemical compositions of carbonate minerals from Bayan Obo, Inner
Mongolia, China: implications for petrogenesis".
3242:. Europium fluorescence is used to interrogate biomolecular interactions in drug-discovery screens. It is also used in the anti-counterfeiting phosphors in
3518:
3411:
1693:
3648:
3249:
An application that has almost fallen out of use with the introduction of affordable superconducting magnets is the use of europium complexes, such as
4292:
Valeur, Bernard; Berberan-Santos, MĂĄrio N. (June 2011). "A Brief
History of Fluorescence and Phosphorescence before the Emergence of Quantum Theory".
3998:"Measuring the β-decay properties of neutron-rich exotic Pm, Sm, Eu, and Gd isotopes to constrain the nucleosynthesis yields in the rare-earth region"
5674:
3927:
4519:
Morais, C.; Ciminelli, V. S. T. (2001). "Recovery of europium by chemical reduction of a commercial solution of europium and gadolinium chlorides".
3038:
Europium forms stable compounds with all of the chalcogens, but the heavier chalcogens (S, Se, and Te) stabilize the lower oxidation state. Three
4894:
1956:
3287:. When these europium-labeled antibodies bind to specific antigens, the resulting complex can be detected with laser excited florescence.
2736:. No europium-dominant minerals are known yet, despite a single find of a tiny possible EuâO or EuâOâC system phase in the Moon's regolith.
6977:
2782:). The reduction from Eu to Eu is induced by irradiation with energetic particles. The most outstanding examples of this originated around
4969:
3597:
Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see
2593:
As with other lanthanides, many isotopes of europium, especially those that have odd mass numbers or are neutron-poor like Eu, have high
1947:
2764:
3425:
2903:
element content is europium. The second large source for rare-earth elements between 1965 and its closure in the late 1990s was the
3466:
toxicity of 320 mg/kg, while the oral toxicity is above 5000 mg/kg. The metal dust presents a fire and explosion hazard.
1665:
4999:
5377:
4611:
Lawrence J. Drew; Meng
Qingrun & Sun Weijun (1990). "The Bayan Obo iron-rare-earth-niobium deposits, Inner Mongolia, China".
1544:
5566:
Bruce, D.; Hietbrink, Bernard E.; Dubois, Kenneth P. (1963). "The acute mammalian toxicity of rare earth nitrates and oxides".
5219:
3126:, who obtained basic fractions from samarium-gadolinium concentrates which had spectral lines not accounted for by samarium or
5531:
Haley, Thomas J.; Komesu, N.; Colvin, G.; Koste, L.; Upham, H. C. (1965). "Pharmacology and toxicology of europium chloride".
5667:
5448:
5415:
5361:
5289:
5213:
5181:
5152:
4820:
4595:
4194:
4165:
3909:
3876:
3844:
3582:
3498:
4223:
Bill, H.; Calas, G. (1978). "Color centers, associated rare-earth ions and the origin of coloration in natural fluorites".
5568:
3454:. Europium chloride, nitrate and oxide have been tested for toxicity: europium chloride shows an acute intraperitoneal LD
3432:
2720:
Europium is not found in nature as a free element. Many minerals contain europium, with the most important sources being
4776:
Howell, J.K.; Pytlewski, L.L. (August 1969). "Synthesis of divalent europium and ytterbium halides in liquid ammonia".
3944:
1686:
3123:
2685:, but since this has a long decay half-life and short mean time to neutron absorption, most Sm instead ends up as Sm.
157:
4760:
4127:
3789:
3768:
3686:
3661:
2763:). The nature of the europium anomaly found helps reconstruct the relationships within a suite of igneous rocks. The
1180:
92:
6970:
5660:
2767:
of europium is 2 ppm; values of the less abundant elements may vary with location by several orders of magnitude.
1517:
4724:
Hedrick, J.; Sinha, S.; Kosynkin, V. (1997). "Loparite, a rare-earth ore (Ce, Na, Sr, Ca)(Ti, Nb, Ta, Fe+3)O3".
1940:
3362:
3137:
2020:
1671:
5032:
3599:
Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero
Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides".
3119:
observed the phosphorescent spectra of the rare elements including those eventually assigned to europium.
6963:
2871:
2505:
2477:
7341:
7285:
3257:
1140:
2739:
Depletion or enrichment of europium in minerals relative to other rare-earth elements is known as the
2704:
of a significant portion of the non-radioactive Eu; however, much of this is further converted to Eu.
2259:
years, Eu with a half-life of 13.516 years, and Eu with a half-life of 8.593 years. All the remaining
1933:
4180:
3534:
1746:
7361:
7356:
7297:
7272:
5096:
1259:
7224:
7188:
7171:
7159:
7127:
4157:
2326:
2000:
1571:
1120:
5440:
4584:
Neikov, Oleg D.; Naboychenko, Stanislav; Gopienko, Victor G.; Frishberg, Irina V. (2009-01-15).
3325:
7204:
7196:
7147:
7103:
7095:
7063:
7040:
2987:
2798:
2174:
1761:
1147:
1132:
1107:
119:
5513:
5349:
5169:
5140:
4585:
4182:
1179:
7252:
7240:
7176:
7111:
7076:
7058:
7000:
5403:
5068:(1949). "Large-scale separation of rare-earth salts and the preparation of the pure metals".
4398:
3868:
3490:
3348:
3318:
3261:
3148:
3011:
2995:
2887:) in a graphite cell, which serves as cathode, using graphite as anode. The other product is
2594:
2583:
2351:
1632:
3647:
Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds".
1999:. Europium has no significant biological role and is relatively non-toxic compared to other
7351:
7212:
7119:
7068:
7053:
7016:
5703:
5577:
5246:
5108:
4925:
4852:
4657:
4622:
4528:
4493:
4447:
4371:
4336:
4301:
4232:
4090:
4009:
3970:
3067:
3019:
3006:). Europium also forms the corresponding dihalides: yellow-green europium(II) fluoride (EuF
2894:
A few large deposits produce or produced a significant amount of the world production. The
2876:
2417:
2219:
2065:
1679:
1534:
1485:
4889:
4327:
Mariano, A.N; King, P.J (May 1975). "Europium-activated cathodoluminescence in minerals".
4181:
Sinha, Shyama P.; Scientific
Affairs Division, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1983).
2228:, Eu and Eu, which occur in almost equal proportions; Eu is slightly more abundant (52.2%
2072:. Europium has the second lowest melting point and the lowest density of all lanthanides.
8:
7135:
7024:
7008:
3741:
3239:
3175:
3043:
2186:
2106:
2008:
1642:
1269:
5581:
5250:
5112:
4952:
4929:
4856:
4661:
4626:
4532:
4497:
4451:
4375:
4340:
4305:
4236:
4094:
4081:
Aarkrog, A.; Lippert, J. (28 July 1967). "Europium-155 in Debris from
Nuclear Weapons".
4013:
3974:
3462:
toxicity is 5000 mg/kg. Europium nitrate shows a slightly higher intraperitoneal LD
3178:, who had developed a famous method of europium purification involving redox chemistry.
7048:
6986:
5490:
5465:
5433:
5330:
4870:
4706:
4463:
4437:
4362:
Przibram, K. (January 1935). "Fluorescence of
Fluorite and the Bivalent Europium Ion".
4248:
4037:
3836:
3708:
3157:
2917:
2904:
2867:
2701:
1972:
1622:
1592:
1472:
1251:
1245:
5381:
4737:
4540:
7336:
6554:
5647:
5601:
5593:
5589:
5548:
5495:
5444:
5411:
5357:
5322:
5285:
5209:
5177:
5148:
4913:
4816:
4789:
4756:
4710:
4701:
4684:
4634:
4591:
4467:
4348:
4190:
4161:
4106:
4041:
3940:
3905:
3872:
3840:
3785:
3764:
3682:
3657:
3633:
3578:
3550:
3494:
3450:
There are no clear indications that europium is particularly toxic compared to other
3226:
2697:
2229:
1926:
1726:
1717:
1479:
1398:
1388:
768:
5334:
4252:
3982:
7032:
6618:
6323:
6152:
5981:
5900:
5819:
5792:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5619:
5585:
5540:
5485:
5477:
5314:
5277:
5254:
5116:
5077:
5047:
4933:
4860:
4808:
4785:
4733:
4696:
4665:
4630:
4613:
4566:
4536:
4501:
4455:
4428:
4379:
4344:
4309:
4240:
4153:
4098:
4027:
4017:
3978:
3932:
3897:
3860:
3832:
3784:
Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001.
3723:
3629:
3608:
3542:
3482:
3222:
2740:
2587:
2369:
2300:
2296:
2194:
1968:
1840:
1826:
1497:
1380:
1125:
110:
silvery white, with a pale yellow tint; but rarely seen without oxide discoloration
52:
4267:
3190:
Europium is one of the elements involved in emitting red light in CRT televisions.
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5258:
4836:
4669:
4131:
4102:
3116:
2598:
2579:
2356:
2004:
1992:
1772:
1437:
1362:
5604:
4484:
Gupta, C. K.; Krishnamurthy, N. (1992). "Extractive metallurgy of rare earths".
3892:
Cooley, Robert A.; Yost, Don M.; Stone, Hosmer W. (1946). "Europium(II) Salts".
2834:
in mineable quantities. Bastnäsite is a group of related fluorocarbonates, Ln(CO
2574:(half-life 4.7612 years) has a fission yield of 330 parts per million (ppm) for
2068:
lattice. Some properties of europium are strongly influenced by its half-filled
2044:
About 300 g of dendritic sublimated 99.998% pure europium handled in a glove box
5683:
5065:
4812:
4022:
3997:
3901:
3803:
3727:
3171:
3066:, consisting of both Eu(II) and Eu(III). Otherwise, the main chalcogenides are
2899:
2854:), loparite-(Ce) is an oxide, and xenotime is an orthophosphate (Y,Yb,Er,...)PO
2712:
2602:
2069:
1905:
1882:
1859:
1846:
1807:
1489:
1279:
1174:
1112:
173:
5481:
5281:
4803:
Archer, R. D.; Mitchell, W. N.; Mazelsky, R. (1967). "Europium (II) Sulfide".
4505:
4459:
7330:
6777:
5326:
3936:
3554:
3055:
2951:
2823:
2752:
2733:
2393:
2304:
2129:
1979:
1751:
1602:
1455:
1423:
1233:
1208:
1194:
1089:
938:
3153:
2908:
rare-earth elements and is the largest source for these elements in Russia.
2819:
2770:
Divalent europium (Eu) in small amounts is the activator of the bright blue
2721:
2553:
2444:
2206:
1448:
6831:
6660:
6365:
5765:
5698:
5597:
5544:
5499:
4865:
4840:
3451:
3372:
2806:
2794:
2790:
2771:
2744:
2682:
2571:
2542:
2460:
2433:
2382:
2362:
2048:
1832:
1778:
1612:
1563:
980:
847:
621:
5552:
4123:
4110:
3681:. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110.
3546:
3424:
3354:
2941:
6885:
6849:
6840:
6750:
6732:
6723:
5760:
5318:
5081:
3961:
Belli, P.; et al. (2007). "Search for Îą decay of natural europium".
3612:
3431:
3284:
3018:) (although it has a bright blue fluorescence under UV light), colorless
2802:
2693:
2575:
2491:
2260:
2233:
1801:
1022:
994:
987:
917:
903:
896:
4570:
3410:
1213:
1802 K (1529 °C, 2784 °F)
6894:
6822:
6795:
6768:
6428:
6410:
6383:
6214:
6205:
5944:
5620:"Europium (Eu) â Chemical properties, Health and Environmental effects"
5051:
4937:
4916:(1932). "The discovery of the elements. XVI. The rare earth elements".
4557:
McCoy, Herbert N. (1936). "Contribution to the chemistry of europium".
4244:
4032:
3535:"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"
3417:
3276:
3269:
3161:
3127:
2851:
2678:
2409:
2375:
2312:
2292:
2264:
1983:
1073:
1029:
973:
952:
931:
670:
656:
635:
507:
500:
301:
5121:
4610:
4313:
1504:
6955:
6903:
6876:
6867:
6714:
6696:
6687:
6678:
6464:
6374:
6347:
6295:
6241:
6223:
6187:
6167:
6106:
6043:
5987:
5926:
5915:
5834:
5785:
5775:
5770:
4874:
4685:"Bayan Obo Controversy: Carbonatites versus Iron Oxide-Cu-Au-(REE-U)"
4403:
4383:
4059:
3514:
3165:
2895:
2748:
2237:
2202:
1731:
1558:
1429:
1058:
1036:
1015:
1008:
889:
875:
868:
861:
698:
628:
607:
570:
528:
514:
486:
468:
424:
375:
331:
287:
278:
218:
4998:
Marshall, James L. Marshall; Marshall, Virginia R. Marshall (2015).
4587:
Handbook of Non-Ferrous Metal Powders: Technologies and Applications
6858:
6759:
6642:
6624:
6599:
6590:
6563:
6536:
6500:
6491:
6473:
6392:
6286:
6158:
6124:
6034:
6025:
6016:
6007:
5962:
5881:
5863:
5798:
4442:
3707:
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021).
3383:
3280:
3218:
2888:
2838:)(F,OH). Monazite is a group of related of orthophosphate minerals
2831:
2827:
2783:
2775:
2729:
2725:
2520:
2335:
2308:
2198:
1065:
1001:
924:
833:
819:
803:
796:
775:
754:
726:
719:
705:
642:
563:
461:
438:
368:
361:
354:
347:
315:
255:
241:
193:
5000:"Rediscovery of the elements: The Rare EarthsâThe Confusing Years"
4583:
3618:
3186:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6813:
6804:
6786:
6741:
6669:
6651:
6581:
6527:
6509:
6482:
6455:
6437:
6419:
6329:
6259:
6232:
6196:
6178:
6142:
6133:
6115:
6097:
5996:
5935:
5825:
5780:
5652:
5174:
Chromic phenomena: technological applications of colour chemistry
3234:
3230:
3134:
3103:
2863:
2859:
2689:
2225:
2082:
2057:
1218:
966:
959:
945:
910:
854:
840:
789:
747:
733:
712:
691:
677:
663:
593:
542:
521:
493:
479:
452:
445:
431:
417:
338:
294:
211:
3996:
Kiss, G. G.; VitĂŠz-Sveiczer, A.; Saito, Y.; et al. (2022).
3960:
2586:
of europium isotopes are low near the top of the mass range for
2197:", the low europium content in many lanthanide minerals such as
6705:
6633:
6518:
6446:
6356:
6338:
6304:
6268:
6250:
6079:
6070:
6061:
5953:
5906:
5872:
5854:
5809:
3531:
3198:
3131:
2190:
2024:
1988:
1200:
882:
826:
740:
684:
614:
600:
577:
549:
535:
403:
396:
389:
308:
271:
248:
234:
202:
5354:
Luminescence and Display Phosphors: Phenomena and Applications
4647:
3575:
Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements
3130:. However, the discovery of europium is generally credited to
7292:
6919:
6608:
6313:
5971:
5845:
3250:
3206:
3202:
3039:
2955:
2945:
Europium(III) sulfate fluorescing red under ultraviolet light
2922:
2756:
1996:
1187:
1153:
810:
584:
322:
227:
4268:"Variations in chemical and physical properties of fluorite"
3368:
2743:. Europium is commonly included in trace element studies in
2052:
Oxidized europium, coated with yellow europium(II) carbonate
2007:
of europium compounds. Europium is one of the rarest of the
1203: (826 °C, 1519 °F)
6572:
6545:
6088:
6052:
5890:
4209:
ABUNDANCE OF ELEMENTS IN THE EARTHâS CRUST AND IN THE SEA,
3243:
2760:
2345:
2254:
2061:
2040:
782:
761:
410:
382:
262:
76:
73:
67:
34:
5466:"Lanthanide-based time-resolved luminescence immunoassays"
4957:(6th ed.). Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education.
58:
6277:
5692:
5435:
Discrimination of chiral compounds using NMR spectroscopy
3168:, China, with an even "richer" europium content of 0.2%.
556:
55:
5101:
Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences
2809:
that collided with the Milky Way billions of years ago.
2318:
4970:"Rediscovery of the Elements: Europium-Eugene Demarçay"
3995:
5530:
4802:
3376:
2232:). While Eu is stable, Eu was found to be unstable to
4291:
2185:-shell provides more stability. In terms of size and
93:
7347:
Chemical elements with body-centered cubic structure
5565:
5304:
5235:
4723:
3706:
3209:
and other optoelectronic devices. Europium oxide (Eu
2850:(Ln denotes a mixture of all the lanthanides except
2311:(Sm) and the primary products after are isotopes of
70:
64:
4841:"On the Phosphorescent Spectra of S δ and Europium"
79:
61:
7284:
5432:
5196:
4968:Marshall, James L.; Marshall, Virginia R. (2003).
4483:
3931:. Vol. 31. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. p. 199.
3826:
2982:This route gives white europium(III) fluoride (EuF
5307:ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology
4424:
4187:Systematics and the properties of the lanthanides
3859:
3709:"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"
3481:
7328:
5430:
5176:. Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 159â171.
4997:
4967:
4265:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3458:toxicity of 550 mg/kg and the acute oral LD
2224:Naturally occurring europium is composed of two
1512: = 458.22 pm (at 20 °C)
5271:
5167:
5030:
4775:
4518:
4150:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
4057:
3891:
3399:
2805:, hypothesizing that this star originated in a
2700:fissions. A larger amount of Eu is produced by
2299:, and the primary mode for heavier isotopes is
4399:"A Star in the Big Dipper Is an Alien Invader"
4148:BĂźnzli, Jean-Claude G. (2013). "Lanthanides".
4080:
3928:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
3804:"Rare-Earth Metal Long Term Air Exposure Test"
3033:
6971:
5668:
5401:
4750:
4053:
4051:
3801:
3656:(86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press.
3561:
2966:Europium metal reacts with all the halogens:
1982:63. Europium is a silvery-white metal of the
1941:
1137:
5463:
4751:Phillips, Sidney L.; Perry, Dale L. (1995).
4744:
4158:10.1002/0471238961.1201142019010215.a01.pub3
3702:
3700:
3698:
3106:of europium is europium(III) nitride (EuN).
2003:. Most applications of europium exploit the
1447:
5147:. Editorial Complutense. pp. 323â325.
4769:
4326:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3646:
3577:. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International.
2696:, to have a fission yield of more than 2.5
18:Chemical element with atomic number 63 (Eu)
6978:
6964:
5675:
5661:
5347:
4845:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
4682:
4396:
4048:
3829:Lanthanide-Based Multifunctional Materials
3002:), and colorless europium(III) iodide (EuI
2570:Europium is produced by nuclear fission;
1948:
1934:
1694:
1687:
1503:
33:
5489:
5120:
4864:
4700:
4479:
4477:
4441:
4222:
4031:
4021:
3763:, Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 156.
3695:
3572:
2511:
2060:metal with a hardness similar to that of
2023:named the element after the continent of
5197:Gupta, C. K.; Krishnamurthy, N. (2005).
5064:
5031:Srivastava, A. M.; Ronda, C. R. (2003).
4991:
4961:
4887:
4559:Journal of the American Chemical Society
4552:
4550:
4361:
3773:
3748:
3591:
3525:
3185:
2940:
2921:
2711:
2482:
2047:
2039:
1550:
6775:
5617:
5464:Hagan, A. K.; Zuchner, T. (July 2011).
5134:
5132:
5094:
5026:
5024:
4835:
4143:
4141:
4139:
2793:, the signature of europium in stellar
2610:Thermal neutron capture cross sections
7329:
6985:
6829:
6658:
6363:
5470:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
4755:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 159.
4474:
4211:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics,
4147:
3679:CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
2751:to understand the processes that form
2075:
2035:
6959:
6883:
6847:
6838:
6748:
6730:
6721:
5656:
5272:Blasse, G.; Grabmaier, B. C. (1994).
5190:
5040:The Electrochemical Society Interface
4950:
4944:
4912:
4556:
4547:
4060:"Nucleonica: Universal Nuclide Chart"
3989:
3676:
3650:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
3640:
3598:
3275:Europium compounds are used to label
3042:are known: europium(II) oxide (EuO),
3026:), and green europium(II) iodide (EuI
2319:Europium as a nuclear fission product
2167:
2128:Europium dissolves readily in dilute
1894:
1891:
1871:
1868:
1858:
1855:
1819:
1816:
1790:
1787:
1765:
1760:
6892:
6820:
6793:
6766:
6426:
6408:
6381:
6212:
6203:
5206:Extractive metallurgy of rare earths
5138:
5129:
5021:
4136:
3925:McGill, Ian. "Rare Earth Elements".
3122:Europium was first found in 1892 by
6901:
6874:
6865:
6712:
6694:
6685:
6676:
6462:
6372:
6345:
6293:
6239:
6221:
6185:
6165:
6104:
6041:
5942:
5924:
5913:
5832:
5569:Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
4906:
4203:
3622:Journal of Organometallic Chemistry
3515:"Standard Atomic Weights: Europium"
1321:
13:
6856:
6757:
6640:
6622:
6597:
6588:
6561:
6534:
6489:
6471:
6399:
6390:
6284:
6156:
6122:
6032:
6014:
6005:
5985:
5960:
5682:
5533:Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
5070:Discussions of the Faraday Society
4890:"Sur un nouvel ĂŠlĂŠment l'europium"
4213:97th edition (2016â2017), p. 14-17
3924:
3837:10.1016/B978-0-12-813840-3.00002-8
3395:
2030:
14:
7373:
6811:
6802:
6784:
6739:
6649:
6579:
6552:
6525:
6507:
6498:
6480:
6453:
6435:
6417:
6327:
6257:
6230:
6194:
6140:
6131:
6113:
6095:
6023:
5994:
5933:
5879:
5861:
5823:
5796:
5641:
5439:. John Wiley & Sons. p.
5408:Lanthanide and actinide chemistry
4888:Demarçay, Eugène-Anatole (1901).
4778:Journal of the Less Common Metals
4397:Weisberger, Mindy (12 May 2019).
4225:Physics and Chemistry of Minerals
2267:, with the most stable being Eu (
2132:to form pale pink solutions of :
1406:1st: 547.1 kJ/mol
6703:
6667:
6631:
6516:
6444:
6354:
6336:
6266:
6248:
6176:
6077:
6068:
6059:
5904:
5807:
5350:"Persistent Afterglow Phosphors"
5348:Lakshmanan, Arunachalam (2008).
4807:. Vol. 10. pp. 77â79.
4702:10.1111/j.1751-3928.2008.00069.x
3634:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028
3324:
2295:for isotopes lighter than Eu is
1921:
1920:
1412:3rd: 2404 kJ/mol
1409:2nd: 1085 kJ/mol
1289:
51:
6606:
6311:
6302:
5969:
5951:
5870:
5852:
5611:
5559:
5524:
5506:
5457:
5424:
5395:
5370:
5341:
5298:
5265:
5229:
5161:
5088:
5058:
4881:
4829:
4796:
4753:Handbook of inorganic compounds
4726:Journal of Alloys and Compounds
4717:
4676:
4641:
4604:
4577:
4512:
4486:International Materials Reviews
4418:
4390:
4355:
4329:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
4320:
4285:
4259:
4216:
4174:
4117:
4074:
3983:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2007.03.001
3954:
3918:
3896:. Vol. 2. pp. 69â73.
3885:
3853:
3820:
3802:Hamric, David (November 2007).
3795:
3264:shift reagents, such as Eu(hfc)
3181:
3124:Paul Ămile Lecoq de Boisbaudran
2774:of some samples of the mineral
1991:. Europium usually assumes the
1549:poly: 0.900 ¾Ίâ
m (at
6570:
6543:
6086:
6050:
5888:
5843:
4189:. Springer. pp. 550â553.
3734:
3670:
3507:
3475:
3290:
3268:, are still used to determine
2608:
1:
6275:
5141:"Rare earths in luminescence"
4954:The discovery of the elements
4918:Journal of Chemical Education
4738:10.1016/S0925-8388(96)02824-1
4541:10.1016/S0304-386X(01)00156-6
4294:Journal of Chemical Education
4126:, Japan Atomic Energy Agency
3744:. Royal Society of Chemistry.
3469:
3158:Mountain Pass rare earth mine
2905:Mountain Pass rare earth mine
2812:
2707:
1572:Molar magnetic susceptibility
1393:Pauling scale: 1.2
5590:10.1016/0041-008X(63)90067-X
5259:10.1016/j.jlumin.2017.02.004
4790:10.1016/0022-5088(69)90017-4
4670:10.1016/j.lithos.2003.09.002
4635:10.1016/0024-4937(90)90040-8
4349:10.1016/0016-7037(75)90008-3
4103:10.1126/science.157.3787.425
2911:
2014:
1539:est. 13.9 W/(mâ
K)
7:
4951:Weeks, Mary Elvira (1956).
3573:Arblaster, John W. (2018).
3279:for sensitive detection of
3034:Chalcogenides and pnictides
2872:ion exchange chromatography
2213:
10:
7378:
6174:
6003:
5922:
5841:
5805:
5707:
4813:10.1002/9780470132418.ch15
3902:10.1002/9780470132333.ch19
3742:"Periodic Table: Europium"
3539:Pure and Applied Chemistry
3283:in body fluids, a form of
3229:, and as an activator for
3217:) is widely used as a red
3109:
2961:
2915:
2601:, often high enough to be
2307:before Eu are isotopes of
2217:
1274:27.66 J/(mol¡K)
1232:when liquid (at
476:
344:
284:
224:
199:
7088:
6993:
6917:
6617:
6322:
6151:
5980:
5899:
5818:
5791:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5702:
5697:
5690:
5648:It's Elemental â Europium
5482:10.1007/s00216-011-5047-7
5431:Wenzel, Thomas J (2007).
5282:10.1007/978-3-642-79017-1
5139:Caro, Paul (1998-06-01).
5095:Corbett, John D. (1986).
4590:. Elsevier. p. 505.
4506:10.1179/imr.1992.37.1.197
4460:10.1038/s41550-019-0764-5
4266:Allen, Robert D. (1952).
4002:The Astrophysical Journal
3865:Chemistry of the Elements
3863:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
3487:Chemistry of the Elements
3485:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
3305:
3300:
2926:Europium(III) sulfate, Eu
2858:. Monazite also contains
1919:
1915:
1888:
1865:
1852:
1813:
1784:
1757:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1678:
1664:
1656:
1651:
1641:
1631:
1621:
1611:
1601:
1591:
1570:
1557:
1543:
1533:
1516:
1496:
1478:
1468:
1463:
1446:
1436:
1428:empirical: 180
1422:
1397:
1387:
1361:
1356:
1278:
1268:
1258:
1244:
1230:
1217:
1207:
1193:
1173:
1168:
1160:
1146:
1131:
1119:
1106:
1087:
1064:
179:
171:
167:
134:
118:
114:
106:
46:
41:
32:
5168:Bamfield, Peter (2001).
4058:Nucleonica (2007â2011).
4023:10.3847/1538-4357/ac80fc
3937:10.1002/14356007.a22_607
3728:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae
3363:Precautionary statements
3147:When the europium-doped
2765:median crustal abundance
2755:(rocks that cooled from
2181:because the half-filled
5624:Lenntech Periodic Table
5378:"Europium and the Euro"
5239:Journal of Luminescence
5097:"Frank Harold Spedding"
3761:A Guide to the Elements
3256:, as shift reagents in
3138:Eugène-Anatole Demarçay
2954:-like ligands, such as
2281:=9.3116 hours) and Eu (
2064:. It crystallizes in a
2021:Eugène-Anatole Demarçay
1674: (1896, 1901)
1672:Eugène-Anatole Demarçay
1529:/K (at 20 °C)
5545:10.1002/jps.2600540435
5402:Cotton, Simon (2006).
5199:"Ch. 1.7.10 Phosphors"
4866:10.1098/rspa.1905.0043
4183:"The Europium anomaly"
4130:June 10, 2015, at the
4124:Tables of Nuclear Data
3677:Weast, Robert (1984).
3406:
3191:
2988:europium(III) chloride
2946:
2938:
2717:
2584:fission product yields
2175:electron configuration
2085:, and the reaction is
2053:
2045:
1637:165â200 MPa
1545:Electrical resistivity
1452:
1226:5.246 g/cm
1148:Electron configuration
120:Standard atomic weight
5410:. Wiley. p. 77.
5274:Luminescent Materials
5170:"Inorganic Phosphors"
3869:Butterworth-Heinemann
3861:Greenwood, Norman N.
3547:10.1515/pac-2019-0603
3491:Butterworth-Heinemann
3483:Greenwood, Norman N.
3405:
3189:
3149:yttrium orthovanadate
3012:europium(II) chloride
2996:europium(III) bromide
2944:
2925:
2877:alkaline earth metals
2715:
2051:
2043:
1451:
1264:176 kJ/mol
5319:10.1149/2.0101606jss
5082:10.1039/DF9490700214
3613:10.1039/CS9932200017
3388:(fire diamond)
3068:europium(II) sulfide
3020:europium(II) bromide
2898:iron ore deposit in
2220:Isotopes of europium
1680:Isotopes of europium
1535:Thermal conductivity
1260:Heat of vaporization
1240:5.13 g/cm
1222:(at 20° C)
7286:Organoeuropium(III)
5582:1963ToxAP...5..750B
5356:. Nova Publishers.
5251:2017JLum..186..205J
5113:1986PhT....39e.106H
4930:1932JChEd...9.1751W
4857:1905RSPSA..76..411C
4805:Inorganic Syntheses
4683:Chengyu Wu (2007).
4662:2004Litho..72...97Y
4627:1990Litho..26...43D
4571:10.1021/ja01300a020
4533:2001HydMe..60..247M
4498:1992IMRv...37..197G
4452:2019NatAs...3..631X
4376:1935Natur.135..100P
4341:1975GeCoA..39..649M
4306:2011JChEd..88..731V
4237:1978PCM.....3..117B
4095:1967Sci...157..425A
4014:2022ApJ...936..107K
3975:2007NuPhA.789...15B
3894:Inorganic Syntheses
3297:
3240:strontium aluminate
3176:Herbert Newby McCoy
3044:europium(III) oxide
2868:solvent extractions
2611:
2329:
2189:, europium(II) and
2187:coordination number
2107:europium(III) oxide
2076:Chemical properties
2066:body-centered cubic
2036:Physical properties
2009:rare-earth elements
1668:and first isolation
1597:18.2 GPa
1486:body-centered cubic
1442:198Âą6 pm
1399:Ionization energies
1281:Vapor pressure
1270:Molar heat capacity
1169:Physical properties
1161:Electrons per shell
29:
6987:Europium compounds
5066:Spedding, Frank H.
5052:10.1149/2.F11032IF
4938:10.1021/ed009p1751
4914:Weeks, Mary Elvira
4245:10.1007/BF00308116
3831:. pp. 59â97.
3759:Stwertka, Albert.
3407:
3295:
3192:
2978:(X = F, Cl, Br, I)
2947:
2939:
2918:Europium compounds
2718:
2702:neutron activation
2609:
2323:
2274:=12.8 hours), Eu (
2201:, relative to the
2168:Eu(II) vs. Eu(III)
2054:
2046:
1927:Category: Europium
1617:8.3 GPa
1607:7.9 GPa
1469:Natural occurrence
1459:
1453:
1164:2, 8, 18, 25, 8, 2
1071:
1054:
21:
7342:Chemical elements
7324:
7323:
7320:
7319:
6953:
6952:
6946:
6945:
6912:
6911:
5514:"Europium 261092"
5450:978-0-471-76352-9
5417:978-0-470-01006-8
5363:978-1-60456-018-3
5291:978-3-540-58019-5
5215:978-0-415-33340-5
5183:978-0-85404-474-0
5154:978-84-89784-33-8
5122:10.1063/1.2815016
4822:978-0-470-13241-8
4597:978-1-85617-422-0
4314:10.1021/ed100182h
4196:978-90-277-1613-2
4167:978-0-471-48494-3
4152:. pp. 1â43.
4089:(3787): 425â427.
3963:Nuclear Physics A
3911:978-0-470-13233-3
3878:978-0-08-037941-8
3846:978-0-12-813840-3
3716:Chinese Physics C
3584:978-1-62708-155-9
3500:978-0-08-037941-8
3447:Chemical compound
3445:
3444:
3349:Hazard statements
3227:fluorescent lamps
3201:in some types of
2883:and NaCl (or CaCl
2698:parts per million
2674:
2673:
2568:
2567:
2230:natural abundance
1962:
1961:
1911:
1910:
1559:Magnetic ordering
1518:Thermal expansion
1480:Crystal structure
1454:
1389:Electronegativity
1357:Atomic properties
1351:
1350:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1069:
1052:
1044:
1043:
770:Mercury (element)
7369:
7282:
7281:
6980:
6973:
6966:
6957:
6956:
6922:
6921:
6908:
6906:
6899:
6897:
6890:
6888:
6881:
6879:
6872:
6870:
6863:
6861:
6854:
6852:
6845:
6843:
6836:
6834:
6827:
6825:
6818:
6816:
6809:
6807:
6800:
6798:
6791:
6789:
6782:
6780:
6773:
6771:
6764:
6762:
6755:
6753:
6746:
6744:
6737:
6735:
6728:
6726:
6719:
6717:
6710:
6708:
6701:
6699:
6692:
6690:
6683:
6681:
6674:
6672:
6665:
6663:
6656:
6654:
6647:
6645:
6638:
6636:
6629:
6627:
6613:
6611:
6604:
6602:
6595:
6593:
6586:
6584:
6577:
6575:
6568:
6566:
6559:
6557:
6550:
6548:
6541:
6539:
6532:
6530:
6523:
6521:
6514:
6512:
6505:
6503:
6496:
6494:
6487:
6485:
6478:
6476:
6469:
6467:
6460:
6458:
6451:
6449:
6442:
6440:
6433:
6431:
6424:
6422:
6415:
6413:
6406:
6404:
6397:
6395:
6388:
6386:
6379:
6377:
6370:
6368:
6361:
6359:
6352:
6350:
6343:
6341:
6334:
6332:
6318:
6316:
6309:
6307:
6300:
6298:
6291:
6289:
6282:
6280:
6273:
6271:
6264:
6262:
6255:
6253:
6246:
6244:
6237:
6235:
6228:
6226:
6219:
6217:
6210:
6208:
6201:
6199:
6192:
6190:
6183:
6181:
6172:
6170:
6163:
6161:
6147:
6145:
6138:
6136:
6129:
6127:
6120:
6118:
6111:
6109:
6102:
6100:
6093:
6091:
6084:
6082:
6075:
6073:
6066:
6064:
6057:
6055:
6048:
6046:
6039:
6037:
6030:
6028:
6021:
6019:
6012:
6010:
6001:
5999:
5992:
5990:
5976:
5974:
5967:
5965:
5958:
5956:
5949:
5947:
5940:
5938:
5931:
5929:
5920:
5918:
5911:
5909:
5895:
5893:
5886:
5884:
5877:
5875:
5868:
5866:
5859:
5857:
5850:
5848:
5839:
5837:
5830:
5828:
5814:
5812:
5803:
5801:
5693:
5677:
5670:
5663:
5654:
5653:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5615:
5609:
5608:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5528:
5522:
5521:
5510:
5504:
5503:
5493:
5476:(9): 2847â2864.
5461:
5455:
5454:
5438:
5428:
5422:
5421:
5404:"Euro banknotes"
5399:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5380:. Archived from
5374:
5368:
5367:
5345:
5339:
5338:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5269:
5263:
5262:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5225:on 23 June 2012.
5224:
5218:. Archived from
5203:
5194:
5188:
5187:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5136:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5092:
5086:
5085:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5037:
5028:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5014:
5004:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4974:
4965:
4959:
4958:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4910:
4904:
4903:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4868:
4851:(511): 411â414.
4833:
4827:
4826:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4732:(1â2): 467â470.
4721:
4715:
4714:
4704:
4689:Resource Geology
4680:
4674:
4673:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4565:(9): 1577â1580.
4554:
4545:
4544:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4481:
4472:
4471:
4445:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4384:10.1038/135100a0
4359:
4353:
4352:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4272:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4220:
4214:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4145:
4134:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4055:
4046:
4045:
4035:
4025:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3958:
3952:
3950:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3871:. p. 1243.
3867:(2nd ed.).
3857:
3851:
3850:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3808:elementsales.com
3799:
3793:
3782:
3771:
3757:
3746:
3745:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3713:
3704:
3693:
3692:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3655:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3616:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3570:
3559:
3558:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3489:(2nd ed.).
3479:
3436:
3435:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3398:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3356:
3328:
3298:
3294:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2741:europium anomaly
2612:
2588:fission products
2580:thermal neutrons
2558:
2555:
2550:
2528:
2515:
2507:
2502:
2486:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2449:
2446:
2441:
2422:
2419:
2398:
2395:
2389:
2358:
2330:
2327:fission products
2322:
2301:beta minus decay
2297:electron capture
2257:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2195:europium anomaly
2159:
2158:
2157:
2019:Its discoverer,
1969:chemical element
1950:
1943:
1936:
1924:
1923:
1902:
1897:
1879:
1874:
1843:
1829:
1822:
1804:
1797:
1795:
1775:
1768:
1743:
1711:
1710:
1701:
1696:
1689:
1633:Vickers hardness
1586:
1584:
1580:
1552:
1528:
1526:
1507:
1498:Lattice constant
1464:Other properties
1378:
1372:
1363:Oxidation states
1329:
1325:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1285:
1237:
1223:
1184:
1183:
1139:
1115:(no number)
1099:
1098:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1004:
997:
990:
983:
976:
969:
962:
955:
948:
941:
934:
927:
920:
913:
906:
899:
892:
885:
878:
871:
864:
857:
850:
843:
836:
829:
822:
813:
806:
799:
792:
785:
778:
771:
764:
757:
750:
743:
736:
729:
722:
715:
708:
701:
694:
687:
680:
673:
666:
659:
652:
645:
638:
631:
624:
617:
610:
603:
596:
587:
580:
573:
566:
559:
552:
545:
538:
531:
524:
517:
510:
503:
496:
489:
482:
471:
464:
455:
448:
441:
434:
427:
420:
413:
406:
399:
392:
385:
378:
371:
364:
357:
350:
341:
334:
325:
318:
311:
304:
297:
290:
281:
274:
265:
258:
251:
244:
237:
230:
221:
214:
205:
196:
190:
189:
185:
184:
181:
180:
172:Europium in the
155:
153:
146:
144:
130:
102:
97:
88:
86:
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
69:
66:
63:
60:
57:
37:
30:
28:
20:
7377:
7376:
7372:
7371:
7370:
7368:
7367:
7366:
7362:Reducing agents
7357:Neutron poisons
7327:
7326:
7325:
7316:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7280:
7276:
7268:
7264:
7260:
7256:
7248:
7244:
7236:
7232:
7228:
7220:
7216:
7208:
7200:
7192:
7184:
7180:
7167:
7163:
7155:
7151:
7143:
7139:
7131:
7123:
7115:
7107:
7099:
7084:
7080:
7072:
7044:
7036:
7028:
7020:
7012:
7004:
6989:
6984:
6954:
6949:
6948:
6947:
6913:
6904:
6902:
6895:
6893:
6886:
6884:
6877:
6875:
6868:
6866:
6859:
6857:
6850:
6848:
6841:
6839:
6832:
6830:
6823:
6821:
6814:
6812:
6805:
6803:
6796:
6794:
6787:
6785:
6778:
6776:
6769:
6767:
6760:
6758:
6751:
6749:
6742:
6740:
6733:
6731:
6724:
6722:
6715:
6713:
6706:
6704:
6697:
6695:
6688:
6686:
6679:
6677:
6670:
6668:
6661:
6659:
6652:
6650:
6643:
6641:
6634:
6632:
6625:
6623:
6609:
6607:
6600:
6598:
6591:
6589:
6582:
6580:
6573:
6571:
6564:
6562:
6555:
6553:
6546:
6544:
6537:
6535:
6528:
6526:
6519:
6517:
6510:
6508:
6501:
6499:
6492:
6490:
6483:
6481:
6474:
6472:
6465:
6463:
6456:
6454:
6447:
6445:
6438:
6436:
6429:
6427:
6420:
6418:
6411:
6409:
6402:
6400:
6393:
6391:
6384:
6382:
6375:
6373:
6366:
6364:
6357:
6355:
6348:
6346:
6339:
6337:
6330:
6328:
6314:
6312:
6305:
6303:
6296:
6294:
6287:
6285:
6278:
6276:
6269:
6267:
6260:
6258:
6251:
6249:
6242:
6240:
6233:
6231:
6224:
6222:
6215:
6213:
6206:
6204:
6197:
6195:
6188:
6186:
6179:
6177:
6168:
6166:
6159:
6157:
6143:
6141:
6134:
6132:
6125:
6123:
6116:
6114:
6107:
6105:
6098:
6096:
6089:
6087:
6080:
6078:
6071:
6069:
6062:
6060:
6053:
6051:
6044:
6042:
6035:
6033:
6026:
6024:
6017:
6015:
6008:
6006:
5997:
5995:
5988:
5986:
5972:
5970:
5963:
5961:
5954:
5952:
5945:
5943:
5936:
5934:
5927:
5925:
5916:
5914:
5907:
5905:
5891:
5889:
5882:
5880:
5873:
5871:
5864:
5862:
5855:
5853:
5846:
5844:
5835:
5833:
5826:
5824:
5810:
5808:
5799:
5797:
5686:
5681:
5644:
5639:
5629:
5627:
5616:
5612:
5564:
5560:
5529:
5525:
5512:
5511:
5507:
5462:
5458:
5451:
5429:
5425:
5418:
5400:
5396:
5387:
5385:
5376:
5375:
5371:
5364:
5346:
5342:
5303:
5299:
5292:
5270:
5266:
5234:
5230:
5222:
5216:
5201:
5195:
5191:
5184:
5166:
5162:
5155:
5137:
5130:
5093:
5089:
5063:
5059:
5035:
5029:
5022:
5012:
5010:
5002:
4996:
4992:
4982:
4980:
4979:(Summer): 19â21
4972:
4966:
4962:
4949:
4945:
4911:
4907:
4886:
4882:
4834:
4830:
4823:
4801:
4797:
4774:
4770:
4763:
4749:
4745:
4722:
4718:
4681:
4677:
4656:(1â2): 97â116.
4646:
4642:
4609:
4605:
4598:
4582:
4578:
4555:
4548:
4521:Hydrometallurgy
4517:
4513:
4482:
4475:
4423:
4419:
4409:
4407:
4395:
4391:
4360:
4356:
4325:
4321:
4290:
4286:
4270:
4264:
4260:
4221:
4217:
4208:
4204:
4197:
4179:
4175:
4168:
4146:
4137:
4132:Wayback Machine
4122:
4118:
4079:
4075:
4065:
4063:
4056:
4049:
3994:
3990:
3959:
3955:
3947:
3923:
3919:
3912:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3858:
3854:
3847:
3825:
3821:
3812:
3810:
3800:
3796:
3783:
3774:
3758:
3749:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3711:
3705:
3696:
3689:
3675:
3671:
3664:
3653:
3645:
3641:
3596:
3592:
3585:
3571:
3562:
3530:
3526:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3501:
3493:. p. 112.
3480:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3448:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3404:
3396:
3365:
3351:
3337:
3321:
3293:
3267:
3254:
3223:television sets
3216:
3212:
3184:
3156:deposit at the
3117:William Crookes
3112:
3097:
3094:S â 2 EuS + 3 H
3093:
3089:
3085:
3077:
3073:
3065:
3061:
3053:
3049:
3036:
3029:
3025:
3017:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2993:
2985:
2977:
2973:
2964:
2952:acetylacetonate
2937:
2933:
2929:
2920:
2914:
2886:
2882:
2857:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2815:
2797:can be used to
2781:
2710:
2675:
2603:neutron poisons
2599:neutron capture
2556:
2548:
2526:
2500:
2472:
2466:
2447:
2439:
2420:
2396:
2387:
2367:
2354:
2343:
2341:
2325:
2321:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2250:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2222:
2216:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2078:
2038:
2033:
2031:Characteristics
2017:
2005:phosphorescence
1993:oxidation state
1954:
1929:
1900:
1895:
1877:
1872:
1839:
1825:
1820:
1800:
1793:
1791:
1771:
1766:
1741:
1734:
1727:abundance
1700:
1682:
1647:7440-53-1
1593:Young's modulus
1582:
1578:
1576:
1524:
1522:
1508:
1438:Covalent radius
1418:
1379:(a mildly
1374:
1368:
1352:
1327:
1295:
1231:
1221:
1177:
1092:
1088:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1002:
995:
988:
981:
974:
967:
960:
953:
946:
939:
932:
925:
918:
911:
904:
897:
890:
883:
876:
869:
862:
855:
848:
841:
834:
827:
820:
811:
804:
797:
790:
783:
776:
769:
762:
755:
748:
741:
734:
727:
720:
713:
706:
699:
692:
685:
678:
671:
664:
657:
650:
643:
636:
629:
622:
615:
608:
601:
594:
585:
578:
571:
564:
557:
550:
543:
536:
529:
522:
515:
508:
501:
494:
487:
480:
469:
462:
453:
446:
439:
432:
425:
418:
411:
404:
397:
390:
383:
376:
369:
362:
355:
348:
339:
332:
323:
316:
309:
302:
295:
288:
279:
272:
263:
256:
249:
242:
235:
228:
219:
212:
203:
194:
163:
151:
149:
142:
140:
128:
122:
95:
90:
54:
50:
26:
23:Europium,
22:
19:
12:
11:
5:
7375:
7365:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7322:
7321:
7318:
7317:
7315:
7311:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7290:
7288:
7279:
7278:
7274:
7270:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7234:
7230:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7214:
7210:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7186:
7182:
7178:
7174:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7149:
7145:
7141:
7137:
7133:
7129:
7125:
7121:
7117:
7113:
7109:
7105:
7101:
7097:
7092:
7090:
7086:
7085:
7083:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7026:
7022:
7018:
7014:
7010:
7006:
7002:
6997:
6995:
6991:
6990:
6983:
6982:
6975:
6968:
6960:
6951:
6950:
6944:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6914:
6910:
6909:
6900:
6891:
6882:
6873:
6864:
6855:
6846:
6837:
6828:
6819:
6810:
6801:
6792:
6783:
6774:
6765:
6756:
6747:
6738:
6729:
6720:
6711:
6702:
6693:
6684:
6675:
6666:
6657:
6648:
6639:
6630:
6621:
6615:
6614:
6605:
6596:
6587:
6578:
6569:
6560:
6551:
6542:
6533:
6524:
6515:
6506:
6497:
6488:
6479:
6470:
6461:
6452:
6443:
6434:
6425:
6416:
6407:
6398:
6389:
6380:
6371:
6362:
6353:
6344:
6335:
6326:
6320:
6319:
6310:
6301:
6292:
6283:
6274:
6265:
6256:
6247:
6238:
6229:
6220:
6211:
6202:
6193:
6184:
6175:
6173:
6164:
6155:
6149:
6148:
6139:
6130:
6121:
6112:
6103:
6094:
6085:
6076:
6067:
6058:
6049:
6040:
6031:
6022:
6013:
6004:
6002:
5993:
5984:
5978:
5977:
5968:
5959:
5950:
5941:
5932:
5923:
5921:
5912:
5903:
5897:
5896:
5887:
5878:
5869:
5860:
5851:
5842:
5840:
5831:
5822:
5816:
5815:
5806:
5804:
5795:
5789:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5684:Periodic table
5680:
5679:
5672:
5665:
5657:
5651:
5650:
5643:
5642:External links
5640:
5638:
5637:
5610:
5558:
5523:
5505:
5456:
5449:
5423:
5416:
5394:
5369:
5362:
5340:
5313:(6): R91âR97.
5297:
5290:
5264:
5228:
5214:
5189:
5182:
5160:
5153:
5128:
5107:(5): 106â107.
5087:
5057:
5020:
4990:
4960:
4943:
4905:
4895:Comptes rendus
4880:
4828:
4821:
4795:
4784:(4): 437â439.
4768:
4761:
4743:
4716:
4695:(4): 348â354.
4675:
4640:
4621:(1â2): 43â65.
4603:
4596:
4576:
4546:
4527:(3): 247â253.
4511:
4492:(1): 197â248.
4473:
4436:(7): 631â635.
4417:
4389:
4354:
4335:(5): 649â660.
4319:
4300:(6): 731â738.
4284:
4258:
4231:(2): 117â131.
4215:
4202:
4195:
4173:
4166:
4135:
4116:
4073:
4047:
3988:
3953:
3946:978-3527306732
3945:
3917:
3910:
3884:
3877:
3852:
3845:
3819:
3794:
3772:
3747:
3733:
3694:
3687:
3669:
3662:
3639:
3628:(1â2): 49â55.
3601:Chem. Soc. Rev
3590:
3583:
3560:
3524:
3506:
3499:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3380:
3379:
3366:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3322:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3303:
3302:
3292:
3289:
3265:
3260:spectroscopy.
3252:
3214:
3210:
3183:
3180:
3172:Frank Spedding
3111:
3108:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3075:
3071:
3063:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3035:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3015:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2991:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2963:
2960:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2916:Main article:
2913:
2910:
2900:Inner Mongolia
2884:
2880:
2855:
2844:
2835:
2814:
2811:
2799:classify stars
2779:
2709:
2706:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2607:
2595:cross sections
2566:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2415:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2360:
2349:
2339:
2333:
2320:
2317:
2305:decay products
2303:. The primary
2288:=96 minutes).
2285:
2278:
2271:
2218:Main article:
2215:
2212:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2154:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2077:
2074:
2070:electron shell
2056:Europium is a
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2016:
2013:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1930:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1823:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1798:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1714:Main isotopes
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1691:
1683:
1676:
1675:
1669:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1502:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1484:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1456:Spectral lines
1444:
1443:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1284:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1246:Heat of fusion
1242:
1241:
1238:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1113:f-block groups
1110:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1062:
1061:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1006:
999:
992:
985:
978:
971:
964:
957:
950:
943:
936:
929:
922:
915:
908:
901:
894:
887:
880:
873:
866:
859:
852:
845:
838:
831:
824:
816:
815:
808:
801:
794:
787:
780:
773:
766:
759:
752:
745:
738:
731:
724:
717:
710:
703:
696:
689:
682:
675:
668:
661:
654:
647:
640:
633:
626:
619:
612:
605:
598:
590:
589:
582:
575:
568:
561:
554:
547:
540:
533:
526:
519:
512:
505:
498:
491:
484:
477:
475:
473:
466:
458:
457:
450:
443:
436:
429:
422:
415:
408:
401:
394:
387:
380:
373:
366:
359:
352:
345:
343:
336:
328:
327:
320:
313:
306:
299:
292:
285:
283:
276:
268:
267:
260:
253:
246:
239:
232:
225:
223:
216:
208:
207:
200:
198:
188:
177:
176:
174:periodic table
169:
168:
165:
164:
162:
161:
147:
137:
135:
132:
131:
126:
116:
115:
112:
111:
108:
104:
103:
48:
44:
43:
39:
38:
24:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7374:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7314:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7287:
7283:
7277:
7271:
7269:
7251:
7249:
7239:
7237:
7223:
7221:
7211:
7209:
7203:
7201:
7195:
7193:
7187:
7185:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7158:
7156:
7146:
7144:
7134:
7132:
7126:
7124:
7118:
7116:
7110:
7108:
7102:
7100:
7094:
7093:
7091:
7089:Europium(III)
7087:
7081:
7075:
7073:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7039:
7037:
7031:
7029:
7023:
7021:
7015:
7013:
7007:
7005:
6999:
6998:
6996:
6992:
6988:
6981:
6976:
6974:
6969:
6967:
6962:
6961:
6958:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6923:
6916:
6907:
6898:
6889:
6880:
6871:
6862:
6853:
6844:
6835:
6826:
6817:
6808:
6799:
6790:
6781:
6772:
6763:
6754:
6745:
6736:
6727:
6718:
6709:
6700:
6691:
6682:
6673:
6664:
6655:
6646:
6637:
6628:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6603:
6594:
6585:
6576:
6567:
6558:
6549:
6540:
6531:
6522:
6513:
6504:
6495:
6486:
6477:
6468:
6459:
6450:
6441:
6432:
6423:
6414:
6405:
6396:
6387:
6378:
6369:
6360:
6351:
6342:
6333:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6308:
6299:
6290:
6281:
6272:
6263:
6254:
6245:
6236:
6227:
6218:
6209:
6200:
6191:
6182:
6171:
6162:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6137:
6128:
6119:
6110:
6101:
6092:
6083:
6074:
6065:
6056:
6047:
6038:
6029:
6020:
6011:
6000:
5991:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5966:
5957:
5948:
5939:
5930:
5919:
5910:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5885:
5876:
5867:
5858:
5849:
5838:
5829:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5802:
5794:
5790:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5694:
5689:
5685:
5678:
5673:
5671:
5666:
5664:
5659:
5658:
5655:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5626:. Lenntech BV
5625:
5621:
5618:Lenntech BV.
5614:
5606:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5570:
5562:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5527:
5519:
5518:Sigma-Aldrich
5515:
5509:
5501:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5460:
5452:
5446:
5442:
5437:
5436:
5427:
5419:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5398:
5384:on 2009-08-04
5383:
5379:
5373:
5365:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5344:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5301:
5293:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5268:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5232:
5221:
5217:
5211:
5208:. CRC Press.
5207:
5200:
5193:
5185:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5164:
5156:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5135:
5133:
5123:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5091:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5061:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5034:
5027:
5025:
5008:
5001:
4994:
4978:
4971:
4964:
4956:
4955:
4947:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4909:
4901:
4897:
4896:
4891:
4884:
4876:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4832:
4824:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4799:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4772:
4764:
4762:9780849386718
4758:
4754:
4747:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4720:
4712:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4679:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4644:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4615:
4607:
4599:
4593:
4589:
4588:
4580:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4553:
4551:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4515:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4480:
4478:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4421:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4393:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4370:(3403): 100.
4369:
4365:
4358:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4323:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4288:
4280:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4206:
4198:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4177:
4169:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4120:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4077:
4061:
4054:
4052:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3992:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3957:
3948:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3921:
3913:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3880:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3848:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3823:
3809:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3790:0-12-352651-5
3787:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3770:
3769:0-19-508083-1
3766:
3762:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3743:
3737:
3729:
3725:
3722:(3): 030001.
3721:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3690:
3688:0-8493-0464-4
3684:
3680:
3673:
3665:
3663:0-8493-0486-5
3659:
3652:
3651:
3643:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3594:
3586:
3580:
3576:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3528:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3502:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3474:
3467:
3453:
3437:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3271:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3188:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3118:
3107:
3105:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3069:
3057:
3056:mixed-valence
3045:
3041:
3031:
3021:
3013:
3010:), colorless
2997:
2989:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2943:
2924:
2919:
2909:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2890:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2853:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2824:loparite-(Ce)
2821:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2753:igneous rocks
2750:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2735:
2734:loparite-(Ce)
2731:
2727:
2723:
2714:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2692:, other than
2691:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2560:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2392:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2324:Medium-lived
2316:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:sulfuric acid
2112:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2050:
2042:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1980:atomic number
1977:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1955: |
1951:
1946:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1864:
1861:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1753:
1752:product
1750:
1748:
1745:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1623:Poisson ratio
1620:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1604:
1603:Shear modulus
1600:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1424:Atomic radius
1421:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1209:Boiling point
1206:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1195:Melting point
1192:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1126:period 6
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1090:Atomic number
1086:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1047:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1000:
998:
993:
991:
986:
984:
979:
977:
972:
970:
965:
963:
958:
956:
951:
949:
944:
942:
940:Rutherfordium
937:
935:
930:
928:
923:
921:
916:
914:
909:
907:
902:
900:
895:
893:
888:
886:
881:
879:
874:
872:
867:
865:
860:
858:
853:
851:
846:
844:
839:
837:
832:
830:
825:
823:
818:
817:
814:
809:
807:
802:
800:
795:
793:
788:
786:
781:
779:
774:
772:
767:
765:
760:
758:
753:
751:
746:
744:
739:
737:
732:
730:
725:
723:
718:
716:
711:
709:
704:
702:
697:
695:
690:
688:
683:
681:
676:
674:
669:
667:
662:
660:
655:
653:
648:
646:
641:
639:
634:
632:
627:
625:
620:
618:
613:
611:
606:
604:
599:
597:
592:
591:
588:
583:
581:
576:
574:
569:
567:
562:
560:
555:
553:
548:
546:
541:
539:
534:
532:
527:
525:
520:
518:
513:
511:
506:
504:
499:
497:
492:
490:
485:
483:
478:
474:
472:
467:
465:
460:
459:
456:
451:
449:
444:
442:
437:
435:
430:
428:
423:
421:
416:
414:
409:
407:
402:
400:
395:
393:
388:
386:
381:
379:
374:
372:
367:
365:
360:
358:
353:
351:
346:
342:
337:
335:
330:
329:
326:
321:
319:
314:
312:
307:
305:
300:
298:
293:
291:
286:
282:
277:
275:
270:
269:
266:
261:
259:
254:
252:
247:
245:
240:
238:
233:
231:
226:
222:
217:
215:
210:
209:
206:
201:
197:
192:
191:
187:
186:
183:
182:
178:
175:
170:
166:
159:
148:
139:
138:
136:
133:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
99:
84:
49:
47:Pronunciation
45:
40:
36:
31:
16:
6994:Europium(II)
6401:
5628:. Retrieved
5623:
5613:
5576:(6): 750â9.
5573:
5567:
5561:
5539:(4): 643â5.
5536:
5532:
5526:
5517:
5508:
5473:
5469:
5459:
5434:
5426:
5407:
5397:
5386:. Retrieved
5382:the original
5372:
5353:
5343:
5310:
5306:
5300:
5273:
5267:
5242:
5238:
5231:
5220:the original
5205:
5192:
5173:
5163:
5144:
5104:
5100:
5090:
5073:
5069:
5060:
5046:(2): 48â51.
5043:
5039:
5011:. Retrieved
5006:
4993:
4981:. Retrieved
4976:
4963:
4953:
4946:
4924:(10): 1751.
4921:
4917:
4908:
4902:: 1484â1486.
4899:
4893:
4883:
4848:
4844:
4831:
4804:
4798:
4781:
4777:
4771:
4752:
4746:
4729:
4725:
4719:
4692:
4688:
4678:
4653:
4649:
4643:
4618:
4612:
4606:
4586:
4579:
4562:
4558:
4524:
4520:
4514:
4489:
4485:
4433:
4427:
4420:
4408:. Retrieved
4402:
4392:
4367:
4363:
4357:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4297:
4293:
4287:
4278:
4274:
4261:
4228:
4224:
4218:
4210:
4205:
4186:
4176:
4149:
4119:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4064:. Retrieved
4062:. Nucleonica
4008:(107): 107.
4005:
4001:
3991:
3969:(1): 15â29.
3966:
3962:
3956:
3926:
3920:
3893:
3887:
3864:
3855:
3828:
3822:
3811:. Retrieved
3807:
3797:
3760:
3736:
3719:
3715:
3678:
3672:
3649:
3642:
3625:
3621:
3604:
3600:
3593:
3574:
3538:
3527:
3509:
3486:
3477:
3452:heavy metals
3449:
3384:
3340:
3307:
3274:
3270:enantiomeric
3248:
3196:
3193:
3182:Applications
3170:
3146:
3141:
3121:
3113:
3101:
3037:
2981:
2965:
2948:
2893:
2816:
2807:dwarf galaxy
2791:astrophysics
2788:
2772:fluorescence
2769:
2745:geochemistry
2738:
2719:
2687:
2683:samarium-151
2676:
2592:
2569:
2512:
2483:
2363:
2336:
2291:The primary
2290:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2223:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2127:
2103:
2093:O â 2 Eu(OH)
2079:
2055:
2018:
2001:heavy metals
1975:
1964:
1963:
1821:13.54 y
1736:
1660:after Europe
1613:Bulk modulus
1587: cm/mol
1564:paramagnetic
1509:
1488:(bcc) (
1375:
1369:
1322:
1290:
1280:
1094:
982:Darmstadtium
849:Protactinium
649:
623:Praseodymium
123:
15:
7352:Lanthanides
5245:: 205â211.
5145:Rare earths
5033:"Phosphors"
5013:30 December
5007:The Hexagon
4983:18 December
4977:The Hexagon
4837:Crookes, W.
4275:Am. Mineral
4033:2117/375253
3335:Signal word
3291:Precautions
3285:immunoassay
3246:banknotes.
3054:), and the
2681:product of
2576:uranium-235
2265:meta states
2261:radioactive
2234:alpha decay
2205:abundance.
2148:O â 2 + 3
1896:4.76 y
1873:8.59 y
1767:36.9 y
1627:0.152
1458:of europium
1315:100 k
1156:] 4f 6s
1024:Livermorium
996:Copernicium
989:Roentgenium
919:Mendelevium
905:Einsteinium
898:Californium
7331:Categories
5388:2009-06-06
4443:1905.04141
3813:2009-08-08
3470:References
3319:Pictograms
3277:antibodies
3162:California
3154:bastnäsite
3128:gadolinium
2986:), yellow
2970:2 Eu + 3 X
2852:promethium
2820:bastnäsite
2813:Production
2803:J1124+4535
2722:bastnäsite
2708:Occurrence
2679:beta decay
2677:Eu is the
2313:gadolinium
2293:decay mode
2207:Bastnäsite
2203:chondritic
2136:2 Eu + 3 H
2113:4 Eu + 3 O
2089:2 Eu + 6 H
2011:on Earth.
1984:lanthanide
1957:references
1643:CAS Number
1473:primordial
1312:10 k
1250:9.21
1199:1099
1074:gadolinium
1031:Tennessine
975:Meitnerium
954:Seaborgium
933:Lawrencium
672:Dysprosium
658:Gadolinium
637:Promethium
509:Technetium
502:Molybdenum
303:Phosphorus
129:°(Eu)
107:Appearance
5605:AD0419188
5327:2162-8769
4711:130453872
4468:150373875
4404:Space.com
4281:: 910â30.
4042:252108123
3607:: 17â24.
3555:1365-3075
3310:labelling
3296:Europium
3166:Bayan Obo
3152:Molycorp
3102:The main
2912:Compounds
2896:Bayan Obo
2749:petrology
2238:half-life
2015:Etymology
1971:; it has
1796:10 y
1732:half-life
1666:Discovery
1309:1 k
1038:Oganesson
1017:Moscovium
1010:Flerovium
891:Berkelium
877:Americium
870:Plutonium
863:Neptunium
700:Ytterbium
630:Neodymium
609:Lanthanum
572:Tellurium
530:Palladium
516:Ruthenium
488:Zirconium
470:Strontium
426:Germanium
377:Manganese
333:Potassium
289:Aluminium
280:Magnesium
220:Beryllium
7337:Europium
5630:July 20,
5598:14082480
5500:21556751
5335:99095492
4839:(1905).
4253:93952343
4128:Archived
4066:July 22,
3385:NFPA 704
3301:Hazards
3281:antigens
3272:purity.
3219:phosphor
3197:It is a
3142:europium
3058:oxide Eu
2994:), gray
2889:chlorine
2832:monazite
2828:xenotime
2784:Weardale
2776:fluorite
2730:xenotime
2726:monazite
2716:Monazite
2615:Isotope
2531:0.00005
2309:samarium
2253:10
2226:isotopes
2214:Isotopes
2199:monazite
1997:reducing
1965:Europium
1320:at
1178:at
1070:europium
1066:samarium
1003:Nihonium
926:Nobelium
835:Actinium
821:Francium
805:Astatine
798:Polonium
777:Thallium
756:Platinum
728:Tungsten
721:Tantalum
707:Lutetium
651:Europium
644:Samarium
565:Antimony
463:Rubidium
440:Selenium
370:Chromium
363:Vanadium
356:Titanium
349:Scandium
317:Chlorine
257:Fluorine
243:Nitrogen
195:Hydrogen
158:abridged
42:Europium
7273:BaEuTiO
6941:p-block
6936:d-block
6931:f-block
6926:s-block
5578:Bibcode
5553:5842357
5491:3102841
5247:Bibcode
5109:Bibcode
5076:: 214.
5009:: 72â77
4926:Bibcode
4853:Bibcode
4658:Bibcode
4623:Bibcode
4529:Bibcode
4494:Bibcode
4448:Bibcode
4372:Bibcode
4337:Bibcode
4302:Bibcode
4233:Bibcode
4111:6028023
4091:Bibcode
4083:Science
4010:Bibcode
3971:Bibcode
3521:. 1995.
3251:Eu(fod)
3235:terbium
3231:yttrium
3135:chemist
3110:History
3104:nitride
2974:â 2 EuX
2962:Halides
2864:yttrium
2860:thorium
2795:spectra
2690:nuclide
2647:>2.5
2557:
2549:
2527:
2467:
2448:
2440:
2421:
2397:
2388:
2236:with a
2083:calcium
2058:ductile
1652:History
1219:Density
1141:f-block
968:Hassium
961:Bohrium
947:Dubnium
912:Fermium
856:Uranium
842:Thorium
791:Bismuth
749:Iridium
735:Rhenium
714:Hafnium
693:Thulium
679:Holmium
665:Terbium
595:Caesium
544:Cadmium
523:Rhodium
495:Niobium
481:Yttrium
454:Krypton
447:Bromine
433:Arsenic
419:Gallium
340:Calcium
296:Silicon
213:Lithium
156: (
141:151.964
98:-pee-Ém
89:
7128:Eu(OH)
7041:Eu(OH)
5596:
5551:
5498:
5488:
5447:
5414:
5360:
5333:
5325:
5288:
5212:
5180:
5151:
4873:
4819:
4759:
4709:
4650:Lithos
4614:Lithos
4594:
4466:
4429:Nature
4410:12 May
4364:Nature
4251:
4193:
4164:
4109:
4040:
3943:
3908:
3875:
3843:
3788:
3767:
3685:
3660:
3581:
3553:
3497:
3341:Danger
3262:Chiral
3207:lasers
3199:dopant
3132:French
3040:oxides
2830:, and
2655:Barns
2635:Yield
2582:. The
2554:0.5314
2496:30.23
2445:0.0008
2418:0.2180
2414:10.76
2394:0.0803
2315:(Gd).
2191:barium
2144:+ 18 H
2117:â 2 Eu
2025:Europe
1989:Europe
1973:symbol
1925:
1892:synth
1869:synth
1860:stable
1856:52.2%
1817:synth
1788:47.8%
1657:Naming
1566:
1432:
1415:
1383:oxide)
1326:
1294:
1254:
1252:kJ/mol
1138:
1121:Period
884:Curium
828:Radium
742:Osmium
686:Erbium
616:Cerium
602:Barium
579:Iodine
551:Indium
537:Silver
405:Copper
398:Nickel
391:Cobalt
310:Sulfur
273:Sodium
250:Oxygen
236:Carbon
204:Helium
150:151.96
87:
7293:EuFOD
7241:Eu(CH
7213:Eu(IO
7205:EuAsO
7197:EuCrO
7177:Eu(NO
7077:EuTiO
5331:S2CID
5223:(PDF)
5202:(PDF)
5036:(PDF)
5003:(PDF)
4973:(PDF)
4875:92772
4871:JSTOR
4707:S2CID
4464:S2CID
4438:arXiv
4271:(PDF)
4249:S2CID
4038:S2CID
3712:(PDF)
3654:(PDF)
3519:CIAAW
3203:glass
3098:O + S
3090:+ 3 H
3022:(EuBr
3014:(EuCl
2998:(EuBr
2990:(EuCl
2956:EuFOD
2891:gas.
2757:magma
2670:3950
2661:12800
2499:6.337
2471:4.505
2390:4.76
2352:Yield
2255:years
2160:+ 3 H
2097:+ 3 H
1967:is a
1762:synth
1718:Decay
1381:basic
1347:1796
1344:1452
1341:1234
1338:1072
1188:solid
1175:Phase
1152:[
1133:Block
1108:Group
812:Radon
586:Xenon
324:Argon
229:Boron
145:0.001
7298:Eu(C
7245:COO)
7189:EuPO
7112:EuBr
7104:EuCl
7069:EuSO
7064:EuTe
7059:EuSe
7017:EuBr
7009:EuCl
5632:2011
5602:DTIC
5594:PMID
5549:PMID
5496:PMID
5445:ISBN
5412:ISBN
5358:ISBN
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